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DNS Session Signaling
draft-ietf-dnsop-session-signal-02

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8490.
Authors Ray Bellis , Stuart Cheshire , John Dickinson , Sara Dickinson , Allison Mankin , Tom Pusateri
Last updated 2017-03-13
Replaces draft-bellis-dnsop-session-signal
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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Stream WG state WG Document
Document shepherd Tim Wicinski
IESG IESG state Became RFC 8490 (Proposed Standard)
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Send notices to "Tim Wicinski" <tjw.ietf@gmail.com>
draft-ietf-dnsop-session-signal-02
DNSOP Working Group                                            R. Bellis
Internet-Draft                                                       ISC
Updates: RFC 7766 (if approved)                              S. Cheshire
Intended status: Standards Track                              Apple Inc.
Expires: September 14, 2017                                 J. Dickinson
                                                            S. Dickinson
                                                                 Sinodun
                                                               A. Mankin
                                                              Salesforce
                                                             T. Pusateri
                                                            Unaffiliated
                                                          March 13, 2017

                         DNS Session Signaling
                   draft-ietf-dnsop-session-signal-02

Abstract

   The EDNS(0) Extension Mechanism for DNS is explicitly defined to only
   have "per-message" semantics.  This document defines a new Session
   Signaling Opcode used to communicate persistent "per-session"
   operations, expressed using type-length-value (TLV) syntax, and
   defines an initial set of TLVs used to manage session timeouts and
   termination.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 14, 2017.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Protocol Details  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.1.  Session Lifecycle and Timers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.1.1.  Client-Initiated Termination  . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       3.1.2.  Server-Initiated Termination  . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.2.  Connection Sharing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.3.  Message Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.4.  Message Handling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     3.5.  TLV Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   4.  Keepalive TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   5.  Retry Delay TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     6.1.  DNS Session Signaling Opcode Registration . . . . . . . .  22
     6.2.  DNS Session Signaling RCODE Registration  . . . . . . . .  22
     6.3.  DNS Session Signaling Type Codes Registry . . . . . . . .  22
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   8.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24

1.  Introduction

   The use of transports for DNS other than UDP is being increasingly
   specified, for example, DNS over TCP [RFC1035][RFC7766] and DNS over
   TLS [RFC7858].  Such transports can offer persistent, long-lived
   sessions and therefore when using them for transporting DNS messages
   it is of benefit to have a mechanism that can establish parameters
   associated with those sessions, such as timeouts.  In such situations
   it is also advantageous to support server initiated messages.

   The existing EDNS(0) Extension Mechanism for DNS [RFC6891] is
   explicitly defined to only have "per-message" semantics.  Whilst
   EDNS(0) has been used to signal at least one session related

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   parameter (the EDNS(0) TCP KeepAlive option [RFC7828]) the result is
   less than optimal due to the restrictions imposed by the EDNS(0)
   semantics and the lack of server-initiated signalling.  This document
   defines a new Session Signaling Opcode used to carry persistent "per-
   session" operations, expressed using type-length-value (TLV) syntax,
   and defines an initial set of TLVs used to manage session timeouts
   and termination.

   With EDNS(0), multiple options may be packed into a single OPT
   pseudo-RR, and there is no generalized mechanism for a client to be
   able to tell whether a server has processed or otherwise acted upon
   each individual option within the combined OPT RR.  The
   specifications for each individual option need to define how each
   different option is to be acknowledged, if necessary.

   With Session Signaling, in contrast, there is no compelling
   motivation to pack multiple operations into a single message for
   efficiency reasons.  Each Session Signaling operation is communicated
   in its own separate DNS message, and the transport protocol can take
   care of packing separate DNS messages into a single IP packet if
   appropriate.  For example, TCP can pack multiple small DNS messages
   into a single TCP segment.  The RCODE in each response message
   indicates the success or failure of the operation in question.

   It should be noted that the message format for Session Signaling
   operations (see Section 3.3) differs from the traditional DNS packet
   format used for standard queries and responses.  The standard twelve-
   octet header is used, but the four count fields (QDCOUNT, ANCOUNT,
   NSCOUNT, ARCOUNT) are set to zero and the corresponding sections are
   empty.  The actual data pertaining to Session Signaling operations is
   appended to the end of the DNS message, following the four (empty)
   data sections.  When displayed using today's packet analyser tools
   that have not been updated to recognize the DNS Session Signaling
   format, this will result in the Session Signaling data being
   displayed as unknown additional data after the end of the DNS
   message.  It is likely that future updates to these tools will add
   the ability to recognize, decode, and display the Session Signaling
   data.

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2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels" [RFC2119].

   The term "connection" means a bidirectional stream of reliable, in-
   order messages, such as provided by using DNS over TCP
   [RFC1035][RFC7766] or DNS over TLS [RFC7858].

   The term "session" in the context of this document means the exchange
   of DNS messages over a connection where:

   o  The connection between client and server is persistent and
      relatively long-lived (i.e., minutes or hours, rather than
      seconds).

   o  Either end of the connection may initiate messages to the other.

   The term "server" means the software with a listening socket,
   awaiting incoming connection requests.

   The term "client" means the software which initiates a connection to
   the server's listening socket.

   The terms "initiator" and "responder" correspond respectively to the
   initial sender and subsequent receiver of a Session Signaling request
   message, regardless of which was the "client" and "server" in the
   usual DNS sense.

   The term "sender" may apply to either an initiator (when sending a
   Session Signaling request message) or a responder (when sending a
   Session Signaling response message).

   Likewise, the term "receiver" may apply to either a responder (when
   receiving a Session Signaling request message) or an initiator (when
   receiving a Session Signaling response message).

   Session Signaling operations are expressed using type-length-value
   (TLV) syntax.

   A "Session Signaling Operation TLV" specifies the operation to be
   performed.  A Session Signaling request message MUST contain exactly
   one Operation TLV.  Depending on the operation, the corresponding
   Session Signaling response message MAY contain no Operation TLV, or
   it may contain a single corresponding response Operation TLV, with
   the same SSOP-TYPE as in the request message.

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   A "Session Signaling Modifier TLV" specifies additional parameters
   relating to the operation.  Immediately following the Operation TLV,
   if present, a Session Signaling message MAY contain one or more
   Modifier TLVs.

   The first TLV in a Session Signaling request message (and its
   counterpart in the corresponding Session Signaling response message,
   if present) is the Operation TLV.  Any subsequent TLVs after this
   initial Operation TLV (if present) are Modifier TLVs.

   If a Session Signaling request is received containing an unrecognized
   Operation TLV then an error response with RCODE SSOPNOTIMP
   (tentatively 11) is returned.

   If a Session Signaling message (request or response) is received
   containing one or more unrecognized Modifier TLVs, the unrecognized
   Modifier TLVs are silently ignored.

3.  Protocol Details

   Session Signaling messages MUST only be carried in protocols and in
   environments where a session may be established according to the
   definition above.  Standard DNS over TCP [RFC1035][RFC7766], and DNS
   over TLS [RFC7858] are suitable protocols.  DNS over plain UDP is not
   appropriate since it fails on the requirement for in-order message
   delivery, and, in the presence of NAT gateways and firewalls with
   short UDP timeouts, it fails to provide a persistent bi-directional
   communication channel unless an excessive amount of keepalive traffic
   is used.

   Session Signaling messages relate only to the specific session in
   which they are being carried.  Where an application-layer middle box
   (e.g., a DNS proxy, forwarder, or session multiplexer) is in the path
   the middle box MUST NOT blindly forward the message in either
   direction.  This does not preclude the use of these messages in the
   presence of an IP-layer middle box such as a NAT that rewrites IP-
   layer and/or transport-layer headers, but otherwise preserves the
   effect of a single session.

   A client MAY attempt to initiate Session Signaling messages at any
   time on a connection; receiving a NOTIMP response in reply indicates
   that the server does not implement Session Signaling, and the client
   SHOULD NOT issue further Session Signaling messages on that
   connection.

   A server SHOULD NOT initiate Session Signaling messages until a
   client-initiated Session Signaling message is received first, unless
   in an environment where it is known in advance by other means that

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   the client supports Session Signaling.  This requirement is to ensure
   that the clients that do not support Session Signaling do not receive
   unsolicited inbound Session Signaling messages that they would not
   know how to handle.

3.1.  Session Lifecycle and Timers

   A session begins when a client makes a new connection to a server.

   The client may perform as many DNS operations as it wishes using the
   newly created session.  Operations SHOULD be pipelined (i.e., the
   client doesn't need wait for a response before sending the next
   message).  The server MUST act on messages in the order they are
   received, but responses to those messages MAY be sent out of order,
   if appropriate.

   Two timer values are associated with a session: the idle timeout, and
   the keepalive interval.  On a new session, before any explicit
   Session Signaling Keepalive message exchange, the default value for
   both timers is 15 seconds.

   At both servers and clients, the generation or reception of any
   complete DNS message, including DNS requests, responses, updates, or
   Session Signaling messages, resets both timers for that session
   [RFC7766], with the exception that a Session Signaling Keepalive
   message resets only the keepalive interval timer, not the idle
   timeout timer.

   In addition, for as long as the client has an outstanding operation
   in progress, the idle timeout timer remains fixed at zero, and an
   idle timeout cannot occur.

   For short-lived DNS operations like traditional queries and updates,
   an operation is considered in progress for the time between request
   and response, typically a period of a few hundred milliseconds at
   most.  At the client, the idle timeout timer is set to zero upon
   transmission of a request and remains at zero until reception of the
   corresponding response.  At the server, the idle timeout timer is set
   to zero upon reception of a request and remains at zero until
   transmission of the corresponding response.

   For long-lived DNS operations like Push Notification subscriptions
   [I-D.ietf-dnssd-push], an operation is considered in progress for as
   long as the subscription is active, until it is cancelled.  This
   means that a session can exist, with a Push Notification subscription
   active, with no messages flowing in either direction, for far longer
   than the idle timeout, and this is not an error.  This is why there
   are two separate timers: the idle timeout, and the keepalive

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   interval.  Just because a session has no traffic for an extended
   period of time does not automatically make that session "idle", if it
   has an active Push Notification subscription that is awaiting
   notification events.

   The first timer value, the idle timeout, is the maximum time for
   which a client may speculatively keep a session open in the
   expectation that it may have future requests to send to that server.

   The purpose of the idle timeout is for the server to balance its
   trade off between the costs of setting up new sessions and the costs
   of maintaining idle sessions.  A server with abundant session
   capacity can offer a high idle timeout, to permit clients to keep a
   speculative session open for a long time, to save the cost of
   establishing a new session for future communications with that
   server.  A server with scarce memory resources can offer a low idle
   timeout, to cause clients to promptly close sessions whenever they
   have no outstanding operations with that server, and then create a
   new session later when needed.

   The second timer value, the keepalive interval, is the maximum
   permitted interval between client messages to the server if the
   client wishes to keep the session alive.

   The purpose of the keepalive interval is to manage the generation of
   sufficient messages to maintain state in middleboxes (such at NAT
   gateways or firewalls) and for the client and server to periodically
   verify that they still have connectivity to each other.  This allows
   them to clean up state when connectivity is lost, and attempt re-
   connection if appropriate.

   For both timers, lower values of the timer result in higher network
   traffic and higher CPU load on the server.

   For the idle timeout value, lower values result in more frequent
   session teardown and re-establishment.  Higher values result in lower
   traffic and CPU load on the server, but a larger memory burden to
   maintain state for idle sessions.

   For the keepalive interval value, lower values result in higher
   volume keepalive traffic.  Higher values of the keepalive interval
   reduce traffic and CPU load, but have minimal effect on the memory
   burden at the server, because clients keep a session open for the
   same length of time (determined by the idle timeout) regardless of
   the level of keepalive traffic required.

   The two timer values are independent.  The idle timeout may be lower,
   the same, or higher than the keepalive interval, though in most cases

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   the idle timeout is expected to be shorter than the keepalive
   interval.

   A shorter idle timeout with a longer keepalive interval signals to
   the client that it should not speculatively keep idle sessions open
   for very long for no reason, but when it does have an active reason
   to keep a session open, it doesn't need to be sending an agressive
   level of keepalive traffic.  Only when the client has a very long-
   lived low-traffic operation outstanding like a Push Notification
   subscription, does the keepalive interval timer come into play, to
   ensure that a sufficient residual amount of traffic is generated to
   maintain NAT and firewall state.

   A longer idle timeout with a shorter keepalive interval signals to
   the client that it may speculatively keep idle sessions open for a
   long time, but it should be sending a lot of keepalive traffic on
   those idle sessions.  This configuration is expected to be less
   common.

   If, at any time during the life of the session, the idle timeout
   value (i.e., 15 seconds by default) elapses without there being any
   operation active on the session, the client MUST gracefully close the
   connection with a TCP FIN (or equivalent for other protocols).

   If, at any time during the life of the session, twice the idle
   timeout value (i.e., 30 seconds by default) elapses without there
   being any operation active on the session, the server SHOULD consider
   the client delinquent, and forcibly abort the session.  For sessions
   over TCP (or over TLS over TCP), to avoid the burden of having a
   connection in TIME-WAIT state, instead of closing the connection
   gracefully with a TCP FIN the server SHOULD abort the connection with
   a TCP RST (or equivalent for other protocols).  (In the BSD Sockets
   API this is achieved by setting the SO_LINGER option to zero before
   closing the socket.)

   In this context, an operation being active on a session includes a
   query waiting for a response, an update waiting for a response, or an
   outstanding Push Notification subscription [I-D.ietf-dnssd-push], but
   not a Session Signaling Keepalive message exchange itself.  A Session
   Signaling Keepalive message exchange resets only the keepalive
   interval timer, not the idle timeout timer.

   If, at any time during the life of the session, the keepalive
   interval value (i.e., 15 seconds by default) elapses without any DNS
   messages being sent or received on a session, the client MUST take
   action to keep the session alive.  To keep the session alive the
   client MUST send a Session Signaling Keepalive message (see

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   Section 4).  A Session Signaling Keepalive message exchange resets
   only the keepalive interval timer, not the idle timeout timer.

   If a client disconnects from the network abruptly, without cleanly
   closing its session, leaving long-lived outstanding operations like
   Push Notification subscriptions uncanceled, the server learns of this
   after failing to receive the required keepalive traffic from that
   client.  If, at any time during the life of the session, twice the
   keepalive interval value (i.e., 30 seconds by default) elapses
   without any DNS messages being sent or received on a session, the
   server SHOULD consider the client delinquent, and forcibly abort the
   connection with a TCP RST (or equivalent for other protocols).

   If the client wishes to keep an idle session open for longer than the
   default duration without having to send traffic every 15 seconds,
   then it uses the Session Signaling Keepalive message to request
   longer timeout values, as described in Section 4.

3.1.1.  Client-Initiated Termination

   A client is NOT required to wait until the idle-timeout timer expires
   before closing a session.  A client MAY close a session at any time,
   at the client's discretion.  If a client determines that it has no
   current or reasonably anticipated future need for an idle session,
   then the client SHOULD close that connection.

   Upon receiving an error response from the server, a client SHOULD NOT
   automatically close the session.  An error relating to one particular
   operation on a session does not necessarily imply that all other
   operations on that session have also failed, or that future
   operations will fail.  The client should assume that the server will
   make its own decision about whether or not to close the session,
   based on the server's determination of whether the error condition
   pertains to this particular operation, or would also apply to any
   subsequent operations.  If the server does not close the session then
   the client SHOULD continue to use that session for subsequent
   operations.

3.1.2.  Server-Initiated Termination

   After sending an error response to a client, the server MAY close the
   session, or may allow the session to remain open.  For error
   conditions that only affect the single operation in question, the
   server SHOULD return an error response to the client and leave the
   session open for further operations.  For error conditions that are
   likely to make all operations unsuccessful in the immediate future,
   the server SHOULD return an error response to the client and then

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   close the session by sending a Retry Delay request message, as
   described in Section 5.

   There may be rare cases where a server is overloaded and wishes to
   shed load.  If the server handles this by simply closing connections,
   the likely behaviour of clients is to detect this as a network
   failure, and reconnect.

   To avoid this reconnection implosion, in this situation the server
   also sends a Retry Delay request message, with an RCODE of SERVFAIL,
   to inform the client of the overload situation.

   After sending a Retry Delay request message, the server MUST NOT send
   any further messages on that session.

   At the moment a server chooses to initiate a Retry Delay request
   message there may be DNS requests already in flight from client to
   server on this session, which will arrive at the server after its
   Retry Delay request message has been sent.  The server MUST silently
   ignore such incoming requests, and MUST NOT generate any response
   messages for them.  When the Retry Delay request message from the
   server arrives at the client, the client will determine that any DNS
   requests it previously sent on this session, that have not yet
   received a response, now will certainly not be receiving any
   response.  Such requests should be considered failed, and should be
   retried at a later time, as appropriate.

   A Retry Delay request message MUST NOT be initiated by a client.  If
   a server receives a Retry Delay request message this is an error and
   the server MUST immediately terminate the connection with a TCP RST
   (or equivalent for other protocols).

   Upon receipt of a Retry Delay request from the server, the client
   MUST make note of the reconnect delay for this server, and then
   immediately close the connection.  This is to place the burden of
   TCP's TIME-WAIT state on the client.

   After sending the Retry Delay request the server SHOULD allow the
   client five seconds to close the connection, and if the client has
   not closed the connection after five seconds then the server SHOULD
   abort the connection with a TCP RST (or equivalent for other
   protocols).

   In the case where some, but not all, of the existing operations on a
   session have become invalid (perhaps because the server has been
   reconfigured and is no longer authoritative for some of the names),
   but the server is terminating all sessions en masse with a REFUSED
   (5) RCODE, the RECONNECT DELAY MAY be zero, indicating that the

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   clients SHOULD immediately attempt to re-establish operations.  It is
   likely that some of the attempts will be successful and some will
   not.

   In the case where a server is terminating a large number of sessions
   at once (e.g., if the system is restarting) and the server doesn't
   want to be inundated with a flood of simultaneous retries, it SHOULD
   send different RECONNECT delay values to each client.  These
   adjustments MAY be selected randomly, pseudorandomly, or
   deterministically (e.g., incrementing the time value by one tenth of
   a second for each successive client, yielding a post-restart
   reconnection rate of ten clients per second).

   Apart from the cases described above, a server MUST NOT close a
   session with a client, except in extraordinary error conditions.
   Closing the session is the client's responsibility, to be done at the
   client's discretion, when it so chooses.  A server only closes a
   session under exceptional circumstances, such as when the server
   application software or underlying operating system is restarting,
   the server application terminated unexpectedly (perhaps due to a bug
   that makes it crash), or the server is undergoing maintenance
   procedures.  When possible, a server SHOULD send a Retry Delay
   message informing the client of the reason for the session being
   closed, and allow the client five seconds to receive it before the
   server resorts to forcibly aborting the connection.

   After a session is closed by the server, the client SHOULD try to
   reconnect, to that server, or to another suitable server, if more
   than one is available.  If reconnecting to the same server, the
   client MUST respect the indicated delay before attempting to
   reconnect.

   If a server is low on resources it MAY simply terminate a client
   connection with a TCP RST (or equivalent for other protocols).
   However, the likely behaviour of the client may be simply to
   reconnect immediately, putting more burden on the server.  Therefore,
   a server SHOULD instead choose to shed client load by sending a Retry
   Delay message, as described above.  Upon reception of the Termination
   TLV the client is expected to close the session, and if it does not
   then the server will abort the session five seconds later.

3.2.  Connection Sharing

   A client that supports Session Signaling SHOULD NOT make multiple
   connections to the same DNS server.

   A single server may support multiple services, including DNS Updates
   [RFC2136], DNS Push Notifications [I-D.ietf-dnssd-push], and other

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   services, for one or more DNS zones.  When a client discovers that
   the target server for several different operations is the same target
   hostname and port, the client SHOULD use a single shared session for
   all those operations.  A client SHOULD NOT open multiple connections
   to the same target host and port just because the names being
   operated on are different or happen to fall within different zones.
   This is to reduce unnecessary connection load on the DNS server.

   However, server implementers and operators should be aware that
   connection sharing may not be possible in all cases.  A single client
   device may be home to multiple independent client software instances
   that don't coordinate with each other.  Similarly, multiple
   independent client devices behind the same NAT gateway will also
   typically appear to the DNS server as different source ports on the
   same client IP address.  Because of these constraints, a DNS server
   MUST be prepared to accept multiple connections from different source
   ports on the same client IP address.

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3.3.  Message Format

   A Session Signaling message begins with the standard twelve-octet DNS
   message header [RFC1035] with the Opcode field set to the Session
   Signaling Opcode (tentatively 6).  However, unlike standard DNS
   messages, the question section, answer section, authority records
   section and additional records sections are all empty.  The
   corresponding count fields (QDCOUNT, ANCOUNT, NSCOUNT, ARCOUNT) MUST
   be set to zero on transmission.  If a Session Signaling message is
   received where any of the count fields are not zero, then data in the
   corresponding section MUST be silently skipped by the receiver
   (unless specified otherwise by a future update to this
   specification).  The skipped data is silently ignored.  Any skipped
   data in a Session Signaling request is discarded, and not copied to
   the corresponding sections in the Session Signaling response.

                                                1   1   1   1   1   1
        0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   0   1   2   3   4   5
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |                          MESSAGE ID                           |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |QR |    Opcode     |            Z              |     RCODE     |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |                     QDCOUNT (MUST BE ZERO)                    |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |                     ANCOUNT (MUST BE ZERO)                    |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |                     NSCOUNT (MUST BE ZERO)                    |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |                     ARCOUNT (MUST BE ZERO)                    |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |                                                               |
      /                     Session Signaling Data                    /
      /                                                               /
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

   In a request the DNS Header QR bit MUST be zero.  If the QR bit MUST
   is not zero the message is not a request.

   In a response the DNS Header QR bit MUST be one.  If the QR bit is
   not one the message is not a response.

   In a request the MESSAGE ID field MUST be set to a unique value, that
   the initiator is not using for any other active operation on this
   connection.  For the purposes here, a MESSAGE ID is in use on this
   connection if the initiator has used it in a request for which it has
   not yet received a response, or if if the client has used it for a
   subscription which it has not yet cancelled [I-D.ietf-dnssd-push].

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   In a response the MESSAGE ID field contain a copy of the value of the
   MESSAGE ID field in the request being responded to.

   The DNS Header Opcode field holds the Session Signaling Opcode value
   (tentatively 6).

   The Z bits are currently unused, and in both requests and responses
   the Z bits MUST be set to zero (0) on transmission and MUST be
   silently ignored on reception, unless a future document specifies
   otherwise.

   In a request message (QR=0) the RCODE is generally set to zero on
   transmission, and silently ignored on reception, except where
   specified otherwise (for example, the Retry Delay operation, where
   the RCODE indicates the reason for termination).

   The standard twelve-octet DNS message header and the four (usually)
   empty sections are followed by at most one Session Signaling
   Operation TLV.  The (optional) Operation TLV may be followed by one
   or more Modifier TLVs, such as the Retry Delay TLV (0), which, in
   error responses, indicates the time interval during which the client
   SHOULD NOT re-attempt a failed operation.

   Future specifications may define additional Modifier TLVs.

   A Session Signaling message MUST contain at most one Operation TLV.
   In all cases a Session Signaling request message MUST contain exactly
   one Operation TLV, indicating the operation to be performed.  In some
   cases a Session Signaling response message MAY contain no Operation
   TLV, because it is simply a response to a previous request message,
   and the message ID in the header is sufficient to identify the
   request in question.  The specification for each Session Signaling
   operation type determines whether a response for that operation type
   is required to carry the Operation TLV.

   If a Session Signaling request is received containing an unrecognized
   Operation TLV, the receiver MUST send a response with matching
   MESSAGE ID, and RCODE SSOPNOTIMP (tentatively 11).  The response MUST
   NOT contain an Operation TLV.

   If a Session Signaling response is received for an operation which
   requires that the response carry an Operation TLV, and the required
   Operation TLV is not the first Session Signaling TLV in the response
   message, then this is a fatal error and the recipient of the
   defective response message MUST immediately terminate the connection
   with a TCP RST (or equivalent for other protocols).

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   If a Session Signaling message (request or response) is received
   containing one or more unrecognized Modifier TLVs, the unrecognized
   Modifier TLVs MUST be silently ignored, and the remainder of the
   message is interpreted and handled as if the unrecognized parts were
   not present.

   Since the ARCOUNT field MUST be zero, a Session Signaling message
   MUST NOT contain an EDNS(0) option in the additional records section.
   If functionality provided by current or future EDNS(0) options is
   desired for Session Signaling messages, a Session Signaling Operation
   TLV or Modifier TLV needs to be defined to carry the necessary
   information.

   For example, the EDNS(0) Padding Option used for security purposes
   [RFC7830] is not permitted in a Session Signaling message, so if
   message padding is desired for Session Signaling messages, a Session
   Signaling Modifier TLV needs to be defined to perform this function.

   Similarly, a Session Signaling message MUST NOT contain a TSIG
   record.  A TSIG record in a conventional DNS message is added as the
   last record in the additional records section, and carries a
   signature computed over the preceding message content.  Since Session
   Signaling data appears after the additional records section, it would
   not be included in the signature calculation.  If use of signatures
   with Session Signaling messages becomes necessary in the future, an
   explicit Session Signaling Modifier TLV needs to be defined to
   perform this function.

   Note however that, while Session Signaling _messages_ cannot include
   EDNS(0) or TSIG records, a Session Signaling _session_ is typically
   used to carry a whole series of DNS messages of different kinds,
   including Session Signaling messages, and other DNS message types
   like Query [RFC1034][RFC1035] and Update [RFC2136], and those
   messages can carry EDNS(0) and TSIG records.

   This specification explicitly prohibits use of the EDNS(0) TCP
   Keepalive Option [RFC7828] in _any_ messages sent on a Session
   Signaling session (because it duplicates the functionality provided
   by the Session Signaling Keepalive operation), but messages may
   contain other EDNS(0) options as appropriate.

3.4.  Message Handling

   On a session between a client and server that support Session
   Signaling, once the client has sent at least one Session Signaling
   message (or it is known in advance by other means that the client
   supports Session Signaling) either end may unilaterally send Session
   Signaling messages at any time, and therefore either client or server

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   may be the initiator of a message.  The initiator MUST set the value
   of the QR bit in the DNS header to zero (0), and the responder MUST
   set it to one (1).

   Every Session Signaling request message (QR=0) MUST elicit a response
   (QR=1), which MUST have the same MESSAGE ID in the DNS message header
   as in the corresponding request.  Session Signaling request messages
   sent by the client elicit a response from the server, and Session
   Signaling request messages sent by the server elicit a response from
   the client.  With most TCP implementations, the TCP data
   acknowledgement (generated because data has been received by TCP),
   the TCP window update (generated because TCP has delivered that data
   to the receiving software) and the DNS Session Signaling response
   (generated by the receiving software itself) are all combined into a
   single packet, so in practice the requirement that every Session
   Signaling request message MUST elicit a Session Signaling response
   incurs minimal extra cost on the network.  Requiring that every
   request elicit a corresponding response also avoids performance
   problems caused by interaction between Nagle's Algorithm and Delayed
   Ack [NagleDA].

   The namespaces of 16-bit MESSAGE IDs are disjoint in each direction.
   For example, it is _not_ an error for both client and server to send
   a request message with the same ID.  In effect, the 16-bit MESSAGE ID
   combined with the identity of the initiator (client or server) serves
   as a 17-bit unique identifier for a particular operation on a
   session.

   An initiator MUST NOT reuse a MESSAGE ID that is already in use for
   an outstanding request, unless specified otherwise by the relevant
   specification for the Session Signaling operation in question.  At
   the very least, this means that a MESSAGE ID MUST NOT be reused in a
   particular direction on a particular session while the initiator is
   waiting for a response to a previous request on that session, unless
   specified otherwise by the relevant specification for the Session
   Signaling operation in question.  (For a long-lived operation, such
   as a DNS Push Notification subscription [I-D.ietf-dnssd-push] the
   MESSAGE ID for the operation MUST NOT be reused for a new
   subscription as long as the existing subscription using that MESSAGE
   ID remains active.)

   If a client or server receives a response (QR=1) where the MESSAGE ID
   does not match any of its outstanding operations, this is a fatal
   error and it MUST immediately terminate the connection with a TCP RST
   (or equivalent for other protocols).

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   The RCODE value in a response may be one of the following values:

   +------+------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | Code | Mnemonic   | Description                                   |
   +------+------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | NOERROR    | Operation processed successfully              |
   |      |            |                                               |
   |    1 | FORMERR    | Format error                                  |
   |      |            |                                               |
   |    4 | NOTIMP     | Session Signaling not supported               |
   |      |            |                                               |
   |    5 | REFUSED    | Operation declined for policy reasons         |
   |      |            |                                               |
   |   11 | SSOPNOTIMP | Session Signaling operation Type Code not     |
   |      |            | supported                                     |
   +------+------------+-----------------------------------------------+

3.5.  TLV Format

                                                1   1   1   1   1   1
        0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   0   1   2   3   4   5
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |                           SSOP-TYPE                           |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |                          SSOP-LENGTH                          |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |                                                               |
      /                           SSOP-DATA                           /
      /                                                               /
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

   SSOP-TYPE:  A 16 bit field in network order giving the type of the
      current Session Signaling TLV per the IANA DNS Session Signaling
      Type Codes Registry.

   SSOP-LENGTH:  A 16 bit field in network order giving the size in
      octets of SSOP-DATA.

   SSOP-DATA:  Type-code specific.

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4.  Keepalive TLV

   The Keepalive TLV (1) performs three functions.  When sent by a
   client, it resets a session's keepalive timer, and at the same time
   requests what the idle timeout and keepalive interval should be from
   this point forward in the session.

   Once the client has sent at least one Session Signaling message (or
   it is known in advance by other means that the client supports
   Session Signaling) the Keepalive TLV also MAY be initiated by a
   server.  When sent by a server, it resets a session's keepalive
   timer, and unilaterally informs the client of the new idle timeout
   and keepalive interval to use from this point forward in this
   session.

   It is not required that the Keepalive TLV be used in every session.
   While many Session Signaling operations (such as DNS Push
   Notifications [I-D.ietf-dnssd-push]) will be used in conjunction with
   a long-lived session, not all Session Signaling operations require a
   long-lived session, and in some cases the default 15-second value for
   both idle timeout and keepalive interval may be perfectly
   appropriate.

   The SSOP-DATA for the the Keepalive TLV is as follows:

                           1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                    IDLE TIMEOUT (32 bits)                     |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                 KEEPALIVE INTERVAL (32 bits)                  |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   IDLE TIMEOUT:  the idle timeout for the current session, specified as
      a 32 bit word in network (big endian) order in units of
      milliseconds.  This is the timeout at which the client MUST close
      an idle session.  If the client does not gracefully close an idle
      session then after twice this interval the server will forcibly
      terminate the connection with a TCP RST (or equivalent for other
      protocols).

   KEEPALIVE INTERVAL:  the idle timeout for the current session,
      specified as a 32-bit word, in network (big endian) order, in
      units of milliseconds.  This is the interval at which a client
      MUST generate keepalive traffic to maintain connection state.  If
      the client does not generate the necessary keepalive traffic then
      after twice this interval the server will forcibly terminate the
      connection with a TCP RST (or equivalent for other protocols).

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   In a client-initiated Session Signaling Keepalive message, the idle
   timeout and keepalive interval contain the client's requested values.
   In a server response to a client-initiated message, the idle timeout
   and keepalive interval contain the server's chosen values, which the
   client MUST respect.  This is modeled after the DHCP protocol, where
   the client requests a certain lease lifetime using DHCP option 51
   [RFC2132], but the server is the ultimate authority for deciding what
   lease lifetime is actually granted.

   In a server-initiated Session Signaling Keepalive message, the idle
   timeout and keepalive interval unilaterally inform the client of the
   new values from this point forward in this session.  The client MUST
   generate a response to the server-initiated Session Signaling
   Keepalive message.  The Message ID in the response message MUST match
   the ID from the server-initiated Session Signaling Keepalive message,
   and the response message MUST NOT contain any Operation TLV.

   It may be appropriate for clients and servers to select different
   keepalive interval values depending on the nature of the network they
   are on.

   A corporate DNS server that knows it is serving only clients on the
   internal network, with no intervening NAT gateways or firewalls, can
   impose a higher keepalive interval, because frequent keepalive
   traffic is not required.

   A public DNS server that is serving primarily residential consumer
   clients, where it is likely there will be a NAT gateway on the path,
   may impose a lower keepalive interval, to generate more frequent
   keepalive traffic.

   A smart client may be adaptive to its environment.  A client using a
   private IPv4 address [RFC1918] to communicate with a DNS server at an
   address that is not in the same IPv4 private address block, may
   conclude that there is likely to be a NAT gateway on the path, and
   accordingly request a lower keepalive interval.

   For environments where there is a NAT gateway or firewalls on the
   path, it is RECOMMENDED that clients request, and servers grant, a
   keepalive interval of 15 minutes.  In other environments it is
   RECOMMENDED that clients request, and servers grant, a keepalive
   interval of 60 minutes.

   Note that the lower the keepalive interval value, the higher the load
   on client and server.  For example, an keepalive interval value of
   100ms would result in a continuous stream of at least ten messages
   per second, in both directions, to keep the session alive.  And, in
   this extreme example, a single packet loss and retransmission over a

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   long path could introduce a momentary pause in the stream of
   messages, long enough to cause the server to overzealously abort the
   connection.

   Because of this concern, the server MUST NOT send a Keepalive message
   (either a response to a client-initiated request, or a server-
   initiated message) with an keepalive interval value less than ten
   seconds.  If a client receives an Keepalive message specifying an
   keepalive interval value less than ten seconds this is an error and
   the client MUST immediately terminate the connection with a TCP RST
   (or equivalent for other protocols).

   Similarly, the server MUST NOT send a Keepalive message (either a
   response to a client-initiated request, or a server-initiated
   message) with an idle timeout value less than ten seconds.  If a
   client receives an Keepalive message specifying an idle timeout value
   less than ten seconds this is an error and the client MUST
   immediately terminate the connection with a TCP RST (or equivalent
   for other protocols).

   When a client is sending its second and subsequent Keepalive Session
   Signaling request to the server, the client SHOULD continue to
   request its preferred values each time.  This allows flexibility, so
   that if conditions change during the lifefime of a session, the
   server can adapt its responses to better fit the client's needs.

   The Keepalive TLV (1) has similar intent to the EDNS(0) TCP Keepalive
   Option [RFC7828].  A client/server pair that supports Session
   Signaling MUST NOT use the EDNS(0) TCP KeepAlive option within any
   message on a session once bi-directional Session Signaling support
   has been confirmed.  Once bi-directional Session Signaling support
   has been confirmed, if either client or server receives a DNS message
   over the session that contains an EDNS(0) TCP KeepAlive option, this
   is an error and the receiver of the EDNS(0) TCP KeepAlive option MUST
   immediately terminate the connection with a TCP RST (or equivalent
   for other protocols).

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5.  Retry Delay TLV

   The Retry Delay TLV (0) is used by a server to request that a client
   close the session, and not to reconnect for the indicated time
   interval.  It is also used as a modifier on error responses, to
   indicate how long the client should wait before retrying that
   particular operation.

   The SSOP-DATA for the the Retry Delay TLV is as follows:

                           1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                     RETRY DELAY (32 bits)                     |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   RETRY DELAY:  a time value, specified as a 32 bit word in network
      order in units of milliseconds, within which the client MUST NOT
      retry this operation, or retry connecting to this server.

   The RECOMMENDED value is 10 seconds.

   In the case of a client request that returns a nonzero RCODE value,
   the server MAY append a Retry Delay TLV (0) to the response,
   indicating the time interval during which the client SHOULD NOT
   attempt this operation again.

   When appended to a Session Signaling response message for some client
   request, the Retry Delay TLV (0) is considered a Modifier TLV.  The
   indicated time interval during which the client SHOULD NOT retry
   applies only to the failed operation, not to the session as a whole.

   When sent in a Session Signaling request message, from server to
   client, the Retry Delay TLV (0) is considered an Operation TLV.  It
   applies to the session as a whole, and the client MUST close the
   session, as described previously.  The RCODE MUST indicate the reason
   for the termination.  RCODE NOERROR indicates a routine shutdown.
   RCODE SERVFAIL indicates that the server is overloaded due to
   resource exhaustion.  RCODE REFUSED indicates that the server has
   been reconfigured and is no longer able to perform one or more of the
   functions currently being performed on this session (for example, a
   DNS Push Notification server could be reconfigured such that is is no
   longer accepting DNS Push Notification requests for one or more of
   the currently subscribed names).

   This document specifies only these three RCODE values for Retry Delay
   request.  Servers sending Retry Delay requests SHOULD use one of
   these three values.  However, future circumstances may create

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   situations where other RCODE values are appropriate in Retry Delay
   requests, so clients MUST be prepared to accept Retry Delay requests
   with any RCODE value.

6.  IANA Considerations

6.1.  DNS Session Signaling Opcode Registration

   IANA are directed to assign a value (tentatively 6) in the DNS
   Opcodes Registry for the Session Signaling Opcode.

6.2.  DNS Session Signaling RCODE Registration

   IANA are directed to assign a value (tentatively 11) in the DNS RCODE
   Registry for the SSOPNOTIMP error code.

6.3.  DNS Session Signaling Type Codes Registry

   IANA are directed to create the DNS Session Signaling Type Codes
   Registry, with initial values as follows:

   +------------+-------------------------------+----------+-----------+
   |       Type | Name                          | Status   | Reference |
   +------------+-------------------------------+----------+-----------+
   |     0x0000 | SSOP-RetryDelay               | Standard | RFC-TBD   |
   |            |                               |          |           |
   |     0x0001 | SSOP-KeepAlive                | Standard | RFC-TBD   |
   |            |                               |          |           |
   |   0x0002 - | Unassigned, reserved for      |          |           |
   |     0x003F | session management TLVs       |          |           |
   |            |                               |          |           |
   |   0x0040 - | Unassigned                    |          |           |
   |     0xF7FF |                               |          |           |
   |            |                               |          |           |
   |   0xF800 - | Reserved for local /          |          |           |
   |     0xFBFF | experimental use              |          |           |
   |            |                               |          |           |
   |   0xFC00 - | Reserved for future expansion |          |           |
   |      65535 |                               |          |           |
   +------------+-------------------------------+----------+-----------+

   Registration of additional Session Signaling Type Codes requires
   publication of an appropriate IETF "Standards Action" or "IESG
   Approval" document [RFC5226].

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7.  Security Considerations

   If this mechanism is to be used with DNS over TLS, then these
   messages are subject to the same constraints as any other DNS over
   TLS messages and MUST NOT be sent in the clear before the TLS session
   is established.

8.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Tim Chown, Ralph Droms, Jan Komissar, and Manju Shankar Rao
   for their helpful contributions to this document.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC1034]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
              STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1034>.

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
              November 1987, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G.,
              and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
              BCP 5, RFC 1918, DOI 10.17487/RFC1918, February 1996,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1918>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2132]  Alexander, S. and R. Droms, "DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor
              Extensions", RFC 2132, DOI 10.17487/RFC2132, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2132>.

   [RFC2136]  Vixie, P., Ed., Thomson, S., Rekhter, Y., and J. Bound,
              "Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)",
              RFC 2136, DOI 10.17487/RFC2136, April 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2136>.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5226, May 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5226>.

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   [RFC6891]  Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms
              for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6891, April 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6891>.

   [RFC7766]  Dickinson, J., Dickinson, S., Bellis, R., Mankin, A., and
              D. Wessels, "DNS Transport over TCP - Implementation
              Requirements", RFC 7766, DOI 10.17487/RFC7766, March 2016,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7766>.

   [RFC7828]  Wouters, P., Abley, J., Dickinson, S., and R. Bellis, "The
              edns-tcp-keepalive EDNS0 Option", RFC 7828,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7828, April 2016,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7828>.

   [RFC7830]  Mayrhofer, A., "The EDNS(0) Padding Option", RFC 7830,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7830, May 2016,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7830>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-dnssd-push]
              Pusateri, T. and S. Cheshire, "DNS Push Notifications",
              draft-ietf-dnssd-push-09 (work in progress), October 2016.

   [NagleDA]  Cheshire, S., "TCP Performance problems caused by
              interaction between Nagle's Algorithm and Delayed ACK",
              May 2005,
              <http://www.stuartcheshire.org/papers/nagledelayedack/>.

   [RFC7858]  Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D.,
              and P. Hoffman, "Specification for DNS over Transport
              Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 7858, DOI 10.17487/RFC7858, May
              2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7858>.

Authors' Addresses

   Ray Bellis
   Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.
   950 Charter Street
   Redwood City  CA 94063
   USA

   Phone: +1 650 423 1200
   Email: ray@isc.org

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   Stuart Cheshire
   Apple Inc.
   1 Infinite Loop
   Cupertino  CA 95014
   USA

   Phone: +1 408 974 3207
   Email: cheshire@apple.com

   John Dickinson
   Sinodun Internet Technologies
   Magadalen Centre
   Oxford Science Park
   Oxford  OX4 4GA
   United Kingdom

   Email: jad@sinodun.com

   Sara Dickinson
   Sinodun Internet Technologies
   Magadalen Centre
   Oxford Science Park
   Oxford  OX4 4GA
   United Kingdom

   Email: sara@sinodun.com

   Allison Mankin
   Salesforce

   Email: allison.mankin@gmail.com

   Tom Pusateri
   Unaffiliated

   Phone: +1 843 473 7394
   Email: pusateri@bangj.com

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