Extensions to Automatic Certificate Management Environment for end-user S/MIME certificates
draft-ietf-acme-email-smime-11

Network Working Group                                        A. Melnikov
Internet-Draft                                                 Isode Ltd
Intended status: Informational                         November 17, 2020
Expires: May 21, 2021

Extensions to Automatic Certificate Management Environment for end-user
                          S/MIME certificates
                     draft-ietf-acme-email-smime-11

Abstract

   This document specifies identifiers and challenges required to enable
   the Automated Certificate Management Environment (ACME) to issue
   certificates for use by email users that want to use S/MIME.

Status of This Memo

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 21, 2021.

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   Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   3.  Use of ACME for issuing end-user S/MIME certificates  . . . .   3
     3.1.  ACME challenge email  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  ACME response email . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  Internationalization Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     5.1.  ACME Identifier Type  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     5.2.  ACME Challenge Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     7.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13

1.  Introduction

   ACME [RFC8555] is a mechanism for automating certificate management
   on the Internet.  It enables administrative entities to prove
   effective control over resources like domain names, and automates the
   process of generating and issuing certificates.

   This document describes an extension to ACME for use by S/MIME.
   Section 3 defines extensions for issuing end-user S/MIME [RFC8550]
   certificates.

   This document aims to support both:

   1.  A Mail User Agent (MUA) which has built in ACME client aware of
       the extension described in this document.  (We will call such
       ACME clients "ACME-email-aware") Such MUA can present nice User
       Interface to the user and automate certificate issuance.

   2.  A MUA which is not ACME aware, with a separate ACME client
       implemented in a command line tool or as a part of a website.
       While S/MIME certificate issuance is not going to be as painless
       as in the case of the ACME-email-aware MUA, the extra burden on a
       user is going to be minimal.

2.  Conventions Used in This Document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

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3.  Use of ACME for issuing end-user S/MIME certificates

   ACME [RFC8555] defines a "dns" Identifier Type that is used to verify
   that a particular entity has control over a domain or specific
   service associated with the domain.  In order to be able to issue
   end-user S/MIME certificates, ACME needs a new Identifier Type that
   proves ownership of an email address.

   This document defines a new Identifier Type "email" which corresponds
   to an email address.  The address can be all ASCII [RFC5321] or
   internationalized [RFC6531]; when an internationalized email address
   is used, the domain part can contain both U-labels and A-labels
   [RFC5890].  This can be used with S/MIME or other similar service
   that requires possession of a certificate tied to an email address.

   Any identifier of type "email" in a newOrder request MUST NOT have a
   wildcard ("*") character in its value.

   A new challenge type "email-reply-00" is used with "email" Identifier
   Type, which provides proof that an ACME client has control over an
   email address.

   The process of issing an S/MIME certificate works as follows.  Note
   that the ACME client can be a standalone application (if the MUA is
   not ACME-email-aware) or can be a component of the MUA.

   1.  An end-user initiates issuance of an S/MIME certificate for one
       of her email addresses.  This might be done using email client
       UI, by running a command line tool, by visiting a Certificate
       Authority web page, etc.  This document doesn't prescribe
       specific UI used to initiate S/MIME certificate issuance or where
       the ACME client is located.

   2.  The ACME-email-aware client component begins the certificate
       issuance process by sending a POST request to the server's
       newOrder resource, including the identifier of type "email".  See
       Section 7.4 of [RFC8555] for more details.

   3.  The ACME server responds to the POST request, including an
       "authorizations" URL for the requested email address.  The ACME
       client then retrieves information about the corresponding "email-
       reply-00" challenge as specified in Section 7.5 of [RFC8555].
       The "token" field of the corresponding "challenges" array element
       (which contains "type": "email-reply-00" as another field)
       contains token-part2. token-part2 should contain at least 128
       bits of entropy.

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   4.  After responding to the authorization request the ACME server
       generates another token and a "challenge" email message with the
       subject "ACME: <token-part1>", where <token-part1> is the
       base64url encoded [RFC4648] form of the token.  The ACME server
       MUST generate a fresh token for each S/MIME issuance request
       (authorization request), and token-part1 MUST contain at least
       128 bits of entropy.  The challenge email message structure is
       described in more details in Section 3.1.

   5.  The MUA retrieves and parses the challenge email message.  The
       ACME client concatenates "token-part1" (received over email) and
       "token-part2" (received over HTTPS [RFC2818]) to create the ACME
       "token", calculates keyAuthorization (as per Section 8.1 of
       [RFC8555]), then returns the base64url encoded SHA-256 digest
       [FIPS180-4] of the key authorization.  The MUA returns the
       base64url encoded SHA-256 digest obtained from the ACME client in
       the body of a response email message.  The response email message
       structure is described in more details in Section 3.2.

   6.  Once the MUA sends the response email, the ACME client can start
       polling the authorization URL (using POST-as-GET requests) to see
       if the ACME server received and validated the response email
       message.  (See Section 7.5.1 of [RFC8555] for more details.)  If
       the "status" field of the challenge switches to "valid", then the
       ACME client can proceed with request finalization.  The
       Certificate Signing Request (CSR) MUST indicate the exact same
       set of requested identifiers as the initial newOrder request.
       For an identifier of type "email", the PKCS#10 [RFC2986] CSR MUST
       contain the requested email address in an extensionRequest
       attribute [RFC2985] requesting a subjectAltName extension.  If a
       request to finalize an order is successful, the ACME server will
       return a 200 (OK) with an updated order object.  If the
       certificate is issued successfully, i.e. if the order "status" is
       "valid", then the ACME client can download the issued S/MIME
       certificate from the URL specified in the "certificate" field.

3.1.  ACME challenge email

   A "challenge" email message MUST have the following structure:

   1.  The message Subject header field has the following syntax: "ACME:
       <token-part1>", where the prefix "ACME:" is followed by folding
       white space (FWS, see [RFC5322]) and then by <token-part1>, which
       is the base64url encoded first part of the ACME token that MUST
       be at least 128 bits long after decoding.  Due to the recommended
       78-octet line length limit in [RFC5322], the subject line can be
       folded, so whitespaces (if any) within the <token-part1> MUST be
       ignored.  [RFC2231] encoding of the message Subject header field

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       MUST be supported, and when used, only the "UTF-8" and "US-ASCII"
       charsets are allowed: other charsets MUST NOT be used.  US-ASCII
       charset SHOULD be used.

   2.  The To header field MUST be the email address of the entity that
       requested the S/MIME certificate to be generated.

   3.  The message MAY contain a Reply-To header field.

   4.  The message MUST include the "Auto-Submitted: auto-generated"
       header field [RFC3834].  To aid in debugging (and in for some
       implementations to make automated processing easier) the "Auto-
       Submitted" header field SHOULD include the "type=acme" parameter.
       It MAY include other optional parameters as allowed by the syntax
       of the Auto-Submitted header field.

   5.  In order to prove authenticity of a challenge message, it MUST be
       signed using either DKIM [RFC6376] or S/MIME [RFC8551].

          If DKIM signing is used, the resulting DKIM-Signature header
          field MUST contain the "h=" tag that includes at least "From",
          "Sender", "Reply-To", "To", "CC", "Subject", "Date", "In-
          Reply-To", "References", "Message-ID", "Auto-Submitted",
          "Content-Type", and "Content-Transfer-Encoding" header fields.
          The domain from the "d=" tag of DKIM-Signature header field
          MUST be the same as the domain from the From header field of
          the challenge email.

          If S/MIME signing is used, the certificate corresponding to
          the signer MUST have rfc822Name subjectAltName extension with
          the value equal to the From header field email address of the
          challenge email.

   6.  The body of the challenge message is not used for automated
       processing, so it can be any media type.  (However there are
       extra requirements on S/MIME signing, if used.  See below.)
       Typically it is text/plain or text/html containing a human-
       readable explanation of the purpose of the message.  If S/MIME
       signing is used to prove authenticity of the challenge message,
       then the multipart/signed or "application/pkcs7-mime; smime-
       type=signed-data;" media type should be used.  Either way, it
       MUST use S/MIME header protection.

   An email client compliant with this specification that detects that a
   particular challenge email fails validation described above MUST
   ignore the challenge and thus will not generate any response email.
   To aid in debugging such failed validations SHOULD be logged.

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   An example ACME "challenge" email (note that for simplicity DKIM
   related header fields are not included).

     Auto-Submitted: auto-generated; type=acme
     Date: Sat, 5 Dec 2020 10:08:55 +0100
     Message-ID: <A2299BB.FF7788@example.org>
     From: acme-generator@example.org
     To: alexey@example.com
     Subject: ACME: LgYemJLy3F1LDkiJrdIGbEzyFJyOyf6vBdyZ1TG3sME=
     Content-Type: text/plain
     MIME-Version: 1.0

     This is an automatically generated ACME challenge for email address
     "alexey@example.com". If you haven't requested an S/MIME
     certificate generation for this email address, be very afraid.
     If you did request it, your email client might be able to process
     this request automatically, or you might have to paste the first
     token part into an external program.

                                 Figure 1

3.2.  ACME response email

   A valid "response" email message MUST have the following structure:

   1.  The message Subject header field is formed as a reply to the ACME
       challenge email (see Section 3.1).  Its syntax is the same as
       that of the challenge message except that it may be prefixed by a
       US-ASCII reply prefix (typically "Re:") and folding white space
       (FWS, see [RFC5322]), as is normal in reply messages.  When
       parsing the subject, ACME servers MUST decode [RFC2231] encoding
       (if any) and then they can ignore any prefix before the "ACME:"
       label.

   2.  The From: header field contains the email address of the user
       that is requesting S/MIME certificate issuance.

   3.  The To: header field of the response contains the value from the
       Reply-To: header field from the challenge message (if set) or
       from the From: header field of the challenge message otherwise.

   4.  The Cc: header field is ignored if present in the "response"
       email message.

   5.  The In-Reply-To: header field SHOULD be set to the Message-ID
       header field of the challenge message according to rules in
       Section 3.6.4 of [RFC5322].

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   6.  List-* header fields [RFC4021][RFC8058] MUST be absent (i.e., the
       reply can't come from a mailing list)

   7.  The media type of the "response" email message is either text/
       plain or multipart/alternative [RFC2046] containing text/plain as
       one of the alternatives.  (Note that the requirement to support
       multipart/alternative is to allow use of ACME-unaware MUAs which
       can't always generate pure text/plain, e.g. if they reply to a
       text/html).  The text/plain body part (whether or not it is
       inside multipart/alternative) MUST contain a block of lines
       starting with the line "-----BEGIN ACME RESPONSE-----", followed
       by one or more line containing the base64url-encoded SHA-256
       digest [FIPS180-4] of the key authorization, calculated from
       concatenated token-part1 (received over email) and token-part2
       (received over HTTPS), as outlined in the 5th bullet in
       Section 3.  (Note that each line of text/plain is terminated by
       CRLF.  Bare LFs or bare CRs are not allowed.)  Due to historical
       line length limitations in email, line endings (CRLFs) can be
       freely inserted in the middle of the encoded digest, so they MUST
       be ignored when processing it.)  The final line of the encoded
       digest is followed by a line containing "-----END ACME
       RESPONSE-----".  Any text before and after this block is ignored.
       For example such text might explain what to do with it for ACME-
       unaware clients.

   8.  There is no need to use any Content-Transfer-Encoding other than
       7bit for the text/plain body part.  Use of Quoted-Printable or
       base64 in a "response" email message is not necessary and should
       be avoided, though it is permitted.

   9.  In order to prove authenticity of a response message, it MUST be
       DKIM [RFC6376] signed.  The resulting DKIM-Signature header field
       MUST contain the "h=" tag that includes at least "From",
       "Sender", "Reply-To", "To", "CC", "Subject", "Date", "In-Reply-
       To", "References", "Message-ID", "Content-Type", and "Content-
       Transfer-Encoding" header fields.  The domain from the "d=" tag
       of DKIM-Signature header field MUST be the same as the domain
       from the From header field of the response email.

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   Example ACME "response" email (note that for simplicity DKIM related
   header fields are not included).

      Date: Sat, 5 Dec 2020 12:01:45 +0100
      Message-ID: <111-22222-3333333@example.com>
      In-Reply-To: <A2299BB.FF7788@example.org>
      From: alexey@example.com
      To: acme-generator@example.org
      Subject: Re: ACME: LgYemJLy3F1LDkiJrdIGbEzyFJyOyf6vBdyZ1TG3sME=
      Content-Type: text/plain
      MIME-Version: 1.0

      -----BEGIN ACME RESPONSE-----
      LoqXcYV8q5ONbJQxbmR7SCTNo3tiAXDfowy
      jxAjEuX0=
      -----END ACME RESPONSE-----

                                 Figure 2

4.  Internationalization Considerations

   [RFC8616] updated/clarified use of DKIM with Internationalized Email
   addresses [RFC6531].  Please consult RFC 8616 in regards to any
   changes that need to be implemented.

   Use of non ASCII characters in left hand sides of Internationalized
   Email addresses requires putting Internationalized Email Addresses in
   X.509 Certificates [RFC8398].

5.  IANA Considerations

5.1.  ACME Identifier Type

   IANA is requested to register a new Identifier type in the "ACME
   Identifier Types" registry defined in Section 9.7.7 of [RFC8555] with
   Label "email" and a Reference to [RFCXXXX], [RFC5321] and [RFC6531].
   The new Identifier Type corresponds to an (all ASCII) email address
   [RFC5321] or Internationalized Email addresses [RFC6531].

5.2.  ACME Challenge Type

   IANA is also requested to register a new entry in the "ACME
   Validation Methods" registry defined in Section 9.7.8 of [RFC8555].
   This entry is as follows:

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          +----------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
          |     Label      | Identifier Type | ACME | Reference |
          +----------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
          | email-reply-00 |      email      |  Y   | [RFCXXXX] |
          +----------------+-----------------+------+-----------+

6.  Security Considerations

   Please see Security Considerations of [RFC8555] for general security
   considerations related to use of ACME.  This challenge/response
   protocol demonstrates that an entity that controls the private key
   (corresponding to the public key in the certificate) also controls
   the named email account.  The ACME server is confirming that the
   requested email address belongs to the entity that requested the
   certificate, but this makes no claim to correctness or fitness-for-
   purpose of the address.  It such claims are needed they must be
   obtained by some other mechanism.

   The security of the "email-reply-00" challenge type depends on the
   security of the email system.  A third party that can read and reply
   to user's email messages (by possessing a user's password or a secret
   derived from it that can give read and reply access, such as
   "password equivalent" information; or by being given permissions to
   act on a user's behalf using email delegation feature common in some
   email systems) can request S/MIME certificates using the protocol
   specified in this document and is indistinguishable from the email
   account owner.  This has several possible implications:

   1.  an entity that compromised an email account would be able to
       request S/MIME certificates using the protocol specified in this
       document and such entity couldn't be distinguished from the
       legitimate email account owner (unless some external sources of
       information are consulted);

   2.  for email addresses with legitimate shared access/control by
       multiple users, any such user would be able to request S/MIME
       certificates using the protocol specified in this document and
       such requests can't be attributed to a specific user without
       consulting external systems (such as IMAP/SMTP access logs);

   3.  the protocol specified in this document is not suitable for use
       with email addresses associated with mailing lists [RFC5321].
       While it is not always possible to guarantee that a particular
       S/MIME certificate request is not from a mailing list address,
       prohibition on inclusion of List-* header fields helps
       Certificate Issuers to handle most common cases.

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   An email system in its turn depends on DNS.  A third party that can
   manipulate DNS MX records for a domain might be able to redirect
   email and can get (at least temporary) read and reply access to it.
   Similar considerations apply to DKIM TXT records in DNS.  Use of
   DNSSEC by email system administrators is recommended to avoid making
   it easy to spoof DNS records affecting email system.  However use of
   DNSSEC is not ubiquitous at the time of publishing of this document,
   so it is not required here.  Also, many existing systems that rely on
   verification of ownership of an email address, for example 2 factor
   authentication systems used by banks or traditional certificate
   issuance systems send email messages to email addresses, expecting
   the owner to click on the link supplied in them (or to reply to a
   message), without requiring use of DNSSEC.  So the risk of not
   requiring DNSSEC is presumed acceptable in this document.

   Also see Security Considerations section of [RFC6376] for details on
   how DKIM depends on the DNS and the respective vulnerabilities this
   dependence has.

7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [FIPS180-4]
              National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Secure
              Hash Standard (SHS)", FIPS PUB 180-4, August 2015,
              <https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/fips/180/4/
              final>.

   [RFC2046]  Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
              Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2046, November 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2046>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2231]  Freed, N. and K. Moore, "MIME Parameter Value and Encoded
              Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and
              Continuations", RFC 2231, DOI 10.17487/RFC2231, November
              1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2231>.

   [RFC2818]  Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2818, May 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2818>.

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   [RFC2985]  Nystrom, M. and B. Kaliski, "PKCS #9: Selected Object
              Classes and Attribute Types Version 2.0", RFC 2985,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2985, November 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2985>.

   [RFC2986]  Nystrom, M. and B. Kaliski, "PKCS #10: Certification
              Request Syntax Specification Version 1.7", RFC 2986,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2986, November 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2986>.

   [RFC3834]  Moore, K., "Recommendations for Automatic Responses to
              Electronic Mail", RFC 3834, DOI 10.17487/RFC3834, August
              2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3834>.

   [RFC4648]  Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
              Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.

   [RFC5321]  Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 5321,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5321, October 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5321>.

   [RFC5322]  Resnick, P., Ed., "Internet Message Format", RFC 5322,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5322, October 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5322>.

   [RFC5890]  Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
              Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
              RFC 5890, DOI 10.17487/RFC5890, August 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5890>.

   [RFC6376]  Crocker, D., Ed., Hansen, T., Ed., and M. Kucherawy, Ed.,
              "DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures", STD 76,
              RFC 6376, DOI 10.17487/RFC6376, September 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6376>.

   [RFC6531]  Yao, J. and W. Mao, "SMTP Extension for Internationalized
              Email", RFC 6531, DOI 10.17487/RFC6531, February 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6531>.

   [RFC8398]  Melnikov, A., Ed. and W. Chuang, Ed., "Internationalized
              Email Addresses in X.509 Certificates", RFC 8398,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8398, May 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8398>.

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   [RFC8550]  Schaad, J., Ramsdell, B., and S. Turner, "Secure/
              Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 4.0
              Certificate Handling", RFC 8550, DOI 10.17487/RFC8550,
              April 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8550>.

   [RFC8551]  Schaad, J., Ramsdell, B., and S. Turner, "Secure/
              Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 4.0
              Message Specification", RFC 8551, DOI 10.17487/RFC8551,
              April 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8551>.

   [RFC8555]  Barnes, R., Hoffman-Andrews, J., McCarney, D., and J.
              Kasten, "Automatic Certificate Management Environment
              (ACME)", RFC 8555, DOI 10.17487/RFC8555, March 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8555>.

   [RFC8616]  Levine, J., "Email Authentication for Internationalized
              Mail", RFC 8616, DOI 10.17487/RFC8616, June 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8616>.

7.2.  Informative References

   [RFC4021]  Klyne, G. and J. Palme, "Registration of Mail and MIME
              Header Fields", RFC 4021, DOI 10.17487/RFC4021, March
              2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4021>.

   [RFC8058]  Levine, J. and T. Herkula, "Signaling One-Click
              Functionality for List Email Headers", RFC 8058,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8058, January 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8058>.

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Internet-Draft               ACME for S/MIME               November 2020

Appendix A.  Acknowledgements

   Thank you to Andreas Schulze, Gerd v.  Egidy, James A.  Baker, Ben
   Schwartz, Peter Yee, Hilarie Orman, Michael Jenkins, Barry Leiba,
   Fraser Tweedale and Benjamin Kaduk for suggestions, comments, and
   corrections on this document.

Author's Address

   Alexey Melnikov
   Isode Ltd
   14 Castle Mews
   Hampton, Middlesex  TW12 2NP
   UK

   EMail: alexey.melnikov@isode.com

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