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Intermediate Exchange in the IKEv2 Protocol
draft-ietf-ipsecme-ikev2-intermediate-01

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9242.
Author Valery Smyslov
Last updated 2019-06-27
Replaces draft-smyslov-ipsecme-ikev2-aux
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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Apr 2022
Postquantum cryptography document for IKEv2 to IESG
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IESG IESG state Became RFC 9242 (Proposed Standard)
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draft-ietf-ipsecme-ikev2-intermediate-01
Network Working Group                                         V. Smyslov
Internet-Draft                                                ELVIS-PLUS
Intended status: Standards Track                           June 27, 2019
Expires: December 29, 2019

              Intermediate Exchange in the IKEv2 Protocol
                draft-ietf-ipsecme-ikev2-intermediate-01

Abstract

   This documents defines a new exchange, called Intermediate Exchange,
   for the Internet Key Exchange protocol Version 2 (IKEv2).  This
   exchange can be used for transferring large amount of data in the
   process of IKEv2 Security Association (SA) establishment.
   Introducing Intermediate Exchange allows re-using existing IKE
   Fragmentation mechanism, that helps to avoid IP fragmentation of
   large IKE messages, but cannot be used in the initial IKEv2 exchange.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 29, 2019.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of

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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology and Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Intermediate Exchange Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  Support for Intermediate Exchange Negotiation . . . . . .   3
     3.2.  Using Intermediate Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.3.  The IKE_INTERMEDIATE Exchange Protection and
           Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.3.1.  Protection of the IKE_INTERMEDIATE Messages . . . . .   5
       3.3.2.  Authentication of the IKE_INTERMEDIATE Exchanges  . .   5
     3.4.  Error Handling in the IKE_INTERMEDIATE Exchange . . . . .   8
   4.  Interaction with other IKEv2 Extensions . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   7.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10

1.  Introduction

   The Internet Key Exchange protocol version 2 (IKEv2) defined in
   [RFC7296] uses UDP as a transport for its messages.  If size of the
   messages is large enough, IP fragmentation takes place, that may
   interfere badly with some network devices.  The problem is described
   in more detail in [RFC7383], which also defines an extension to the
   IKEv2 called IKE Fragmentation.  This extension allows IKE messages
   to be fragmented at IKE level, eliminating possible issues caused by
   IP fragmentation.  However, the IKE Fragmentation cannot be used in
   the initial IKEv2 exchange (IKE_SA_INIT).  This limitation in most
   cases is not a problem, since the IKE_SA_INIT messages used to be
   small enough not to cause IP fragmentation.

   However, the situation has been changing recently.  One example of
   the need to transfer large amount of data before IKE SA is created is
   using Quantum Computer resistant key exchange methods in IKEv2.
   Recent progress in Quantum Computing has brought a concern that
   classical Diffie-Hellman key exchange methods will become insecure in
   a relatively near future and should be replaced with Quantum Computer
   (QC) resistant ones.  Currently most of QC-resistant key exchange
   methods have large public keys.  If these keys are exchanged in the
   IKE_SA_INIT, then most probably IP fragmentation will take place,
   therefore all the problems caused by it will become inevitable.

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   A possible solution to the problem would be to use TCP as a transport
   for IKEv2, as defined in [RFC8229].  However this approach has
   significant drawbacks and is intended to be a "last resort" when UDP
   transport is completely blocked by intermediate network devices.

   This specification describes a way to transfer large amount of data
   in IKEv2 using UDP transport.  For this purpose the document defines
   a new exchange for the IKEv2 protocol, called Intermediate Exchange
   or IKE_INTERMEDIATE.  One or more these exchanges may take place
   right after the IKE_SA_INIT exchange and prior to the IKE_AUTH
   exchange.  The IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange messages can be fragmented
   using IKE Fragmentation mechanism, so these exchanges may be used to
   transfer large amounts of data which don't fit into the IKE_SA_INIT
   exchange without causing IP fragmentation.

   The Intermediate Exchange can be used to transfer large public keys
   of QC-resistant key exchange methods, but its application is not
   limited to this use case.  This exchange can also be used whenever
   some data need to be transferred before the IKE_AUTH exchange and for
   some reason the IKE_SA_INIT exchange is not suited for this purpose.
   This document defines the IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange without tying it
   to any specific use case.  It is expected that separate
   specifications will define for which purposes and how the
   IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange is used in the IKEv2.

2.  Terminology and Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  Intermediate Exchange Details

3.1.  Support for Intermediate Exchange Negotiation

   The initiator indicates its support for Intermediate Exchange by
   including a notification of type INTERMEDIATE_EXCHANGE_SUPPORTED in
   the IKE_SA_INIT request message.  If the responder also supports this
   exchange, it includes this notification in the response message.

Initiator                                 Responder
-----------                               -----------
HDR, SAi1, KEi, Ni,
[N(INTERMEDIATE_EXCHANGE_SUPPORTED)] -->
                                     <--  HDR, SAr1, KEr, Nr, [CERTREQ],
                                    [N(INTERMEDIATE_EXCHANGE_SUPPORTED)]

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   The INTERMEDIATE_EXCHANGE_SUPPORTED is a Status Type IKEv2
   notification.  Its Notify Message Type is <TBA by IANA>.  Protocol ID
   and SPI Size are both set to 0.  This specification doesn't define
   any data this notification may contain, so the Notification Data is
   left empty.  However, future enhancements of this specification may
   override this.  Implementations MUST ignore the non-empty
   Notification Data if they don't understand its purpose.

3.2.  Using Intermediate Exchange

   If both peers indicated their support for the Intermediate Exchange,
   the initiator may use one or more these exchanges to transfer
   additional data.  Using the IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange is optional,
   the initiator may find it unnecessary after completing the
   IKE_SA_INIT exchange.

   The Intermediate Exchange is denoted as IKE_INTERMEDIATE, its
   Exchange Type is <TBA by IANA>.

   Initiator                                 Responder
   -----------                               -----------
   HDR, ..., SK {...}  -->
                                        <--  HDR, ..., SK {...}

   The initiator may use several IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchanges if
   necessary.  Since initiator's Window Size is initially set to one
   (Section 2.3 of [RFC7296]), these exchanges MUST follow each other
   and MUST all be completed before the IKE_AUTH exchange is initiated.
   The IKE SA MUST NOT be considered as established until the IKE_AUTH
   exchange is successfully completed.

   The Message IDs for the IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchanges MUST be chosen
   according to the standard IKEv2 rule, described in the Section 2.2.
   of [RFC7296], i.e.  it is set to 1 for the first IKE_INTERMEDIATE
   exchange, 2 for the next (if any) and so on.  The message ID for the
   first pair of the IKE_AUTH messages is one more than the one that was
   used in the last IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange.

   If the presence of NAT is detected in the IKE_SA_INIT exchange via
   NAT_DETECTION_SOURCE_IP and NAT_DETECTION_DESTINATION_IP
   notifications, then the peers MUST switch to port 4500 immediately
   once this exchange is completed, i.e. in the first IKE_INTERMEDIATE
   exchange.

   The content of the IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange messages depends on the
   data being transferred and will be defined by specifications
   utilizing this exchange.  However, since the main motivation for the
   IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange is to avoid IP fragmentation when large

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   amount of data need to be transferred prior to IKE_AUTH, the
   Encrypted payload MUST be present in the IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange
   messages and payloads containing large data MUST be placed inside.
   This will allow IKE Fragmentation [RFC7383] to take place, provided
   it is supported by the peers and negotiated in the initial exchange.

3.3.  The IKE_INTERMEDIATE Exchange Protection and Authentication

3.3.1.  Protection of the IKE_INTERMEDIATE Messages

   The keys SK_e[i/r] and SK_a[i/r] for the Encrypted payload in the
   IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchanges are computed in a standard fashion, as
   defined in the Section 2.14 of [RFC7296].  Every subsequent
   IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange uses the most recently calculated IKE SA
   keys before this exchange is started.  So, the first IKE_INTERMEDIATE
   exchange always uses SK_e[i/r] and SK_a[i/r] keys that were computed
   as a result of the IKE_SA_INIT exchange.  If the first
   IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange performs additional key exchange resulting
   in the update of SK_e[i/r] and SK_a[i/r], then these updated keys are
   used for encryption and authentication of the next IKE_INTERMEDIATE
   exchange, otherwise the current keys are used, and so on.

3.3.2.  Authentication of the IKE_INTERMEDIATE Exchanges

   The content of the IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchanges must be authenticated
   in the IKE_AUTH exchange.  For this purpose the definition of the
   blob to be signed (or MAC'ed) from the Section 2.15 of [RFC7296] is
   modified as follows:

 InitiatorSignedOctets = RealMsg1 | NonceRData | MACedIDForI [| IntAuth]
 ResponderSignedOctets = RealMsg2 | NonceIData | MACedIDForR [| IntAuth]

 IntAuth =  IntAuth_1 | [| IntAuth_2 [| IntAuth_3]] ...

 IntAuth_1 = IntAuth_1_I | IntAuth_1_R
 IntAuth_2 = IntAuth_2_I | IntAuth_2_R
 IntAuth_3 = IntAuth_3_I | IntAuth_3_R
 ...

 IntAuth_1_I = prf(SK_pi_1, [IntAuth_1_I_P |] IntAuth_1_I_A)
 IntAuth_2_I = prf(SK_pi_2, [IntAuth_2_I_P |] IntAuth_2_I_A)
 IntAuth_3_I = prf(SK_pi_3, [IntAuth_3_I_P |] IntAuth_3_I_A)
 ...

 IntAuth_1_R = prf(SK_pr_1, [IntAuth_1_R_P |] IntAuth_1_R_A)
 IntAuth_2_R = prf(SK_pr_2, [IntAuth_2_R_P |] IntAuth_2_R_A)
 IntAuth_3_R = prf(SK_pr_3, [IntAuth_3_R_P |] IntAuth_3_R_A)
 ...

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   IntAuth_1_I/IntAuth_1_R, IntAuth_2_I/IntAuth_2_R, IntAuth_3_I/
   IntAuth_3_R, etc. represent the results of applying the negotiated
   prf to the content of the IKE_INTERMEDIATE messages sent by the
   initiator (IntAuth_*_I) and by the responder (IntAuth_*_R) in an
   order of increasing Message IDs (i.e. in an order the
   IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchanges took place).  The prf is applied to the
   two chunks of data: optional IntAuth_*_[I/R]_P and mandatory
   IntAuth_*_[I/R]_A.  The IntAuth_*_[I/R]_A chunk lasts from the first
   octet of the IKE Header (not including prepended four octets of
   zeros, if port 4500 is used) to the last octet of the Encrypted
   Payload header.  The IntAuth_*_[I/R]_P chunk is present if the
   Encrypted payload is not empty.  It consists of the not yet encrypted
   content of the Encrypted payload, excluding Initialization Vector,
   Padding, Pad Length and Integrity Checksum Data fields (see 3.14 of
   [RFC7296] for description of the Encrypted payload).  In other words,
   the IntAuth_*_[I/R]_P chunk is the inner payloads of the Encrypted
   payload in plaintext form.

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                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ^ ^
   |                       IKE SA Initiator's SPI                  | | |
   |                                                               | | |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ I |
   |                       IKE SA Responder's SPI                  | K |
   |                                                               | E |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   |
   |  Next Payload | MjVer | MnVer | Exchange Type |     Flags     | H |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ d |
   |                          Message ID                           | r A
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | |
   |                            Length                             | | |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ v |
   |                                                               |   |
   ~                 Unencrypted payloads (if any)                 ~   |
   |                                                               |   |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ^ |
   | Next Payload  |C|  RESERVED   |         Payload Length        | | |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ E v
   |                     Initialization Vector                     | n
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ c ^
   |                                                               | r |
   ~             Inner payloads (not yet encrypted)                ~   P
   |                                                               | P |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ l v
   |              Padding (0-255 octets)           |  Pad Length   | d
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
   ~                    Integrity Checksum Data                    ~ |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ v

      Figure 1: Data to Authenticate in the IKE_INTERMEDIATE Exchange
                                 Messages

   Figure 1 illustrates the layout of the IntAuth_*_[I/R]_P (denoted as
   P) and the IntAuth_*_[I/R]_A (denoted as A) chunks in case the
   Encrypted payload is not empty.

   The calculations are applied to whole messages only, before possible
   IKE Fragmentation.  This ensures that the IntAuth will be the same
   regardless of whether IKE Fragmentation takes place or not.  This is
   important since [RFC7383] allows sending first unfragmented message
   and then resending it in fragmented form in case of no reply is
   received.

   Each calculation of IntAuth_*_[I/R] uses its own keys SK_p[i/r]_*,
   which are the most recently updated SK_p[i/r] keys available before

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   the corresponded IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange is started.  The first
   IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange always uses SK_p[i/r] keys that were
   computed in the IKE_SA_INIT as SK_p[i/r]_1.  If the first
   IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange performs additional key exchange resulting
   in SK_p[i/r] update, then this updated SK_p[i/r] are used as SK_p[i/
   r]_2, otherwise the original SK_p[i/r] are used, and so on.  Note,
   that if keys are updated then for any given IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange
   the keys SK_e[i/r] and SK_a[i/r] used for its messages protection
   (see Section 3.3.1) and the keys SK_p[i/r] for its authentication are
   always from the same generation.

3.4.  Error Handling in the IKE_INTERMEDIATE Exchange

   Since messages of the IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange are not authenticated
   until the IKE_AUTH exchange successfully completes, possible errors
   need to be handled with care.  There is a trade-off between providing
   a better diagnostics of the problem and a risk to become a part of
   DoS attack.  See Section 2.21.1 and 2.21.2 of [RFC7296] describe how
   errors are handled in initial IKEv2 exchanges, these considerations
   are also applied to the IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange.

4.  Interaction with other IKEv2 Extensions

   The IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchanges MAY be used during the IKEv2 Session
   Resumption [RFC5723] between the IKE_SESSION_RESUME and the IKE_AUTH
   exchanges.  To be able to use it peers MUST negotiate support for
   intermediate exchange by including INTERMEDIATE_EXCHANGE_SUPPORTED
   notifications in the IKE_SESSION_RESUME messages.  Note, that a flag
   whether peers supported the IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange is not stored
   in the resumption ticket and is determined each time from the
   IKE_SESSION_RESUME exchange.

5.  Security Considerations

   The data that is transferred by means of the IKE_INTERMEDIATE
   exchanges is not authenticated until the subsequent IKE_AUTH exchange
   is completed.  However, if the data is placed inside the Encrypted
   payload, then it is protected from passive eavesdroppers.  In
   addition the peers can be certain that they receives messages from
   the party he/she performed the IKE_SA_INIT with if they can
   successfully verify the Integrity Checksum Data of the Encrypted
   payload.

   The main application for Intermediate Exchange is to transfer large
   amount of data before IKE SA is set up without causing IP
   fragmentation.  For that reason it is expected that in most cases IKE
   Fragmentation will be employed in the IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchanges.

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   Section 5 of [RFC7383] contains security considerations for IKE
   Fragmentation.

   Note, that if an attacker was able to break key exchange in real time
   (e.g. by means of Quantum Computer), then the security of the
   IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange would degrade.  In particular, such an
   attacker would be able both to read data contained in the Encrypted
   payload and to forge it.  The forgery would become evident in the
   IKE_AUTH exchange (provided the attacker cannot break employed
   authentication mechanism), but the ability to inject forged the
   IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange messages with valid ICV would allow the
   attacker to mount Denial-of-Service attack.  Moreover, if in this
   situation the negotiated prf was not secure against preimage attack
   with known key, then the attacker could forge the IKE_INTERMEDIATE
   exchange messages without later being detected in the IKE_AUTH
   exchange.  To do this the attacker should find the same
   IntAuth_*_[I|R] value for the forged message as for original.

6.  IANA Considerations

   This document defines a new Exchange Type in the "IKEv2 Exchange
   Types" registry:

     <TBA>       IKE_INTERMEDIATE

   This document also defines a new Notify Message Types in the "Notify
   Message Types - Status Types" registry:

     <TBA>       INTERMEDIATE_EXCHANGE_SUPPORTED

7.  Acknowledgements

   The idea to use an intermediate exchange between IKE_SA_INIT and
   IKE_AUTH was first suggested by Tero Kivinen.  Scott Fluhrer and
   Daniel Van Geest identified a possible problem with authentication of
   the IKE_INTERMEDIATE exchange and helped to resolve it.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

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   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC7296]  Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., Eronen, P., and T.
              Kivinen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
              (IKEv2)", STD 79, RFC 7296, DOI 10.17487/RFC7296, October
              2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7296>.

   [RFC7383]  Smyslov, V., "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
              (IKEv2) Message Fragmentation", RFC 7383,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7383, November 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7383>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [RFC8229]  Pauly, T., Touati, S., and R. Mantha, "TCP Encapsulation
              of IKE and IPsec Packets", RFC 8229, DOI 10.17487/RFC8229,
              August 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8229>.

   [RFC5723]  Sheffer, Y. and H. Tschofenig, "Internet Key Exchange
              Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2) Session Resumption", RFC 5723,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5723, January 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5723>.

Author's Address

   Valery Smyslov
   ELVIS-PLUS
   PO Box 81
   Moscow (Zelenograd)  124460
   RU

   Phone: +7 495 276 0211
   Email: svan@elvis.ru

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