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Host Identity Protocol Certificates
draft-ietf-hip-rfc6253-bis-03

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8002.
Authors Tobias Heer , Samu Varjonen
Last updated 2015-07-27
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draft-ietf-hip-rfc6253-bis-03
Host Identity Protocol                                              Heer
Internet-Draft                         Hirschmann Automation and Control
Intended status: Standards Track                                Varjonen
Expires: January 28, 2016                         University of Helsinki
                                                           July 27, 2015

                  Host Identity Protocol Certificates
                     draft-ietf-hip-rfc6253-bis-03

Abstract

   The Certificate (CERT) parameter is a container for digital
   certificates.  It is used for carrying these certificates in Host
   Identity Protocol (HIP) control packets.  This document specifies the
   certificate parameter and the error signaling in case of a failed
   verification.  Additionally, this document specifies the
   representations of Host Identity Tags in X.509 version 3 (v3) and
   Simple Public Key Infrastructure (SPKI) certificates.

   The concrete use cases of certificates, including how certificates
   are obtained, requested, and which actions are taken upon successful
   or failed verification, are specific to the scenario in which the
   certificates are used.  Hence, the definition of these scenario-
   specific aspects is left to the documents that use the CERT
   parameter.

   This document extends [RFC7401].

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 28, 2016.

Copyright Notice

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   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
   Contributions published or made publicly available before November
   10, 2008.  The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
   material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
   modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
   Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
   the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
   outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
   not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
   it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
   than English.

1.  Introduction

   Digital certificates bind pieces of information to a public key by
   means of a digital signature, and thus, enable the holder of a
   private key to generate cryptographically verifiable statements.  The
   Host Identity Protocol (HIP) [RFC7401] defines a new cryptographic
   namespace based on asymmetric cryptography.  The identity of each
   host is derived from a public key, allowing hosts to digitally sign
   data and issue certificates with their private key.  This document
   specifies the CERT parameter, which is used to transmit digital
   certificates in HIP.  It fills the placeholder specified in
   Section 5.2 of [RFC7401], and thus, extends [RFC7401].

1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC
   2119 [RFC2119].

2.  CERT Parameter

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   The CERT parameter is a container for certain types of digital
   certificates.  It does not specify any certificate semantics.
   However, it defines supplementary parameters that help HIP hosts to
   transmit semantically grouped CERT parameters in a more systematic
   way.  The specific use of the CERT parameter for different use cases
   is intentionally not discussed in this document.  Hence, the use of
   the CERT parameter will be defined in the documents that use the CERT
   parameter.

   The CERT parameter is covered and protected, when present, by the HIP
   SIGNATURE field and is a non-critical parameter.

   The CERT parameter can be used in all HIP packets.  However, using it
   in the first Initiator (I1) packet is NOT RECOMMENDED because it can
   increase the processing times of I1s, which can be problematic when
   processing storms of I1s.  Each HIP control packet MAY contain
   multiple CERT parameters.  These parameters MAY be related or
   unrelated.  Related certificates are managed in Cert groups.  A Cert
   group specifies a group of related CERT parameters that SHOULD be
   interpreted in a certain order (e.g., for expressing certificate
   chains).  For grouping CERT parameters, the Cert group and the Cert
   count field MUST be set.  Ungrouped certificates exhibit a unique
   Cert group field and set the Cert count to 1.  CERT parameters with
   the same Cert group number in the group field indicate a logical
   grouping.  The Cert count field indicates the number of CERT
   parameters in the group.

   CERT parameters that belong to the same Cert group MAY be contained
   in multiple sequential HIP control packets.  This is indicated by a
   higher Cert count than the amount of CERT parameters with matching
   Cert group fields in a HIP control packet.  The CERT parameters MUST
   be placed in ascending order, within a HIP control packet, according
   to their Cert group field.  Cert groups MAY only span multiple
   packets if the Cert group does not fit the packet.  A HIP packet MUST
   NOT contain more than one incomplete Cert group that continues in the
   next HIP control packet.

   The Cert ID acts as a sequence number to identify the certificates in
   a Cert group.  The numbers in the Cert ID field MUST start from 1 up
   to Cert count.

   The Cert Group and Cert ID namespaces are managed locally by each
   host that sends CERT parameters in HIP control packets.

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Type              |             Length            |

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     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |  Cert group   |  Cert count   |    Cert ID    |   Cert type   |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                          Certificate                          /
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     /                               |            Padding            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

     Type          768
     Length        Length in octets, excluding Type, Length, and Padding
     Cert group    Group ID grouping multiple related CERT parameters
     Cert count    Total count of certificates that are sent, possibly
                   in several consecutive HIP control packets.
     Cert ID       The sequence number for this certificate
     Cert Type     Indicates the type of the certificate
     Padding       Any Padding, if necessary, to make the TLV a multiple
                   of 8 bytes.

   The certificates MUST use the algorithms defined in [RFC7401] as the
   signature and hash algorithms.

   The following certificate types are defined:

             +--------------------------------+-------------+
             |          Cert format           | Type number |
             +--------------------------------+-------------+
             |            Reserved            |      0      |
             |            X.509 v3            |      1      |
             |              SPKI              |      2      |
             |    Hash and URL of X.509 v3    |      3      |
             |      Hash and URL of SPKI      |      4      |
             |      LDAP URL of X.509 v3      |      5      |
             |        LDAP URL of SPKI        |      6      |
             | Distinguished Name of X.509 v3 |      7      |
             |   Distinguished Name of SPKI   |      8      |
             +--------------------------------+-------------+

   The next sections outline the use of Host Identity Tags (HITs) in
   X.509 v3 and in Simple Public Key Infrastructure (SPKI) certificates.
   X.509 v3 certificates and the handling procedures are defined in
   [RFC5280].  The wire format for X.509 v3 is the Distinguished
   Encoding Rules format as defined in [X.690].  The SPKI, the handling
   procedures, and the formats are defined in [RFC2693].

   Hash and Uniform Resource Locator (URL) encodings (3 and 4) are used
   as defined in Section 3.6 of [RFC5996].  Using hash and URL encodings
   results in smaller HIP control packets than by including the

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   certificate(s), but requires the receiver to resolve the URL or check
   a local cache against the hash.

   Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) URL encodings (5 and 6)
   are used as defined in [RFC4516].  Using LDAP URL encoding results in
   smaller HIP control packets but requires the receiver to retrieve the
   certificate or check a local cache against the URL.

   Distinguished Name (DN) encodings (7 and 8) are represented by the
   string representation of the certificate's subject DN as defined in
   [RFC4514].  Using the DN encoding results in smaller HIP control
   packets, but requires the receiver to retrieve the certificate or
   check a local cache against the DN.

3.  X.509 v3 Certificate Object and Host Identities

   If needed, HITs can represent an issuer, a subject, or both in X.509
   v3.  HITs are represented as IPv6 addresses as defined in [RFC7343].
   When the Host Identifier (HI) is used to sign the certificate, the
   respective HIT SHOULD be placed into the Issuer Alternative Name
   (IAN) extension using the GeneralName form iPAddress as defined in
   [RFC5280].  When the certificate is issued for a HIP host, identified
   by a HIT and HI, the respective HIT SHOULD be placed into the Subject
   Alternative Name (SAN) extension using the GeneralName form
   iPAddress, and the full HI is presented as the subject's public key
   info as defined in [RFC5280].

   The following examples illustrate how HITs are presented as issuer
   and subject in the X.509 v3 extension alternative names.

       Format of X509v3 extensions:
           X509v3 Issuer Alternative Name:
               IP Address:hit-of-issuer
           X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
               IP Address:hit-of-subject

       Example X509v3 extensions:
           X509v3 Issuer Alternative Name:
               IP Address:2001:24:6cf:fae7:bb79:bf78:7d64:c056
           X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
               IP Address:2001:2c:5a14:26de:a07c:385b:de35:60e3

   Appendix B shows a full example X.509 v3 certificate with HIP
   content.

   As another example, consider a managed Public Key Infrastructure
   (PKI) environment in which the peers have certificates that are
   anchored in (potentially different) managed trust chains.  In this

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   scenario, the certificates issued to HIP hosts are signed by
   intermediate Certification Authorities (CAs) up to a root CA.  In
   this example, the managed PKI environment is neither HIP aware, nor
   can it be configured to compute HITs and include them in the
   certificates.

   When HIP communications are established, the HIP hosts not only need
   to send their identity certificates (or pointers to their
   certificates), but also the chain of intermediate CAs (or pointers to
   the CAs) up to the root CA, or to a CA that is trusted by the remote
   peer.  This chain of certificates SHOULD be sent in a Cert group as
   specified in Section 2.  The HIP peers validate each other's
   certificates and compute peer HITs based on the certificate public
   keys.

4.  SPKI Cert Object and Host Identities

   When using SPKI certificates to transmit information related to HIP
   hosts, HITs need to be enclosed within the certificates.  HITs can
   represent an issuer, a subject, or both.  In the following, we define
   the representation of those identifiers for SPKI given as
   S-expressions.  Note that the S-expressions are only the human-
   readable representation of SPKI certificates.  Full HIs are presented
   in the public key sequences of SPKI certificates.

   As an example, the Host Identity Tag of a host is expressed as
   follows:

    Format:  (hash hit hit-of-host)
    Example: (hash hit 2001:23:724d:f3c0:6ff0:33c2:15d8:5f50)

   Appendix A shows a full example of a SPKI certificate with HIP
   content.

5.  Revocation of Certificates

   Revocation of X.509 v3 certificates is handled as defined in
   Section 5 of [RFC5280].  Revocation of SPKI certificates is handled
   as defined in Section 5 of [RFC2693].

6.  Error Signaling

   If the Initiator does not send the certificate that the Responder
   requires, the Responder may take actions (e.g. reject the
   connection).  The Responder MAY signal this to the Initiator by
   sending a HIP NOTIFY message with NOTIFICATION parameter error type
   CREDENTIALS_REQUIRED.

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   If the verification of a certificate fails, a verifier MAY signal
   this to the provider of the certificate by sending a HIP NOTIFY
   message with NOTIFICATION parameter error type INVALID_CERTIFICATE.

     NOTIFICATION PARAMETER - ERROR TYPES     Value
     ------------------------------------     -----

     CREDENTIALS_REQUIRED                      48

     The Responder is unwilling to set up an association,
     as the Initiator did not send the needed credentials.

     INVALID_CERTIFICATE                       50

     Sent in response to a failed verification of a certificate.
     Notification Data MAY contain n groups of 2 octets (n calculated
     from the NOTIFICATION parameter length), in order Cert group and
     Cert ID of the CERT parameter that caused the failure.

7.  IANA Considerations

   As this document replaces [RFC6253], references to [RFC6253] in IANA
   registries have to be replaced by references to this document.

8.  Security Considerations

   Certificate grouping allows the certificates to be sent in multiple
   consecutive packets.  This might allow similar attacks, as IP-layer
   fragmentation allows, for example, the sending of fragments in the
   wrong order and skipping some fragments to delay or stall packet
   processing by the victim in order to use resources (e.g., CPU or
   memory).  Hence, hosts SHOULD implement mechanisms to discard
   certificate groups with outstanding certificates if state space is
   scarce.

   Checking of the URL and LDAP entries might allow denial-of-service
   (DoS) attacks, where the target host may be subjected to bogus work.

   Security considerations for SPKI certificates are discussed in
   [RFC2693] and for X.509 v3 in [RFC5280].

9.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank A. Keranen, D. Mattes, M. Komu and T.
   Henderson for the fruitful conversations on the subject.  D. Mattes
   most notably contributed the non-HIP aware use case in Section 3.

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10.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2693]  Ellison, C., Frantz, B., Lampson, B., Rivest, R., Thomas,
              B., and T. Ylonen, "SPKI Certificate Theory", RFC 2693,
              September 1999.

   [RFC4514]  Zeilenga, K., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
              (LDAP): String Representation of Distinguished Names", RFC
              4514, June 2006.

   [RFC4516]  Smith, M. and T. Howes, "Lightweight Directory Access
              Protocol (LDAP): Uniform Resource Locator", RFC 4516, June
              2006.

   [RFC4843]  Nikander, P., Laganier, J., and F. Dupont, "An IPv6 Prefix
              for Overlay Routable Cryptographic Hash Identifiers
              (ORCHID)", RFC 4843, April 2007.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.

   [RFC5996]  Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., and P. Eronen,
              "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)", RFC
              5996, September 2010.

   [RFC6253]  Heer, T. and S. Varjonen, "Host Identity Protocol
              Certificates", RFC 6253, DOI 10.17487/RFC6253, May 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6253>.

   [RFC7343]  Laganier, J. and F. Dupont, "An IPv6 Prefix for Overlay
              Routable Cryptographic Hash Identifiers Version 2
              (ORCHIDv2)", RFC 7343, DOI 10.17487/RFC7343, September
              2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7343>.

   [RFC7401]  Moskowitz, R., Heer, T., Jokela, P., and T. Henderson,
              "Host Identity Protocol Version 2 (HIPv2)", RFC 7401,
              April 2015.

   [X.690]    ITU-T, , "Recommendation X.690 (2002) | ISO/IEC
              8825-1:2002, Information Technology - ASN.1 encoding
              rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
              Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding
              Rules (DER)", July 2002.

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Appendix A.  SPKI certificate example

   This section shows an SPKI certificate with encoded HITs.  The
   example has been indented for readability.

   (sequence
     (public_key
       (rsa-pkcs1-sha1
         (e #010001#)
         (n |yDwznOwX0w+zvQbpWoTnfWrUPLKW2NFrpXbsIcH/QBSLb
             k1RKTZhLasFwvtSHAjqh220W8gRiQAGIqKplyrDEqSrJp
             OdIsHIQ8BQhJAyILWA1Sa6f5wAnWozDfgdXoKLNdT8ZNB
             mzluPiw4ozc78p6MHElH75Hm3yHaWxT+s83M=|
         )
         )
       )
       (cert
         (issuer
           (hash hit 2001:25:2453:698a:9aa:253a:dcb5:981e)
         )
         (subject
           (hash hit 2001:22:ccd6:4715:72a3:2ab1:77e4:4acc)
         )
         (not-before "2011-01-12_13:43:09")
         (not-after "2011-01-22_13:43:09")
       )
       (signature
         (hash sha1 |h5fC8HUMATTtK0cjYqIgeN3HCIMA|)
         |u8NTRutINI/AeeZgN6bngjvjYPtVahvY7MhGfenTpT7MCgBy
         NoZglqH5Cy2vH6LrQFYWx0MjWoYwHKimEuBKCNd4TK6hrCyAI
         CIDJAZ70TyKXgONwDNWPOmcc3lFmsih8ezkoBseFWHqRGISIm
         MLdeaMciP4lVfxPY2AQKdMrBc=|
     )
   )

Appendix B.  X.509 v3 certificate example

   This section shows a X.509 v3 certificate with encoded HITs.

   Certificate:
       Data:
           Version: 3 (0x2)
           Serial Number: 0 (0x0)
           Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
           Issuer: CN=Example issuing host, DC=example, DC=com
           Validity
               Not Before: Mar 11 09:01:39 2011 GMT
               Not After : Mar 21 09:01:39 2011 GMT

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           Subject: CN=Example subject host, DC=example, DC=com
           Subject Public Key Info:
               Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
               RSA Public Key: (1024 bit)
                   Modulus (1024 bit):
                       00:c0:db:38:50:8e:63:ed:96:ea:c6:c4:ec:a3:36:
                       62:e2:28:e9:74:9c:f5:2f:cb:58:0e:52:54:60:b5:
                       fa:98:87:0d:22:ab:d8:6a:61:74:a9:ee:0b:ae:cd:
                       18:6f:05:ab:69:66:42:46:00:a2:c0:0c:3a:28:67:
                       09:cc:52:27:da:79:3e:67:d7:d8:d0:7c:f1:a1:26:
                       fa:38:8f:73:f5:b0:20:c6:f2:0b:7d:77:43:aa:c7:
                       98:91:7e:1e:04:31:0d:ca:94:55:20:c4:4f:ba:b1:
                       df:d4:61:9d:dd:b9:b5:47:94:6c:06:91:69:30:42:
                       9c:0a:8b:e3:00:ce:49:ab:e3
                   Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
           X509v3 extensions:
               X509v3 Issuer Alternative Name:
                   IP Address:2001:23:8d83:41c5:dc9f:38ed:e742:7281
               X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
                   IP Address:2001:2c:6e02:d3e0:9b90:8417:673e:99db
       Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
           83:68:b4:38:63:a6:ae:57:68:e2:4d:73:5d:8f:11:e4:ba:30:
           a0:19:ca:86:22:e9:6b:e9:36:96:af:95:bd:e8:02:b9:72:2f:
           30:a2:62:ac:b2:fa:3d:25:c5:24:fd:8d:32:aa:01:4f:a5:8a:
           f5:06:52:56:0a:86:55:39:2b:ee:7a:7b:46:14:d7:5d:15:82:
           4d:74:06:ca:b7:8c:54:c1:6b:33:7f:77:82:d8:95:e1:05:ca:
           e2:0d:22:1d:86:fc:1c:c4:a4:cf:c6:bc:ab:ec:b8:2a:1e:4b:
           04:7e:49:9c:8f:9d:98:58:9c:63:c5:97:b5:41:94:f7:ef:93:
           57:29

Appendix C.  Change log

   Contents of draft-ietf-hip-rfc6253-bis-00:

   o  RFC6253 was submitted as draft-RFC.

   Changes from version 01 to 02:

   o  Updated the references.

Authors' Addresses

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   Tobias Heer
   Hirschmann Automation and Control
   Stuttgarter Strasse 45-51
   Neckartenzlingen 72654
   Germany

   Email: tobias.heer@belden.com

   Samu Varjonen
   University of Helsinki
   Gustaf Haellstroemin katu 2b
   Helsinki
   Finland

   Email: samu.varjonen@helsinki.fi

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