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Uniform Resource Names for Device Identifiers
draft-ietf-core-dev-urn-01

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9039.
Authors Jari Arkko , Cullen Fluffy Jennings , Zach Shelby
Last updated 2018-03-19
Replaces draft-arkko-core-dev-urn
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draft-ietf-core-dev-urn-01
Network Working Group                                           J. Arkko
Internet-Draft                                                  Ericsson
Intended status: Informational                               C. Jennings
Expires: September 20, 2018                                        Cisco
                                                               Z. Shelby
                                                                     ARM
                                                          March 19, 2018

             Uniform Resource Names for Device Identifiers
                       draft-ietf-core-dev-urn-01

Abstract

   This memo describes a new Uniform Resource Name (URN) namespace for
   hardware device identifiers.  A general representation of device
   identity can be useful in many applications, such as in sensor data
   streams and storage, or equipment inventories.  A URN-based
   representation can be easily passed along in any application that
   needs the information.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 20, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect

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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Requirements language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  DEV URN Definition  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  Syntax  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.3.  Assignment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.4.  Security and Privacy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.5.  Interoperability  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.6.  Resolution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.7.  Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.8.  Additional Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.9.  Revision Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  DEV URN Subtypes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  MAC Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.2.  1-Wire Device Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.3.  Organization-Defined Identifiers  . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   5.  Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Appendix A.  Changes from Previous Version  . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   Appendix B.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13

1.  Introduction

   This memo describes a new Uniform Resource Name (URN) [RFC8141]
   [RFC3406] namespace for hardware device identifiers.  A general
   representation of device identity can be useful in many applications,
   such as in sensor data streams and storage, or equipment inventories
   [RFC7252], [I-D.ietf-core-senml].  A URN-based representation can be
   easily passed along in any application that needs the information, as
   it fits in protocols mechanisms that are designed to carry URNs
   [RFC2616], [RFC3261], [RFC7252].  Finally, URNs can also be easily
   carried and stored in formats such as XML [W3C.REC-xml-19980210] or
   JSON [I-D.ietf-core-senml] [RFC4627].  Using URNs in these formats is
   often preferable as they are universally recognized, self-describing,
   and therefore avoid the need for agreeing to interpret an octet
   string as a specific form of a MAC address, for instance.

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   This memo defines identity URN types for situations where no such
   convenient type already exist.  For instance, [RFC6920] defines
   cryptographic identifiers, [RFC7254] defines International Mobile
   station Equipment Identity (IMEI) identifiers for use with 3GPP
   cellular systems, and [I-D.atarius-dispatch-meid-urn] defines Mobile
   Equipment Identity (MEID) identifiers for use with 3GPP2 cellular
   systems.  Those URN types should be employed when such identities are
   transported; this memo does not redefine these identifiers in any
   way.

   Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URNs [RFC4122] are another
   alternative way for representing device identifiers, and already
   support MAC addresses as one of type of an identifier.  However,
   UUIDs can be inconvenient in environments where it is important that
   the identifiers are as simple as possible and where additional
   requirements on stable storage, real-time clocks, and identifier
   length can be prohibitive.  UUID-based identifiers are recommended
   for all general purpose uses when MAC addresses are available as
   identifiers.  The device URN defined in this memo is recommended for
   constrained environments.

   Future device identifier types can extend the device device URN type
   defined here, or define their own URNs.

   Note that long-term stable unique identifiers are problematic for
   privacy reasons and should be used with care or avoided as described
   in [RFC7721].

   The rest of this memo is organized as follows.  Section 3 defines the
   "DEV" URN type, and Section 4 defines subtypes for IEEE MAC-48,
   EUI-48 and EUI-64 addresses and 1-wire device identifiers.  Section 5
   gives examples.  Section 6 discusses the security considerations of
   the new URN type.  Finally, Section 7 specifies the IANA registration
   for the new URN type and sets requirements for subtype allocations
   within this type.

2.  Requirements language

   In this document, the key words "MAY", "MUST, "MUST NOT", "OPTIONAL",
   "RECOMMENDED", "SHOULD", and "SHOULD NOT", are to be interpreted as
   described in [RFC2119].

3.  DEV URN Definition

   Namespace Identifier: "dev" requested

   Version: 1

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   Date: 2018-03-19

   Registration Information: This is the first registration of this
   namespace, 2018-03-19.

   Registrant: IETF and the CORE working group.  Should the working
   group cease to exist, discussion should be directed to the general
   IETF discussion forums or the IESG.

3.1.  Purpose

   Purpose: The DEV URNs identify devices with device-specific
   identifiers such as network card hardware addresses.  These URNs may
   be used in any relevant networks that benefit from the ability to
   refer to these identifiers in the form of URNs; DEV URN is global in
   scope.

   Some typical applications include equipment inventories and smart
   object systems.

   DEV URNs can be used in various ways in applications, software
   systems, and network components, in tasks ranging from discovery (for
   instance when discovering 1-wire network devices or detecting MAC-
   addressable devices on a LAN) to intrusion detection systems and
   simple catalogues of system information.

   While it is possible to implement resolution systems for specific
   applications or network locations, DEV URNs are typically not used in
   a way that requires resolution beyond direct observation of the
   relevant identity fields in local link communication.  However, it is
   often useful to be able to pass device identity information in
   generic URN fields in databases or protocol fields, which makes the
   use of URNs for this purpose convenient.

   The DEV URN name space complements existing name spaces such as those
   involving IMEI or UUID identifiers.  DEV URNs are expeced to be a
   part of the IETF-provided basic URN types, covering identifiers that
   have previously not been possible to use in URNs.

3.2.  Syntax

   Syntax: The identifier is expressed in ASCII characters and has a
   hierarchical structure as follows:

   devurn = "urn:dev:" body componentpart
   body = macbody / owbody / orgbody / otherbody
   macbody = "mac:" hexstring
   owbody = "ow:" hexstring

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   orgbody = "org:" number ":" identifier
   otherbody = subtype ":" identifier
   subtype = ALPHA *(DIGIT / ALPHA)
   identifier = 1*unreservednout
   unreservednout = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "."
   componentpart = [ "_" component [ componentpart ]]
   component = *1(DIGIT / ALPHA)
   hexstring = hexbyte /
               hexbyte hexstring
   hexbyte = hexdigit hexdigit
   hexdigit = DIGIT / hexletter
   hexletter = "a" / "b" / "c" / "d" / "e" / "f"
   number = *1DIGIT

   The above Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) uses the DIGIT and ALPHA
   rules defined in [RFC5234], which are not repeated here.  The rule
   for unreserved is defined in Section 2.3 of [RFC3986].

   The device identity namespace includes three subtypes (see Section 4,
   and more may be defined in the future as specified in Section 7.

   The optional components following the hexstring are strings depicting
   individual aspects of a device.  The specific strings and their
   semantics are up to the designers of the device, but could be used to
   refer to specific interfaces or functions within the device.

   There are no special character encoding rules or considerations for
   comforming with the URN syntax, beyond those applicable for URNs in
   general [RFC8141], or the context where these URNs are carried (e.g.,
   inside JSON [RFC8259] or SenML [I-D.ietf-core-senml]).

   The lexical equivalence of the DEV URNs is defined as an exact and
   case sensitive string match.  Note that the two subtypes defined in
   this document use only lower case letters, however.  Future types
   might use identifiers that require other encodings that require a
   more full-blown character set (such as BASE64), however.

   DEV URNs do not use r-, q-, or f-components.

   Specific subtypes of DEV URNs may be validated through mechanisms
   discussed in Section 4.

   Finally, the string representation of the device identity URN and of
   the MEID sub namespace is fully compatible with the URN syntax.

3.3.  Assignment

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   Assignment: The process for identifier assignment is dependent on the
   used subtype, and documented in the specific subsection under
   Section 4.

   Device identifiers are generally expected to be unique, barring the
   accidental issue of multiple devices with the same identifiers.

   This URN type SHOULD only be used for persistent identifiers, such as
   hardware-based identifiers or cryptographic identifiers based on keys
   intended for long-term usage.

3.4.  Security and Privacy

   Security and Privacy: As discussed in Section 6, care must be taken
   to use device identifier-based identifiers due to their nature as a
   long-term identifier that is often not changeable.  Leakage of these
   identifiers outside systems where their use is justfied should be
   controlled.

3.5.  Interoperability

   Interoperability: There are no specific interoperability concerns.

3.6.  Resolution

   Resolution: The device identities are not expected to be globally
   resolvable.  No identity resolution system is expected.  Systems may
   perform local matching of identities to previously seen identities or
   configured information, however.

3.7.  Documentation

   See RFC NNNN (RFC Editor: Please replace NNNN by a reference to the
   RFC number of this document).

3.8.  Additional Information

   See Section 1 for a discussion of related name spaces.

3.9.  Revision Information

   Revision Information: This is the first version of this registration.

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4.  DEV URN Subtypes

4.1.  MAC Addresses

   DEV URNs of the "mac" subtype are based on the EUI-64 identifier
   [IEEE.EUI64] derived from a device with a built-in 64-bit EUI-64.
   The EUI-64 is formed from 24 or 36 bits of organization identifier
   followed by 40 or 28 bits of device-specific extension identifier
   assigned by that organization.

   In the DEV URN "mac" subtype the hexstring is simply the full EUI-64
   identifier represented as a hexadecimal string.  It is always exactly
   16 characters long.

   MAC-48 and EUI-48 identifiers are also supported by the same DEV URN
   subtype.  To convert a MAC-48 address to an EUI-64 identifier, The
   OUI of the Ethernet address (the first three octets) becomes the
   organization identifier of the EUI-64 (the first three octets).  The
   fourth and fifth octets of the EUI are set to the fixed value FFFF
   hexadecimal.  The last three octets of the Ethernet address become
   the last three octets of the EUI-64.  The same process is used to
   convert an EUI-48 identifier, but the fixed value FFFE is used
   instead.

   Identifier assignment for all of these identifiers rests within the
   IEEE.

4.2.  1-Wire Device Identifiers

   The 1-Wire* system is a device communications bus system designed by
   Dallas Semiconductor Corporation. 1-Wire devices are identified by a
   64-bit identifier that consists of 8 byte family code, 48 bit
   identifier unique within a family, and 8 bit CRC code [OW].

      *) 1-Wire is a registered trademark.

   In DEV URNs with the "ow" subtype the hexstring is a representation
   of the full 64 bit identifier as a hexadecimal string.  It is always
   exactly 16 characters long.  Note that the last two characters
   represent the 8-bit CRC code.  Implementations MAY check the validity
   of this code.

   Family code and identifier assignment for all 1-wire devices rests
   with the manufacturers.

4.3.  Organization-Defined Identifiers

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   Device identifiers that have only a meaning within an organisation
   can also be used to represent vendor-specific or experimental
   identifiers or identifiers designed for use within the context of an
   organisation.  Organisations are identified by the Private Enterprise
   Number [RFC2578].

5.  Examples

   The following three examples provide examples of MAC-based, 1-Wire,
   and Cryptographic identifiers:

       urn:dev:mac:0024befffe804ff1            # The MAC address of
                                               # Jari's laptop

       urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063             # The 1-Wire temperature
                                               # sensor in Jari's
                                               # kitchen

       urn:dev:ow:264437f5000000ed_humidity    # The laundry sensor's
                                               # humidity part

       urn:dev:ow:264437f5000000ed_temperature # The laundry sensor's
                                               # temperature part

       urn:dev:org:32473:123456            # Device 123456 in
                                           # the RFC 5612 example
                                           # organisation

6.  Security Considerations

   On most devices, the user can display device identifiers.  Depending
   on circumstances, device identifiers may or may not be modified or
   tampered by the user.  An implementation of the DEV URN MUST NOT
   change these properties from what they were intended.  In particular,
   a device identifier that is intended to be immutable should not
   become mutable as a part of implementing the DEV URN type.  More
   generally, nothing in this memo should be construed to override what
   the relevant device specifications have already said about the
   identifiers.

   Other devices in the same network may or may not be able to identify
   the device.  For instance, on Ethernet network, the MAC address of a
   device is visible to all other devices.

   The URNs generated according to the rules defined in this document
   result in long-term stable unique identifiers for the devices.  Such
   identifiers may have privacy and security implications because they

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   may enable correlating information about a specific device over a
   long period of time, location tracking, and device specific
   vulnerability exploitation [RFC7721].  Also, usually there is no easy
   way to change the identifier.  Therefore these identifiers need to be
   used with care and especially care should be taken avoid leaking them
   outside of the system that is intended to use the identifiers.

7.  IANA Considerations

   This document requests the registration of a new URN namespace for
   "DEV", as described in Section 3.

   Additional subtypes for DEV URNs can be defined through IETF Review
   or IESG Approval [RFC5226].

   Such allocations are appropriate when there is a new namespace of
   some type of device identifiers, defined in stable fashion and with a
   publicly available specification that can be pointed to.

   Note that the organisation (Section 4.3) device identifiers can also
   be used in some cases, at least as a temporary measure.  It is
   preferrable, however, that long-term usage of a broadly employed
   device identifier be registered with IETF rather than used through
   the organisation device identifier type.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/
              rfc2119>.

   [RFC8141]  Saint-Andre, P. and J. Klensin, "Uniform Resource Names
              (URNs)", RFC 8141, DOI 10.17487/RFC8141, April 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8141>.

   [RFC2578]  McCloghrie, K., Ed., Perkins, D., Ed., and J.
              Schoenwaelder, Ed., "Structure of Management Information
              Version 2 (SMIv2)", STD 58, RFC 2578, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC2578, April 1999, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/
              rfc2578>.

   [RFC3406]  Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R., and P. Faltstrom,
              "Uniform Resource Names (URN) Namespace Definition
              Mechanisms", RFC 3406, DOI 10.17487/RFC3406, October 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3406>.

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   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
              3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005, <https://www
              .rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", RFC 5226, DOI
              10.17487/RFC5226, May 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/
              info/rfc5226>.

   [RFC5234]  Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
              Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC5234, January 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/
              rfc5234>.

   [IEEE.EUI64]
              IEEE, "Guidelines For 64-bit Global Identifier (EUI-64)",
              IEEE , unknown year,
              <http://standards.ieee.org/db/oui/tutorials/EUI64.html>.

   [OW]       IEEE, "Overview of 1-Wire(R) Technology and Its Use",
              MAXIM http://www.maxim-ic.com/app-notes/index.mvp/id/1796,
              June 2008,
              <http://www.maxim-ic.com/app-notes/index.mvp/id/1796>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [RFC2616]  Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
              Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
              Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC2616, June 1999, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/
              rfc2616>.

   [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
              A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
              Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc3261>.

   [RFC3971]  Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander,
              "SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971, DOI 10.17487
              /RFC3971, March 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/
              rfc3971>.

   [RFC3972]  Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)",
              RFC 3972, DOI 10.17487/RFC3972, March 2005, <https://www
              .rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3972>.

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   [RFC4122]  Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally
              Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122, DOI
              10.17487/RFC4122, July 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/
              info/rfc4122>.

   [RFC4627]  Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for
              JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, DOI 10.17487
              /RFC4627, July 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/
              rfc4627>.

   [RFC5612]  Eronen, P. and D. Harrington, "Enterprise Number for
              Documentation Use", RFC 5612, DOI 10.17487/RFC5612, August
              2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5612>.

   [RFC7721]  Cooper, A., Gont, F., and D. Thaler, "Security and Privacy
              Considerations for IPv6 Address Generation Mechanisms",
              RFC 7721, DOI 10.17487/RFC7721, March 2016, <https://www
              .rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7721>.

   [RFC8259]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC8259, December 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/
              rfc8259>.

   [W3C.REC-xml-19980210]
              Sperberg-McQueen, C., Bray, T., and J. Paoli, "XML 1.0
              Recommendation", World Wide Web Consortium FirstEdition
              REC-xml-19980210, February 1998,
              <http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC7252, June 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/
              rfc7252>.

   [I-D.ietf-core-senml]
              Jennings, C., Shelby, Z., Arkko, J., Keranen, A., and C.
              Bormann, "Media Types for Sensor Measurement Lists
              (SenML)", draft-ietf-core-senml-13 (work in progress),
              March 2018.

   [RFC6920]  Farrell, S., Kutscher, D., Dannewitz, C., Ohlman, B.,
              Keranen, A., and P. Hallam-Baker, "Naming Things with
              Hashes", RFC 6920, DOI 10.17487/RFC6920, April 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6920>.

   [RFC7254]  Montemurro, M., Ed., Allen, A., McDonald, D., and P.
              Gosden, "A Uniform Resource Name Namespace for the Global

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              System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA) and
              the International Mobile station Equipment Identity
              (IMEI)", RFC 7254, DOI 10.17487/RFC7254, May 2014, <https:
              //www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7254>.

   [I-D.atarius-dispatch-meid-urn]
              Atarius, R., "A Uniform Resource Name Namespace for the
              Device Identity and the Mobile Equipment Identity (MEID)",
              draft-atarius-dispatch-meid-urn-15 (work in progress),
              January 2018.

Appendix A.  Changes from Previous Version

   Version -01 of the WG draft converted the draft to use the new URN
   registration template from [RFC8141].

   Version -00 of the WG draft renamed the file name and fixed the ABNF
   to correctly use "org:" rather than "dn:".

   Version -05 made a change to the delimiter for parameters within a
   DEV URN.  Given discussions on allowed character sets in SenML
   [I-D.ietf-core-senml], we would like to suggest that the "_"
   character be used instead of ";", to avoid the need to translate DEV
   URNs in SenML-formatted communications or files.  However, this
   reverses the earlier decision to not use unreserved characters.  This
   also means that device IDs cannot use "_" characters, and have to
   employ other characters instead.  Feedback on this decision is
   sought.

   Version -05 also introduced local or organisation-specific device
   identifiers.  Organisations are identified by their PEN number
   (although we considered FQDNs as a potential alternative.  The
   authors belive an organisation-specific device identifier type will
   make experiments and local use easier, but feedback on this point and
   the choice of PEN numbers vs. other possible organisation identifiers
   would be very welcome.

   Version -05 also added some discussion of privacy concerns around
   long-term stable identifiers.

   Finally, version -05 clarified the situations when new allocations
   within the registry of possible device identifier subtypes is
   appropriate.

   Version -04 is a refresh, as the need and interest for this
   specification has re-emerged.  And the editing author has emerged
   back to actual engineering from the depths of IETF administration.

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   Version -02 introduced several changes.  The biggest change is that
   with the NI URNs [RFC6920], it was no longer necessary to define
   cryptographic identifiers in this specification.  Another change was
   that we incorporated a more generic syntax for future extensions;
   non-hexstring identifiers can now also be supported, if some future
   device identifiers for some reason would, for instance, use BASE64.
   As a part of this change, we also changed the component part
   separator character from '-' to ';' so that the general format of the
   rest of the URN can employ the unreserved characters [RFC3986].

Appendix B.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank Ari Keranen, Stephen Farrell,
   Christer Holmberg, Peter Saint-Andre, Wouter Cloetens, Jaime Jimenez,
   and Ahmad Muhanna for interesting discussions in this problem space.
   We would also like to note prior documents that focused on specific
   device identifiers, such as [RFC7254] or
   [I-D.atarius-dispatch-meid-urn].

Authors' Addresses

   Jari Arkko
   Ericsson
   Jorvas  02420
   Finland

   Email: jari.arkko@piuha.net

   Cullen Jennings
   Cisco
   170 West Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Phone: +1 408 421-9990
   Email: fluffy@cisco.com

   Zach Shelby
   ARM
   Kidekuja 2
   Vuokatti  88600
   FINLAND

   Phone: +358407796297
   Email: Zach.Shelby@arm.com

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