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IPv6 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (IPWAVE): Problem Statement and Use Cases
draft-ietf-ipwave-vehicular-networking-14

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9365.
Author Jaehoon Paul Jeong
Last updated 2020-03-09 (Latest revision 2020-01-06)
Replaces draft-ietf-ipwave-vehicular-networking-survey, draft-ietf-ipwave-problem-statement
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draft-ietf-ipwave-vehicular-networking-14
IPWAVE Working Group                                       J. Jeong, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                   Sungkyunkwan University
Intended status: Informational                             March 9, 2020
Expires: September 10, 2020

    IPv6 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (IPWAVE): Problem
                        Statement and Use Cases
               draft-ietf-ipwave-vehicular-networking-14

Abstract

   This document discusses the problem statement and use cases of
   IPv6-based vehicular networking for Intelligent Transportation
   Systems (ITS).  The main scenarios of vehicular communications are
   vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and
   vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications.  First, this document
   explains use cases using V2V, V2I, and V2X networking.  Next, it
   makes a problem statement about key aspects in IPv6-based vehicular
   networking, such as IPv6 Neighbor Discovery, Mobility Management, and
   Security & Privacy.  For each key aspect, this document specifies
   requirements for IPv6-based vehicular networking.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 10, 2020.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of

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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.1.  V2V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.2.  V2I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.3.  V2X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   4.  Vehicular Networks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.1.  Vehicular Network Architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.2.  V2I-based Internetworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.3.  V2V-based Internetworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   5.  Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.1.  Neighbor Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       5.1.1.  Link Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       5.1.2.  MAC Address Pseudonym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
       5.1.3.  Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     5.2.  Mobility Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   7.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   Appendix A.  Changes from draft-ietf-ipwave-vehicular-
                networking-13  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
   Appendix B.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
   Appendix C.  Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32

1.  Introduction

   Vehicular networking studies have mainly focused on improving safety
   and efficiency, and also enabling entertainment in vehicular
   networks.  The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the US
   allocated wireless channels for Dedicated Short-Range Communications
   (DSRC) [DSRC] in the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) with
   the frequency band of 5.850 - 5.925 GHz (i.e., 5.9 GHz band).  DSRC-
   based wireless communications can support vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V),
   vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X)
   networking.  The European Union (EU) allocated radio spectrum for
   safety-related and non-safety-related applications of ITS with the
   frequency band of 5.875 - 5.905 GHz, as part of the Commission
   Decision 2008/671/EC [EU-2008-671-EC].

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   For direct inter-vehicular wireless connectivity, IEEE has amended
   WiFi standard 802.11 to enable driving safety services based on DSRC
   for the Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) system.  The
   Physical Layer (L1) and Data Link Layer (L2) issues are addressed in
   IEEE 802.11p [IEEE-802.11p] for the PHY and MAC of the DSRC, while
   IEEE 1609.2 [WAVE-1609.2] covers security aspects, IEEE 1609.3
   [WAVE-1609.3] defines related services at network and transport
   layers, and IEEE 1609.4 [WAVE-1609.4] specifies the multi-channel
   operation.  IEEE 802.11p was first a separate amendment, but was
   later rolled into the base 802.11 standard (IEEE 802.11-2012) as IEEE
   802.11 Outside the Context of a Basic Service Set (OCB) in 2012
   [IEEE-802.11-OCB].

   Along with these WAVE standards, IPv6 [RFC8200] and Mobile IPv6
   protocols (e.g., Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) [RFC6275], and Proxy MIPv6
   (PMIPv6) [RFC5213]) can be applied to vehicular networks.  In
   addition, ISO has approved a standard specifying the IPv6 network
   protocols and services to be used for Communications Access for Land
   Mobiles (CALM) [ISO-ITS-IPv6].

   This document describes use cases and a problem statement about
   IPv6-based vehicular networking for ITS, which is named IPv6 Wireless
   Access in Vehicular Environments (IPWAVE).  First, it introduces the
   use cases for using V2V, V2I, and V2X networking in ITS.  Next, it
   makes a problem statement about key aspects in IPWAVE, namely, IPv6
   Neighbor Discovery (ND), Mobility Management (MM), and Security &
   Privacy (SP).  For each key aspect of the problem statement, this
   document specifies requirements for IPv6-based vehicular networking.
   This document is intended to motivate development of key protocols
   for IPWAVE.

2.  Terminology

   This document uses the terminology described in [RFC8691].  In
   addition, the following terms are defined below:

   o  Class-Based Safety Plan: A vehicle can make safety plan by
      classifying the surrounding vehicles into different groups for
      safety purposes according to the geometrical relationship among
      them.  The vehicle groups can be classified as Line-of-Sight
      Unsafe, Non-Line-of-Sight Unsafe, and Safe groups [CASD].

   o  Context-Awareness: A vehicle can be aware of spatial-temporal
      mobility information (e.g., position, speed, direction, and
      acceleration/deceleration) of surrounding vehicles for both safety
      and non-safety uses through sensing or communication [CASD].

   o  DMM: "Distributed Mobility Management" [RFC7333][RFC7429].

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   o  Edge Computing (EC): It is the local computing near an access
      network (i.e., edge network) for the sake of vehicles and
      pedestrians.

   o  Edge Computing Device (ECD): It is a computing device (or server)
      for edge computing for the sake of vehicles and pedestrians.

   o  Edge Network (EN): In is an access network that has an IP-RSU for
      wireless communication with other vehicles having an IP-OBU and
      wired communication with other network devices (e.g., routers, IP-
      RSUs, ECDs, servers, and MA).  It may have a radio receiver of
      Global Positioning System (GPS) for its position recognition and
      the localization service for the sake of vehicles.

   o  IP-OBU: "Internet Protocol On-Board Unit": An IP-OBU denotes a
      computer situated in a vehicle such as a car, bicycle, or similar.
      It has at least one IP interface that runs in mode OCB of 802.11
      and has an "OBU" transceiver.  Also, it may have an IP interface
      that runs in Cellular V2X (C-V2X) [TS-23.285-3GPP].  See the
      definition of the term "OBU" in [RFC8691].

   o  IP-RSU: "IP Roadside Unit": An IP-RSU is situated along the road.
      It has at least two distinct IP-enabled interfaces.  The wireless
      PHY/MAC layer of at least one of its IP-enabled interfaces is
      configured to operate in 802.11-OCB mode.  An IP-RSU communicates
      with the IP-OBU over an 802.11 wireless link operating in OCB
      mode.  Also, it may have an IP interface that runs in C-V2X along
      with an "RSU" transceiver.  An IP-RSU is similar to an Access
      Network Router (ANR), defined in [RFC3753], and a Wireless
      Termination Point (WTP), defined in [RFC5415].  See the definition
      of the term "RSU" in [RFC8691].

   o  LiDAR: "Light Detection and Ranging".  It is a scanning device to
      measure a distance to an object by emitting pulsed laser light and
      measuring the reflected pulsed light.

   o  Mobility Anchor (MA): A node that maintains IPv6 addresses and
      mobility information of vehicles in a road network to support
      their IPv6 address autoconfiguration and mobility management with
      a binding table.  An MA has End-to-End (E2E) connections (e.g.,
      tunnels) with IP-RSUs under its control for the address
      autoconfiguration and mobility management of the vehicles.  This
      MA is similar to a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) in PMIPv6 [RFC5213]
      for network-based mobility management.

   o  OCB: "Outside the Context of a Basic Service Set - BSS".  It is a
      mode of operation in which a Station (STA) is not a member of a

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      BSS and does not utilize IEEE Std 802.11 authentication,
      association, or data confidentiality [IEEE-802.11-OCB].

   o  802.11-OCB: It refers to the mode specified in IEEE Std
      802.11-2016 [IEEE-802.11-OCB] when the MIB attribute
      dot11OCBActivited is 'true'.

   o  Platooning: Moving vehicles can be grouped together to reduce air-
      resistance for energy efficiency and reduce the number of drivers
      such that only the leading vehicle has a driver and the other
      vehicles are autonomous vehicles without a driver and closely
      following the leading vehicle [Truck-Platooning].

   o  Traffic Control Center (TCC): A node that maintains road
      infrastructure information (e.g., IP-RSUs, traffic signals, and
      loop detectors), vehicular traffic statistics (e.g., average
      vehicle speed and vehicle inter-arrival time per road segment),
      and vehicle information (e.g., a vehicle's identifier, position,
      direction, speed, and trajectory as a navigation path).  TCC is
      included in a vehicular cloud for vehicular networks.

   o  Vehicle: A Vehicle in this document is a node that has an IP-OBU
      for wireless communication with other vehicles and IP-RSUs.  It
      has a radio navigation receiver of Global Positioning System (GPS)
      for efficient navigation.

   o  Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET): A network that consists of
      vehicles interconnected by wireless communication.  Two vehicles
      in a VANET can communicate with each other using other vehicles as
      relays even where they are out of one-hop wireless communication
      range.

   o  Vehicular Cloud: A cloud infrastructure for vehicular networks,
      having compute nodes, storage nodes, and network forwarding
      elements (e.g., switch and router).

   o  Vehicle Detection Loop (i.e., Loop Detector): An inductive device
      used for detecting vehicles passing or arriving at a certain
      point, for instance, at an intersection with traffic lights or at
      a ramp toward a highway.  The relatively crude nature of the
      loop's structure means that only metal masses above a certain size
      are capable of triggering the detection.

   o  V2D: "Vehicle to Device".  It is the wireless communication
      between a vehicle and a device (e.g., IoT device).

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   o  V2P: "Vehicle to Pedestrian".  It is the wireless communication
      between a vehicle and a pedestrian's mobile device (e.g.,
      smartphone).

   o  V2I2P: "Vehicle to Infrastructure to Pedestrian".  It is the
      wireless communication between a vehicle and a pedestrian's mobile
      device (e.g., smartphone) via an infrastructure node (e.g., IP-
      RSU).

   o  V2I2V: "Vehicle to Infrastructure to Vehicle".  It is the wireless
      communication between a vehicle and another vehicle via an
      infrastructure node (e.g., IP-RSU).

   o  VIP: "Vehicular Internet Protocol".  It is an IPv6 extension for
      vehicular networks including V2V, V2I, and V2X.

   o  VMM: "Vehicular Mobility Management".  It is an IPv6-based
      mobility management for vehicular networks.

   o  VND: "Vehicular Neighbor Discovery".  It is an IPv6 ND extension
      for vehicular networks.

   o  VSP: "Vehicular Security and Privacy".  It is an IPv6-based
      security and privacy for vehicular networks.

   o  WAVE: "Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments" [WAVE-1609.0].

3.  Use Cases

   This section explains use cases of V2V, V2I, and V2X networking.  The
   use cases of the V2X networking exclude the ones of the V2V and V2I
   networking, but include Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) and Vehicle-to-
   Device (V2D).

   Since IP is widely used among various computing devices in the
   Internet, it is expected that the use cases in this section need to
   work on top of IPv6 as the network layer protocol.  Thus, the IPv6
   for these use cases should be extended for vehicular IPv6 such that
   the IPv6 can support the functions of the network layer protocol such
   as Vehicular Neighbor Discovery (VND), Vehicular Mobility Management
   (VMM), and Vehicular Security and Privacy (VSP) in vehicular
   networks.  Note that the adjective "Vehicular" in this document is
   used to represent extensions of existing protocols such as IPv6
   Neighbor Discovery, IPv6 Mobility Management (e.g., PMIPv6 [RFC5213]
   and DMM [RFC7429]), and IPv6 Security and Privacy Mechanisms rather
   than new "vehicular-specific" functions.  Refer to Section 5 for the
   problem statement of the requirements of the vehicular IPv6.

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3.1.  V2V

   The use cases of V2V networking discussed in this section include

   o  Context-aware navigation for driving safety and collision
      avoidance;

   o  Cooperative adaptive cruise control in an urban roadway;

   o  Platooning in a highway;

   o  Cooperative environment sensing.

   These four techniques will be important elements for self-driving
   vehicles.

   The existing IPv6 protocol does not support wireless single-hop V2V
   communications as well as wireless multi-hop V2V communications.
   Thus, the IPv6 needs to be extended for both single-hop V2V
   communications and multi-hop V2V communications.

   Context-Aware Safety Driving (CASD) navigator [CASD] can help drivers
   to drive safely by alerting the drivers about dangerous obstacles and
   situations.  That is, CASD navigator displays obstacles or
   neighboring vehicles relevant to possible collisions in real-time
   through V2V networking.  CASD provides vehicles with a class-based
   automatic safety action plan, which considers three situations,
   namely, the Line-of-Sight unsafe, Non-Line-of-Sight unsafe, and safe
   situations.  This action plan can be put into action among multiple
   vehicles using V2V networking.

   Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) [CA-Cruise-Control] helps
   vehicles to adapt their speed autonomously through V2V communication
   among vehicles according to the mobility of their predecessor and
   successor vehicles in an urban roadway or a highway.  Thus, CACC can
   help adjacent vehicles to efficiently adjust their speed in an
   interactive way through V2V networking in order to avoid collision.

   Platooning [Truck-Platooning] allows a series of vehicles (e.g.,
   trucks) to follow each other very closely.  Trucks can use V2V
   communication in addition to forward sensors in order to maintain
   constant clearance between two consecutive vehicles at very short
   gaps (from 3 meters to 10 meters).  Platooning can maximize the
   throughput of vehicular traffic in a highway and reduce the gas
   consumption because the leading vehicle can help the following
   vehicles to experience less air resistance.

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   Cooperative-environment-sensing use cases suggest that vehicles can
   share environmental information from various vehicle-mounted sensors,
   such as radars, LiDARs, and cameras with other vehicles and
   pedestrians.  [Automotive-Sensing] introduces a millimeter-wave
   vehicular communication for massive automotive sensing.  A lot of
   data can be generated by those sensors, and these data typically need
   to be routed to different destinations.  In addition, from the
   perspective of driverless vehicles, it is expected that driverless
   vehicles can be mixed with driver-operated vehicles.  Through the
   cooperative environment sensing, driver-operated vehicles can use
   environmental information sensed by driverless vehicles for better
   interaction with the other vehicles and environment.

   To support the applications of these V2V use cases, the functions of
   IPv6 such as VND and VSP are prerequisite for the IPv6-based packet
   exchange and the secure, safe communication between two vehicles.

3.2.  V2I

   The use cases of V2I networking discussed in this section include

   o  Navigation service;

   o  Energy-efficient speed recommendation service;

   o  Accident notification service.

   The existing IPv6 protocol does not support wireless multi-hop V2I
   communications in a highway where RSUs are sparsely deployed, so a
   vehicle can reach the wireless coverage of an RSU through the multi-
   hop data forwarding of intermediate vehicles.  Thus, the IPv6 needs
   to be extended for multi-hop V2I communications.

   A navigation service, for example, the Self-Adaptive Interactive
   Navigation Tool (SAINT) [SAINT], using V2I networking interacts with
   TCC for the large-scale/long-range road traffic optimization and can
   guide individual vehicles for appropriate navigation paths in real
   time.  The enhanced version of SAINT [SAINTplus] can give fast moving
   paths to emergency vehicles (e.g., ambulance and fire engine) to let
   them reach an accident spot while redirecting other vehicles near the
   accident spot into efficient detour paths.

   A TCC can recommend an energy-efficient speed to a vehicle that
   depends on its traffic environment.  [Fuel-Efficient] studies fuel-
   efficient route and speed plans for platooned trucks.

   The emergency communication between accident vehicles (or emergency
   vehicles) and TCC can be performed via either IP-RSU or 4G-LTE

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   networks.  The First Responder Network Authority (FirstNet)
   [FirstNet] is provided by the US government to establish, operate,
   and maintain an interoperable public safety broadband network for
   safety and security network services, e.g., emergency calls.  The
   construction of the nationwide FirstNet network requires each state
   in the US to have a Radio Access Network (RAN) that will connect to
   the FirstNet's network core.  The current RAN is mainly constructed
   by 4G-LTE for the communication between a vehicle and an
   infrastructure node (i.e., V2I) [FirstNet-Report], but it is expected
   that DSRC-based vehicular networks [DSRC] will be available for V2I
   and V2V in near future.

   To support the applications of these V2I use cases, the functions of
   IPv6 such as VND, VMM, and VSP are prerequisite for the IPv6-based
   packet exchange, the transport-layer session continuity, and the
   secure, safe communication between a vehicle and a server in the
   vehicular cloud.

3.3.  V2X

   The use case of V2X networking discussed in this section is
   pedestrian protection service.

   The existing IPv6 protocol does not support wireless multi-hop V2X
   (or V2I2X) communications in an urban road network where RSUs are
   deployed at intersections, so a vehicle (or a pedestrian's
   smartphone) can reach the wireless coverage of an RSU through the
   multi-hop data forwarding of intermediate vehicles (or pedestrians'
   smartphones).  Thus, the IPv6 needs to be extended for multi-hop V2X
   (or V2I2X) communications.

   A pedestrian protection service, such as Safety-Aware Navigation
   Application (SANA) [SANA], using V2I2P networking can reduce the
   collision of a vehicle and a pedestrian carrying a smartphone
   equipped with a network device for wireless communication (e.g.,
   WiFi) with an IP-RSU.  Vehicles and pedestrians can also communicate
   with each other via an IP-RSU.  An edge computing device behind the
   IP-RSU can collect the mobility information from vehicles and
   pedestrians, compute wireless communication scheduling for the sake
   of them.  This scheduling can save the battery of each pedestrian's
   smartphone by allowing it to work in sleeping mode before the
   communication with vehicles, considering their mobility.

   For Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P), a vehicle can directly communicate
   with a pedestrian's smartphone by V2X without IP-RSU relaying.
   Light-weight mobile nodes such as bicycles may also communicate
   directly with a vehicle for collision avoidance using V2V.

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   To support the applications of these V2X use cases, the functions of
   IPv6 such as VND, VMM, and VSP are prerequisite for the IPv6-based
   packet exchange, the transport-layer session continuity, and the
   secure, safe communication between a vehicle and a pedestrian either
   directly or indirectly via an IP-RSU.

                     Traffic Control Center in Vehicular Cloud
                    *******************************************
+-------------+    *                                           *
|Corresponding|   *             +-----------------+             *
|    Node     |<->*             | Mobility Anchor |             *
+-------------+   *             +-----------------+             *
                  *                      ^                      *
                  *                      |                      *
                   *                     v                     *
                    *******************************************
                    ^                   ^                     ^
                    |                   |                     |
                    |                   |                     |
                    v                   v                     v
              +---------+           +---------+           +---------+
              | IP-RSU1 |<--------->| IP-RSU2 |<--------->| IP-RSU3 |
              +---------+           +---------+           +---------+
                  ^                     ^                    ^
                  :                     :                    :
           +-----------------+ +-----------------+   +-----------------+
           |      : V2I      | |        : V2I    |   |       : V2I     |
           |      v          | |        v        |   |       v         |
+--------+ |   +--------+    | |   +--------+    |   |   +--------+    |
|Vehicle1|===> |Vehicle2|===>| |   |Vehicle3|===>|   |   |Vehicle4|===>|
+--------+<...>+--------+<........>+--------+    |   |   +--------+    |
           V2V     ^         V2V        ^        |   |        ^        |
           |       : V2V     | |        : V2V    |   |        : V2V    |
           |       v         | |        v        |   |        v        |
           |  +--------+     | |   +--------+    |   |    +--------+   |
           |  |Vehicle5|===> | |   |Vehicle6|===>|   |    |Vehicle7|==>|
           |  +--------+     | |   +--------+    |   |    +--------+   |
           +-----------------+ +-----------------+   +-----------------+
                 Subnet1              Subnet2              Subnet3
                (Prefix1)            (Prefix2)            (Prefix3)

        <----> Wired Link   <....> Wireless Link   ===> Moving Direction

   Figure 1: An Exemplary Vehicular Network Architecture for V2I and V2V

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4.  Vehicular Networks

   This section describes an exemplary vehicular network architecture
   supporting V2V, V2I, and V2X communications in vehicular networks.
   It describes an internal network within a vehicle or an edge network
   (called EN).  It explains not only the internetworking between the
   internal networks of a vehicle and an EN via wireless links, but also
   the internetworking between the internal networks of two vehicles via
   wireless links.

4.1.  Vehicular Network Architecture

   Figure 1 shows an exemplary vehicular network architecture for V2I
   and V2V in a road network.  The vehicular network architecture
   contains vehicles, IP-RSUs, Vehicular Cloud, Traffic Control Center,
   and Mobility Anchor as components.  However, some components in the
   vehicular network architecture may not be needed for vehicular
   networks, such as Vehicular Cloud, Traffic Control Center, and
   Mobility Anchor.

   The existing, well-known architecture such as PMIPv6 [RFC5213] can be
   extended to a vehicular network architecture (as shown in Figure 1)
   such that it can support wireless multi-hop V2I, multi-hop V2V, and
   multi-hop V2X (or V2I2X).

   As shown in this figure, IP-RSUs as routers and vehicles with IP-OBU
   have wireless media interfaces for VANET.  Furthermore, the wireless
   media interfaces are autoconfigured with a global IPv6 prefix (e.g.,
   2001:DB8:1:1::/64) to support both V2V and V2I networking.  Note that
   2001:DB8::/32 is a documentation prefix [RFC3849] for example
   prefixes in this document, and also that any routable IPv6 address
   needs to be routable in a VANET and a vehicular network including IP-
   RSUs.

   For IPv6 packets transported over IEEE 802.11-OCB, [RFC8691]
   specifies several details, including Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU),
   frame format, link-local address, address mapping for unicast and
   multicast, stateless autoconfiguration, and subnet structure.  An
   Ethernet Adaptation (EA) layer is in charge of transforming some
   parameters between IEEE 802.11 MAC layer and IPv6 network layer,
   which is located between IEEE 802.11-OCB's logical link control layer
   and IPv6 network layer.  This IPv6 over 802.11-OCB can be used for
   both V2V and V2I in IPv6-based vehicular networks.

   In Figure 1, three IP-RSUs (IP-RSU1, IP-RSU2, and IP-RSU3) are
   deployed in the road network and are connected with each other
   through the wired networks (e.g., Ethernet), which are part of a
   Vehicular Cloud.  A Traffic Control Center (TCC) is connected to the

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   Vehicular Cloud for the management of IP-RSUs and vehicles in the
   road network.  A Mobility Anchor (MA) may be located in the TCC as a
   mobility management controller, which is a controller for the
   mobility management of vehicles.  Vehicle2, Vehicle3, and Vehicle4
   are wirelessly connected to IP-RSU1, IP-RSU2, and IP-RSU3,
   respectively.  The three wireless networks of IP-RSU1, IP-RSU2, and
   IP-RSU3 can belong to three different subnets (i.e., Subnet1,
   Subnet2, and Subnet3), respectively.  Those three subnets use three
   different prefixes (i.e., Prefix1, Prefix2, and Prefix3).

   Multiple vehicles under the coverage of an RSU share a prefix such
   that mobile nodes share a prefix of a WiFi access point in a wireless
   LAN.  This is a natural characteristic in infrastructure-based
   wireless networks.  For example, in Figure 1, two vehicles (i.e.,
   Vehicle2, and Vehicle5) can use Prefix 1 to configure their IPv6
   global addresses for V2I communication.

   A single subnet prefix announced by an RSU can span multiple vehicles
   in VANET.  For example, in Figure 1, for Prefix 1, three vehicles
   (i.e., Vehicle1, Vehicle2, and Vehicle5) can construct a connected
   VANET.  Also, for Prefix 2, two vehicles (i.e., Vehicle3 and
   Vehicle6) can construct another connected VANET, and for Prefix 3,
   two vehicles (i.e., Vehicle4 and Vehicle7) can construct another
   connected VANET.

   In wireless subnets in vehicular networks (e.g., Subnet1 and Subnet2
   in Figure 1), vehicles can construct a connected VANET (with an
   arbitrary graph topology) and can communicate with each other via V2V
   communication.  Vehicle1 can communicate with Vehicle2 via V2V
   communication, and Vehicle2 can communicate with Vehicle3 via V2V
   communication because they are within the wireless communication
   range for each other.  On the other hand, Vehicle3 can communicate
   with Vehicle4 via the vehicular infrastructure (i.e., IP-RSU2 and IP-
   RSU3) by employing V2I (i.e., V2I2V) communication because they are
   not within the wireless communication range for each other.

   An IPv6 mobility solution is needed in vehicular networks so that a
   vehicle's TCP session can be continued while it moves from an IP-
   RSU's wireless coverage to another IP-RSU's wireless coverage.  In
   Figure 1, assuming that Vehicle2 has a TCP session with a
   corresponding node in the vehicular cloud, Vehicle2 can move from IP-
   RSU1's wireless coverage to IP-RSU2's wireless coverage.  In this
   case, a handover for Vehicle2 needs to be performed by either a host-
   based mobility management scheme (e.g., MIPv6 [RFC6275]) or a
   network-based mobility management scheme (e.g., PMIPv6 [RFC5213]).
   In the host-based mobility scheme, an IP-RSU plays a role of a home
   agent in a visited network.  On the other hand, in the network-based
   mobility scheme, an MA plays a role of a mobility management

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   controller such as a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) in PMIPv6, and an
   IP-RSU plays a role of an access router such as a Mobile Access
   Gateway (MAG) in PMIPv6 [RFC5213].

   In vehicular networks, the control plane can be separated from the
   data plane for efficient mobility management and data forwarding by
   using the concept of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) [RFC7149].  In
   SDN, the control plane and data plane are separated for the efficient
   management of forwarding elements (e.g., switches and routers) where
   an SDN controller configures the forwarding elements in a centralized
   way and they perform packet forwarding according to their forwarding
   tables that are configured by the SDN controller.  An MA can
   configure and monitor its IP-RSUs and vehicles for mobility
   management, location management, and security services as an SDN
   controller.

   The mobility information of a GPS receiver mounted in its vehicle
   (e.g., position, speed, and direction) can be used to accommodate
   mobility-aware proactive handover schemes, which can perform the
   handover of a vehicle according to its mobility and the wireless
   signal strength of a vehicle and an IP-RSU in a proactive way.

   Vehicles can use the TCC as their Home Network having a home agent
   for mobility management as in MIPv6 [RFC6275] and PMIPv6 [RFC5213],
   so the TCC maintains the mobility information of vehicles for
   location management.  IP tunneling over the wireless link should be
   avoided for performance efficiency.  Also, in vehicular networks,
   asymmetric links sometimes exist and must be considered for wireless
   communications such as V2V and V2I.

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                                                    +-----------------+
                           (*)<........>(*)  +----->| Vehicular Cloud |
          2001:DB8:1:1::/64 |            |   |      +-----------------+
   +------------------------------+  +---------------------------------+
   |                        v     |  |   v   v                         |
   | +-------+          +-------+ |  | +-------+          +-------+    |
   | | Host1 |          |IP-OBU1| |  | |IP-RSU1|          | Host3 |    |
   | +-------+          +-------+ |  | +-------+          +-------+    |
   |     ^                  ^     |  |     ^                  ^        |
   |     |                  |     |  |     |                  |        |
   |     v                  v     |  |     v                  v        |
   | ---------------------------- |  | ------------------------------- |
   | 2001:DB8:10:1::/64 ^         |  |     ^ 2001:DB8:20:1::/64        |
   |                    |         |  |     |                           |
   |                    v         |  |     v                           |
   | +-------+      +-------+     |  | +-------+ +-------+   +-------+ |
   | | Host2 |      |Router1|     |  | |Router2| |Server1|...|ServerN| |
   | +-------+      +-------+     |  | +-------+ +-------+   +-------+ |
   |     ^              ^         |  |     ^         ^           ^     |
   |     |              |         |  |     |         |           |     |
   |     v              v         |  |     v         v           v     |
   | ---------------------------- |  | ------------------------------- |
   |      2001:DB8:10:2::/64      |  |       2001:DB8:20:2::/64        |
   +------------------------------+  +---------------------------------+
      Vehicle1 (Moving Network1)            EN1 (Fixed Network1)

      <----> Wired Link   <....> Wireless Link   (*) Antenna

        Figure 2: Internetworking between Vehicle and Edge Network

4.2.  V2I-based Internetworking

   This section discusses the internetworking between a vehicle's
   internal network (i.e., moving network) and an EN's internal network
   (i.e., fixed network) via V2I communication.  The internal network of
   a vehicle is nowadays constructed with Ethernet by many automotive
   vendors [In-Car-Network].  Note that an EN can accommodate multiple
   routers (or switches) and servers (e.g., ECDs, navigation server, and
   DNS server) in its internal network.

   A vehicle's internal network often uses Ethernet to interconnect
   Electronic Control Units (ECUs) in the vehicle.  The internal network
   can support WiFi and Bluetooth to accommodate a driver's and
   passenger's mobile devices (e.g., smartphone or tablet).  The network
   topology and subnetting depend on each vendor's network configuration
   for a vehicle and an EN.  It is reasonable to consider the
   interaction between the internal network and an external network
   within another vehicle or an EN.

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   As shown in Figure 2, as internal networks, a vehicle's moving
   network and an EN's fixed network are self-contained networks having
   multiple subnets and having an edge router (e.g., IP-OBU and IP-RSU)
   for the communication with another vehicle or another EN.
   Internetworking between two internal networks via V2I communication
   requires the exchange of the network parameters and the network
   prefixes of the internal networks.

   Figure 2 also shows internetworking between the vehicle's moving
   network and the EN's fixed network.  There exists an internal network
   (Moving Network1) inside Vehicle1.  Vehicle1 has two hosts (Host1 and
   Host2), and two routers (IP-OBU1 and Router1).  There exists another
   internal network (Fixed Network1) inside EN1.  EN1 has one host
   (Host3), two routers (IP-RSU1 and Router2), and the collection of
   servers (Server1 to ServerN) for various services in the road
   networks, such as the emergency notification and navigation.
   Vehicle1's IP-OBU1 (as a mobile router) and EN1's IP-RSU1 (as a fixed
   router) use 2001:DB8:1:1::/64 for an external link (e.g., DSRC) for
   V2I networking.  Thus, a host (Host1) in Vehicle1 can communicate
   with a server (Server1) in EN1 for a vehicular service through
   Vehicle1's moving network, a wireless link between IP-OBU1 and IP-
   RSU1, and EN1's fixed network.

   For the IPv6 communication between an IP-OBU and an IP-RSU or between
   two neighboring IP-OBUs, they need to know the network parameters,
   which include MAC layer and IPv6 layer information.  The MAC layer
   information includes wireless link layer parameters, transmission
   power level, the MAC address of an external network interface for the
   internetworking with another IP-OBU or IP-RSU.  The IPv6 layer
   information includes the IPv6 address and network prefix of an
   external network interface for the internetworking with another IP-
   OBU or IP-RSU.

   Through the mutual knowledge of the network parameters of internal
   networks, packets can be transmitted between the vehicle's moving
   network and the EN's fixed network.  Thus, V2I requires an efficient
   protocol for the mutual knowledge of network parameters.

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                           (*)<..........>(*)
          2001:DB8:1:1::/64 |              |
   +------------------------------+  +------------------------------+
   |                        v     |  |     v                        |
   | +-------+          +-------+ |  | +-------+          +-------+ |
   | | Host1 |          |IP-OBU1| |  | |IP-OBU2|          | Host3 | |
   | +-------+          +-------+ |  | +-------+          +-------+ |
   |     ^                  ^     |  |     ^                  ^     |
   |     |                  |     |  |     |                  |     |
   |     v                  v     |  |     v                  v     |
   | ---------------------------- |  | ---------------------------- |
   | 2001:DB8:10:1::/64 ^         |  |         ^ 2001:DB8:30:1::/64 |
   |                    |         |  |         |                    |
   |                    v         |  |         v                    |
   | +-------+      +-------+     |  |     +-------+      +-------+ |
   | | Host2 |      |Router1|     |  |     |Router2|      | Host4 | |
   | +-------+      +-------+     |  |     +-------+      +-------+ |
   |     ^              ^         |  |         ^              ^     |
   |     |              |         |  |         |              |     |
   |     v              v         |  |         v              v     |
   | ---------------------------- |  | ---------------------------- |
   |      2001:DB8:10:2::/64      |  |       2001:DB8:30:2::/64     |
   +------------------------------+  +------------------------------+
      Vehicle1 (Moving Network1)        Vehicle2 (Moving Network2)

      <----> Wired Link   <....> Wireless Link   (*) Antenna

              Figure 3: Internetworking between Two Vehicles

4.3.  V2V-based Internetworking

   This section discusses the internetworking between the moving
   networks of two neighboring vehicles via V2V communication.

   Figure 3 shows internetworking between the moving networks of two
   neighboring vehicles.  There exists an internal network (Moving
   Network1) inside Vehicle1.  Vehicle1 has two hosts (Host1 and Host2),
   and two routers (IP-OBU1 and Router1).  There exists another internal
   network (Moving Network2) inside Vehicle2.  Vehicle2 has two hosts
   (Host3 and Host4), and two routers (IP-OBU2 and Router2).  Vehicle1's
   IP-OBU1 (as a mobile router) and Vehicle2's IP-OBU2 (as a mobile
   router) use 2001:DB8:1:1::/64 for an external link (e.g., DSRC) for
   V2V networking.  Thus, a host (Host1) in Vehicle1 can communicate
   with another host (Host3) in Vehicle2 for a vehicular service through
   Vehicle1's moving network, a wireless link between IP-OBU1 and IP-
   OBU2, and Vehicle2's moving network.

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        (*)<..................>(*)<..................>(*)
         |                      |                      |
   +-----------+          +-----------+          +-----------+
   |           |          |           |          |           |
   | +-------+ |          | +-------+ |          | +-------+ |
   | |IP-OBU1| |          | |IP-OBU2| |          | |IP-OBU3| |
   | +-------+ |          | +-------+ |          | +-------+ |
   |           |          |           |          |           |
   | +-------+ |          | +-------+ |          | +-------+ |
   | | Host1 | |          | | Host2 | |          | | Host3 | |
   | +-------+ |          | +-------+ |          | +-------+ |
   |           |          |           |          |           |
   +-----------+          +-----------+          +-----------+
      Vehicle1               Vehicle2               Vehicle3

      <....> Wireless Link   (*) Antenna

      Figure 4: Multihop Internetworking between Two Vehicle Networks

   Figure 4 shows multihop internetworking between the moving networks
   of two vehicles in the same VANET.  For example, Host1 in Vehicle1
   can communicate with Host3 in Vehicle3 via IP-OBU1 in Vehicle1, IP-
   OBU2 in Vehicle2, and IP-OBU3 in Vehicle3 in a linear topology as
   shown in the figure.

5.  Problem Statement

   In order to specify protocols using the abovementioned architecture
   for VANETs, IPv6 core protocols have to be adapted to overcome
   certain challenging aspects of vehicular networking.  Since the
   vehicles are likely to be moving at great speed, protocol exchanges
   need to be completed in a time relatively small compared to the
   lifetime of a link between a vehicle and an IP-RSU, or between two
   vehicles.  This has a major impact on IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND).
   Mobility Management (MM) is also vulnerable to disconnections that
   occur before the completion of identity verification and tunnel
   management.  This is especially true given the unreliable nature of
   wireless communications.  Thus, this section presents key topics such
   as neighbor discovery and mobility management.

5.1.  Neighbor Discovery

   IPv6 ND [RFC4861][RFC4862] is a core part of the IPv6 protocol suite.
   IPv6 ND is designed for point-to-point links and transit links (e.g.,
   Ethernet).  It assumes an efficient and reliable support of multicast
   from the link layer for various network operations such as MAC
   Address Resolution (AR) and Duplicate Address Detection (DAD).

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   Vehicles move quickly within the communication coverage of any
   particular vehicle or IP-RSU.  Before the vehicles can exchange
   application messages with each other, they need to be configured with
   a link-local IPv6 address or a global IPv6 address, and run IPv6 ND.

   The legacy DAD assumes that a node with an IPv6 address can reach any
   other node with the scope of its address at the time it claims its
   address, and can hear any future claim for that address by another
   party within the scope of its address for the duration of the address
   ownership.  However, the partitioning and merging of VANETs makes
   this assumption frequently invalid in vehicular networks.  The
   merging and partitioning of VANETs occurs frequently in vehicular
   networks.  This merging and partitioning should be considered for the
   IPv6 ND such as IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)
   [RFC4862].  Due to the merging of VANETs, two IPv6 addresses may
   conflict with each other though they were unique before the merging.
   Also, the partitioning of a VANET may make vehicles with the same
   prefix be physically unreachable.  Also, SLAAC needs to prevent IPv6
   address duplication due to the merging of VANETs.  According to the
   merging and partitioning, a destination vehicle (as an IPv6 host)
   needs to be distinguished as either an on-link host or an off-link
   host even though the source vehicle uses the same prefix with the
   destination vehicle.

   To efficiently prevent the IPv6 address duplication due to the VANET
   partitioning and merging from happing in vehicular networks, the
   vehicular networks need to support a vehicular-network-wide DAD by
   defining a scope that is compatible with the legacy DAD.  In this
   case, two vehicles can communicate with each other when there exists
   a communication path over VANET or a combination of VANETs and IP-
   RSUs, as shown in Figure 1.  By using the vehicular-network-wide DAD,
   vehicles can assure that their IPv6 addresses are unique in the
   vehicular network whenever they are connected to the vehicular
   infrastructure or become disconnected from it in the form of VANET.

   ND time-related parameters such as router lifetime and Neighbor
   Advertisement (NA) interval need to be adjusted for vehicle speed and
   vehicle density.  For example, the NA interval needs to be
   dynamically adjusted according to a vehicle's speed so that the
   vehicle can maintain its neighboring vehicles in a stable way,
   considering the collision probability with the NA messages sent by
   other vehicles.

   For IPv6-based safety applications (e.g., context-aware navigation,
   adaptive cruise control, and platooning) in vehicular networks, the
   delay-bounded data delivery is critical.  Implementations for such
   applications are not available yet.  IPv6 ND needs to efficiently
   work to support IPv6-based safety applications.

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5.1.1.  Link Model

   A prefix model for a vehicular network needs to facilitate the
   communication between two vehicles with the same prefix regardless of
   the vehicular network topology as long as there exist bidirectional
   E2E paths between them in the vehicular network including VANETs and
   IP-RSUs.  This prefix model allows vehicles with the same prefix to
   communicate with each other via a combination of multihop V2V and
   multihop V2I with VANETs and IP-RSUs.

   IPv6 protocols work under certain assumptions for the link model that
   do not necessarily hold in a vehicular wireless link
   [VIP-WAVE][RFC5889].  For instance, some IPv6 protocols assume
   symmetry in the connectivity among neighboring interfaces [RFC6250].
   However, radio interference and different levels of transmission
   power may cause asymmetric links to appear in vehicular wireless
   links.  As a result, a new vehicular link model needs to consider the
   asymmetry of dynamically changing vehicular wireless links.

   There is a relationship between a link and a prefix, besides the
   different scopes that are expected from the link-local and global
   types of IPv6 addresses.  In an IPv6 link, it is assumed that all
   interfaces which are configured with the same subnet prefix and with
   on-link bit set can communicate with each other on an IPv6 link.
   However, the vehicular link model needs to define the relationship
   between a link and a prefix, considering the dynamics of wireless
   links and the characteristics of VANET.

   A VANET can have multiple links between pairs of vehicles within
   wireless communication range, as shown in Figure 4.  When two
   vehicles belong to the same VANET, but they are out of wireless
   communication range, they cannot communicate directly with each
   other.  Suppose that a global-scope IPv6 prefix is assigned to VANETs
   in vehicular networks.  Even though two vehicles in the same VANET
   configure their IPv6 addresses with the same IPv6 prefix, they may
   not communicate with each other not in a one hop in the same VANET
   because of the multihop network connectivity between them.  Thus, in
   this case, the concept of an on-link IPv6 prefix does not hold
   because two vehicles with the same on-link IPv6 prefix cannot
   communicate directly with each other.  Also, when two vehicles are
   located in two different VANETs with the same IPv6 prefix, they
   cannot communicate with each other.  When these two VANETs converge
   to one VANET, the two vehicles can communicate with each other in a
   multihop fashion, for example, wheh they are Vehicle1 and Vehicle3,
   as shown in Figure 4.

   From the previous observation, a vehicular link model should consider
   the frequent partitioning and merging of VANETs due to vehicle

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   mobility.  Therefore, the vehicular link model needs to use an on-
   link prefix and off-link prefix according to the network topology of
   vehicles such as a one-hop reachable network and a multihop reachable
   network (or partitioned networks).  If the vehicles with the same
   prefix are reachable with each other in one hop, the prefix should be
   on-link.  On the other hand, if some of the vehicles with the same
   prefix are not reachable with each other in one hop due to either the
   multihop topology in the VANET or multiple partitions, the prefix
   should be off-link.

   The vehicular link model needs to support the multihop routing in a
   connected VANET where the vehicles with the same global-scope IPv6
   prefix are connected in one hop or multiple hops.  It also needs to
   support the multihop routing in multiple connected VANETs through
   infrastructure nodes (e.g., IP-RSU) where they are connected to the
   infrastructure.  For example, in Figure 1, suppose that Vehicle1,
   Vehicle2, and Vehicle3 are configured with their IPv6 addresses based
   on the same global-scope IPv6 prefix.  Vehicle1 and Vehicle3 can also
   communicate with each other via either multihop V2V or multihop
   V2I2V.  When the two vehicles of Vehicle1 and Vehicle3 are connected
   in a VANET, it will be more efficient for them to directly
   communicate with each other via VANET rather than indirectly via IP-
   RSUs.  On the other hand, when the two vehicles of Vehicle1 and
   Vehicle3 are far away from the communication range in separate VANETs
   and under two different IP-RSUs, they can communicate with each other
   through the relay of IP-RSUs via V2I2V.  Thus, two separate VANETs
   can merge into one network via IP-RSU(s).  Also, newly arriving
   vehicles can merge two separate VANETs into one VANET if they can
   play a role of a relay node for those VANETs.

5.1.2.  MAC Address Pseudonym

   For the protection of drivers' privacy, a pseudonym of a MAC address
   of a vehicle's network interface should be used, so that the MAC
   address can be changed periodically.  However, although such a
   pseudonym of a MAC address can protect some extent of privacy of a
   vehicle, it may not be able to resist attacks on vehicle
   identification by other fingerprint information, for example, the
   scrambler seed embedded in IEEE 802.11-OCB frames [Scrambler-Attack].
   The pseudonym of a MAC address affects an IPv6 address based on the
   MAC address, and a transport-layer (e.g., TCP and and SCTP) session
   with an IPv6 address pair.  However, the pseudonym handling is not
   implemented and tested yet for applications on IP-based vehicular
   networking.

   In the ETSI standards, for the sake of security and privacy, an ITS
   station (e.g., vehicle) can use pseudonyms for its network interface
   identities (e.g., MAC address) and the corresponding IPv6 addresses

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   [Identity-Management].  Whenever the network interface identifier
   changes, the IPv6 address based on the network interface identifier
   needs to be updated, and the uniqueness of the address needs to be
   checked through the DAD procedure.  For vehicular networks with high
   mobility and density, this DAD needs to be performed efficiently with
   minimum overhead so that the vehicles can exchange application
   messages (e.g., collision avoidance and accident notification) with
   each other with a short interval (e.g., 0.5 second)
   [NHTSA-ACAS-Report].

5.1.3.  Routing

   For multihop V2V communications in either a VANET or VANETs via IP-
   RSUs, a vehicular ad hoc routing protocol (e.g., AODV and OLSRv2) may
   be required to support both unicast and multicast in the links of the
   subnet with the same IPv6 prefix.  However, it will be costly to run
   both vehicular ND and a vehicular ad hoc routing protocol in terms of
   control traffic overhead [ID-Multicast-Problems].

   A routing protocol for VANET may cause redundant wireless frames in
   the air to check the neighborhood of each vehicle and compute the
   routing information in VANET with a dynamic network topology because
   the IPv6 ND is used to check the neighborhood of each vehicle.  Thus,
   the vehicular routing needs to take advantage of the IPv6 ND to
   minimize its control overhead.

5.2.  Mobility Management

   The seamless connectivity and timely data exchange between two end
   points requires an efficient mobility management including location
   management and handover.  Most of vehicles are equipped with a GPS
   receiver as part of a dedicated navigation system or a corresponding
   smartphone App.  Note that The GPS receiver may not provide vehicles
   with accurate location information in adverse environments such as a
   building area and tunnel.  The location precision can be improved by
   the assistance from the IP-RSUs or a cellular system with a GPS
   receiver for location information.

   With a GPS navigator, an efficient mobility management can be
   performed with the help of vehicles periodically reporting their
   current position and trajectory (i.e., navigation path) to the
   vehicular infrastructure (having IP-RSUs and an MA in TCC).  This
   vehicular infrastructure can predict the future positions of the
   vehicles with their mobility information (i.e., the current position,
   speed, direction, and trajectory) for the efficient mobility
   management (e.g., proactive handover).  For a better proactive
   handover, link-layer parameters, such as the signal strength of a
   link-layer frame (e.g., Received Channel Power Indicator (RCPI)

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   [VIP-WAVE]), can be used to determine the moment of a handover
   between IP-RSUs along with mobility information.

   By predicting a vehicle's mobility, the vehicular infrastructure
   needs to better support IP-RSUs to perform efficient SLAAC, data
   forwarding, horizontal handover (i.e., handover in wireless links
   using a homogeneous radio technology), and vertical handover (i.e.,
   handover in wireless links using heterogeneous radio technologies) in
   advance along with the movement of the vehicle.

   For example, as shown in Figure 1, when a vehicle (e.g., Vehicle2) is
   moving from the coverage of an IP-RSU (e.g., IP-RSU1) into the
   coverage of another IP-RSU (e.g., IP-RSU2) belonging to a different
   subnet, the IP-RSUs can proactively support the IPv6 mobility of the
   vehicle, while performing the SLAAC, data forwarding, and handover
   for the sake of the vehicle.

   Therefore, for the proactive and seamless IPv6 mobility of vehicles,
   the vehicular infrastructure (including IP-RSUs and MA) needs to
   efficiently perform the mobility management of the vehicles with
   their mobility information and link-layer information.

6.  Security Considerations

   This section discusses security and privacy for IPv6-based vehicular
   networking.  The security and privacy is one of key components in
   IPv6-based vehicular networking along with neighbor discovery and
   mobility management.

   Security and privacy are paramount in the V2I, V2V, and V2X
   networking.  Only authorized vehicles need to be allowed to use the
   vehicular networking.  Also, in-vehicle devices (e.g., ECU) and
   mobile devices (e.g., smartphone) in a vehicle need to communicate
   with other in-vehicle devices and mobile devices in another vehicle,
   and other servers in an IP-RSU in a secure way.  Even a perfectly
   authorized and legitimate vehicle may be hacked to run malicious
   applications to track and collect its and other vehicles'
   information.  For this case, an attack mitigation process may be
   required to reduce the aftermath of the malicious behaviors.

   Strong security measures shall protect vehicles roaming in road
   networks from the attacks of malicious nodes, which are controlled by
   hackers.  For safety applications, the cooperation among vehicles is
   assumed.  Malicious nodes may disseminate wrong driving information
   (e.g., location, speed, and direction) to make driving be unsafe.
   For example, Sybil attack, which tries to confuse a vehicle with
   multiple false identities, disturbs a vehicle in taking a safe
   maneuver.  This sybil attack needs to be prevented through the

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   cooperation between good vehicles and IP-RSUs.  Note that good
   vehicles are ones with valid certificates that are determined by the
   authentication process with an authentication server in the vehicular
   cloud.  However, applications on IPv6-based vehicular networking,
   which are resilient to such a sybil attack, are not developed and
   tested yet.

   To identify the genuineness of vehicles against malicious vehicles,
   an authentication method is required.  A Vehicle Identification
   Number (VIN) and a user certificate along with in-vehicle device's
   identifier generation can be used to efficiently authenticate a
   vehicle or a user through a road infrastructure node (e.g., IP-RSU)
   connected to an authentication server in the vehicular cloud.  Also,
   Transport Layer Security (TLS) certificates can be used for the
   vehicle authentication to allow secure E2E vehicle communications.
   To identify the genuineness of vehicles against malicious vehicles,
   an authentication method is required.  For vehicle authentication,
   information available from a vehicle or a driver (e.g., Vehicle
   Identification Number (VIN) and Transport Layer Security (TLS)
   certificate [RFC8446]) needs to be used to efficiently authenticate a
   vehicle or a user with the help of a road infrastructure node (e.g.,
   IP-RSU) connected to an authentication server in the vehicular cloud.

   For secure V2I communication, a secure channel between a mobile
   router (i.e., IP-OBU) in a vehicle and a fixed router (i.e., IP-RSU)
   in an EN needs to be established, as shown in Figure 2.  Also, for
   secure V2V communication, a secure channel between a mobile router
   (i.e., IP-OBU) in a vehicle and a mobile router (i.e., IP-OBU) in
   another vehicle needs to be established, as shown in Figure 3.

   To prevent an adversary from tracking a vehicle with its MAC address
   or IPv6 address, MAC address pseudonym needs to be provided to the
   vehicle; that is, each vehicle periodically updates its MAC address
   and the corresponding IPv6 address [RFC4086][RFC4941].  Such an
   update of the MAC and IPv6 addresses should not interrupt the E2E
   communications between two vehicles (or between a vehicle and an IP-
   RSU) for a long-living transport-layer session.  However, if this
   pseudonym is performed without strong E2E confidentiality, there will
   be no privacy benefit from changing MAC and IPv6 addresses, because
   an adversary can observe the change of the MAC and IPv6 addresses and
   track the vehicle with those addresses.

   For the IPv6 ND, the DAD is required for the uniqueness of the IPv6
   address of a vehicle's wireless interface.  This DAD can be used as a
   flooding attack that makes the DAD-related ND packets are
   disseminated over the VANET or vehicular networks.  Thus, the
   vehicles and IP-RSUs need to filter out suspicious ND traffic in
   advance.

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   For the mobility management, a malicious vehicle can construct
   multiple virtual bogus vehicles, and register them with IP-RSUs and
   MA.  This registration makes the IP-RSUs and MA waste their
   resources.  The IP-RSUs and MA need to determine whether a vehicle is
   genuine or bogus in the mobility management.  Also, the
   confidentiality of control packets and data packets among IP-RSUs and
   MA, the E2E paths (e.g., tunnels) need to be protected by secure
   communication channels.  In addition, to prevent bogus IP-RSUs and MA
   from interfering IPv6 mobility of vehicles, the mutual authentication
   among them needs to be performed by certificates (e.g., TLS
   certificate).

7.  Informative References

   [Automotive-Sensing]
              Choi, J., Va, V., Gonzalez-Prelcic, N., Daniels, R., R.
              Bhat, C., and R. W. Heath, "Millimeter-Wave Vehicular
              Communication to Support Massive Automotive Sensing",
              IEEE Communications Magazine, December 2016.

   [CA-Cruise-Control]
              California Partners for Advanced Transportation Technology
              (PATH), "Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control", [Online]
              Available:
              http://www.path.berkeley.edu/research/automated-and-
              connected-vehicles/cooperative-adaptive-cruise-control,
              2017.

   [CASD]     Shen, Y., Jeong, J., Oh, T., and S. Son, "CASD: A
              Framework of Context-Awareness Safety Driving in Vehicular
              Networks", International Workshop on Device Centric Cloud
              (DC2), March 2016.

   [DSRC]     ASTM International, "Standard Specification for
              Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between
              Roadside and Vehicle Systems - 5 GHz Band Dedicated Short
              Range Communications (DSRC) Medium Access Control (MAC)
              and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications",
              ASTM E2213-03(2010), October 2010.

   [EU-2008-671-EC]
              European Union, "Commission Decision of 5 August 2008 on
              the Harmonised Use of Radio Spectrum in the 5875 - 5905
              MHz Frequency Band for Safety-related Applications of
              Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)", EU 2008/671/EC,
              August 2008.

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   [FirstNet]
              U.S. National Telecommunications and Information
              Administration (NTIA), "First Responder Network Authority
              (FirstNet)", [Online]
              Available: https://www.firstnet.gov/, 2012.

   [FirstNet-Report]
              First Responder Network Authority, "FY 2017: ANNUAL REPORT
              TO CONGRESS, Advancing Public Safety Broadband
              Communications", FirstNet FY 2017, December 2017.

   [Fuel-Efficient]
              van de Hoef, S., H. Johansson, K., and D. V. Dimarogonas,
              "Fuel-Efficient En Route Formation of Truck Platoons",
              IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,
              January 2018.

   [ID-Multicast-Problems]
              Perkins, C., McBride, M., Stanley, D., Kumari, W., and JC.
              Zuniga, "Multicast Considerations over IEEE 802 Wireless
              Media", draft-ietf-mboned-ieee802-mcast-problems-11 (work
              in progress), December 2019.

   [Identity-Management]
              Wetterwald, M., Hrizi, F., and P. Cataldi, "Cross-layer
              Identities Management in ITS Stations", The 10th
              International Conference on ITS Telecommunications,
              November 2010.

   [IEEE-802.11-OCB]
              "Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
              Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications", IEEE Std
              802.11-2016, December 2016.

   [IEEE-802.11p]
              "Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
              Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications - Amendment 6:
              Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments", IEEE Std
              802.11p-2010, June 2010.

   [In-Car-Network]
              Lim, H., Volker, L., and D. Herrscher, "Challenges in a
              Future IP/Ethernet-based In-Car Network for Real-Time
              Applications", ACM/EDAC/IEEE Design Automation Conference
              (DAC), June 2011.

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   [ISO-ITS-IPv6]
              ISO/TC 204, "Intelligent Transport Systems -
              Communications Access for Land Mobiles (CALM) - IPv6
              Networking", ISO 21210:2012, June 2012.

   [NHTSA-ACAS-Report]
              National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA),
              "Final Report of Automotive Collision Avoidance Systems
              (ACAS) Program", DOT HS 809 080, August 2000.

   [RFC3561]  Perkins, C., Belding-Royer, E., and S. Das, "Ad hoc On-
              Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing", RFC 3561, July
              2003.

   [RFC3753]  Manner, J. and M. Kojo, "Mobility Related Terminology",
              RFC 3753, June 2004.

   [RFC3849]  Huston, G., Lord, A., and P. Smith, "IPv6 Address Prefix
              Reserved for Documentation", RFC 3849, July 2004.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
              "Randomness Requirements for Security", RFC 4086, June
              2005.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              September 2007.

   [RFC4862]  Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
              Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007.

   [RFC4941]  Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
              Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
              IPv6", RFC 4941, September 2007.

   [RFC5213]  Gundavelli, S., Ed., Leung, K., Devarapalli, V.,
              Chowdhury, K., and B. Patil, "Proxy Mobile IPv6",
              RFC 5213, August 2008.

   [RFC5415]  Calhoun, P., Montemurro, M., and D. Stanley, "Control And
              Provisioning of Wireless Access Points (CAPWAP) Protocol
              Specification", RFC 5415, March 2009.

   [RFC5889]  Baccelli, E. and M. Townsley, "IP Addressing Model in Ad
              Hoc Networks", RFC 5889, September 2010.

   [RFC6250]  Thaler, D., "Evolution of the IP Model", RFC 6250, May
              2011.

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   [RFC6275]  Perkins, C., Ed., Johnson, D., and J. Arkko, "Mobility
              Support in IPv6", RFC 6275, July 2011.

   [RFC6775]  Shelby, Z., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C. Bormann,
              "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over Low-Power
              Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)", RFC 6775,
              November 2012.

   [RFC7149]  Boucadair, M. and C. Jacquenet, "Software-Defined
              Networking: A Perspective from within a Service Provider
              Environment", RFC 7149, March 2014.

   [RFC7181]  Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Jacquet, P., and U. Herberg,
              "The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2",
              RFC 7181, April 2014.

   [RFC7333]  Chan, H., Liu, D., Seite, P., Yokota, H., and J. Korhonen,
              "Requirements for Distributed Mobility Management",
              RFC 7333, August 2014.

   [RFC7429]  Liu, D., Zuniga, JC., Seite, P., Chan, H., and CJ.
              Bernardos, "Distributed Mobility Management: Current
              Practices and Gap Analysis", RFC 7429, January 2015.

   [RFC8200]  Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
              (IPv6) Specification", RFC 8200, July 2017.

   [RFC8446]  Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", RFC 8446, August 2018.

   [RFC8691]  Benamar, N., Haerri, J., Lee, J., and T. Ernst, "Basic
              Support for IPv6 Networks Operating Outside the Context of
              a Basic Service Set over IEEE Std 802.11", RFC 8691,
              December 2019.

   [SAINT]    Jeong, J., Jeong, H., Lee, E., Oh, T., and D. Du, "SAINT:
              Self-Adaptive Interactive Navigation Tool for Cloud-Based
              Vehicular Traffic Optimization", IEEE Transactions on
              Vehicular Technology, Vol. 65, No. 6, June 2016.

   [SAINTplus]
              Shen, Y., Lee, J., Jeong, H., Jeong, J., Lee, E., and D.
              Du, "SAINT+: Self-Adaptive Interactive Navigation Tool+
              for Emergency Service Delivery Optimization",
              IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,
              June 2017.

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   [SANA]     Hwang, T. and J. Jeong, "SANA: Safety-Aware Navigation
              Application for Pedestrian Protection in Vehicular
              Networks", Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science
              (LNCS), Vol. 9502, December 2015.

   [Scrambler-Attack]
              Bloessl, B., Sommer, C., Dressier, F., and D. Eckhoff,
              "The Scrambler Attack: A Robust Physical Layer Attack on
              Location Privacy in Vehicular Networks", IEEE 2015
              International Conference on Computing, Networking and
              Communications (ICNC), February 2015.

   [Truck-Platooning]
              California Partners for Advanced Transportation Technology
              (PATH), "Automated Truck Platooning", [Online] Available:
              http://www.path.berkeley.edu/research/automated-and-
              connected-vehicles/truck-platooning, 2017.

   [TS-23.285-3GPP]
              3GPP, "Architecture Enhancements for V2X Services", 3GPP
              TS 23.285, June 2018.

   [VIP-WAVE]
              Cespedes, S., Lu, N., and X. Shen, "VIP-WAVE: On the
              Feasibility of IP Communications in 802.11p Vehicular
              Networks", IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation
              Systems, vol. 14, no. 1, March 2013.

   [WAVE-1609.0]
              IEEE 1609 Working Group, "IEEE Guide for Wireless Access
              in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Architecture", IEEE Std
              1609.0-2013, March 2014.

   [WAVE-1609.2]
              IEEE 1609 Working Group, "IEEE Standard for Wireless
              Access in Vehicular Environments - Security Services for
              Applications and Management Messages", IEEE Std
              1609.2-2016, March 2016.

   [WAVE-1609.3]
              IEEE 1609 Working Group, "IEEE Standard for Wireless
              Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking
              Services", IEEE Std 1609.3-2016, April 2016.

   [WAVE-1609.4]
              IEEE 1609 Working Group, "IEEE Standard for Wireless
              Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Multi-Channel
              Operation", IEEE Std 1609.4-2016, March 2016.

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Appendix A.  Changes from draft-ietf-ipwave-vehicular-networking-13

   The following changes are made from draft-ietf-ipwave-vehicular-
   networking-13:

   o  This version is revised based on the comments from Carlos
      Bernardos.

   o  The definition of Mobility Anchor (MA) is clarified with a
      reference to PMIPv6.

   o  In Vehicular Neighbor Discovery, Vehicular Mobility Management,
      and Vehicular Security and Privacy, the prefix of "Vehicular" is
      explained to represent extensions of the existing protocols rather
      than new "vehicular-specific" functions.

   o  In Section 4.1, an exemplary vehicular network architecture is
      explained as an extension of the existing network architecture of
      PMIPv6 for multi-hop V2V, V2I, and V2X (or V2I2X).

   o  For the IPv6 communication between an IP-OBU and an IP-RSU or
      between two neighboring IP-OBUs, the requirements of knowing the
      network parameters are addressed rather than the network parameter
      sharing as a solution.

   o  In Figure 1, the prefix sharing of multiple vehicles under an RSU
      is explained such that it is the same as the prefix sharing in a
      WiFi LAN.

   o  The separation of the control plane and data plane is explained by
      referring to the concept of SDN and the relationship between the
      SDN controller and forwarding elements.

   o  In Figure 2, the topology of a vehicle's internal network is
      justified with the reference to a real car network
      [In-Car-Network].

   o  The discussion on ND timers is modified, focusing on a problem
      rather than a solution.

Appendix B.  Acknowledgments

   This work was supported by Institute of Information & Communications
   Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea
   MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT) (R-20160222-002755, Cloud based
   Security Intelligence Technology Development for the Customized
   Security Service Provisioning).

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   This work was supported in part by the MSIT (Ministry of Science and
   ICT), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center)
   support program (IITP-2019-2017-0-01633) supervised by the IITP
   (Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion).

   This work was supported in part by the French research project
   DataTweet (ANR-13-INFR-0008) and in part by the HIGHTS project funded
   by the European Commission I (636537-H2020).

Appendix C.  Contributors

   This document is a group work of IPWAVE working group, greatly
   benefiting from inputs and texts by Rex Buddenberg (Naval
   Postgraduate School), Thierry Ernst (YoGoKo), Bokor Laszlo (Budapest
   University of Technology and Economics), Jose Santa Lozanoi
   (Universidad of Murcia), Richard Roy (MIT), Francois Simon (Pilot),
   Sri Gundavelli (Cisco), Erik Nordmark, Dirk von Hugo (Deutsche
   Telekom), Pascal Thubert (Cisco), Carlos Bernardos (UC3M), Russ
   Housley (Vigil Security), and Suresh Krishnan (Kaloom).  The authors
   sincerely appreciate their contributions.

   The following are co-authors of this document:

   Nabil Benamar
   Department of Computer Sciences
   High School of Technology of Meknes
   Moulay Ismail University
   Morocco

   Phone: +212 6 70 83 22 36
   EMail: benamar73@gmail.com

   Sandra Cespedes
   NIC Chile Research Labs
   Universidad de Chile
   Av.  Blanco Encalada 1975
   Santiago
   Chile

   Phone: +56 2 29784093
   EMail: scespede@niclabs.cl

   Jerome Haerri
   Communication Systems Department
   EURECOM

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   Sophia-Antipolis
   France

   Phone: +33 4 93 00 81 34
   EMail: jerome.haerri@eurecom.fr

   Dapeng Liu
   Alibaba
   Beijing, Beijing 100022
   China

   Phone: +86 13911788933
   EMail: max.ldp@alibaba-inc.com

   Tae (Tom) Oh
   Department of Information Sciences and Technologies
   Rochester Institute of Technology
   One Lomb Memorial Drive
   Rochester, NY 14623-5603
   USA

   Phone: +1 585 475 7642
   EMail: Tom.Oh@rit.edu

   Charles E.  Perkins
   Futurewei Inc.
   2330 Central Expressway
   Santa Clara, CA 95050
   USA

   Phone: +1 408 330 4586
   EMail: charliep@computer.org

   Alexandre Petrescu
   CEA, LIST
   CEA Saclay
   Gif-sur-Yvette, Ile-de-France 91190
   France

   Phone: +33169089223
   EMail: Alexandre.Petrescu@cea.fr

   Yiwen Chris Shen

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   Department of Computer Science & Engineering
   Sungkyunkwan University
   2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
   Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16419
   Republic of Korea

   Phone: +82 31 299 4106
   Fax: +82 31 290 7996
   EMail: chrisshen@skku.edu
   URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-chris-shen.php

   Michelle Wetterwald
   FBConsulting
   21, Route de Luxembourg
   Wasserbillig, Luxembourg L-6633
   Luxembourg

   EMail: Michelle.Wetterwald@gmail.com

Author's Address

   Jaehoon Paul Jeong (editor)
   Department of Computer Science and Engineering
   Sungkyunkwan University
   2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
   Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do  16419
   Republic of Korea

   Phone: +82 31 299 4957
   Fax:   +82 31 290 7996
   EMail: pauljeong@skku.edu
   URI:   http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-jaehoon-jeong.php

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