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Seamless Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (S-BFD)
draft-ietf-bfd-seamless-base-01

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7880.
Authors Nobo Akiya , Carlos Pignataro , David Ward , Manav Bhatia , Santosh Pallagatti
Last updated 2014-06-26
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draft-ietf-bfd-seamless-base-01
Internet Engineering Task Force                                 N. Akiya
Internet-Draft                                              C. Pignataro
Updates: 5880 (if approved)                                      D. Ward
Intended status: Standards Track                           Cisco Systems
Expires: December 28, 2014                                     M. Bhatia
                                                          Ionos Networks
                                                           P. K. Santosh
                                                        Juniper Networks
                                                           June 26, 2014

          Seamless Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (S-BFD)
                    draft-ietf-bfd-seamless-base-01

Abstract

   This document defines a simplified mechanism to use Bidirectional
   Forwarding Detection (BFD) with large portions of negotiation aspects
   eliminated, thus providing benefits such as quick provisioning as
   well as improved control and flexibility to network nodes initiating
   the path monitoring.

   This document updates RFC5880.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 28, 2014.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Seamless BFD Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  S-BFD UDP Port  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  S-BFD Discriminators  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   6.  Reflector BFD Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   7.  State Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     7.1.  New State Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     7.2.  State Variable Initialization and Maintenance . . . . . .   7
   8.  S-BFD Procedures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     8.1.  Initiator Procedures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       8.1.1.  SBFDInitiator State Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       8.1.2.  Details of S-BFD Packet Sent by SBFDInitiator . . . .   9
     8.2.  Responder Procedures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       8.2.1.  Responder Demultiplexing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       8.2.2.  Details of S-BFD Packet Sent by SBFDReflector . . . .  10
     8.3.  Diagnostic Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     8.4.  The Poll Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     8.5.  Control Plane Independent (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     8.6.  Additional SBFDInitiator Behaviors  . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     8.7.  Additional SBFDReflector Behaviors  . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   9.  Scaling Aspect  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   10. Co-existence with Traditional BFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   11. BFD Echo  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   14. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   15. Contributing Authors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   16. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     16.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     16.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15

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   Appendix A.  Loop Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17

1.  Introduction

   Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD), [RFC5880] and related
   documents, has efficiently generalized the failure detection
   mechanism for multiple protocols and applications.  There are some
   improvements which can be made to better fit existing technologies.
   There is a possibility of evolving BFD to better fit new
   technologies.  This document focuses on several aspects of BFD in
   order to further improve efficiency, to expand failure detection
   coverage and to allow BFD usage for wider scenarios.  This document
   extends BFD to provide solutions to use cases listed in
   [I-D.ietf-bfd-seamless-use-case].

   One key aspect of the mechanism described in this document eliminates
   the time between a network node wanting to perform a connectivity
   test and completing the connectivity test.  In traditional BFD terms,
   the initial state changes from DOWN to UP is virtually nonexistent.
   Removal of this seam (i.e. time delay) in BFD provides applications a
   smooth and continuous operational experience.  Therefore, "Seamless
   BFD" (S-BFD) has been chosen as the name for this mechanism.

2.  Terminology

   The reader is expected to be familiar with the BFD, IP and MPLS
   terminologies and protocol constructs.  This section describes
   several new terminologies introduced by S-BFD.

   o  S-BFD - Seamless BFD.

   o  S-BFD packet - a BFD control packet on the well-known S-BFD port.

   o  Entity - a function on a network node that S-BFD mechanism allows
      remote network nodes to perform connectivity test to.  An entity
      can be abstract (ex: reachability) or specific (ex: IP addresses,
      router-IDs, functions).

   o  SBFDInitiator - an S-BFD session on a network node that performs a
      connectivity test to a remote entity by sending S-BFD packets.

   o  SBFDReflector - an S-BFD session on a network node that listens
      for incoming S-BFD packets to local entities and generates
      response S-BFD packets.

   o  Reflector BFD session - synonymous with SBFDReflector.

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   o  S-BFD discriminator - a BFD discriminator allocated for a local
      entity and is being listened by an SBFDReflector.

   o  BFD discriminator - a BFD discriminator allocated for an
      SBFDInitiator.

   o  Initiator - a network node hosting an SBFDInitiator.

   o  Responder - a network node hosting an SBFDReflector.

   Below figure describes the relationship between S-BFD terminologies.

    +---------------------+                +---------------------+
    |      Initiator      |                |      Responder      |
    | +-----------------+ |                | +-----------------+ |
    | |  SBFDInitiator  |--- S-BFD packet -->|  SBFDReflector  | |
    | | +-------------+ | |                | | +-------------+ | |
    | | | BFD discrim | | |                | | |S-BFD discrim| | |
    | | +-------------+ |<-- S-BFD packet ---| +----------^--+ | |
    | +-----------------+ |                | +------------|----+ |
    |                     |                |              |      |
    |                     |                |          +---v----+ |
    |                     |                |          | Entity | |
    |                     |                |          +--------+ |
    +---------------------+                +---------------------+

             Figure 1: S-BFD Terminology Relationship

3.  Seamless BFD Overview

   An S-BFD module on each network node allocates one or more S-BFD
   discriminators for local entities, and creates a reflector BFD
   session.  Allocated S-BFD discriminators may be advertised by
   applications (ex: OSPF/IS-IS).  Required result is that applications,
   on other network nodes, possess the knowledge of the mapping from
   remote entities to S-BFD discriminators.  The reflector BFD session
   is to, upon receiving an S-BFD packet targeted to one of local S-BFD
   discriminator values, transmit a response S-BFD packet back to the
   initiator.

   Once above setup is complete, any network nodes, having the knowledge
   of the mapping from a remote entity to an S-BFD discriminator, can
   quickly perform a connectivity test to the remote entity by simply
   sending S-BFD packets with corresponding S-BFD discriminator value in
   the "your discriminator" field.

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   For example:

      <------- IS-IS Network ------->

                +---------+
                |         |
      A---------B---------C---------D
      ^                             ^
      |                             |
   SystemID                      SystemID
     xxx                           yyy
   BFD Discrim                   BFD Discrim
     123                           456

             Figure 2: S-BFD for IS-IS Network

   The IS-IS with SystemID xxx (node A) allocates an S-BFD discriminator
   123, and advertises the S-BFD discriminator 123 in an IS-IS TLV.  The
   IS-IS with SystemID yyy (node D) allocates an S-BFD discriminator
   456, and advertises the S-BFD discriminator 456 in an IS-IS TLV.  A
   reflector BFD session is created on both network nodes (node A and
   node D).  When network node A wants to check the connectivity to
   network node D, node A can send an S-BFD packet, destined to node D,
   with "your discriminator" field set to 456.  When the reflector BFD
   session on node D receives this S-BFD packet, then response S-BFD
   packet is sent back to node A, which allows node A to complete the
   connectivity test.

4.  S-BFD UDP Port

   S-BFD functions on a well-known UDP port: TBD1.

5.  S-BFD Discriminators

   Locally allocated S-BFD discriminator values for entities may be
   arbitrary allocated or derived from values provided by applications.
   These values may be protocol IDs (ex: System-ID, Router-ID) or
   network targets (ex: IP address).  To minimize the collision of
   discriminator values between BFD and S-BFD, it is RECOMMENDED that
   discriminator pool be separate for BFD and S-BFD.  Even when
   employing the separate discriminator pool approach, collision is
   still possible between one S-BFD application to another S-BFD
   application, that may be using different values and algorithms to
   derive S-BFD discriminator values.  If the two applications are using
   S-BFD for a same purpose (ex: network reachability), then the
   colliding S-BFD discriminator value can be shared.  If the two
   applications are using S-BFD for a different purpose, then the

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   collision must be addressed.  How such collisions are addressed is
   outside the scope of this document.

   One important characteristics of an S-BFD discriminator is that it
   MUST be unique within an administrative domain.  If multiple network
   nodes allocated a same S-BFD discriminator value, then S-BFD packets
   falsely terminating on a wrong network node can result in a reflector
   BFD session to generate a response back, due to "your discriminator"
   matching.  This is clearly not desirable.  If only IP based S-BFD is
   considered, then it is possible for the reflector BFD session to
   require demultiplexing of incoming S-BFD packets with combination of
   destination IP address and "your discriminator".  Then S-BFD
   discriminator only has to be unique within a local node.  However,
   S-BFD is a generic mechanism defined to run on wide range of
   environments: IP, MPLS, etc.  For other transports like MPLS, because
   of the need to use non-routable IP destination address, it is not
   possible for reflector BFD session to demultiplex using IP
   destination address.  With PHP, there may not be any incoming label
   stack to aid in demultiplexing either.  Thus, S-BFD imposes a
   requirement that S-BFD discriminators MUST be unique within an
   administrative domain.

6.  Reflector BFD Session

   Each network node creates one or more reflector BFD sessions.  This
   reflector BFD session is a session which transmits S-BFD packets in
   response to received S-BFD packets with "your discriminator" having
   S-BFD discriminators allocated for local entities.  Specifically,
   this reflector BFD session is to have following characteristics:

   o  MUST NOT transmit any S-BFD packets based on local timer expiry.

   o  MUST transmit an S-BFD packet in response to a received S-BFD
      packet having a valid S-BFD discriminator in the "your
      discriminator" field, unless prohibited by local policies (ex:
      administrative, security, rate-limiter, etc).

   o  MUST be capable of sending only two states: UP and ADMINDOWN.

   One reflector BFD session may be responsible for handling received
   S-BFD packets targeted to all locally allocated S-BFD discriminators,
   or few reflector BFD sessions may each be responsible for subset of
   locally allocated S-BFD discriminators.  This policy is a local
   matter, and is outside the scope of this document.

   Note that incoming S-BFD packets may be IPv4, IPv6 or MPLS based.
   How such S-BFD packets reach an appropriate reflector BFD session is
   also a local matter, and is outside the scope of this document.

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7.  State Variables

   S-BFD introduces new state variables, and modifies the usage of
   existing ones.

7.1.  New State Variables

   A new state variable is added to the base specification in support of
   S-BFD.

   o  bfd.SessionType: The type of this session.  Allowable values are:

      *  SBFDInitiator - an S-BFD session on a network node that
         performs a connectivity test to a target entity by sending
         S-BFD packets.

      *  SBFDReflector - an S-BFD session on a network node that listens
         for incoming S-BFD packets to local entities and generates
         response S-BFD packets.

   bfd.SessionType variable MUST be initialized to the appropriate type
   when an S-BFD session is created.

7.2.  State Variable Initialization and Maintenance

   Some state variables defined in section 6.8.1 of the BFD base
   specification need to be initialized or manipulated differently
   depending on the session type.  Ed-Note: Anything else?.

   o  bfd.DemandMode: This variable MUST be initialized to 1 for session
      type SBFDInitiator, and MUST be initialized to 0 for session type
      SBFDReflector.

8.  S-BFD Procedures

8.1.  Initiator Procedures

   S-BFD packets transmitted by an SBFDInitiator MUST set "your
   discriminator" field to an S-BFD discriminator corresponding to the
   remote entity.

   S-BFD packets transmitted by an SBFDInitiator MUST NOT set "my
   discriminator" field to an S-BFD discriminator allocated for a local
   entity (and is being monitored by a local SBFDReflector).  This is to
   prevent incoming response S-BFD packets, from a remote SBFDReflector,
   having "your discriminator" as a S-BFD discriminator of a local
   entity.  Every SBFDInitiator is to have a unique "my discriminator",
   and SHOULD be allocated from the BFD discriminator pool if the

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   implementation employs the approach of having separate discriminator
   pools for BFD and S-BFD.

   Below ASCII art describes high level concept of connectivity test
   using S-BFD.  R2 allocates XX as the S-BFD discriminator for its
   network reachability purpose, and advertises XX to neighbors.  ASCII
   art shows R1 and R4 performing a connectivity test to R2.

    +--- md=50/yd=XX (ping) ----+
    |                           |
    |+-- md=XX/yd=50 (pong) --+ |
    ||                        | |
    |v                        | v
    R1 ==================== R2[*] ========= R3 ========= R4
                              | ^                        |^
                              | |                        ||
                              | +-- md=60/yd=XX (ping) --+|
                              |                           |
                              +---- md=XX/yd=60 (pong) ---+

   [*] Reflector BFD session on R2.
   === Links connecting network nodes.
   --- S-BFD packet traversal.

             Figure 3: S-BFD Connectivity Test

8.1.1.  SBFDInitiator State Machine

   An SBFDInitiator may be a persistent session on the initiator with a
   timer for S-BFD packet transmissions.  An SBFDInitiator may also be a
   module, a script or a tool on the initiator that transmits one or
   more S-BFD packets "when needed".  For transient SBFDInitiators, the
   BFD state machine described in [RFC5880] may not be applicable.  For
   persistent SBFDInitiators, the states and the state machine described
   in [RFC5880] will function but are more than necessary.  The
   following diagram provides an optimized state machine for persistent
   SBFDInitiators.  The notation on each arc represents the state of the
   SBFDInitiator (as received in the State field in the S-BFD packet) or
   indicates the expiration of the Detection Timer.

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                       +--+
          ADMIN DOWN,  |  |
          TIMER        |  V
                     +------+   UP                +------+
                     |      |-------------------->|      |----+
                     | DOWN |                     |  UP  |    | UP
                     |      |<--------------------|      |<---+
                     +------+   ADMIN DOWN,       +------+
                                TIMER

             Figure 4: SBFDInitiator FSM

   Note that the above state machine is different from the base BFD
   specification[RFC5880].  This is because the Init state is no longer
   applicable for the SBFDInitiator.  Another important difference is
   the transition of the state machine from the Down state to the Up
   state when a packet with State Up is received by the initiator.  The
   definitions of the states and the events have the same meaning as in
   the base BFD specification [RFC5880].

8.1.2.  Details of S-BFD Packet Sent by SBFDInitiator

   S-BFD packets sent by an SBFDInitiator is to have following contents:

   o  Well-known UDP destination port assigned for S-BFD.
   o  UDP source port as per described in [RFC5881], [RFC5883],
      [RFC5884] and [RFC5885].
   o  "my discriminator" assigned by local node.
   o  "your discriminator" corresponding to a remote entity.
   o  "State" MUST be set to a value describing local state.
   o  "Desired Min TX Interval" MUST be set to a value describing local
      desired minimum transmit interval.
   o  "Required Min RX Interval" MUST be zero.
   o  "Required Min Echo RX Interval" SHOULD be zero.
   o  "Detection Multiplier" MUST be set to a value describing locally
      used multiplier value.
   o  Demand (D) bit MUST be set.

8.2.  Responder Procedures

   A network node which receives S-BFD packets transmitted by an
   initiator is referred as responder.  The responder, upon reception of
   S-BFD packets, is to perform necessary relevant validations described
   in [RFC5880], [RFC5881], [RFC5883], [RFC5884] and [RFC5885].

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8.2.1.  Responder Demultiplexing

   A BFD control packet received by a resonder is considered an S-BFD
   packet if the packet is on the well-known S-BFD port.  When a
   responder receives an S-BFD packet, if the value in the "your
   discriminator" field is not one of S-BFD discriminators allocated for
   local entities, then this packet MUST NOT be considered for this
   mechanism.  If the value in the "your discriminator" field is one of
   S-BFD discriminators allocated for local entities, then the packet is
   determined to be handled by a reflector BFD session responsible for
   the S-BFD discriminator.  If the packet was determined to be
   processed further for this mechanism, then chosen reflector BFD
   session is to transmit a response BFD control packet using procedures
   described in Section 8.2.2, unless prohibited by local policies (ex:
   administrative, security, rate-limiter, etc).

8.2.2.  Details of S-BFD Packet Sent by SBFDReflector

   S-BFD packets sent by an SBFDReflector is to have following contents:

   o  Well-known UDP destination port assigned for S-BFD.
   o  UDP source port as described in [RFC5881], [RFC5883], [RFC5884]
      and [RFC5885].
   o  "my discriminator" MUST be copied from received "your
      discriminator".
   o  "your discriminator" MUST be copied from received "my
      discriminator".
   o  "State" MUST be UP or ADMINDOWN.  Clarification of reflector BFD
      session state is described in Section 8.7.
   o  "Desired Min TX Interval" MUST be copied from received "Desired
      Min TX Interval".
   o  "Required Min RX Interval" MUST be set to a value describing how
      many incoming control packets this reflector BFD session can
      handle.  Further details are described in Section 8.7.
   o  "Required Min Echo RX Interval" SHOULD be set to zero.
   o  "Detection Multiplier" MUST be copied from received "Detection
      Multiplier".
   o  Demand (D) bit MUST be cleared.

8.3.  Diagnostic Values

   Diagnostic value in both directions MAY be set to a certain value, to
   attempt to communicate further information to both ends.  However,
   details of such are outside the scope of this specification.

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8.4.  The Poll Sequence

   Poll sequence MAY be used in both directions.  The Poll sequence MUST
   operate in accordance with [RFC5880].  An SBFDReflector MAY use the
   Poll sequence to slow down that rate at which S-BFD packets are
   generated from an SBFDInitiator.  This is done by the SBFDReflector
   using procedures described in Section 8.7 and setting the Poll (P)
   bit in the reflected S-BFD packet.  The SBFDInitiator is to then send
   the next S-BFD packet with the Final (F) bit set.  If an
   SBFDReflector receives an S-BFD packet with Poll (P) bit set, then
   the SBFDReflector MUST respond with an S-BFD packet with Poll (P) bit
   cleared and Final (F) bit set.

8.5.  Control Plane Independent (C)

   Control plane independent (C) bit for an SBFDInitiator sending S-BFD
   packets to a reflector BFD session MUST work according to [RFC5880].
   Reflector BFD session also MUST work according to [RFC5880].
   Specifically, if reflector BFD session implementation does not share
   fate with control plane, then response S-BFD packets transmitted MUST
   have control plane independent (C) bit set.  If reflector BFD session
   implementation shares fate with control plane, then response S-BFD
   packets transmitted MUST NOT have control plane independent (C) bit
   set.

8.6.  Additional SBFDInitiator Behaviors

   o  If the SBFDInitiator receives a valid S-BFD packet in response to
      transmitted S-BFD packet to a remote entity, then the
      SBFDInitiator SHOULD conclude that S-BFD packet reached the
      intended remote entity.

   o  When a sufficient number of S-BFD packets have not arrived as they
      should, the SBFDInitiator SHOULD declare loss of connectivity to
      the remote entity.  The criteria for declaring loss of
      connectivity and the action that would be triggered as a result
      are outside the scope of this document.

   o  Relating to above bullet item, it is critical for an
      implementation to understand the latency to/from the reflector BFD
      session on the responder.  In other words, for very first S-BFD
      packet transmitted by the SBFDInitiator, an implementation MUST
      NOT expect response S-BFD packet to be received for time
      equivalent to sum of latencies: initiator to responder and
      responder back to initiator.

   o  If the SBFDInitiator receives an S-BFD packet with Demand (D) bit
      set, the packet MUST be discarded.

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8.7.  Additional SBFDReflector Behaviors

   o  S-BFD packets transmitted by the SBFDReflector MUST have "Required
      Min RX Interval" set to a value which expresses how many incoming
      S-BFD packets this SBFDReflector can handle.  The SBFDReflector
      can control how fast SBFInitiators will be sending S-BFD packets
      to self by ensuring "Required Min RX Interval" indicates a value
      based on the current load.

   o  If the SBFDReflector wishes to communicate to some or all
      SBFDInitiators that monitored local entity is "temporarily out of
      service", then S-BFD packets with "state" set to ADMINDOWN are
      sent to those SBFDInitiators.  The SBFDInitiators, upon reception
      of such packets, MUST NOT conclude loss of connectivity to
      corresponding remote entity, and MUST back off packet transmission
      interval for the remote entity to an interval no faster than 1
      second.  If the SBFDReflector is generating a response S-BFD
      packet for a local entity that is in service, then "state" in
      response BFD control packets MUST be set to UP.

   o  If an SBFDReflector receives an S-BFD packet with Demand (D) bit
      cleared, the packet MUST be discarded.

9.  Scaling Aspect

   This mechanism brings forth one noticeable difference in terms of
   scaling aspect: number of SBFDReflector.  This specification
   eliminates the need for egress nodes to have fully active BFD
   sessions when only one side desires to perform connectivity tests.
   With introduction of reflector BFD concept, egress no longer is
   required to create any active BFD session per path/LSP/function
   basis.  Due to this, total number of BFD sessions in a network is
   reduced.

10.  Co-existence with Traditional BFD

   This mechanism has no issues being deployed with traditional BFDs
   ([RFC5881], [RFC5883], [RFC5884] and [RFC5885]) because S-BFD
   discriminators which allow this mechanism to function are explicitly
   reserved and separate UDP port values are used with S-BFD.

11.  BFD Echo

   BFD echo is outside the scope of this document.

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12.  Security Considerations

   Same security considerations as [RFC5880], [RFC5881], [RFC5883],
   [RFC5884] and [RFC5885] apply to this document.

   Additionally, implementing the following measures will strengthen
   security aspects of the mechanism described by this document.

   o  Implementations MUST provide filtering capability based on source
      IP addresses of received S-BFD packets: [RFC2827].

   o  Implementations MUST NOT act on received S-BFD packets containing
      Martian addresses as source IP addresses.

   o  Implementations MUST ensure that response S-BFD packets generated
      to the initiator by the SBFDReflector have a reachable target (ex:
      destination IP address).

   o  SBFDInitiator MAY pick crypto sequence number based on
      authentication mode configured.

   o  SBFDReflector MUST NOT look at the crypto sequence number before
      accepting the packet.

   o  SBFDReflector MAY look at the Key ID
      [I-D.ietf-bfd-generic-crypto-auth] in the incoming packet and
      verify the authentication data.

   o  SBFDReflector MUST accept the packet if authentication is
      successful.

   o  SBFDReflector MUST compute the Authentication data and MUST use
      the same sequence number that it received in the S-BFD packet that
      it is responding to.

   o  SBFDInitiator MUST accept the S-BFD packet if it either comes with
      the same sequence number as it had sent or it's within the window
      that it finds acceptable (described in detail in
      [I-D.ietf-bfd-generic-crypto-auth])

   Using the above method,

   o  SBFDReflector continue to remain stateless despite using security.

   o  SBFDReflector are not susceptible to replay attacks as they always
      respond to S-BFD packets irrespective of the sequence number
      carried.

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   o  An attacker cannot impersonate the responder since the
      SBFDInitiator will only accept S-BFD packets that come with the
      sequence number that it had originally used when sending the S-BFD
      packet.

13.  IANA Considerations

   A new value TBD1 is requested from the "Service Name and Transport
   Protocol Port Number Registry".  The requested registry entry is:

     Service Name (REQUIRED)
       s-bfd
     Transport Protocol(s) (REQUIRED)
       udp
     Assignee (REQUIRED)
       IESG <iesg@ietf.org>
     Contact (REQUIRED)
       BFD Chairs <bfd-chairs@tools.ietf.org>
     Description (REQUIRED)
       Seamless Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (S-BFD)
     Reference (REQUIRED)
       draft-ietf-bfd-seamless-base
     Port Number (OPTIONAL)
       TBD1 (Requesting 7784)

14.  Acknowledgements

   Authors would like to thank Jeffrey Haas for performing thorough
   reviews and providing number of suggestions.  Authors would like to
   thank Girija Raghavendra Rao, Marc Binderberger, Les Ginsberg,
   Srihari Raghavan, Vanitha Neelamegam and Vengada Prasad Govindan from
   Cisco Systems for providing valuable comments.  Authors would also
   like to thank John E.  Drake for providing comments and suggestions.

15.  Contributing Authors

   Tarek Saad
   Cisco Systems
   Email: tsaad@cisco.com

   Siva Sivabalan
   Cisco Systems
   Email: msiva@cisco.com

   Nagendra Kumar
   Cisco Systems
   Email: naikumar@cisco.com

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   Mallik Mudigonda
   Cisco Systems
   Email: mmudigon@cisco.com

   Sam Aldrin
   Huawei Technologies
   Email: aldrin.ietf@gmail.com

16.  References

16.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-bfd-seamless-use-case]
              Aldrin, S., Bhatia, M., Mirsky, G., Kumar, N., and S.
              Matsushima, "Seamless Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
              (BFD) Use Case", draft-ietf-bfd-seamless-use-case-00 (work
              in progress), June 2014.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC5880]  Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
              (BFD)", RFC 5880, June 2010.

   [RFC5881]  Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
              (BFD) for IPv4 and IPv6 (Single Hop)", RFC 5881, June
              2010.

   [RFC5883]  Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
              (BFD) for Multihop Paths", RFC 5883, June 2010.

   [RFC5884]  Aggarwal, R., Kompella, K., Nadeau, T., and G. Swallow,
              "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) for MPLS Label
              Switched Paths (LSPs)", RFC 5884, June 2010.

16.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-bfd-generic-crypto-auth]
              Bhatia, M., Manral, V., Zhang, D., and M. Jethanandani,
              "BFD Generic Cryptographic Authentication", draft-ietf-
              bfd-generic-crypto-auth-06 (work in progress), April 2014.

   [RFC2827]  Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering:
              Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source
              Address Spoofing", BCP 38, RFC 2827, May 2000.

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   [RFC5885]  Nadeau, T. and C. Pignataro, "Bidirectional Forwarding
              Detection (BFD) for the Pseudowire Virtual Circuit
              Connectivity Verification (VCCV)", RFC 5885, June 2010.

Appendix A.  Loop Problem

   Consider a scenario where we have two nodes and both are S-BFD
   capable.

      Node A (IP 192.0.2.1) ----------------- Node B (IP 192.0.2.2)
                                    |
                                    |
                         Man in the Middle (MiM)

   Assume node A reserved a discriminator 0x01010101 for target
   identifier 192.0.2.1 and has a reflector session in listening mode.
   Similarly node B reserved a discriminator 0x02020202 for its target
   identifier 192.0.2.2 and also has a reflector session in listening
   mode.

   Suppose MiM sends a spoofed packet with MyDisc = 0x01010101, YourDisc
   = 0x02020202, source IP as 192.0.2.1 and dest IP as 192.0.2.2.  When
   this packet reaches Node B, the reflector session on Node B will swap
   the discriminators and IP addresses of the received packet and
   reflect it back, since YourDisc of the received packet matched with
   reserved discriminator of Node B.  The reflected packet that reached
   Node A will have MyDdisc=0x02020202 and YourDisc=0x01010101.  Since
   YourDisc of the received packet matched the reserved discriminator of
   Node A, Node A will swap the discriminators and reflects the packet
   back to Node B.  Since reflectors MUST set the TTL of the reflected
   packets to 255, the above scenario will result in an infinite loop
   with just one malicious packet injected from MiM.

   FYI: Packet fields do not carry any direction information, i.e., if
   this is Ping packet or reply packet.

   Solutions

   The current proposals to avoid the loop problem are:

   o  Overload "D" bit (Demand mode bit): Initiator always sets the 'D'
      bit and reflector clears it.  This way we can identify if a
      received packet was a reflected packet and avoid reflecting it
      back.  However this changes the interpretation of 'D' bit.

   o  Use of State field in the BFD control packets: Initiator will
      always send packets with State set to "DOWN" and reflector will
      send back packets with state field set to "UP.  Reflectors will

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      never reflect any received packets with state as "UP".  However
      the only issue is the use of state field differently i.e. state in
      the S-BFD control packet from initiator does not reflect the local
      state which is anyway not significant at reflector.

   o  Use of local discriminator as My Disc at reflector: Reflector will
      always fill in My Discriminator with a locally allocated
      discriminator value (not reserved discriminators) and will not
      copy it from the received packet.

Authors' Addresses

   Nobo Akiya
   Cisco Systems

   Email: nobo@cisco.com

   Carlos Pignataro
   Cisco Systems

   Email: cpignata@cisco.com

   Dave Ward
   Cisco Systems

   Email: wardd@cisco.com

   Manav Bhatia
   Ionos Networks

   Email: manav@ionosnetworks.com

   Santosh
   Juniper Networks

   Email: santoshpk@juniper.net

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