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Support for Short-Term, Automatically-Renewed (STAR) Certificates in Automated Certificate Management Environment (ACME)
draft-ietf-acme-star-02

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8739.
Authors Yaron Sheffer , Diego Lopez , Oscar Gonzalez de Dios , Antonio Pastor , Thomas Fossati
Last updated 2017-11-29 (Latest revision 2017-11-12)
Replaces draft-sheffer-acme-star
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draft-ietf-acme-star-02
ACME Working Group                                            Y. Sheffer
Internet-Draft                                                    Intuit
Intended status: Standards Track                                D. Lopez
Expires: June 2, 2018                                O. Gonzalez de Dios
                                                       A. Pastor Perales
                                                          Telefonica I+D
                                                              T. Fossati
                                                                   Nokia
                                                       November 29, 2017

  Support for Short-Term, Automatically-Renewed (STAR) Certificates in
          Automated Certificate Management Environment (ACME)
                        draft-ietf-acme-star-02

Abstract

   Public-key certificates need to be revoked when they are compromised,
   that is, when the associated private key is exposed to an attacker.
   However the revocation process is often unreliable.  An alternative
   to revocation is issuing a sequence of certificates, each with a
   short validity period, and terminating this sequence upon compromise.
   This memo proposes an ACME extension to enable the issuance of short-
   term and automatically renewed (STAR) certificates.

   [RFC Editor: please remove before publication]

   While the draft is being developed, the editor's version can be found
   at https://github.com/yaronf/I-D/tree/master/STAR.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 2, 2018.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Name Delegation Use Case  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.3.  Conventions used in this document . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Protocol Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.1.  Bootstrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.2.  Refresh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.3.  Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   3.  Protocol Details  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.1.  ACME Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       3.1.1.  Extending the Order Resource  . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       3.1.2.  Canceling a Recurrent Order . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.2.  Capability Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.3.  Fetching the Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   4.  Operational Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.1.  Define "short"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.2.  Clock Skew  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.3.  Certificate Transparency (CT) Logs  . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.  Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     5.1.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       5.1.1.  ACME Server with STAR extension . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       5.1.2.  STAR Proxy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     5.2.  Level of Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     5.3.  Coverage  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     5.4.  Version Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     5.5.  Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     5.6.  Implementation experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     5.7.  Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     6.1.  New ACME Error Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     6.2.  New ACME Order Object Fields  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14

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     6.3.  Not-Before and Not-After HTTP Headers . . . . . . . . . .  15
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     7.1.  Denial of Service Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     7.2.  Additional Considerations TBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   8.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   Appendix A.  Document History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     A.1.  draft-ietf-acme-star-02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     A.2.  draft-ietf-acme-star-01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     A.3.  draft-ietf-acme-star-00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     A.4.  draft-sheffer-acme-star-02  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     A.5.  draft-sheffer-acme-star-01  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     A.6.  draft-sheffer-acme-star-00  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     A.7.  draft-sheffer-acme-star-lurk-00 . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19

1.  Introduction

   The ACME protocol [I-D.ietf-acme-acme] automates the process of
   issuing a certificate to a named entity (an Identity Owner or IdO).
   Typically, but not always, the identity is a domain name and we may
   refer to the entity as a Domain Name Owner (DNO).

   If the IdO wishes to obtain a string of short-term certificates
   originating from the same private key (see [Topalovic] about why
   using short-lived certificates might be preferable to explicit
   revocation), she must go through the whole ACME protocol each time a
   new short-term certificate is needed - e.g., every 2-3 days.  If done
   this way, the process would involve frequent interactions between the
   registration function of the ACME Certification Authority (CA) and
   the identity provider infrastructure (e.g.: DNS, web servers),
   therefore making the issuance of short-term certificates exceedingly
   dependent on the reliability of both.

   This document presents an extension of the ACME protocol that
   optimizes this process by making short-term certificates first class
   objects in the ACME ecosystem.  Once the order for a string of short-
   term certificates is accepted, the CA is responsible for publishing
   the next certificate at an agreed upon URL before the previous one
   expires.  The IdO can terminate the automatic renewal before the
   natural deadline, if needed - e.g., on key compromise.

   For a more generic treatment of STAR certificates, readers are
   referred to [I-D.nir-saag-star].

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1.1.  Name Delegation Use Case

   The proposed mechanism can be used as a building block of an
   efficient name-delegation protocol, for example one that exists
   between a CDN or a cloud provider and its customers
   [I-D.sheffer-acme-star-request].  At any time, the service customer
   (i.e., the IdO) can terminate the delegation by simply instructing
   the CA to stop the automatic renewal and letting the currently active
   certificate expire shortly thereafter.

1.2.  Terminology

   IdO  Identifier Owner, the owner of an identifier, e.g.: a domain
      name, a telephone number.
   DNO  Domain Name Owner, a type of IdO whose identifier is a domain
      name.
   STAR  Short-Term, Automatically Renewed X.509 certificates.
   NDC  Name Delegation Client, an entity to which the identifier owned
      by the IdO is delegated for a limited time.  Examples include a
      CDN edge cache, a cloud provider's load balancer or Web
      Application Firewall (WAF).

1.3.  Conventions used in this document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   [RFC2119].

2.  Protocol Flow

   The following subsections describe the three main phases of the
   protocol:

   o  Bootstrap: the IdO asks an ACME CA to create a short-term and
      automatically-renewed (STAR) certificate (Section 2.1);
   o  Auto-renewal: the ACME CA periodically re-issues the short-term
      certificate and posts it to a public URL (Section 2.2);
   o  Termination: the IdO requests the ACME CA to discontinue the
      automatic renewal of the certificate (Section 2.3).

   This diagram presents the entities that are (or may be) involved in
   the protocol and their interactions during the different phases.

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                            Refresh
             . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         . '                                         ` v
      .-----.        Bootstrap / Terminate         .---------.
      | IdO |------------------------------------->| ACME CA |
      `-----'                                      `---------'
         ^                  .- - -.                    ^
          ` . . . . . . . . : NDC : . . . . . . . . . '
               Request      `- - -'    Refresh
               Delegation

   Note that there might be a distinct NDC entity (e.g., a CDN edge
   cache) that uses a separate channel to request the IdO to set up a
   name delegation.  The protocol described in
   [I-D.sheffer-acme-star-request] may be used for this purpose.

2.1.  Bootstrap

   The IdO, in its role as an ACME client, requests the CA to issue a
   STAR certificate, i.e., one that:

   o  Has a short validity, e.g., 24 to 72 hours.  Note that the exact
      definition of "short" depends on the use case;
   o  Is automatically renewed by the CA for a certain period of time;
   o  Is downloadable from a (highly available) public link without
      requiring any special authorization.

   Other than that, the ACME protocol flows as usual between IdO and CA.
   In particular, IdO is responsible for satisfying the requested ACME
   challenges until the CA is willing to issue the requested
   certificate.  Per normal ACME processing, the IdO is given back an
   order URL for the issued STAR certificate to be used in subsequent
   interaction with the CA (e.g., if the certificate needs to be
   terminated.)

   The bootstrap phase ends when the IdO obtains a confirmation from the
   ACME CA that includes a certificate endpoint.

2.2.  Refresh

   The CA automatically re-issues the certificate using the same CSR
   (and therefore the same identifier and public key) before it expires
   and publishes it to the URL that was returned to the IdO at the end
   of the bootstrap phase.  The certificate user, which could be either
   the IdO itself or a delegated third party, as described in
   [I-D.sheffer-acme-star-request], obtains the certificate and uses it.

   The refresh process (Figure 1) goes on until either:

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   o  IdO explicitly terminates the automatic renewal (Section 2.3); or
   o  Automatic renewal expires.

      Certificate             ACME/STAR
      User                    Server
      |     Retrieve cert     |                     [...]
      |---------------------->|                      |
      |                       +------.              /
      |                       |      |             /
      |                       | Automatic renewal :
      |                       |      |             \
      |                       |<-----'              \
      |     Retrieve cert     |                      |
      |---------------------->|                   72 hours
      |                       |                      |
      |                       +------.              /
      |                       |      |             /
      |                       | Automatic renewal :
      |                       |      |             \
      |                       |<-----'              \
      |     Retrieve cert     |                      |
      |---------------------->|                   72 hours
      |                       |                      |
      |                       +------.              /
      |                       |      |             /
      |                       | Automatic renewal :
      |                       |      |             \
      |                       |<-----'              \
      |                       |                      |
      |         [...]         |                    [...]

                          Figure 1: Auto renewal

2.3.  Termination

   The IdO may request early termination of the STAR certificate by
   sending a cancellation request to the order resource, as described in
   Section 3.1.2.  After the CA receives and verifies the request, it
   shall:

   o  Cancel the automatic renewal process for the STAR certificate;
   o  Change the certificate publication resource to return an error
      indicating the termination of the issuance;
   o  Change the status of the order to "canceled".

   Note that it is not necessary to explicitly revoke the short-term
   certificate.

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     Certificate                                     ACME/STAR
     User                    IdO                     Server
     |                       |                       |
     |                       |    Terminate order    |
     |                       +---------------------->|
     |                       |                       +-------.
     |                       |                       |       |
     |                       |                       |  End auto renewal
     |                       |                       |  Remove cert link
     |                       |                       |  etc.
     |                       |                       |       |
     |                       |         Done          |<------'
     |                       |<----------------------+
     |                       |                       |
     |                                               |
     |                 Retrieve cert                 |
     +---------------------------------------------->|
     |                 Error: terminated             |
     |<----------------------------------------------+
     |                                               |

                           Figure 2: Termination

3.  Protocol Details

   This section describes the protocol details, namely the extensions to
   the ACME protocol required to issue STAR certificates.

3.1.  ACME Extensions

   This protocol extends the ACME protocol, to allow for recurrent
   orders.

3.1.1.  Extending the Order Resource

   The order resource is extended with the following attributes:

     {
       "recurrent": true,
       "recurrent-start-date": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z",
       "recurrent-end-date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z",
       "recurrent-certificate-validity": 604800
     }

   o  recurrent: MUST be true for STAR certificates.
   o  recurrent-start-date: the earliest date of validity of the first
      certificate issued, in [RFC3339] format.  This attribute is

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      optional.  When omitted, the start date is as soon as
      authorization is complete.
   o  recurrent-end-date: the latest date of validity of the last
      certificate issued, in [RFC3339] format.
   o  recurrent-certificate-validity: the maximum validity period of
      each STAR certificate, an integer that denotes a number of
      seconds.

   These attributes are included in a POST message when creating the
   order, as part of the "payload" encoded object.  They are returned
   when the order has been created, and the ACME server MAY adjust them
   at will, according to its local policy (see also Section 3.2).

   The optional notBefore and notAfter fields MUST NOT be present in a
   STAR order.

   ACME defines the following values for the order resource's status:
   "invalid", "pending", "processing", "valid".  In the case of
   recurrent orders, the status MUST be "valid" as long as STAR
   certificates are being issued.  We add a new status value:
   "canceled", see Section 3.1.2.

3.1.2.  Canceling a Recurrent Order

   An important property of the recurrent order is that it can be
   canceled by the IdO, with no need for certificate revocation.  To
   cancel the order, the ACME client sends a POST to the order URL:

     POST /acme/order/1 HTTP/1.1
     Host: acme-server.example.org
     Content-Type: application/jose+json

     {
       "protected": base64url({
         "alg": "ES256",
         "kid": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
         "nonce": "5XJ1L3lEkMG7tR6pA00clA",
         "url": "https://example.com/acme/order/1"
       }),
       "payload": base64url({
         "status": "canceled"
       }),
       "signature": "H6ZXtGjTZyUnPeKn...wEA4TklBdh3e454g"
     }

   The server MUST NOT issue any additional certificates for this order,
   beyond the certificate that is available for collection at the time
   of deletion.

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   Immediately after the order is canceled, the server:

   o  MUST update the status of the order resource to "canceled" and
      MUST set an appropriate "expires" date;
   o  MUST respond with 403 (Forbidden) to any requests to the
      certificate endpoint.  The response SHOULD provide additional
      information using a problem document [RFC7807] with type
      "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:recurrentOrderCanceled".

   Issuing a cancellation for an order that is not in "valid" state has
   undefined semantics.  A client MUST NOT send such a request, and a
   server MUST return an error response with status code 400 (Bad
   Request) and type
   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:recurrentCancellationInvalid".

3.2.  Capability Discovery

   In order to support the discovery of STAR capabilities, The directory
   object of an ACME STAR server MUST contain the following attributes
   inside the "meta" field:

   o  star-enabled: boolean flag indicating STAR support.  An ACME STAR
      server MUST include this key, and MUST set it to true if the
      feature is enabled.
   o  star-min-cert-validity: minimum acceptable value for recurrent-
      certificate-validity, in seconds.
   o  star-max-renewal: maximum delta between recurrent-end-date and
      recurrent-start-date, in seconds.

   Example directory object advertising STAR support with one day star-
   min-cert-validity and one year star-max-renewal:

    {
       "new-nonce": "https://example.com/acme/new-nonce",
       "new-account": "https://example.com/acme/new-account",
       "new-order": "https://example.com/acme/new-order",
       "new-authz": "https://example.com/acme/new-authz",
       "revoke-cert": "https://example.com/acme/revoke-cert",
       "key-change": "https://example.com/acme/key-change",
       "meta": {
         "terms-of-service": "https://example.com/acme/terms/2017-5-30",
         "website": "https://www.example.com/",
         "caa-identities": ["example.com"],
         "star-enabled": true,
         "star-min-cert-validity": 86400,
         "star-max-renewal":  31536000
       }
    }

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3.3.  Fetching the Certificates

   The certificate is fetched from the certificate endpoint, as per
   [I-D.ietf-acme-acme], Section 7.4.2.

     GET /acme/cert/asdf HTTP/1.1
     Host: acme-server.example.org
     Accept: application/pkix-cert

     HTTP/1.1 200 OK
     Content-Type: application/pem-certificate-chain
     Link: <https://example.com/acme/some-directory>;rel="index"
     Not-Before: Mon, 1 Feb 2016 00:00:00 GMT
     Not-After: Mon, 8 Feb 2016 00:00:00 GMT

     -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
     [End-entity certificate contents]
     -----END CERTIFICATE-----
     -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
     [Issuer certificate contents]
     -----END CERTIFICATE-----
     -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
     [Other certificate contents]
     -----END CERTIFICATE-----

   The Server SHOULD include the "Not-Before" and "Not-After" HTTP
   headers in the response.  When they exist, they MUST be equal to the
   respective fields inside the end-entity certificate.  Their format is
   "HTTP-date" as defined in Section 7.1.1.2 of [RFC7231].  Their
   purpose is to enable client implementations that do not parse the
   certificate.

   To improve robustness, the next certificate MUST be made available by
   the ACME CA at the latest halfway through the lifetime of the
   currently active certificate.  It is worth noting that this has an
   implication in case of cancellation: in fact, from the time the next
   certificate is made available, the cancellation is not completely
   effective until the latter also expires.

   The server MUST NOT issue any additional certificates for this order
   beyond its recurrent-end-date.

   Immediately after the order expires, the server MUST respond with 403
   (Forbidden) to any requests to the certificate endpoint.  The
   response SHOULD provide additional information using a problem
   document [RFC7807] with type
   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:recurrentOrderExpired".

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4.  Operational Considerations

4.1.  Define "short"

   TBD

   o  Short is a relative concept: defining a cut-off point in this
      document would be arbitrary.  The lifetime of a STAR certificate
      is defined by the requirements for revocation on a case by case
      basis.

4.2.  Clock Skew

   TBD

   o  tweaking notBefore (maybe reference [I-D.nir-saag-star])
   o  Browser use case: to select the lower bound for short-term (5-7
      days) see Section 7.1 of [Acer].

4.3.  Certificate Transparency (CT) Logs

   TBD

   o  Browser use case only: STAR increase in CT log ingestion rate
      (quantify).  How to deal with it is not part of this document.

5.  Implementation Status

   Note to RFC Editor: please remove this section before publication,
   including the reference to [RFC7942].

   This section records the status of known implementations of the
   protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this
   Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in [RFC7942].
   The description of implementations in this section is intended to
   assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to
   RFCs.  Please note that the listing of any individual implementation
   here does not imply endorsement by the IETF.  Furthermore, no effort
   has been spent to verify the information presented here that was
   supplied by IETF contributors.  This is not intended as, and must not
   be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their
   features.  Readers are advised to note that other implementations may
   exist.

   According to [RFC7942], "this will allow reviewers and working groups
   to assign due consideration to documents that have the benefit of
   running code, which may serve as evidence of valuable experimentation
   and feedback that have made the implemented protocols more mature.

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   It is up to the individual working groups to use this information as
   they see fit".

5.1.  Overview

   The implementation is constructed around 3 elements: STAR Client for
   NDC, STAR Proxy for IdO and ACME Server for CA.  The communication
   between them is over an IP network and the HTTPS protocol.

   The software of the implementation is available at:
   https://github.com/mami-project/lurk

   The following subsections offer a basic description, detailed
   information is available in https://github.com/mami-
   project/lurk/blob/master/proxySTAR_v2/README.md

5.1.1.  ACME Server with STAR extension

   This is a fork of the Let's Encrypt Boulder project that implements
   an ACME compliant CA.  It includes modifications to extend the ACME
   protocol as it is specified in this draft, to support recurrent
   orders and cancelling orders.

   The implementation understands the new "recurrent" attributes as part
   of the Certificate issuance in the POST request for a new resource.
   An additional process "renewalManager.go" has been included in
   parallel that reads the details of each recurrent request,
   automatically produces a "cron" Linux based task that issues the
   recurrent certificates, until the lifetime ends or the order is
   canceled.  This process is also in charge of maintaining a fixed URI
   to enable the NDC to download certificates, unlike Boulder's regular
   process of producing a unique URI per certificate.

5.1.2.  STAR Proxy

   The STAR Proxy has a double role as ACME client and STAR Server.  The
   former is a fork of the EFF Certbot project that implements an ACME
   compliant client with the STAR extension.  The latter is a basic HTTP
   REST API server.

   The STAR Proxy understands the basic API request with a server.  The
   current implementation of the API is defined in draft-ietf-acme-star-
   01.  Registration or order cancellation triggers the modified Certbot
   client that requests, or cancels, the recurrent generation of
   certificates using the STAR extension over ACME protocol.  The URI
   with the location of the recurrent certificate is delivered to the
   STAR client as a response.

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5.2.  Level of Maturity

   This is a prototype.

5.3.  Coverage

   A STAR Client is not included in this implementation, but done by
   direct HTTP request with any open HTTP REST API tool.  This is
   expected to be covered as part of the [I-D.sheffer-acme-star-request]
   implementation.

   This implementation completely covers STAR Proxy and ACME Server with
   STAR extension

5.4.  Version Compatibility

   The implementation is compatible with version draft-ietf-acme-star-
   01.  The implementation is based on the Boulder and Certbot code
   release from 7-Aug-2017.

5.5.  Licensing

   This implementation inherits the Boulder license (Mozilla Public
   License 2.0) and Certbot license (Apache License Version 2.0 ).

5.6.  Implementation experience

   To prove the concept all the implementation has been done with a
   self-signed CA, to avoid impact on real domains.  To be able to do it
   we use the FAKE_DNS property of Boulder and static /etc/hosts entries
   with domains names.  Nonetheless this implementation should run with
   real domains.

   Most of the implementation has been made to avoid deep changes inside
   of Boulder or Certbot, for example, the recurrent certificates
   issuance by the CA is based on an external process that auto-
   configures the standard Linux "cron" daemon in the ACME CA server.

   The reference setup recommended is one physical host with 3 virtual
   machines, one for each of the 3 components (client, proxy and server)
   and the connectivity based on host bridge.

   Network security is not enabled (iptables default policies are
   "accept" and all rules removed) in this implementation to simplify
   and test the protocol.

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5.7.  Contact Information

   See author details below.

6.  IANA Considerations

   [[RFC Editor: please replace XXXX below by the RFC number.]]

6.1.  New ACME Error Types

   This document adds the following entries to the ACME Error Type
   registry:

   +------------------------------+------------------------+-----------+
   | Type                         | Description            | Reference |
   +------------------------------+------------------------+-----------+
   | recurrentOrderCanceled       | The short-term         | RFC XXXX  |
   |                              | certificate is no      |           |
   |                              | longer available       |           |
   |                              | because the recurrent  |           |
   |                              | order has been         |           |
   |                              | explicitly canceled by |           |
   |                              | the IdO                |           |
   | recurrentOrderExpired        | The short-term         | RFC XXXX  |
   |                              | certificate is no      |           |
   |                              | longer available       |           |
   |                              | because the recurrent  |           |
   |                              | order has expired      |           |
   | recurrentCancellationInvalid | A request to cancel a  | RFC XXXX  |
   |                              | recurrent order that   |           |
   |                              | is not in state        |           |
   |                              | "valid" has been       |           |
   |                              | received               |           |
   +------------------------------+------------------------+-----------+

6.2.  New ACME Order Object Fields

   This document adds the following entries to the ACME Order Object
   Fields registry:

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   +-------------------------------+--------+--------------+-----------+
   | Field Name                    | Field  | Configurable | Reference |
   |                               | Type   |              |           |
   +-------------------------------+--------+--------------+-----------+
   | recurrent                     | string | true         | RFC XXXX  |
   | recurrent-start-date          | string | true         | RFC XXXX  |
   | recurrent-end-date            | string | true         | RFC XXXX  |
   | recurrent-certificate-        | string | true         | RFC XXXX  |
   | validity                      |        |              |           |
   +-------------------------------+--------+--------------+-----------+

6.3.  Not-Before and Not-After HTTP Headers

   The "Message Headers" registry should be updated with the following
   additional values:

          +-------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
          | Header Field Name | Protocol | Status   | Reference |
          +-------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
          | Not-Before        | http     | standard | RFC XXXX  |
          | Not-After         | http     | standard | RFC XXXX  |
          +-------------------+----------+----------+-----------+

7.  Security Considerations

7.1.  Denial of Service Considerations

   STAR adds a new attack vector that increases the threat of denial of
   service attacks, caused by the change to the CA's behavior.  Each
   STAR request amplifies the resource demands upon the CA, where one
   order produces not one, but potentially dozens or hundreds of
   certificates, depending on the "recurrent-certificate-validity"
   parameter.  An attacker can use this property to aggressively reduce
   the "recurrent-certificate-validity" (e.g. 1 sec.) jointly with other
   ACME attack vectors identified in Sec. 10 of [I-D.ietf-acme-acme].
   Other collateral impact is related to the certificate endpoint
   resource where the client can retrieve the certificates periodically.
   If this resource is external to the CA (e.g. a hosted web server),
   the previous attack will be reflected to that resource.

   Mitigation recommendations from ACME still apply, but some of them
   need to be adjusted.  For example, applying rate limiting to the
   initial request, by the nature of the recurrent behavior cannot solve
   the above problem.  The CA server needs complementary mitigation and
   specifically, it SHOULD enforce a minimum value on "recurrent-
   certificate-validity".  Alternatively, the CA can set an internal
   certificate generation processes rate limit.

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7.2.  Additional Considerations TBD

8.  Acknowledgments

   This work is partially supported by the European Commission under
   Horizon 2020 grant agreement no. 688421 Measurement and Architecture
   for a Middleboxed Internet (MAMI).  This support does not imply
   endorsement.

   Thanks to Jon Peterson and Martin Thomson for helpful comments and
   discussions that have shaped this document.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-acme-acme]
              Barnes, R., Hoffman-Andrews, J., and J. Kasten, "Automatic
              Certificate Management Environment (ACME)", draft-ietf-
              acme-acme-08 (work in progress), October 2017.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3339]  Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet:
              Timestamps", RFC 3339, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3339>.

   [RFC7231]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc7231>.

   [RFC7807]  Nottingham, M. and E. Wilde, "Problem Details for HTTP
              APIs", RFC 7807, DOI 10.17487/RFC7807, March 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7807>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [Acer]     Acer, M., Stark, E., Felt, A., Fahl, S., Bhargava, R.,
              Dev, B., Braithwaite, M., Sleevi, R., and P. Tabriz,
              "Where the Wild Warnings Are: Root Causes of Chrome HTTPS
              Certificate Errors", DOI 10.1145/3133956.3134007, 2017,
              <https://acmccs.github.io/papers/p1407-acerA.pdf>.

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   [I-D.nir-saag-star]
              Nir, Y., Fossati, T., and Y. Sheffer, "Considerations For
              Using Short Term Certificates", draft-nir-saag-star-00
              (work in progress), October 2017.

   [I-D.sheffer-acme-star-request]
              Sheffer, Y., Lopez, D., Dios, O., Pastor, A., and T.
              Fossati, "Generating Certificate Requests for Short-Term,
              Automatically-Renewed (STAR) Certificates", draft-sheffer-
              acme-star-request-01 (work in progress), June 2017.

   [RFC7942]  Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running
              Code: The Implementation Status Section", BCP 205,
              RFC 7942, DOI 10.17487/RFC7942, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7942>.

   [Topalovic]
              Topalovic, E., Saeta, B., Huang, L., Jackson, C., and D.
              Boneh, "Towards Short-Lived Certificates", 2012,
              <http://www.w2spconf.com/2012/papers/w2sp12-final9.pdf>.

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Appendix A.  Document History

   [[Note to RFC Editor: please remove before publication.]]

A.1.  draft-ietf-acme-star-02

   o  Discovery of STAR capabilities via the directory object
   o  Use the more generic term Identifier Owner (IdO) instead of Domain
      Name Owner (DNO)
   o  More precision about what goes in the order
   o  Detail server side behavior on cancellation

A.2.  draft-ietf-acme-star-01

   o  Generalized the introduction, separating out the specifics of
      CDNs.
   o  Clean out LURK-specific text.
   o  Using a POST to ensure cancellation is authenticated.
   o  First and last date of recurrent cert, as absolute dates.
      Validity of certs in seconds.
   o  Use RFC7807 "Problem Details" in error responses.
   o  Add IANA considerations.
   o  Changed the document's title.

A.3.  draft-ietf-acme-star-00

   o  Initial working group version.
   o  Removed the STAR interface, the protocol between NDC and DNO.
      What remains is only the extended ACME protocol.

A.4.  draft-sheffer-acme-star-02

   o  Using a more generic term for the delegation client, NDC.
   o  Added an additional use case: public cloud services.
   o  More detail on ACME authorization.

A.5.  draft-sheffer-acme-star-01

   o  A terminology section.
   o  Some cleanup.

A.6.  draft-sheffer-acme-star-00

   o  Renamed draft to prevent confusion with other work in this space.
   o  Added an initial STAR protocol: a REST API.
   o  Discussion of CDNI use cases.

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A.7.  draft-sheffer-acme-star-lurk-00

   o  Initial version.

Authors' Addresses

   Yaron Sheffer
   Intuit

   EMail: yaronf.ietf@gmail.com

   Diego Lopez
   Telefonica I+D

   EMail: diego.r.lopez@telefonica.com

   Oscar Gonzalez de Dios
   Telefonica I+D

   EMail: oscar.gonzalezdedios@telefonica.com

   Antonio Agustin Pastor Perales
   Telefonica I+D

   EMail: antonio.pastorperales@telefonica.com

   Thomas Fossati
   Nokia

   EMail: thomas.fossati@nokia.com

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