A JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) Subprotocol for WebSocket
draft-ietf-jmap-websocket-06
The information below is for an old version of the document.
| Document | Type |
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8887.
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Kenneth Murchison | ||
| Last updated | 2020-03-09 | ||
| Replaces | draft-murchison-jmap-websocket | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
| Formats | |||
| Reviews |
TSVART Last Call review
(of
-04)
by Bob Briscoe
Ready w/issues
GENART Last Call review
(of
-04)
by Linda Dunbar
Ready w/nits
|
||
| Additional resources | Mailing list discussion | ||
| Stream | WG state | Submitted to IESG for Publication | |
| Document shepherd | Jim Fenton | ||
| Shepherd write-up | Show Last changed 2019-11-25 | ||
| IESG | IESG state | Became RFC 8887 (Proposed Standard) | |
| Consensus boilerplate | Yes | ||
| Telechat date | (None) | ||
| Responsible AD | Alexey Melnikov | ||
| Send notices to | Jim Fenton <fenton@bluepopcorn.net> | ||
| IANA | IANA review state | IANA OK - Actions Needed |
draft-ietf-jmap-websocket-06
JMAP K. Murchison
Internet-Draft Fastmail
Intended status: Standards Track March 9, 2020
Expires: September 10, 2020
A JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) Subprotocol for WebSocket
draft-ietf-jmap-websocket-06
Abstract
This document defines a binding for the JSON Meta Application
Protocol (JMAP) over a WebSocket transport layer. The WebSocket
binding for JMAP provides higher performance than the current HTTP
binding for JMAP.
Open Issues
o Still need to craft some text to discuss/address potential
security risks of using WebSocket compression.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on September 10, 2020.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Discovering Support for JMAP over WebSocket . . . . . . . . . 3
4. JMAP Subprotocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1. Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2. Handshake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.3. WebSocket Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.3.1. Handling Invalid Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.3.2. JMAP Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.3.3. JMAP Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3.4. JMAP Request-Level Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3.5. JMAP Push Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.1. Connection Confidentiality and Integrity . . . . . . . . 12
5.2. Non-Browser Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.1. Registration of the WebSocket JMAP Subprotocol . . . . . 12
7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix A. Change History (To be removed by RFC Editor before
publication) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. Introduction
JMAP [RFC8620] over HTTP [RFC7235] requires that every JMAP API
request be authenticated. Depending on the type of authentication
used by the JMAP client and the configuration of the JMAP server,
authentication could be an expensive operation both in time and
resources. In such circumstances, reauthenticating for every JMAP
API request may harm performance.
The WebSocket [RFC6455] binding for JMAP eliminates this performance
hit by authenticating just the WebSocket handshake request and having
those credentials remain in effect for the duration of the WebSocket
connection. This binding supports JMAP API requests and responses,
with optional support for push notifications.
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Furthermore, the WebSocket binding for JMAP can optionally compress
[RFC7692] both JMAP API requests and responses. Although compression
of HTTP responses is ubiquitous, compression of HTTP requests has
very low, if any deployment, and therefore isn't a viable option for
JMAP API requests over HTTP.
2. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
The same terminology is used in this document as in the core JMAP
specification.
3. Discovering Support for JMAP over WebSocket
The JMAP capabilities object is returned as part of the standard JMAP
Session object (see Section 2 of [RFC8620]). Servers supporting this
specification MUST add a property named
"urn:ietf:params:jmap:websocket" to the capabilities object. The
value of this property is an object which MUST contain the following
information on server capabilities:
o url: "String"
The wss-URI (see Section 3 of [RFC6455]) to use for initiating a
JMAP over WebSocket handshake (the "WebSocket URL endpoint"
colloquially).
o supportsPush: "Boolean"
This is true if the server supports push notifications over the
WebSocket, as described in Section 4.3.5.
Example:
"urn:ietf:params:jmap:websocket": {
"url": "wss://server.example.com/jmap/ws/",
"supportsPush": true
}
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4. JMAP Subprotocol
The term WebSocket subprotocol refers to an application-level
protocol layered on top of a WebSocket connection. This document
specifies the WebSocket JMAP subprotocol for carrying JMAP API
requests, responses, and optional push notifications through a
WebSocket connection. Binary data is handled per Section 6 of
[RFC8620] via a separate HTTP connection or stream.
4.1. Authentication
A JMAP WebSocket connection is authenticated by presenting a user's
credentials in the HTTP request [RFC7235] that initiates the
WebSocket handshake. See Section 8.2 of [RFC8620] for
recommendations regarding the selection of HTTP authentication
schemes.
4.2. Handshake
The JMAP WebSocket client and JMAP WebSocket server negotiate the use
of the WebSocket JMAP subprotocol during the WebSocket handshake,
either via a HTTP/1.1 Upgrade request (see Section 4 of [RFC6455]) or
a HTTP/2 Extended CONNECT request (see Section 5 of [RFC8441]). The
WebSocket JMAP subprotocol is also intended to run over future
bindings of HTTP (e.g. HTTP/3) provided that there is a defined
mechanism for performing a WebSocket handshake over that binding.
Regardless of the method used for the WebSocket handshake, the client
MUST first perform a TLS handshake on a JMAP WebSocket URL endpoint
(Section 3) having the "wss://" scheme (WebSocket over TLS) in
accordance with the requirements of running the particular binding of
HTTP over TLS (see [RFC2818] and Section 4.1 of [RFC6455] for
HTTP/1.1 and Section 9.2 of [RFC7540] for HTTP/2). If the TLS
handshake fails, the client MUST close the connection. Otherwise,
the client MUST make an authenticated [RFC7235] HTTP request on the
encrypted connection, and MUST include the value "jmap" in the list
of protocols for the "Sec-WebSocket-Protocol" header field.
The reply from the server MUST also contain a corresponding "Sec-
WebSocket-Protocol" header field with a value of "jmap" in order for
a JMAP subprotocol connection to be established.
Once the handshake has successfully completed, the WebSocket
connection is established and can be used for JMAP API requests,
responses, and optional push notifications. Other message types MUST
NOT be transmitted over this connection.
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The credentials used for authenticating the HTTP request to initiate
the handshake remain in effect for the duration of the WebSocket
connection. If the authentication credentials for the user expire,
the server can either treat subsequent requests as if they are
unauthenticated or close the WebSocket connection. In the latter
case, the server MAY send a Close frame with a status code of 1008
(Policy Violation) as defined in Section 7.4.1 of [RFC6455].
4.3. WebSocket Messages
Data frame messages in the JMAP subprotocol MUST be text frames and
contain UTF-8 encoded data. The messages MUST be in the form of a
single JMAP Request object (see Section 3.3 of [RFC8620]), JMAP
WebSocketPushEnable object (see Section 4.3.5.2), or JMAP
WebSocketPushDisable object (see Section 4.3.5.3) when sent from the
client to the server, and in the form of a single JMAP Response
object, JSON Problem Details object, or JMAP StateChange object (see
Sections 3.4, 3.6.1, and 7.1 respectively of [RFC8620]) when sent
from the server to the client.
Note that fragmented WebSocket messages (split over multiple text
frames) MUST be coalesced prior to parsing them as JSON objects.
4.3.1. Handling Invalid Data
If a client or server receives a binary frame, the endpoint can
either ignore the frame or close the WebSocket connection. In the
latter case, the endpoint MAY send a Close frame with a status code
of 1003 (Unsupported Data) as defined in Section 7.4.1 of [RFC6455].
If a client receives a message that is not in the form of either a
JSON Problem Details object, a JMAP Response object, or a JMAP
StateChange object, the client can either ignore the message or close
the WebSocket connection. In the latter case, the endpoint MAY send
a Close frame with a status code of 1007 (Invalid frame payload data
Data) as defined in Section 7.4.1 of [RFC6455].
A server MUST return an appropriate JSON Problem Details object
(Section 4.3.4) for any request-level errors (E.g. an invalid JMAP
object, an unsupported capability or method call, or exceeding a
server request limit).
4.3.2. JMAP Requests
The specification extends the Request object with two additional
arguments when used over a WebSocket:
o @type: "String"
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This MUST be the string "Request".
o id: "String" (optional)
A client-specified identifier for the request to be echoed back in
the response to this request.
JMAP over WebSocket allows the server to process requests out of
order. The client-specified identifier is used as a mechanism for
the client to correlate requests and responses.
Additionally, the "maxConcurrentRequests" limit in the "capabilities"
object (see Section 2 of [RFC8620]) also applies to requests made on
the WebSocket connection. When using the WebSocket JMAP subprotocol
over a binding of HTTP that allows multiplexing of requests (e.g.
HTTP/2), this limit applies to the the sum of requests made on both
the JMAP API endpoint and the WebSocket connection.
4.3.3. JMAP Responses
The specification extends the Response object with two additional
arguments when used over a WebSocket:
o @type: "String"
This MUST be the string "Response".
o requestId: "String" (optional; MUST be returned if an id is
included in the request)
The client-specified identifier in the corresponding request.
4.3.4. JMAP Request-Level Errors
The specification extends the Problem Details object for request-
level errors (see Section 3.6.1 of [RFC8620]) with two additional
arguments when used over a WebSocket:
o @type: "String"
This MUST be the string "RequestError".
o requestId: "String" (optional; MUST be returned if given in the
request)
The client-specified identifier in the corresponding request.
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4.3.5. JMAP Push Notifications
JMAP over WebSocket servers that support push notifications on the
WebSocket will advertise a "supportsPush" property with a value of
true in the "urn:ietf:params:jmap:websocket" server capabilities
object.
4.3.5.1. Notification Format
All push notifications take the form of a standard StateChange object
(see Section 7.1 of [RFC8620]).
The specification extends the StateChange object with one additional
argument when used over a WebSocket:
o pushState: "String" (optional)
A (preferably short) string that encodes the entire server state
visible to the user (not just the objects returned in this call).
The purpose of the "pushState" token is to allow a client to
immediately get any changes that occurred while is was
disconnected (see Section 4.3.5.2). If the server does not
support "pushState" tokens, the client will have issue a series of
"/changes" requests (see Section 5.2 of [RFC8620]) upon
reconnection to update its state to match that of the server.
4.3.5.2. Enabling Notifications
A client enables push notifications from the server for the current
connection by sending a WebSocketPushEnable object to the server. A
WebSocketPushEnable object has the following properties:
o @type: "String"
This MUST be the string "WebSocketPushEnable".
o dataTypes: "String[]|null"
A list of data type names (e.g. "Mailbox", "Email") that the
client is interested in. A StateChange notification will only be
sent if the data for one of these types changes. Other types are
omitted from the TypeState object. If null, changes will be
pushed for all supported data types.
o pushState: "String" (optional)
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The last "pushState" token that the client received from the
server. Upon receipt of a "pushState" token, the server SHOULD
immediately send all changes since that state token.
4.3.5.3. Disabling Notifications
A client disables push notifications from the server for the current
connection by sending a WebSocketPushDisable object to the server. A
WebSocketPushDisable object has the following property:
o @type: "String"
This MUST be the string "WebSocketPushDisable".
4.4. Examples
The following examples show WebSocket JMAP opening handshakes, a JMAP
Core/echo request and response, and a subsequent closing handshake.
The examples assume that the JMAP WebSocket URL endpoint has been
advertised in the JMAP Session object as having a path of "/jmap/ws/"
and that TLS negotiation has already succeeded. Note that folding of
header fields is for editorial purposes only.
WebSocket JMAP connection via HTTP/1.1 with push notifications for
mail [RFC8621] enabled. This example assumes that the client has
cached pushState "aaa" from a previous connection.
[[ From Client ]] [[ From Server ]]
GET /jmap/ws/ HTTP/1.1
Host: server.example.com
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Authorization: Basic Zm9vOmJhcg==
Sec-WebSocket-Key:
dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ==
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: jmap
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
Origin: https://www.example.com
HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Accept:
s3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo=
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: jmap
[WebSocket connection established]
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WS_DATA
{
"@type": "WebSocketPushEnable",
"dataTypes": [ "Mailbox", "Email" ],
"pushState": "aaa"
}
WS_DATA
{
"@type": "StateChange",
"changed": {
"a456": {
"Mailbox": "d35ecb040aab"
}
},
"pushState": "bbb"
}
WS_DATA
{
"@type": "Request",
"id": "R1",
"using": [ "urn:ietf:params:jmap:core" ],
"methodCalls": [
[
"Core/echo", {
"hello": true,
"high": 5
},
"b3ff"
]
]
}
WS_DATA
{
"@type": "Response",
"requestId": "R1",
"methodResponses": [
[
"Core/echo", {
"hello": true,
"high": 5
},
"b3ff"
]
]
}
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WS_DATA
The quick brown fox jumps
over the lazy dog.
WS_DATA
{
"@type": "RequestError",
"requestId": null,
"type":
"urn:ietf:params:jmap:error:notJSON",
"status": 400,
"detail":
"The request did not parse as I-JSON."
}
[A new email is received]
WS_DATA
{
"@type": "StateChange",
"changed": {
"a123": {
"Email": "0af7a512ce70"
}
}
"pushState": "ccc"
}
WS_CLOSE
WS_CLOSE
[WebSocket connection closed]
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WebSocket JMAP connection on a HTTP/2 stream which also negotiates
compression [RFC7692]:
[[ From Client ]] [[ From Server ]]
SETTINGS
SETTINGS_ENABLE_CONNECT_PROTOCOL = 1
HEADERS + END_HEADERS
:method = CONNECT
:protocol = websocket
:scheme = https
:path = /jmap/ws/
:authority = server.example.com
origin: https://example.com
authorization = Basic Zm9vOmJhcg==
sec-websocket-protocol = jmap
sec-websocket-version = 13
sec-websocket-extensions =
permessage-deflate
origin = https://www.example.com
HEADERS + END_HEADERS
:status = 200
sec-websocket-protocol = jmap
sec-websocket-extensions =
permessage-deflate
[WebSocket connection established]
DATA
WS_DATA
[compressed text]
DATA
WS_DATA
[compressed text]
...
DATA + END_STREAM
WS_CLOSE
DATA + END_STREAM
WS_CLOSE
[WebSocket connection closed]
[HTTP/2 stream closed]
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5. Security Considerations
The security considerations for both WebSocket (see Section 10 of
[RFC6455]) and JMAP (see Section 8 of [RFC8620]) apply to the
WebSocket JMAP subprotocol. Specific security considerations are
described in subsections of this section.
5.1. Connection Confidentiality and Integrity
To ensure the confidentiality and integrity of data sent and received
via JMAP over WebSocket, the WebSocket connection MUST use TLS 1.2
[RFC5246] or later, following the recommendations in BCP 195
[RFC7525]. Servers SHOULD support TLS 1.3 [RFC8446] or later.
5.2. Non-Browser Clients
JMAP over WebSocket can be used by clients both running inside and
outside of a web browser. As such, the security considerations in
Sections 10.2 and 10.1 of [RFC6455] apply to those respective
environments.
6. IANA Considerations
6.1. Registration of the WebSocket JMAP Subprotocol
This specification requests IANA to register the WebSocket JMAP
subprotocol under the "WebSocket Subprotocol Name" Registry with the
following data:
Subprotocol Identifier: jmap
Subprotocol Common Name: WebSocket Transport for JMAP (JSON Meta
Application Protocol)
Subprotocol Definition: RFCXXXX (this document)
7. Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the following individuals for
contributing their ideas and support for writing this specification:
Neil Jenkins, Robert Mueller, and Chris Newman.
8. References
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8.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2818, May 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2818>.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.
[RFC6455] Fette, I. and A. Melnikov, "The WebSocket Protocol",
RFC 6455, DOI 10.17487/RFC6455, December 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6455>.
[RFC7235] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Authentication", RFC 7235,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7235, June 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7235>.
[RFC7525] Sheffer, Y., Holz, R., and P. Saint-Andre,
"Recommendations for Secure Use of Transport Layer
Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
(DTLS)", BCP 195, RFC 7525, DOI 10.17487/RFC7525, May
2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7525>.
[RFC7540] Belshe, M., Peon, R., and M. Thomson, Ed., "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)", RFC 7540,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7540, May 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7540>.
[RFC7692] Yoshino, T., "Compression Extensions for WebSocket",
RFC 7692, DOI 10.17487/RFC7692, December 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7692>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8441] McManus, P., "Bootstrapping WebSockets with HTTP/2",
RFC 8441, DOI 10.17487/RFC8441, September 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8441>.
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[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[RFC8620] Jenkins, N. and C. Newman, "The JSON Meta Application
Protocol (JMAP)", RFC 8620, DOI 10.17487/RFC8620, July
2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8620>.
8.2. Informative References
[RFC8621] Jenkins, N. and C. Newman, "The JSON Meta Application
Protocol (JMAP) for Mail", RFC 8621, DOI 10.17487/RFC8621,
August 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8621>.
Appendix A. Change History (To be removed by RFC Editor before
publication)
Changes since ietf-05:
o Renamed "webSocketUrl" to "url" and "supportsWebSocketPush" to
"supportsPush", per Benjamin Schwartz.
o Added a security subsection with a nod to Sections 10.1 and 10.2
of RFC6455, per Leif Johansson.
o Clarified "unsupported JMAP" vs "unsupported JSON", per Benjamin
Kaduk.
o Refer to RFC 7525 as BCP 195, per Benjamin Kaduk.
o Several editorial improvements from Benjamin Kaduk.
o Several editorial improvements from Murray Kucherawy.
Changes since ietf-04:
o Require the use of TLS for JMAP over WebSocket (per Alissa Cooper
and others).
o Added a section explaining how to handle unsupported messages (per
Bob Briscoe).
o Added a section specifically addressing authentication of the
WebSocket (per Leif Johansson).
o Corrected references into specific sections of RFC 8620 (per
Martin Vigoureax).
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o Made RFC 7692 a normative reference (per Barry Leiba).
o Clarified that the "maxConcurrentRequests" limit applies to the
sum of all requests on the current connection (per Benjamin
Kaduk).
o Clarified that the "pushState" token represents the entire server
state visible to the user (per Banjamin Kaduk).
o Clarified that "WebSocketPushEnable/Disable" only effect the
current connection (per Benjamin Kaduk).
o Several editorial improvements from Benjamin Kaduk.
Changes since ietf-03:
o Updated JMAP Mail reference to RFC 8621.
o Specified that requestId MUST be present in a response if given in
the request.
Changes since ietf-02:
o Updated JMAP Core reference to RFC 8620.
o Added 'WebSocketPushDisable' object.
o Editorial and formatting changes.
Changes since ietf-01:
o Changed 'wsURL' to 'webSocketUrl' and removed push query option.
o Added 'supportsWebSocketPush' capability.
o Added '@type' argument to Request object.
o Added 'WebSocketPushEnable' object.
o Added 'pushState' argument to StateChange object.
o Updated example.
o Minor Editorial changes.
Changes since ietf-00:
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o Added text describing advertisement of and selection of optional
push notifications.
o Minor Editorial changes.
Changes since murchison-02:
o Renamed as a JMAP WG document.
o Allow out of order processing.
o Allow push notifications.
o Modified examples.
o Add Security Considerations text.
o Minor Editorial changes.
Changes since murchison-01:
o Updated WebSocket over HTTP/2 reference to RFC8144.
Changes since murchison-00:
o Fleshed out section on discovery of support for JMAP over
WebSocket.
o Allow JSON Problem Details objects to be returned by the server
for toplevel errors.
o Mentioned the ability to compress JMAP API requests.
o Minor Editorial changes.
Author's Address
Kenneth Murchison
Fastmail US LLC
1429 Walnut Street - Suite 1201
Philadelphia, PA 19102
USA
Email: murch@fastmailteam.com
URI: http://www.fastmail.com/
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