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Chain Query requests in DNS
draft-ietf-dnsop-edns-chain-query-05

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7901.
Author Paul Wouters
Last updated 2016-01-18 (Latest revision 2015-11-16)
Replaces draft-wouters-edns-chain-query
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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Stream WG state Submitted to IESG for Publication
Document shepherd Tim Wicinski
Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2015-11-28
IESG IESG state Became RFC 7901 (Experimental)
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Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD Joel Jaeggli
Send notices to (None)
IANA IANA review state IANA OK - Actions Needed
draft-ietf-dnsop-edns-chain-query-05
dnsop                                                         P. Wouters
Internet-Draft                                                   Red Hat
Intended status: Standards Track                       November 17, 2015
Expires: May 20, 2016

                      Chain Query requests in DNS
                  draft-ietf-dnsop-edns-chain-query-05

Abstract

   This document defines an EDNS0 extension that can be used by a
   security-aware validating Resolver configured to use a Forwarder to
   send a single query, requesting a complete validation path along with
   the regular query answer.  The reduction in queries lowers the
   latency and reduces the need to send multiple queries at once.  This
   extension mandates the use of source IP verified transport such as
   TCP or UDP with EDNS-COOKIE so it cannot be abused in amplification
   attacks.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 20, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must

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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Requirements Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   4.  Option Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  Protocol Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     5.1.  Discovery of Support  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     5.2.  Generate a Query  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     5.3.  Send the Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     5.4.  Generate a Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   6.  Protocol Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     6.1.  DNSSEC Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     6.2.  NS record Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     6.3.  TCP Session Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     6.4.  Negative Trust Anchors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     6.5.  Non-Clean Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     6.6.  Anycast Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   7.  Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     8.1.  Amplification Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   9.  Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     9.1.  Simple Query for example.com  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     9.2.  Out-of-path Query for example.com . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     9.3.  Non-existent data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     10.1.  EDNS0 option code for CHAIN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   11. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   12. Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16

1.  Introduction

   Traditionally, a DNS client operates in stub-mode.  For each DNS
   question the DNS client needs to resolve, it sends a single query to
   an upstream Recursive Resolver to obtain a single DNS answer.  When
   DNSSEC [RFC4033] is deployed on such DNS clients, validation requires
   that the client obtains all the intermediate information from the DNS
   root down to the queried-for hostname so it can perform DNSSEC
   validation on the complete chain of trust.

   Currently, applications send out many UDP requests concurrently.
   This requires more resources on the DNS client with respect to state

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   (cpu, memory, battery) and bandwidth.  There is also no guarantee
   that the initial set of UDP questions will result in all the records
   required for DNSSEC validation.  More round trips could be required
   depending on the resulting DNS answers.  This especially affects
   high-latency links.

   This document specifies an EDNS0 extension that allows a validating
   Resolver running as a Forwarder to open a TCP connection to another
   Resolver and request a DNS chain answer using one DNS query/answer
   pair.  This reduces the number of round trips to two.  If combined
   with long lived TCP or [TCP-KEEPALIVE] there is only one round trip.
   While the upstream Resolver still needs to perform all the individual
   queries required for the complete answer, it usually has a much
   bigger cache and does not experience significant slowdown from last-
   mile latency.

   This EDNS0 extension allows the Forwarder to indicate which part of
   the DNS hierarchy it already contains in its cache.  This reduces the
   amount of data required to be transferred and reduces the work the
   upstream Recursive Resolver has to perform.

   This EDNS0 extension is only intended to be sent by Forwarders to
   Recursive Resolvers.  It can (and should) be ignored by Authoritative
   Servers.

1.1.  Requirements Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

2.  Terminology

   The DNS terminology used in this document is that of
   [DNS-TERMINOLOGY].  Additionally, the following terms are used:

   Recursive Resolver:  A nameserver that is responsible for resolving
      domain names for clients by following the domain's delegation
      chain, starting at the root.  Recursive Resolvers frequently use
      caches to be able to respond to client queries quickly.  Described
      in [RFC1035] chapter 7.

   Validating Resolver:  A recursive nameserver that also performs
      DNSSEC [RFC4033] validation.  Also known as "security-aware
      resolver".

3.  Overview

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   When DNSSEC is deployed on a host, it can no longer delegate all DNS
   work to the upstream Recursive Resolver.  Obtaining just the DNS
   answer itself is not enough to validate that answer using DNSSEC.
   For DNSSEC validation, the DNS client requires a locally running
   validating Resolver so it can confirm DNSSEC validation of all
   intermediary DNS answers.  It can configure itself as a Forwarder if
   it obtains the IP addresses of one or more Recursive Resolvers that
   are available, or as a stand-alone Recursive Resolver if no
   functional Recursive Resolvers were obtained.  Generating the
   required queries for validation adds a significant delay in answering
   the DNS question of the locally running application.  The application
   must wait while the Resolver validates all intermediate answers.
   Each round-trip adds to the total time waiting on DNS resolution with
   validation to complete.  This makes DNSSEC resolving impractical for
   devices on networks with a high latency.

   This document defines the CHAIN option that allows the Resolver to
   request all intermediate DNS data it requires to resolve and validate
   a particular DNS answer in a single round-trip.  The Resolver could
   be part of the application or a Recursive Resolver running on the
   host.

   Servers answering with CHAIN data should ensure that the transport is
   TCP or source IP address verified UDP.  See Section 8.  This avoids
   abuse in DNS amplification attacks.

   Applications that support CHAIN internally can perform validation
   without requiring the host the run a Recursive Resolver.  This is
   particularly useful for virtual servers in a cloud or container based
   deployment where it is undesirable to run a Recursive Resolver per
   virtual machine.

   The format of this option is described in Section 4.

   As described in Section 5.4, a Recursive Resolver could use this
   EDNS0 option to include additional data required by the Resolver in
   the Authority Section of the DNS answer packet when using a source IP
   verified transport.  The Answer Section remains unchanged from a
   traditional DNS answer and contains the answer and related DNSSEC
   entries.

   An empty CHAIN EDNS0 option MAY be sent over any transport as a
   discovery method.  A DNS server receiving such an empty CHAIN option
   SHOULD add an empty CHAIN option in its answer to indicate that it
   supports CHAIN for source IP address verified transports.

   The mechanisms provided by CHAIN raise various security related
   concerns, related to the additional work, bandwidth, amplification

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   attacks as well as privacy issues with the cache.  These concerns are
   described in Section 8.

4.  Option Format

   This draft uses an EDNS0 [RFC6891] option to include client IP
   information in DNS messages.  The option is structured as follows:

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
   !         OPTION-CODE           !         OPTION-LENGTH         !
   +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
   ~                Closest Trust Point (FQDN)                   ~
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+

   o  OPTION-CODE, 2 octets, for CHAIN is 13.

   o  OPTION-LENGTH, 2 octets, contains the length of the payload
      (everything after Option-length) in octets.

   o  Closest Trust Point, a variable length Fully Qualified Domain Name
      ("FQDN") in DNS wire format of the requested start point of the
      chain.  This entry is the 'lowest' known entry in the DNS chain
      known by the recursive server seeking a CHAIN answer for which it
      has a validated DS and DNSKEY record.  The end point of the chain
      is obtained from the DNS Query Section itself.  No DNS name
      compression is allowed for this value.

5.  Protocol Description

5.1.  Discovery of Support

   A Forwarder may include a zero-length CHAIN option in a regular query
   over any transport to discover the DNS server capability for CHAIN.
   Recursive Resolvers that support and are willing to accept CHAIN
   queries over source IP verified transport respond to a zero-length
   CHAIN received by including a zero-length CHAIN option in the answer.
   If not already using a source IP verified transport, the Forwarder
   MAY then switch to a source IP verified transport and start sending
   queries with the CHAIN option to request a CHAIN response from the
   Recursive Resolver.  Examples of source IP verification are the 3-way
   TCP handshake and UDP with [EDNS-COOKIE].

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5.2.  Generate a Query

   In this option value, the Forwarder sets the Closest Trust Point in
   the chain - furthest from the root - that it already has a DNSSEC
   validated (secure or not) answer for in its cache.  The upstream
   Recursive Resolver does not need to include any part of the chain
   from the root down to this option's FQDN.  A complete example is
   described in Section 9.1.

   The CHAIN option should generally be sent by system Forwarders and
   Resolvers within an application that also perform DNSSEC validation.

5.3.  Send the Option

   When CHAIN is available, the downstream Recursive Resolver can adjust
   its query strategy based on the desired queries and its cache
   contents.

   A Forwarder can request the CHAIN option with every outgoing DNS
   query.  However, it is RECOMMENDED that Forwarders remember which
   upstream Recursive Resolvers did not return the option (and
   additional data) with their response.  The Forwarder SHOULD fallback
   to regular DNS for subsequent queries to those Recursive Resolvers.
   It MAY switch to another Recursive Resolver that does support the
   CHAIN option or try again later to see if the server has become less
   loaded and is now willing to answer with Query Chains.

5.4.  Generate a Response

   When a query containing a non-zero CHAIN option is received from a
   Forwarder, the upstream Recursive Resolver supporting CHAIN MAY
   respond by confirming that it is returning a CHAIN.  To do so, it
   MUST set the CHAIN option to the lowest Trust Point sent as part of
   the chain, with its corresponding OPTION-LENGTH.  It extends the
   Authority Section in the DNS answer packet with the DNS RRsets
   required for validating the answer.  The DNS RRsets added start with
   the first chain element below the received Closest Trust Point up to
   and including the NS and DS RRsets that represent the zone cut
   (authoritative servers) of the QNAME.  The added RRsets MAY be added
   in matching hierarchical order but a DNS client MUST NOT depend on
   the order of the added RRsets for validation.  The actual DNS answer
   to the question in the Query Section is placed in the DNS Answer
   Section identical to the traditional DNS answer.  All required DNSSEC
   related records must be added to their appropriate sections.  This
   includes records required for proof of non-existence of regular and/
   or wildcard records, such as NSEC or NSEC3 records.

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   Recursive Resolvers that have not implemented or enabled support for
   the CHAIN option, or are otherwise unwilling to perform the
   additional work for a Chain Query due to work load, may safely ignore
   the option in the incoming queries.  Such a server MUST NOT include
   an CHAIN option when sending DNS answer replies back, thus indicating
   it is not able or willing to support Chain Queries at this time.

   Requests with wrongly formatted options (i.e. bogus FQDN) MUST be
   rejected and a FORMERR response must be returned to the sender, as
   described by [RFC6891].

   Requests resulting in chains that the receiving resolver is unwilling
   to serve can be rejected by answering the query as a regular DNS
   reply but with an empty CHAIN payload.  Replying with an empty CHAIN
   can be used for chains that would be too big or chains that would
   reveal too much information considered private.

   At any time, a Recursive Resolver that has determined that it is
   running low on resources can refuse CHAIN queries by replying with a
   regular DNS reply with an empty CHAIN payload.

   If a CHAIN answer would be bigger than the Recursive Resolver is
   willing to serve, it SHOULD send a partial chain starting with the
   data closest to the top of the chain.  The client MAY re-send the
   query with an updated Closest Trust Point until it has received the
   full chain.  The CHAIN response will contain the lowest Closest Trust
   Point that was included in the CHAIN answer.

   If the DNS request results in an CNAME or DNAME for the Answer
   Section, the Recursive Resolver MUST return these records in the
   Answer Section similar to regular DNS processing.  The CNAME or DNAME
   target MAY be placed in the Additional Section only if all supporting
   records for DNSSEC validation of the CNAME or DNAME target are also
   added to the Authority Section.

   The response from a Recursive Resolver to a Resolver MUST NOT contain
   the CHAIN option if none was present in the Resolver's original
   request.

   A DNS query that contains the CHAIN option MUST also have the DNSSEC
   OK ("OK") bit set.  If this bit is not set, or if the Checking
   Disabled ("CD") bit is set, the CHAIN option received MUST be
   ignored.

6.  Protocol Considerations

6.1.  DNSSEC Considerations

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   The presence or absence of an OPT resource record containing an CHAIN
   option in a DNS query does not change the usage of those resource
   records and mechanisms used to provide data origin authentication and
   data integrity to the DNS, as described in [RFC4033], [RFC4034] and
   [RFC4035].

6.2.  NS record Considerations

   CHAIN responses SHOULD include the NS RRset from the zone itself
   including the RRSIG records required for validation.  It MUST NOT
   include the NS RRset from parent zone, as this RRset is not signed.
   If the size of the answer is an important factor, the NS RRset MAY be
   omited.

   When a DNSSEC chain is supplied via CHAIN, the Forwarder is no longer
   required to use the NS RRset, as it can construct the validation path
   via the DNSKEY and DS RRsets without using the NS RRset.  However,
   the Forwarder might be forced to switch from Forwarder mode to
   Recursive Resolver mode due to a network topology change.  In
   Recursive Resolver mode, the NS RRsets are needed to find and query
   Authoritative Servers directly.  It is RECOMMENDED that the DNS
   Forwarder populate its cache with this information to avoid requiring
   future queries to obtain any missing NS records.  Therefore, CHAIN
   responses MUST include the NS RRset from the child zone, including
   the RRSIG records required for validation.

6.3.  TCP Session Management

   It is RECOMMENDED that TCP sessions not immediately be closed after
   the DNS answer to the first query is received.  It is recommended to
   use [TCP-KEEPALIVE].

   Both DNS clients and servers are subject to resource constraints
   which will limit the extent to which Chain Queries can be executed.
   Effective limits for the number of active sessions that can be
   maintained on individual clients and servers should be established,
   either as configuration options or by interrogation of process limits
   imposed by the operating system.

   In the event that there is greater demand for Chain Queries than can
   be accommodated, DNS servers may stop advertising the CHAIN option in
   successive DNS messages.  This allows, for example, clients with
   other candidate servers to query to establish new sessions with
   different servers in expectation that those servers might still allow
   Chain Queries.

6.4.  Negative Trust Anchors

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   If a CHAIN answer would intersect with a Negative Trust Anchor
   [RFC7646], a partian CHAIN up to the node above the Negative Trust
   Anchor should be returned.

6.5.  Non-Clean Paths

   Many paths between DNS clients and Recursive Resolvers suffer from
   poor hygiene, limiting the free flow of DNS messages that include
   particular EDNS0 options, or messages that exceed a particular size.
   A fallback strategy similar to that described in [RFC6891] section
   6.2.2 SHOULD be employed to avoid persistent interference due to non-
   clean paths.

6.6.  Anycast Considerations

   Recursive Resolvers of various types are commonly deployed using
   anycast [RFC4786].

   Successive DNS transactions between a client and server using UDP
   transport may involve responses generated by different anycast nodes,
   and the use of anycast in the implementation of a DNS server is
   effectively undetectable by the client.  The CHAIN option SHOULD NOT
   be included in responses using UDP transport from servers provisioned
   using anycast unless all anycast server nodes are capable of
   processing the CHAIN option.

   Changes in network topology between clients and anycast servers may
   cause disruption to TCP sessions making use of CHAIN more often than
   with TCP sessions that omit it, since the TCP sessions are expected
   to be longer-lived.  Anycast servers MAY make use of TCP multipath
   [RFC6824] to anchor the server side of the TCP connection to an
   unambiguously-unicast address in order to avoid disruption due to
   topology changes.

7.  Implementation Status

   This section records the status of known implementations of the
   protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this
   Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in [RFC6982].
   The description of implementations in this section is intended to
   assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to
   RFCs.  Please note that the listing of any individual implementation
   here does not imply endorsement by the IETF.  Furthermore, no effort
   has been spent to verify the information presented here that was
   supplied by IETF contributors.  This is not intended as, and must not
   be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their
   features.  Readers are advised to note that other implementations may
   exist.

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   According to [RFC6982], "this will allow reviewers and working groups
   to assign due consideration to documents that have the benefit of
   running code, which may serve as evidence of valuable experimentation
   and feedback that have made the implemented protocols more mature.
   It is up to the individual working groups to use this information as
   they see fit".

   [While there is some interest, no work has started yet]

8.  Security Considerations

8.1.  Amplification Attacks

   Chain Queries can potentially send very large DNS answers.  Attackers
   could abuse this using spoofed source IP addresses to inflict large
   Distributed Denial of Service attacks using query-chains as an
   amplification vector in their attack.  While TCP is not vulnerable
   for this type of abuse, the UDP protocol is vulnerable to this.

   A Recursive Resolver MUST NOT return CHAIN answers to clients over
   UDP without source IP address verification.  An example of UDP based
   source IP address verification is [EDNS-COOKIE].  A Recursive
   Resolver refusing a CHAIN option MUST respond with a zero-length
   CHAIN option to indicate support for CHAIN queries when a proper
   transport is used.  It MUST NOT send an RCODE of REFUSED.

9.  Examples

9.1.  Simple Query for example.com

   o  A web browser on a client machine asks the Forwarder running on
      localhost to resolve the A record of "www.example.com." by sending
      a regular DNS UDP query on port 53 to 127.0.0.1.

   o  The Resolver on the client machine checks its cache, and notices
      it already has a DNSSEC validated entry of "com." in its cache.
      This includes the DNSKEY RRset with its RRSIG records.  In other
      words, according to its cache, ".com" is DNSSEC validated as
      "secure" and can be used to continue a DNSSEC validated chain.

   o  The Resolver on the client opens a TCP connection to its upstream
      Recursive Resolver on port 53.  It adds the CHAIN option as
      follows:

      *  Option-code, set to 13

      *  Option-length, set to 0x00 0x04

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      *  Closest Trust Point set to "com."

   o  The upstream Recursive Resolver receives a DNS query over TCP with
      the CHAIN Closest Trust Point set to "com.".  After accepting the
      query it starts constructing a DNS reply packet.

   o  The upstream Recursive Resolver performs all the regular work to
      ensure it has all the answers to the query for the A record of
      "www.example.com.".  It does so without using the CHAIN option -
      unless it is also configured as a Forwarder.  The answer to the
      original DNS question could be the actual A record, the DNSSEC
      proof of non-existence, or an insecure NXDOMAIN response.

   o  The upstream Recursive Resolver adds the CHAIN option to the DNS
      response as follows:

      *  Option-code, set to 13

      *  Option-length, set to 0x00 0x04

      *  The Closest Trust Point is set to "com.".

   o  The upstream Recursive Resolver constructs the DNS Authority
      Section and fills it (in any order) with:

      *  The DS RRset for "example.com." and its corresponding RRSIGs
         (made by the "com."  DNSKEY(s))

      *  The DNSKEY RRset for "example.com." and its corresponding
         RRSIGs (made by the "example.com" DNSKEY(s))

      *  The authoritative NS RRset for "example.com." and its
         corresponding RRSIGs (from the child zone)

      If the answer does not exist, and the zone uses DNSSEC, it also
      adds the proof of non-existence, such as NSEC or NSEC3 records, to
      the Authority Section.

   o  The upstream Recursive Resolver constructs the DNS Answer
      Section and fills it with:

      *  The A record of "www.example.com." and its corresponding RRSIGs

      If the answer does not exist (NODATA or NXDOMAIN), the Answer
      Section remains empty.  For the NXDOMAIN case, the RCode of the
      DNS answer packet is set to NXDOMAIN.  Otherwise it remains
      NOERROR.

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   o  The upstream Recursive Resolver returns the DNS answer over the
      existing TCP connection.  When all data is sent, it SHOULD keep
      the TCP connection open to allow for additional incoming DNS
      queries - provided it has enough resources to do so.

   o  The Resolver on the client receives the DNS answer.  It processes
      the Authority Section and the Answer Section and places the
      information in its local cache.  It ensures that no data is
      accepted into the cache without having proper DNSSEC validation.
      It MAY do so by looping over the entries in the Authority and
      Answer Sections.  When an entry is validated for its cache, it is
      removed from the processing list.  If an entry cannot be validated
      it is left in the process list.  When the end of the list is
      reached, the list is processed again until either all entries are
      placed in the cache, or the remaining items cannot be placed in
      the cache due to lack of validation.  Those entries are then
      discarded.

   o  If the cache contains a valid answer to the application's query,
      this answer is returned to the application via a regular DNS
      answer packet.  This packet MUST NOT contain an CHAIN option.  If
      no valid answer can be returned, normal error processing is done.
      For example, an NXDOMAIN or an empty Answer Section could be
      returned depending on the error condition.

9.2.  Out-of-path Query for example.com

   A Recursive Resolver receives a query for the A record for
   example.com.  It includes the CHAIN option with the following
   parameters:

   o  Option-code, set to 13

   o  Option-length, set to 0x00 0x0D

   o  The Closest Trust Point set to 'unrelated.ca.'

   As there is no chain that leads from "unrelated.ca." to
   "example.com", the Resolving Nameserver answers with an empty CHAIN
   specified using:

   o  Option-code, set to 13

   o  Option-length, set to 0x00 0x00

   o  The Closest Trust Point is omitted (zero length)

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   Note that the regular answer is still present just as it would be for
   a query that did not specify the CHAIN option.

9.3.  Non-existent data

   A Recursive Resolver receives a query for the A record for
   "ipv6.toronto.redhat.ca".  It includes the CHAIN option with the
   following parameters:

   o  Option-code, set to 13

   o  Option-length, set to 0x00 0x03

   o  The Closest Trust Point set to 'ca.'

   Using regular UDP queries towards Authoritative Nameservers, it
   locates the NS RRset for "toronto.redhat.ca.".  When querying for the
   A record it receives a reply with RCODE "NoError" and an empty Answer
   Section.  The Authority Section contains NSEC3 and RRSIG records
   proving there is no A RRtype for the QNAME "ipv6.toronto.redhat.ca".

   The Recursive Resolver constructs a DNS reply with the following
   CHAIN option parameters:

   o  Option-code, set to 13

   o  Option-length, set to 0x00 0x00

   o  The Closest Trust Point is ommited (zero length)

   The RCODE is set to "NoError".  The Authority Section is filled in
   with:

   o  The DS RRset for "redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs

   o  The DNSKEY RRset for "redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs

   o  The NS RRset for "redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs (eg ns[01].redhat.ca)

   o  The A RRset for "ns0.redhat.ca." and "ns1.redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs

   o  The DS RRset for "toronto.redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs

   o  The NS RRset for "toronto.redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs (eg
      ns[01].toronto.redhat.ca)

   o  The DNSKEY RRset for "toronto.redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs

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   o  The A RRset and/or AAAA RRset for "ns0.toronto.redhat.ca." and
      "ns1.toronto.redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs

   o  The NSEC record for "ipv6.toronto.redhat.ca." (proves what RRTYPEs
      do exist, does not include A)

   o  The NSEC record for "toronto.redhat.ca." (proves no wildcard
      exists)

   The Answer Section is empty.  The RCode is set to NOERROR.

10.  IANA Considerations

10.1.  EDNS0 option code for CHAIN

   IANA has assigned option code 13 in the "DNS EDNS0 Option Codes
   (OPT)" registry to CHAIN.

11.  Acknowledgements

   Andrew Sullivan pointed out that we do not need any new data formats
   to support DNS chains.  Olafur Gudmundsson ensured the RRsets are
   returned in the proper Sections.  Thanks to Tim Wicinski for his
   thorough review.

12.  Normative References

   [DNS-TERMINOLOGY]
              Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A., and K. Fujiwara, "DNS
              Terminology", draft-ietf-dnsop-dns-terminology-05 (work in
              progress), September 2015.

   [EDNS-COOKIE]
              Eastlake, Donald., "Domain Name System (DNS) Cookies",
              draft-ietf-dnsop-cookies (work in progress), November
              2015.

   [RFC1034]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
              STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1034>.

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
              November 1987, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.

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   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4033]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC
              4033, DOI 10.17487/RFC4033, March 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4033>.

   [RFC4034]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
              RFC 4034, DOI 10.17487/RFC4034, March 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4034>.

   [RFC4035]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
              Extensions", RFC 4035, DOI 10.17487/RFC4035, March 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4035>.

   [RFC4786]  Abley, J. and K. Lindqvist, "Operation of Anycast
              Services", BCP 126, RFC 4786, DOI 10.17487/RFC4786,
              December 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4786>.

   [RFC6824]  Ford, A., Raiciu, C., Handley, M., and O. Bonaventure,
              "TCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple
              Addresses", RFC 6824, DOI 10.17487/RFC6824, January 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6824>.

   [RFC6891]  Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms
              for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC6891, April 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6891>.

   [RFC6982]  Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running
              Code: The Implementation Status Section", RFC 6982, DOI
              10.17487/RFC6982, July 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6982>.

   [RFC7646]  Ebersman, P., Kumari, W., Griffiths, C., Livingood, J.,
              and R. Weber, "Definition and Use of DNSSEC Negative Trust
              Anchors", RFC 7646, DOI 10.17487/RFC7646, September 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7646>.

   [TCP-KEEPALIVE]
              Wouters, P., Abley, J., Dickinson, S., and R. Bellis, "The
              edns-tcp-keepalive EDNS0 Option", draft-ietf-dnsop-edns-
              tcp-keepalive-04 (work in progress), October 2015.

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Author's Address

   Paul Wouters
   Red Hat

   Email: pwouters@redhat.com

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