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Automatic Certificate Management Environment (ACME)
draft-ietf-acme-acme-12

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8555.
Authors Richard Barnes , Jacob Hoffman-Andrews , Daniel McCarney , James Kasten
Last updated 2018-04-24
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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Stream WG state Submitted to IESG for Publication
Associated WG milestone
Mar 2016
Submit working group draft to IESG as Proposed Standard
Document shepherd Yoav Nir
Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2018-04-18
IESG IESG state Became RFC 8555 (Proposed Standard)
Consensus boilerplate Yes
Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD Eric Rescorla
Send notices to Yoav Nir <ynir.ietf@gmail.com>
IANA IANA review state Version Changed - Review Needed
draft-ietf-acme-acme-12
ACME Working Group                                             R. Barnes
Internet-Draft                                                     Cisco
Intended status: Standards Track                      J. Hoffman-Andrews
Expires: October 26, 2018                                            EFF
                                                             D. McCarney
                                                           Let's Encrypt
                                                               J. Kasten
                                                  University of Michigan
                                                          April 24, 2018

          Automatic Certificate Management Environment (ACME)
                        draft-ietf-acme-acme-12

Abstract

   Certificates in PKI using X.509 (PKIX) are used for a number of
   purposes, the most significant of which is the authentication of
   domain names.  Thus, certificate authorities in the Web PKI are
   trusted to verify that an applicant for a certificate legitimately
   represents the domain name(s) in the certificate.  Today, this
   verification is done through a collection of ad hoc mechanisms.  This
   document describes a protocol that a certification authority (CA) and
   an applicant can use to automate the process of verification and
   certificate issuance.  The protocol also provides facilities for
   other certificate management functions, such as certificate
   revocation.

   RFC EDITOR: PLEASE REMOVE THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH: The source for
   this draft is maintained in GitHub.  Suggested changes should be
   submitted as pull requests at https://github.com/ietf-wg-acme/acme
   [1].  Instructions are on that page as well.  Editorial changes can
   be managed in GitHub, but any substantive change should be discussed
   on the ACME mailing list (acme@ietf.org).

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any

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   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 26, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Deployment Model and Operator Experience  . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   5.  Character Encoding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   6.  Message Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     6.1.  HTTPS Requests  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     6.2.  Request Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     6.3.  Request URL Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       6.3.1.  "url" (URL) JWS Header Parameter  . . . . . . . . . .  12
     6.4.  Replay protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       6.4.1.  Replay-Nonce  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       6.4.2.  "nonce" (Nonce) JWS Header Parameter  . . . . . . . .  14
     6.5.  Rate Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     6.6.  Errors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       6.6.1.  Subproblems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   7.  Certificate Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     7.1.  Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       7.1.1.  Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
       7.1.2.  Account Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
       7.1.3.  Order Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       7.1.4.  Authorization Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
       7.1.5.  Challenge Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       7.1.6.  Status Changes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     7.2.  Getting a Nonce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     7.3.  Account Creation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31

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       7.3.1.  Finding an Account URL Given a Key  . . . . . . . . .  33
       7.3.2.  Account Update  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       7.3.3.  Account Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
       7.3.4.  Changes of Terms of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
       7.3.5.  External Account Binding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
       7.3.6.  Account Key Roll-over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
       7.3.7.  Account Deactivation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     7.4.  Applying for Certificate Issuance . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
       7.4.1.  Pre-Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
       7.4.2.  Downloading the Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
     7.5.  Identifier Authorization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
       7.5.1.  Responding to Challenges  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
       7.5.2.  Deactivating an Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
     7.6.  Certificate Revocation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
   8.  Identifier Validation Challenges  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
     8.1.  Key Authorizations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
     8.2.  Retrying Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
     8.3.  HTTP Challenge  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
     8.4.  DNS Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
     9.1.  MIME Type: application/pem-certificate-chain  . . . . . .  60
     9.2.  Well-Known URI for the HTTP Challenge . . . . . . . . . .  61
     9.3.  Replay-Nonce HTTP Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
     9.4.  "url" JWS Header Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
     9.5.  "nonce" JWS Header Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     9.6.  URN Sub-namespace for ACME (urn:ietf:params:acme) . . . .  62
     9.7.  New Registries  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
       9.7.1.  Fields in Account Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
       9.7.2.  Fields in Order Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
       9.7.3.  Fields in Authorization Objects . . . . . . . . . . .  65
       9.7.4.  Error Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
       9.7.5.  Resource Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
       9.7.6.  Fields in the "meta" Object within a Directory Object  67
       9.7.7.  Identifier Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
       9.7.8.  Validation Methods  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
   10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
     10.1.  Threat Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     10.2.  Integrity of Authorizations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
     10.3.  Denial-of-Service Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
     10.4.  Server-Side Request Forgery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
     10.5.  CA Policy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
   11. Operational Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     11.1.  Key Selection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     11.2.  DNS security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     11.3.  Token Entropy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     11.4.  Malformed Certificate Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
   12. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
   13. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78

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     13.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
     13.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  80
     13.3.  URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82

1.  Introduction

   Certificates [RFC5280] in the Web PKI are most commonly used to
   authenticate domain names.  Thus, certificate authorities in the Web
   PKI are trusted to verify that an applicant for a certificate
   legitimately represents the domain name(s) in the certificate.

   Different types of certificates reflect different kinds of CA
   verification of information about the certificate subject.  "Domain
   Validation" (DV) certificates are by far the most common type.  For
   DV validation, the CA merely verifies that the requester has
   effective control of the web server and/or DNS server for the domain,
   but does not explicitly attempt to verify their real-world identity.
   (This is as opposed to "Organization Validation" (OV) and "Extended
   Validation" (EV) certificates, where the process is intended to also
   verify the real-world identity of the requester.)

   Existing Web PKI certificate authorities tend to use a set of ad hoc
   protocols for certificate issuance and identity verification.  In the
   case of DV certificates, a typical user experience is something like:

   o  Generate a PKCS#10 [RFC2986] Certificate Signing Request (CSR).

   o  Cut-and-paste the CSR into a CA web page.

   o  Prove ownership of the domain by one of the following methods:

      *  Put a CA-provided challenge at a specific place on the web
         server.

      *  Put a CA-provided challenge in a DNS record corresponding to
         the target domain.

      *  Receive a CA-provided challenge at a (hopefully) administrator-
         controlled email address corresponding to the domain and then
         respond to it on the CA's web page.

   o  Download the issued certificate and install it on their Web
      Server.

   With the exception of the CSR itself and the certificates that are
   issued, these are all completely ad hoc procedures and are
   accomplished by getting the human user to follow interactive natural-

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   language instructions from the CA rather than by machine-implemented
   published protocols.  In many cases, the instructions are difficult
   to follow and cause significant confusion.  Informal usability tests
   by the authors indicate that webmasters often need 1-3 hours to
   obtain and install a certificate for a domain.  Even in the best
   case, the lack of published, standardized mechanisms presents an
   obstacle to the wide deployment of HTTPS and other PKIX-dependent
   systems because it inhibits mechanization of tasks related to
   certificate issuance, deployment, and revocation.

   This document describes an extensible framework for automating the
   issuance and domain validation procedure, thereby allowing servers
   and infrastructural software to obtain certificates without user
   interaction.  Use of this protocol should radically simplify the
   deployment of HTTPS and the practicality of PKIX authentication for
   other protocols based on Transport Layer Security (TLS) [RFC5246].

   It should be noted that while the focus of this document is on
   validating domain names for purposes of issuing certificates in the
   Web PKI, ACME supports extensions for uses with other identifiers in
   other PKI contexts.  For example, as of this writing, there is
   ongoing work to use ACME for issuance of WebPKI certificates
   attesting to IP addresses [I-D.ietf-acme-ip] and STIR certificates
   attesting to telephone numbers [I-D.ietf-acme-telephone].

   ACME can also be used to automate some aspects of certificate
   management even where non-automated processes are still needed.  For
   example, the external account binding feature (see Section 7.3.5) can
   allow an ACME account to use authorizations that have been granted to
   an external, non-ACME account.  This allows ACME to address issuance
   scenarios that cannot yet be fully automated, such as the issuance of
   Extended Validation certificates.

2.  Deployment Model and Operator Experience

   The guiding use case for ACME is obtaining certificates for websites
   (HTTPS [RFC2818]).  In this case, the user's web server is intended
   to speak for one or more domains, and the process of certificate
   issuance is intended to verify that this web server actually speaks
   for the domain(s).

   DV certificate validation commonly checks claims about properties
   related to control of a domain name - properties that can be observed
   by the certificate issuer in an interactive process that can be
   conducted purely online.  That means that under typical
   circumstances, all steps in the request, verification, and issuance
   process can be represented and performed by Internet protocols with
   no out-of-band human intervention.

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   Prior to ACME, when deploying an HTTPS server, a server operator
   typically gets a prompt to generate a self-signed certificate.  If
   the operator were instead deploying an HTTPS server using ACME, the
   experience would be something like this:

   o  The operator's ACME client prompts the operator for the intended
      domain name(s) that the web server is to stand for.

   o  The ACME client presents the operator with a list of CAs from
      which it could get a certificate.  (This list will change over
      time based on the capabilities of CAs and updates to ACME
      configuration.)  The ACME client might prompt the operator for
      payment information at this point.

   o  The operator selects a CA.

   o  In the background, the ACME client contacts the CA and requests
      that it issue a certificate for the intended domain name(s).

   o  The CA verifies that the client controls the requested domain
      name(s) by having the ACME client perform some action related to
      the domain name(s).

   o  Once the CA is satisfied, it issues the certificate and the ACME
      client automatically downloads and installs it, potentially
      notifying the operator via email, SMS, etc.

   o  The ACME client periodically contacts the CA to get updated
      certificates, stapled OCSP responses, or whatever else would be
      required to keep the web server functional and its credentials up-
      to-date.

   In this way, it would be nearly as easy to deploy with a CA-issued
   certificate as with a self-signed certificate.  Furthermore, the
   maintenance of that CA-issued certificate would require minimal
   manual intervention.  Such close integration of ACME with HTTPS
   servers allows the immediate and automated deployment of certificates
   as they are issued, sparing the human administrator from much of the
   time-consuming work described in the previous section.

3.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

   The two main roles in ACME are "client" and "server".  The ACME
   client uses the protocol to request certificate management actions,

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   such as issuance or revocation.  An ACME client may run on a web
   server, mail server, or some other server system which requires valid
   TLS certificates.  Or, it may run on a separate server that does not
   consume the certificate, but is authorized to respond to a CA-
   provided challenge.  The ACME server runs at a certification
   authority, and responds to client requests, performing the requested
   actions if the client is authorized.

   An ACME client is represented by an "account key pair".  The client
   uses the private key of this key pair to sign all messages sent to
   the server.  The server uses the public key to verify the
   authenticity and integrity of messages from the client.

4.  Protocol Overview

   ACME allows a client to request certificate management actions using
   a set of JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) messages carried over
   HTTPS.  Issuance using ACME resembles a traditional CA's issuance
   process, in which a user creates an account, requests a certificate,
   and proves control of the domain(s) in that certificate in order for
   the CA to sign the requested certificate.

   The first phase of ACME is for the client to request an account with
   the ACME server.  The client generates an asymmetric key pair and
   requests a new account, optionally providing contact information,
   agreeing to terms of service, and/or associating the account with an
   existing account in another system.  The creation request is signed
   with the generated private key to prove that the client controls it.

         Client                                                  Server

         Contact Information
         ToS Agreement
         Additional Data
         Signature                     ------->

                                       <-------                 Account

   Once an account is registered, there are four major steps the client
   needs to take to get a certificate:

   1.  Submit an order for a certificate to be issued

   2.  Prove control of any identifiers requested in the certificate

   3.  Finalize the order by submitting a CSR

   4.  Await issuance and download the issued certificate

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   The client's order for a certificate describes the desired
   identifiers plus a few additional fields that capture semantics that
   are not supported in the CSR format.  If the server is willing to
   consider issuing such a certificate, it responds with a list of
   requirements that the client must satisfy before the certificate will
   be issued.

   For example, in most cases, the server will require the client to
   demonstrate that it controls the identifiers in the requested
   certificate.  Because there are many different ways to validate
   possession of different types of identifiers, the server will choose
   from an extensible set of challenges that are appropriate for the
   identifier being claimed.  The client responds with a set of
   responses that tell the server which challenges the client has
   completed.  The server then validates that the client has completed
   the challenges.

   Once the validation process is complete and the server is satisfied
   that the client has met its requirements, the client finalizes the
   order by submitting a PKCS#10 Certificate Signing Request (CSR).  The
   server will issue the requested certificate and make it available to
   the client.

         Client                                                   Server

         Order
         Signature                     ------->
                                       <-------  Required Authorizations

         Responses
         Signature                     ------->

                             <~~~~~~~~Validation~~~~~~~~>

         CSR
         Signature                     ------->

                             <~~~~~~Await issuance~~~~~~>

                                       <-------             Certificate

   To revoke a certificate, the client sends a signed revocation request
   indicating the certificate to be revoked:

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         Client                                                 Server

         Revocation request
         Signature                    -------->

                                      <--------                 Result

   Note that while ACME is defined with enough flexibility to handle
   different types of identifiers in principle, the primary use case
   addressed by this document is the case where domain names are used as
   identifiers.  For example, all of the identifier validation
   challenges described in Section 8 below address validation of domain
   names.  The use of ACME for other identifiers will require further
   specification in order to describe how these identifiers are encoded
   in the protocol and what types of validation challenges the server
   might require.

5.  Character Encoding

   All requests and responses sent via HTTP by ACME clients, ACME
   servers, and validation servers as well as any inputs for digest
   computations MUST be encoded using the UTF-8 [RFC3629] character set.

6.  Message Transport

   Communications between an ACME client and an ACME server are done
   over HTTPS, using JSON Web Signature (JWS) [RFC7515] to provide some
   additional security properties for messages sent from the client to
   the server.  HTTPS provides server authentication and
   confidentiality.  With some ACME-specific extensions, JWS provides
   authentication of the client's request payloads, anti-replay
   protection, and integrity for the HTTPS request URL.

6.1.  HTTPS Requests

   Each ACME function is accomplished by the client sending a sequence
   of HTTPS requests to the server, carrying JSON messages
   [RFC2818][RFC7159].  Use of HTTPS is REQUIRED.  Each subsection of
   Section 7 below describes the message formats used by the function
   and the order in which messages are sent.

   In most HTTPS transactions used by ACME, the ACME client is the HTTPS
   client and the ACME server is the HTTPS server.  The ACME server acts
   as an HTTP and HTTPS client when validating challenges via HTTP.

   ACME servers SHOULD follow the recommendations of [RFC7525] when
   configuring their TLS implementations.  ACME servers that support TLS
   1.3 MAY allow clients to send early data (0-RTT).  This is safe

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   because the ACME protocol itself includes anti-replay protections
   (see Section 6.4).

   ACME clients MUST send a User-Agent header, in accordance with
   [RFC7231].  This header SHOULD include the name and version of the
   ACME software in addition to the name and version of the underlying
   HTTP client software.

   ACME clients SHOULD send an Accept-Language header in accordance with
   [RFC7231] to enable localization of error messages.

   ACME servers that are intended to be generally accessible need to use
   Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) in order to be accessible from
   browser-based clients [W3C.CR-cors-20130129].  Such servers SHOULD
   set the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header field to the value "*".

   Binary fields in the JSON objects used by ACME are encoded using
   base64url encoding described in [RFC4648] Section 5, according to the
   profile specified in JSON Web Signature [RFC7515] Section 2.  This
   encoding uses a URL safe character set.  Trailing '=' characters MUST
   be stripped.

6.2.  Request Authentication

   All ACME requests with a non-empty body MUST encapsulate their
   payload in a JSON Web Signature (JWS) [RFC7515] object, signed using
   the account's private key unless otherwise specified.  The server
   MUST verify the JWS before processing the request.  Encapsulating
   request bodies in JWS provides authentication of requests.

   JWS objects sent in ACME requests MUST meet the following additional
   criteria:

   o  The JWS MUST be in the Flattened JSON Serialization [RFC7515]

   o  The JWS MUST NOT have the value "none" in its "alg" field

   o  The JWS MUST NOT have multiple signatures

   o  The JWS Unencoded Payload Option [RFC7797] MUST NOT be used

   o  The JWS Unprotected Header [RFC7515] MUST NOT be used

   o  The JWS MUST NOT have a Message Authentication Code (MAC)-based
      algorithm in its "alg" field

   o  The JWS Payload MUST NOT be detached

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   o  The JWS Protected Header MUST include the following fields:

      *  "alg" (Algorithm)

      *  "jwk" (JSON Web Key, for all requests not signed using an
         existing account, e.g. newAccount)

      *  "kid" (Key ID, for all requests signed using an existing
         account)

      *  "nonce" (defined in Section 6.4 below)

      *  "url" (defined in Section 6.3 below)

   The "jwk" and "kid" fields are mutually exclusive.  Servers MUST
   reject requests that contain both.

   For newAccount requests, and for revokeCert requests authenticated by
   certificate key, there MUST be a "jwk" field.  This field MUST
   contain the public key corresponding to the private key used to sign
   the JWS.

   For all other requests, the request is signed using an existing
   account and there MUST be a "kid" field.  This field MUST contain the
   account URL received by POSTing to the newAccount resource.

   Note that authentication via signed JWS request bodies implies that
   GET requests are not authenticated.  Servers MUST NOT respond to GET
   requests for resources that might be considered sensitive.  Account
   resources are the only sensitive resources defined in this
   specification.

   If the client sends a JWS signed with an algorithm that the server
   does not support, then the server MUST return an error with status
   code 400 (Bad Request) and type
   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:badSignatureAlgorithm".  The problem
   document returned with the error MUST include an "algorithms" field
   with an array of supported "alg" values.

   Because client requests in ACME carry JWS objects in the Flattened
   JSON Serialization, they must have the "Content-Type" header field
   set to "application/jose+json".  If a request does not meet this
   requirement, then the server MUST return a response with status code
   415 (Unsupported Media Type).

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6.3.  Request URL Integrity

   It is common in deployment for the entity terminating TLS for HTTPS
   to be different from the entity operating the logical HTTPS server,
   with a "request routing" layer in the middle.  For example, an ACME
   CA might have a content delivery network terminate TLS connections
   from clients so that it can inspect client requests for denial-of-
   service protection.

   These intermediaries can also change values in the request that are
   not signed in the HTTPS request, e.g., the request URL and headers.
   ACME uses JWS to provide an integrity mechanism, which protects
   against an intermediary changing the request URL to another ACME URL.

   As noted in Section 6.2 above, all ACME request objects carry a "url"
   header parameter in their protected header.  This header parameter
   encodes the URL to which the client is directing the request.  On
   receiving such an object in an HTTP request, the server MUST compare
   the "url" header parameter to the request URL.  If the two do not
   match, then the server MUST reject the request as unauthorized.

   Except for the directory resource, all ACME resources are addressed
   with URLs provided to the client by the server.  In requests sent to
   these resources, the client MUST set the "url" header parameter to
   the exact string provided by the server (rather than performing any
   re-encoding on the URL).  The server SHOULD perform the corresponding
   string equality check, configuring each resource with the URL string
   provided to clients and having the resource check that requests have
   the same string in their "url" header parameter.

6.3.1.  "url" (URL) JWS Header Parameter

   The "url" header parameter specifies the URL [RFC3986] to which this
   JWS object is directed.  The "url" header parameter MUST be carried
   in the protected header of the JWS.  The value of the "url" header
   parameter MUST be a string representing the URL.

6.4.  Replay protection

   In order to protect ACME resources from any possible replay attacks,
   ACME requests have a mandatory anti-replay mechanism.  This mechanism
   is based on the server maintaining a list of nonces that it has
   issued to clients, and requiring any signed request from the client
   to carry such a nonce.

   An ACME server provides nonces to clients using the Replay-Nonce
   header field, as specified in Section 6.4.1 below.  The server MUST

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   include a Replay-Nonce header field in every successful response to a
   POST request and SHOULD provide it in error responses as well.

   Every JWS sent by an ACME client MUST include, in its protected
   header, the "nonce" header parameter, with contents as defined in
   Section 6.4.2 below.  As part of JWS verification, the ACME server
   MUST verify that the value of the "nonce" header is a value that the
   server previously provided in a Replay-Nonce header field.  Once a
   nonce value has appeared in an ACME request, the server MUST consider
   it invalid, in the same way as a value it had never issued.

   When a server rejects a request because its nonce value was
   unacceptable (or not present), it MUST provide HTTP status code 400
   (Bad Request), and indicate the ACME error type
   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:badNonce".  An error response with the
   "badNonce" error type MUST include a Replay-Nonce header with a fresh
   nonce.  On receiving such a response, a client SHOULD retry the
   request using the new nonce.

   The precise method used to generate and track nonces is up to the
   server.  For example, the server could generate a random 128-bit
   value for each response, keep a list of issued nonces, and strike
   nonces from this list as they are used.

6.4.1.  Replay-Nonce

   The "Replay-Nonce" header field includes a server-generated value
   that the server can use to detect unauthorized replay in future
   client requests.  The server MUST generate the value provided in
   Replay-Nonce in such a way that they are unique to each message, with
   high probability.  For instance, it is acceptable to generate Replay-
   Nonces randomly.

   The value of the Replay-Nonce field MUST be an octet string encoded
   according to the base64url encoding described in Section 2 of
   [RFC7515].  Clients MUST ignore invalid Replay-Nonce values.

     base64url = [A-Z] / [a-z] / [0-9] / "-" / "_"

     Replay-Nonce = *base64url

   The Replay-Nonce header field SHOULD NOT be included in HTTP request
   messages.

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6.4.2.  "nonce" (Nonce) JWS Header Parameter

   The "nonce" header parameter provides a unique value that enables the
   verifier of a JWS to recognize when replay has occurred.  The "nonce"
   header parameter MUST be carried in the protected header of the JWS.

   The value of the "nonce" header parameter MUST be an octet string,
   encoded according to the base64url encoding described in Section 2 of
   [RFC7515].  If the value of a "nonce" header parameter is not valid
   according to this encoding, then the verifier MUST reject the JWS as
   malformed.

6.5.  Rate Limits

   Creation of resources can be rate limited by ACME servers to ensure
   fair usage and prevent abuse.  Once the rate limit is exceeded, the
   server MUST respond with an error with the type
   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:rateLimited".  Additionally, the server
   SHOULD send a "Retry-After" header indicating when the current
   request may succeed again.  If multiple rate limits are in place,
   that is the time where all rate limits allow access again for the
   current request with exactly the same parameters.

   In addition to the human-readable "detail" field of the error
   response, the server MAY send one or multiple link relations in the
   "Link" header pointing to documentation about the specific rate limit
   that was hit, using the "help" link relation type.

6.6.  Errors

   Errors can be reported in ACME both at the HTTP layer and within
   challenge objects as defined in Section 8.  ACME servers can return
   responses with an HTTP error response code (4XX or 5XX).  For
   example: If the client submits a request using a method not allowed
   in this document, then the server MAY return status code 405 (Method
   Not Allowed).

   When the server responds with an error status, it SHOULD provide
   additional information using a problem document [RFC7807].  To
   facilitate automatic response to errors, this document defines the
   following standard tokens for use in the "type" field (within the
   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:" namespace):

   +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Type                    | Description                             |
   +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | accountDoesNotExist     | The request specified an account that   |
   |                         | does not exist                          |

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   |                         |                                         |
   | badCSR                  | The CSR is unacceptable (e.g., due to a |
   |                         | short key)                              |
   |                         |                                         |
   | badNonce                | The client sent an unacceptable anti-   |
   |                         | replay nonce                            |
   |                         |                                         |
   | badRevocationReason     | The revocation reason provided is not   |
   |                         | allowed by the server                   |
   |                         |                                         |
   | badSignatureAlgorithm   | The JWS was signed with an algorithm    |
   |                         | the server does not support             |
   |                         |                                         |
   | caa                     | Certification Authority Authorization   |
   |                         | (CAA) records forbid the CA from        |
   |                         | issuing                                 |
   |                         |                                         |
   | compound                | Specific error conditions are indicated |
   |                         | in the "subproblems" array.             |
   |                         |                                         |
   | connection              | The server could not connect to         |
   |                         | validation target                       |
   |                         |                                         |
   | dns                     | There was a problem with a DNS query    |
   |                         |                                         |
   | externalAccountRequired | The request must include a value for    |
   |                         | the "externalAccountBinding" field      |
   |                         |                                         |
   | incorrectResponse       | Response received didn't match the      |
   |                         | challenge's requirements                |
   |                         |                                         |
   | invalidContact          | A contact URL for an account was        |
   |                         | invalid                                 |
   |                         |                                         |
   | malformed               | The request message was malformed       |
   |                         |                                         |
   | rateLimited             | The request exceeds a rate limit        |
   |                         |                                         |
   | rejectedIdentifier      | The server will not issue for the       |
   |                         | identifier                              |
   |                         |                                         |
   | serverInternal          | The server experienced an internal      |
   |                         | error                                   |
   |                         |                                         |
   | tls                     | The server received a TLS error during  |
   |                         | validation                              |
   |                         |                                         |
   | unauthorized            | The client lacks sufficient             |

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   |                         | authorization                           |
   |                         |                                         |
   | unsupportedContact      | A contact URL for an account used an    |
   |                         | unsupported protocol scheme             |
   |                         |                                         |
   | unsupportedIdentifier   | Identifier is not supported, but may be |
   |                         | in future                               |
   |                         |                                         |
   | userActionRequired      | Visit the "instance" URL and take       |
   |                         | actions specified there                 |
   +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+

   This list is not exhaustive.  The server MAY return errors whose
   "type" field is set to a URI other than those defined above.  Servers
   MUST NOT use the ACME URN [RFC3553] namespace for errors other than
   the standard types.  Clients SHOULD display the "detail" field of all
   errors.

   In the remainder of this document, we use the tokens in the table
   above to refer to error types, rather than the full URNs.  For
   example, an "error of type 'badCSR'" refers to an error document with
   "type" value "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:badCSR".

6.6.1.  Subproblems

   Sometimes a CA may need to return multiple errors in response to a
   request.  Additionally, the CA may need to attribute errors to
   specific identifiers.  For instance, a new-order request may contain
   multiple identifiers for which the CA cannot issue.  In this
   situation, an ACME problem document MAY contain the "subproblems"
   field, containing a JSON array of problem documents, each of which
   MAY contain an "identifier" field.  If present, the "identifier"
   field MUST contain an ACME identifier (Section 9.7.7).  The
   "identifier" field MUST NOT be present at the top level in ACME
   problem documents.  It can only be present in subproblems.
   Subproblems need not all have the same type, and do not need to match
   the top level type.

   ACME clients may choose to use the "identifier" field of a subproblem
   as a hint that an operation would succeed if that identifier were
   omitted.  For instance, if an order contains ten DNS identifiers, and
   the new-order request returns a problem document with two
   subproblems, referencing two of those identifiers, the ACME client
   may choose to submit another order containing only the eight
   identifiers not listed in the problem document.

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HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
Content-Type: application/problem+json

{
    "type": "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:malformed",
    "detail": "Some of the identifiers requested were rejected",
    "subproblems": [
        {
            "type": "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:malformed",
            "detail": "Invalid underscore in DNS name \"_example.com\"",
            "identifier": {
                "type": "dns",
                "value": "_example.com"
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:rejectedIdentifier",
            "detail": "This CA will not issue for \"example.net\"",
            "identifier": {
                "type": "dns",
                "value": "example.net"
            }
        }
    ]
}

7.  Certificate Management

   In this section, we describe the certificate management functions
   that ACME enables:

   o  Account Creation

   o  Ordering a Certificate

   o  Identifier Authorization

   o  Certificate Issuance

   o  Certificate Revocation

7.1.  Resources

   ACME is structured as a REST application with the following types of
   resources:

   o  Account resources, representing information about an account
      (Section 7.1.2, Section 7.3)

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   o  Order resources, representing an account's requests to issue
      certificates (Section 7.1.3)

   o  Authorization resources, representing an account's authorization
      to act for an identifier (Section 7.1.4)

   o  Challenge resources, representing a challenge to prove control of
      an identifier (Section 7.5, Section 8)

   o  Certificate resources, representing issued certificates
      (Section 7.4.2)

   o  A "directory" resource (Section 7.1.1)

   o  A "newNonce" resource (Section 7.2)

   o  A "newAccount" resource (Section 7.3)

   o  A "newOrder" resource (Section 7.4)

   o  A "revokeCert" resource (Section 7.6)

   o  A "keyChange" resource (Section 7.3.6)

   The server MUST provide "directory" and "newNonce" resources.

   ACME uses different URLs for different management functions.  Each
   function is listed in a directory along with its corresponding URL,
   so clients only need to be configured with the directory URL.  These
   URLs are connected by a few different link relations [RFC5988].

   The "up" link relation is used with challenge resources to indicate
   the authorization resource to which a challenge belongs.  It is also
   used from certificate resources to indicate a resource from which the
   client may fetch a chain of CA certificates that could be used to
   validate the certificate in the original resource.

   The "index" link relation is present on all resources other than the
   directory and indicates the URL of the directory.

   The following diagram illustrates the relations between resources on
   an ACME server.  For the most part, these relations are expressed by
   URLs provided as strings in the resources' JSON representations.
   Lines with labels in quotes indicate HTTP link relations.

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                                  directory
                                      |
                                      +--> newNonce
                                      |
          +----------+----------+-----+-----+------------+
          |          |          |           |            |
          |          |          |           |            |
          V          V          V           V            V
     newAccount   newAuthz   newOrder   revokeCert   keyChange
          |          |          |
          |          |          |
          V          |          V
       account       |        order --+--> finalize
                     |          |     |
                     |          |     +--> cert
                     |          V
                     +---> authorization
                               | ^
                               | | "up"
                               V |
                             challenge

   The following table illustrates a typical sequence of requests
   required to establish a new account with the server, prove control of
   an identifier, issue a certificate, and fetch an updated certificate
   some time after issuance.  The "->" is a mnemonic for a Location
   header pointing to a created resource.

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   +-----------------------+--------------------------+----------------+
   | Action                | Request                  | Response       |
   +-----------------------+--------------------------+----------------+
   | Get directory         | GET  directory           | 200            |
   |                       |                          |                |
   | Get nonce             | HEAD newNonce            | 200            |
   |                       |                          |                |
   | Create account        | POST newAccount          | 201 -> account |
   |                       |                          |                |
   | Submit order          | POST newOrder            | 201 -> order   |
   |                       |                          |                |
   | Fetch challenges      | GET  order               | 200            |
   |                       | authorizations           |                |
   |                       |                          |                |
   | Respond to challenges | POST challenge urls      | 200            |
   |                       |                          |                |
   | Poll for status       | GET  order               | 200            |
   |                       |                          |                |
   | Finalize order        | POST order finalize      | 200            |
   |                       |                          |                |
   | Poll for status       | GET  order               | 200            |
   |                       |                          |                |
   | Download certificate  | GET  order certificate   | 200            |
   +-----------------------+--------------------------+----------------+

   The remainder of this section provides the details of how these
   resources are structured and how the ACME protocol makes use of them.

7.1.1.  Directory

   In order to help clients configure themselves with the right URLs for
   each ACME operation, ACME servers provide a directory object.  This
   should be the only URL needed to configure clients.  It is a JSON
   object, whose field names are drawn from the following table and
   whose values are the corresponding URLs.

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                    +------------+--------------------+
                    | Field      | URL in value       |
                    +------------+--------------------+
                    | newNonce   | New nonce          |
                    |            |                    |
                    | newAccount | New account        |
                    |            |                    |
                    | newOrder   | New order          |
                    |            |                    |
                    | newAuthz   | New authorization  |
                    |            |                    |
                    | revokeCert | Revoke certificate |
                    |            |                    |
                    | keyChange  | Key change         |
                    +------------+--------------------+

   There is no constraint on the URL of the directory except that it
   should be different from the other ACME server resources' URLs, and
   that it should not clash with other services.  For instance:

   o  a host which functions as both an ACME and a Web server may want
      to keep the root path "/" for an HTML "front page", and place the
      ACME directory under the path "/acme".

   o  a host which only functions as an ACME server could place the
      directory under the path "/".

   If the ACME server does not implement pre-authorization
   (Section 7.4.1) it MUST omit the "newAuthz" field of the directory.

   The object MAY additionally contain a field "meta".  If present, it
   MUST be a JSON object; each field in the object is an item of
   metadata relating to the service provided by the ACME server.

   The following metadata items are defined, all of which are OPTIONAL:

   termsOfService (optional, string):  A URL identifying the current
      terms of service.

   website (optional, string):  An HTTP or HTTPS URL locating a website
      providing more information about the ACME server.

   caaIdentities (optional, array of string):  Each string MUST be a
      lowercase hostname which the ACME server recognizes as referring
      to itself for the purposes of CAA record validation as defined in
      [RFC6844].  This allows clients to determine the correct issuer
      domain name to use when configuring CAA records.

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   externalAccountRequired (optional, boolean):  If this field is
      present and set to "true", then the CA requires that all new-
      account requests include an "externalAccountBinding" field
      associating the new account with an external account.

   Clients access the directory by sending a GET request to the
   directory URL.

   HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   Content-Type: application/json

   {
     "newNonce": "https://example.com/acme/new-nonce",
     "newAccount": "https://example.com/acme/new-account",
     "newOrder": "https://example.com/acme/new-order",
     "newAuthz": "https://example.com/acme/new-authz",
     "revokeCert": "https://example.com/acme/revoke-cert",
     "keyChange": "https://example.com/acme/key-change",
     "meta": {
       "termsOfService": "https://example.com/acme/terms/2017-5-30",
       "website": "https://www.example.com/",
       "caaIdentities": ["example.com"],
       "externalAccountRequired": false
     }
   }

7.1.2.  Account Objects

   An ACME account resource represents a set of metadata associated with
   an account.  Account resources have the following structure:

   status (required, string):  The status of this account.  Possible
      values are: "valid", "deactivated", and "revoked".  The value
      "deactivated" should be used to indicate client-initiated
      deactivation whereas "revoked" should be used to indicate server-
      initiated deactivation.

   contact (optional, array of string):  An array of URLs that the
      server can use to contact the client for issues related to this
      account.  For example, the server may wish to notify the client
      about server-initiated revocation or certificate expiration.

   termsOfServiceAgreed (optional, boolean):  Including this field in a
      new-account request, with a value of true, indicates the client's
      agreement with the terms of service.  This field is not updateable
      by the client.

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   orders (required, string):  A URL from which a list of orders
      submitted by this account can be fetched via a GET request, as
      described in Section 7.1.2.1.

   {
     "status": "valid",
     "contact": [
       "mailto:cert-admin@example.com",
       "mailto:admin@example.com"
     ],
     "termsOfServiceAgreed": true,
     "orders": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1/orders"
   }

7.1.2.1.  Orders List

   Each account object includes an "orders" URL from which a list of
   orders created by the account can be fetched via GET request.  The
   result of the GET request MUST be a JSON object whose "orders" field
   is an array of URLs, each identifying an order belonging to the
   account.  The server SHOULD include pending orders, and SHOULD NOT
   include orders that are invalid in the array of URLs.  The server MAY
   return an incomplete list, along with a Link header with a "next"
   link relation indicating where further entries can be acquired.

   HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   Content-Type: application/json
   Link: <https://example.com/acme/acct/1/orders?cursor=2>;rel="next"

   {
     "orders": [
       "https://example.com/acme/acct/1/order/1",
       "https://example.com/acme/acct/1/order/2",
       /* 47 more URLs not shown for example brevity */
       "https://example.com/acme/acct/1/order/50"
     ]
   }

7.1.3.  Order Objects

   An ACME order object represents a client's request for a certificate
   and is used to track the progress of that order through to issuance.
   Thus, the object contains information about the requested
   certificate, the authorizations that the server requires the client
   to complete, and any certificates that have resulted from this order.

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   status (required, string):  The status of this order.  Possible
      values are: "pending", "ready", "processing", "valid", and
      "invalid".

   expires (optional, string):  The timestamp after which the server
      will consider this order invalid, encoded in the format specified
      in RFC 3339 [RFC3339].  This field is REQUIRED for objects with
      "pending" or "valid" in the status field.

   identifiers (required, array of object):  An array of identifier
      objects that the order pertains to.

      type (required, string):  The type of identifier.

      value (required, string):  The identifier itself.

   notBefore (optional, string):  The requested value of the notBefore
      field in the certificate, in the date format defined in [RFC3339].

   notAfter (optional, string):  The requested value of the notAfter
      field in the certificate, in the date format defined in [RFC3339].

   error (optional, object):  The error that occurred while processing
      the order, if any.  This field is structured as a problem document
      [RFC7807].

   authorizations (required, array of string):  For pending orders, the
      authorizations that the client needs to complete before the
      requested certificate can be issued (see Section 7.5).  The
      authorizations required are dictated by server policy and there
      may not be a 1:1 relationship between the order identifiers and
      the authorizations required.  For final orders (in the "valid" or
      "invalid" state), the authorizations that were completed.  Each
      entry is a URL from which an authorization can be fetched with a
      GET request.

   finalize (required, string):  A URL that a CSR must be POSTed to once
      all of the order's authorizations are satisfied to finalize the
      order.  The result of a successful finalization will be the
      population of the certificate URL for the order.

   certificate (optional, string):  A URL for the certificate that has
      been issued in response to this order.

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   {
     "status": "valid",
     "expires": "2015-03-01T14:09:00Z",

     "identifiers": [
       { "type": "dns", "value": "example.com" },
       { "type": "dns", "value": "www.example.com" }
     ],

     "notBefore": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z",
     "notAfter": "2016-01-08T00:00:00Z",

     "authorizations": [
       "https://example.com/acme/authz/1234",
       "https://example.com/acme/authz/2345"
     ],

     "finalize": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1/order/1/finalize",

     "certificate": "https://example.com/acme/cert/1234"
   }

   Any identifier of type "dns" in a new-order request MAY have a
   wildcard domain name as its value.  A wildcard domain name consists
   of a single asterisk character followed by a single full stop
   character ("*.") followed by a domain name as defined for use in the
   Subject Alternate Name Extension by RFC 5280 [RFC5280].  An
   authorization returned by the server for a wildcard domain name
   identifier MUST NOT include the asterisk and full stop ("*.") prefix
   in the authorization identifier value.  The returned authorization
   MUST include the optional "wildcard" field, with a value of true.

   The elements of the "authorizations" and "identifiers" array are
   immutable once set.  The server MUST NOT change the contents of
   either array after they are created.  If a client observes a change
   in the contents of either array, then it SHOULD consider the order
   invalid.

   The "authorizations" array of the order SHOULD reflect all
   authorizations that the CA takes into account in deciding to issue,
   even if some authorizations were fulfilled in earlier orders or in
   pre-authorization transactions.  For example, if a CA allows multiple
   orders to be fulfilled based on a single authorization transaction,
   then it SHOULD reflect that authorization in all of the orders.

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7.1.4.  Authorization Objects

   An ACME authorization object represents a server's authorization for
   an account to represent an identifier.  In addition to the
   identifier, an authorization includes several metadata fields, such
   as the status of the authorization (e.g., "pending", "valid", or
   "revoked") and which challenges were used to validate possession of
   the identifier.

   The structure of an ACME authorization resource is as follows:

   identifier (required, object):  The identifier that the account is
      authorized to represent

      type (required, string):  The type of identifier.

      value (required, string):  The identifier itself.

   status (required, string):  The status of this authorization.
      Possible values are: "pending", "valid", "invalid", "deactivated",
      "expired", and "revoked".

   expires (optional, string):  The timestamp after which the server
      will consider this authorization invalid, encoded in the format
      specified in RFC 3339 [RFC3339].  This field is REQUIRED for
      objects with "valid" in the "status" field.

   challenges (required, array of objects):  For pending authorizations,
      the challenges that the client can fulfill in order to prove
      possession of the identifier.  For final authorizations (in the
      "valid" or "invalid" state), the challenges that were used.  Each
      array entry is an object with parameters required to validate the
      challenge.  A client should attempt to fulfill one of these
      challenges, and a server should consider any one of the challenges
      sufficient to make the authorization valid.

   wildcard (optional, boolean):  For authorizations created as a result
      of a newOrder request containing a DNS identifier with a value
      that contained a wildcard prefix this field MUST be present, and
      true.

   The only type of identifier defined by this specification is a fully-
   qualified domain name (type: "dns").  If a domain name contains non-
   ASCII Unicode characters it MUST be encoded using the rules defined
   in [RFC3492].  Servers MUST verify any identifier values that begin
   with the ASCII Compatible Encoding prefix "xn--" as defined in
   [RFC5890] are properly encoded.  Wildcard domain names (with "*" as
   the first label) MUST NOT be included in authorization objects.  If

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   an authorization object conveys authorization for the base domain of
   a newOrder DNS type identifier with a wildcard prefix then the
   optional authorizations "wildcard" field MUST be present with a value
   of true.

   Section 8 describes a set of challenges for domain name validation.

   {
     "status": "valid",
     "expires": "2015-03-01T14:09:00Z",

     "identifier": {
       "type": "dns",
       "value": "example.org"
     },

     "challenges": [
       {
         "url": "https://example.com/acme/authz/1234/0",
         "type": "http-01",
         "status": "valid",
         "token": "DGyRejmCefe7v4NfDGDKfA",
         "validated": "2014-12-01T12:05:00Z"
       }
     ],

     "wildcard": false
   }

7.1.5.  Challenge Objects

   An ACME challenge object represents a server's offer to validate a
   client's possession of an identifier in a specific way.  Unlike the
   other objects listed above, there is not a single standard structure
   for a challenge object.  The contents of a challenge object depend on
   the validation method being used.  The general structure of challenge
   objects and an initial set of validation methods are described in
   Section 8.

7.1.6.  Status Changes

   Each ACME object type goes through a simple state machine over its
   lifetime.  The "status" field of the object indicates which state the
   object is currently in.

   Challenge objects are created in the "pending" state.  They
   transition to the "processing" state when the client responds to the
   challenge (see Section 7.5.1) and the server begins attempting to

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   validate that the client has completed the challenge.  Note that
   within the "processing" state, the server may attempt to validate the
   challenge multiple times (see Section 8.2).  Likewise, client
   requests for retries do not cause a state change.  If validation is
   successful, the challenge moves to the "valid" state; if there is an
   error, the challenge moves to the "invalid" state.

            pending
               |
               | Receive
               | response
               V
           processing <-+
               |   |    | Server retry or
               |   |    | client retry request
               |   +----+
               |
               |
   Successful  |   Failed
   validation  |   validation
     +---------+---------+
     |                   |
     V                   V
   valid              invalid

   Authorization objects are created in the "pending" state.  If one of
   the challenges listed in the authorization transitions to the "valid"
   state, then the authorization also changes to the "valid" state.  If
   there is an error while the authorization is still pending, then the
   authorization transitions to the "invalid" state.  Once the
   authorization is in the valid state, it can expire ("expired"), be
   deactivated by the client ("deactivated", see Section 7.5.2), or
   revoked by the server ("revoked").

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             pending --------------------+
                |                        |
                |                        |
    Error       |  Challenge valid       |
      +---------+---------+              |
      |                   |              |
      V                   V              |
   invalid              valid            |
                          |              |
                          |              |
                          |              |
           +--------------+--------------+
           |              |              |
           |              |              |
    Server |       Client |   Time after |
    revoke |   deactivate |    "expires" |
           V              V              V
        revoked      deactivated      expired

   Order objects are created in the "pending" state.  Once all of the
   authorizations listed in the order object are in the "valid" state,
   the order transitions to the "ready" state.  The order moves to the
   "processing" state after the client submits a request to the order's
   "finalize" URL and the CA begins the issuance process for the
   certificate.  Once the certificate is issued, the order enters the
   "valid" state.  If an error occurs at any of these stages, the order
   moves to the "invalid" state.  The order also moves to the "invalid"
   state if it expires, or one of its authorizations enters a final
   state other than "valid" ("expired", "revoked", "deactivated").

    pending --------------+
       |                  |
       | All authz        |
       | "valid"          |
       V                  |
     ready ---------------+
       |                  |
       | Receive          |
       | finalize         |
       | request          |
       V                  |
   processing ------------+
       |                  |
       | Certificate      | Error or
       | issued           | Authorization failure
       V                  V
     valid             invalid

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   Account objects are created in the "valid" state, since no further
   action is required to create an account after a successful newAccount
   request.  If the account is deactivated by the client or revoked by
   the server, it moves to the corresponding state.

                     valid
                       |
                       |
           +-----------+-----------+
    Client |                Server |
   deactiv.|                revoke |
           V                       V
      deactivated               revoked

   Note that some of these states may not ever appear in a "status"
   field, depending on server behavior.  For example, a server that
   issues synchronously will never show an order in the "processing"
   state.  A server that deletes expired authorizations immediately will
   never show an authorization in the "expired" state.

7.2.  Getting a Nonce

   Before sending a POST request to the server, an ACME client needs to
   have a fresh anti-replay nonce to put in the "nonce" header of the
   JWS.  In most cases, the client will have gotten a nonce from a
   previous request.  However, the client might sometimes need to get a
   new nonce, e.g., on its first request to the server or if an existing
   nonce is no longer valid.

   To get a fresh nonce, the client sends a HEAD request to the new-
   nonce resource on the server.  The server's response MUST include a
   Replay-Nonce header field containing a fresh nonce, and SHOULD have
   status code 200 (OK).  The server SHOULD also respond to GET requests
   for this resource, returning an empty body (while still providing a
   Replay-Nonce header) with a 204 (No Content) status.

   HEAD /acme/new-nonce HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com

   HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   Replay-Nonce: oFvnlFP1wIhRlYS2jTaXbA
   Cache-Control: no-store

   Proxy caching of responses from the new-nonce resource can cause
   clients receive the same nonce repeatedly, leading to badNonce
   errors.  The server MUST include a Cache-Control header field with
   the "no-store" directive in responses for the new-nonce resource, in
   order to prevent caching of this resource.

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7.3.  Account Creation

   A client creates a new account with the server by sending a POST
   request to the server's new-account URL.  The body of the request is
   a stub account object optionally containing the "contact" and
   "termsOfServiceAgreed" fields.

   contact (optional, array of string):  Same meaning as the
      corresponding server field defined in Section 7.1.2

   termsOfServiceAgreed (optional, boolean):  Same meaning as the
      corresponding server field defined in Section 7.1.2

   onlyReturnExisting (optional, boolean):  If this field is present
      with the value "true", then the server MUST NOT create a new
      account if one does not already exist.  This allows a client to
      look up an account URL based on an account key (see
      Section 7.3.1).

   externalAccountBinding (optional, object):  An optional field for
      binding the new account with an existing non-ACME account (see
      Section 7.3.5).

   POST /acme/new-account HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "ES256",
       "jwk": {...},
       "nonce": "6S8IqOGY7eL2lsGoTZYifg",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/new-account"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({
       "termsOfServiceAgreed": true,
       "contact": [
         "mailto:cert-admin@example.com",
         "mailto:admin@example.com"
       ]
     }),
     "signature": "RZPOnYoPs1PhjszF...-nh6X1qtOFPB519I"
   }

   The server MUST ignore any values provided in the "orders" fields in
   account bodies sent by the client, as well as any other fields that
   it does not recognize.  If new fields are specified in the future,

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   the specification of those fields MUST describe whether they can be
   provided by the client.

   In general, the server MUST ignore any fields in the request object
   that it does not recognize.  In particular, it MUST NOT reflect
   unrecognized fields in the resulting account object.  This allows
   clients to detect when servers do not support an extension field.

   The server SHOULD validate that the contact URLs in the "contact"
   field are valid and supported by the server.  If the server validates
   contact URLs it MUST support the "mailto" scheme.  Clients MUST NOT
   provide a "mailto" URL in the "contact" field that contains "hfields"
   [RFC6068], or more than one "addr-spec" in the "to" component.  If a
   server encounters a "mailto" contact URL that does not meet these
   criteria, then it SHOULD reject it as invalid.

   If the server rejects a contact URL for using an unsupported scheme
   it MUST return an error of type "unsupportedContact", with a
   description describing the error and what types of contact URLs the
   server considers acceptable.  If the server rejects a contact URL for
   using a supported scheme but an invalid value then the server MUST
   return an error of type "invalidContact".

   If the server wishes to present the client with terms under which the
   ACME service is to be used, it MUST indicate the URL where such terms
   can be accessed in the "termsOfService" subfield of the "meta" field
   in the directory object, and the server MUST reject new-account
   requests that do not have the "termsOfServiceAgreed" field set to
   "true".  Clients SHOULD NOT automatically agree to terms by default.
   Rather, they SHOULD require some user interaction for agreement to
   terms.

   The server creates an account and stores the public key used to
   verify the JWS (i.e., the "jwk" element of the JWS header) to
   authenticate future requests from the account.  The server returns
   this account object in a 201 (Created) response, with the account URL
   in a Location header field.  The account URL is used as the "kid"
   value in the JWS authenticating subsequent requests by this account
   (See Section 6.2).

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   HTTP/1.1 201 Created
   Content-Type: application/json
   Replay-Nonce: D8s4D2mLs8Vn-goWuPQeKA
   Location: https://example.com/acme/acct/1
   Link: <https://example.com/acme/some-directory>;rel="index"

   {
     "status": "valid",

     "contact": [
       "mailto:cert-admin@example.com",
       "mailto:admin@example.com"
     ],

     "orders": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1/orders"
   }

7.3.1.  Finding an Account URL Given a Key

   If the server already has an account registered with the provided
   account key, then it MUST return a response with a 200 (OK) status
   code and provide the URL of that account in the Location header
   field.  This allows a client that has an account key but not the
   corresponding account URL to recover the account URL.

   If a client wishes to find the URL for an existing account and does
   not want an account to be created if one does not already exist, then
   it SHOULD do so by sending a POST request to the new-account URL with
   a JWS whose payload has an "onlyReturnExisting" field set to "true"
   ({"onlyReturnExisting": true}).  If a client sends such a request and
   an account does not exist, then the server MUST return an error
   response with status code 400 (Bad Request) and type
   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:accountDoesNotExist".

7.3.2.  Account Update

   If the client wishes to update this information in the future, it
   sends a POST request with updated information to the account URL.
   The server MUST ignore any updates to the "orders" field or any other
   fields it does not recognize.  If the server accepts the update, it
   MUST return a response with a 200 (OK) status code and the resulting
   account object.

   For example, to update the contact information in the above account,
   the client could send the following request:

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   POST /acme/acct/1 HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "ES256",
       "kid": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
       "nonce": "ax5RnthDqp_Yf4_HZnFLmA",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({
       "contact": [
         "mailto:certificates@example.com",
         "mailto:admin@example.com"
       ]
     }),
     "signature": "hDXzvcj8T6fbFbmn...rDzXzzvzpRy64N0o"
   }

7.3.3.  Account Information

   Servers MUST NOT respond to GET requests for account resources as
   these requests are not authenticated.  If a client wishes to query
   the server for information about its account (e.g., to examine the
   "contact" or "orders" fields), then it SHOULD do so by sending a POST
   request with an empty update.  That is, it should send a JWS whose
   payload is an empty object ({}).

7.3.4.  Changes of Terms of Service

   As described above, a client can indicate its agreement with the CA's
   terms of service by setting the "termsOfServiceAgreed" field in its
   account object to "true".

   If the server has changed its terms of service since a client
   initially agreed, and the server is unwilling to process a request
   without explicit agreement to the new terms, then it MUST return an
   error response with status code 403 (Forbidden) and type
   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:userActionRequired".  This response MUST
   include a Link header with link relation "terms-of-service" and the
   latest terms-of-service URL.

   The problem document returned with the error MUST also include an
   "instance" field, indicating a URL that the client should direct a
   human user to visit in order for instructions on how to agree to the
   terms.

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 HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
 Replay-Nonce: IXVHDyxIRGcTE0VSblhPzw
 Link: <https://example.com/acme/terms/2017-6-02>;rel="terms-of-service"
 Content-Type: application/problem+json
 Content-Language: en

 {
   "type": "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:userActionRequired",
   "detail": "Terms of service have changed",
   "instance": "https://example.com/acme/agreement/?token=W8Ih3PswD-8"
 }

7.3.5.  External Account Binding

   The server MAY require a value for the "externalAccountBinding" field
   to be present in "newAccount" requests.  This can be used to
   associate an ACME account with an existing account in a non-ACME
   system, such as a CA customer database.

   To enable ACME account binding, the CA operating the ACME server
   needs to provide the ACME client with a MAC key and a key identifier,
   using some mechanism outside of ACME.  The key identifier MUST be an
   ASCII string.  The MAC key SHOULD be provided in base64url-encoded
   form, to maximize compatibility between non-ACME provisioning systems
   and ACME clients.

   The ACME client then computes a binding JWS to indicate the external
   account holder's approval of the ACME account key.  The payload of
   this JWS is the account key being registered, in JWK form.  The
   protected header of the JWS MUST meet the following criteria:

   o  The "alg" field MUST indicate a MAC-based algorithm

   o  The "kid" field MUST contain the key identifier provided by the CA

   o  The "nonce" field MUST NOT be present

   o  The "url" field MUST be set to the same value as the outer JWS

   The "signature" field of the JWS will contain the MAC value computed
   with the MAC key provided by the CA.

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   POST /acme/new-account HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "ES256",
       "jwk": /* account key */,
       "nonce": "K60BWPrMQG9SDxBDS_xtSw",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/new-account"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({
       "contact": ["mailto:example@anonymous.invalid"],
       "termsOfServiceAgreed": true,

       "externalAccountBinding": {
         "protected": base64url({
           "alg": "HS256",
           "kid": /* key identifier from CA */,
           "url": "https://example.com/acme/new-account"
         }),
         "payload": base64url(/* same as in "jwk" above */),
         "signature": /* MAC using MAC key from CA */
       }
     }),
     "signature": "5TWiqIYQfIDfALQv...x9C2mg8JGPxl5bI4"
   }

   If a CA requires that new-account requests contain an
   "externalAccountBinding" field, then it MUST provide the value "true"
   in the "externalAccountRequired" subfield of the "meta" field in the
   directory object.  If the CA receives a new-account request without
   an "externalAccountBinding" field, then it SHOULD reply with an error
   of type "externalAccountRequired".

   When a CA receives a new-account request containing an
   "externalAccountBinding" field, it decides whether or not to verify
   the binding.  If the CA does not verify the binding, then it MUST NOT
   reflect the "externalAccountBinding" field in the resulting account
   object (if any).  To verify the account binding, the CA MUST take the
   following steps:

   1.  Verify that the value of the field is a well-formed JWS

   2.  Verify that the JWS protected field meets the above criteria

   3.  Retrieve the MAC key corresponding to the key identifier in the
       "kid" field

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   4.  Verify that the MAC on the JWS verifies using that MAC key

   5.  Verify that the payload of the JWS represents the same key as was
       used to verify the outer JWS (i.e., the "jwk" field of the outer
       JWS)

   If all of these checks pass and the CA creates a new account, then
   the CA may consider the new account associated with the external
   account corresponding to the MAC key and MUST reflect the value of
   the "externalAccountBinding" field in the resulting account object.
   If any of these checks fail, then the CA MUST reject the new-account
   request.

7.3.6.  Account Key Roll-over

   A client may wish to change the public key that is associated with an
   account in order to recover from a key compromise or proactively
   mitigate the impact of an unnoticed key compromise.

   To change the key associated with an account, the client first
   constructs a key-change object describing the change that it would
   like the server to make:

   account (required, string):  The URL for the account being modified.
      The content of this field MUST be the exact string provided in the
      Location header field in response to the new-account request that
      created the account.

   newKey (required, JWK):  The JWK representation of the new key

   The client then encapsulates the key-change object in an "inner" JWS,
   signed with the requested new account key (i.e., the key matching the
   "newKey" value).  This JWS then becomes the payload for the "outer"
   JWS that is the body of the ACME request.

   The outer JWS MUST meet the normal requirements for an ACME JWS (see
   Section 6.2).  The inner JWS MUST meet the normal requirements, with
   the following differences:

   o  The inner JWS MUST have a "jwk" header parameter, containing the
      public key of the new key pair (i.e., the same value as the
      "newKey" field).

   o  The inner JWS MUST have the same "url" header parameter as the
      outer JWS.

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   o  The inner JWS is NOT REQUIRED to have a "nonce" header parameter.
      The server MUST ignore any value provided for the "nonce" header
      parameter.

   This transaction has signatures from both the old and new keys so
   that the server can verify that the holders of the two keys both
   agree to the change.  The signatures are nested to preserve the
   property that all signatures on POST messages are signed by exactly
   one key.

   POST /acme/key-change HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "ES256",
       "kid": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
       "nonce": "K60BWPrMQG9SDxBDS_xtSw",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/key-change"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({
       "protected": base64url({
         "alg": "ES256",
         "jwk": /* new key */,
         "url": "https://example.com/acme/key-change"
       }),
       "payload": base64url({
         "account": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
         "newKey": /* new key */
       }),
       "signature": "Xe8B94RD30Azj2ea...8BmZIRtcSKPSd8gU"
     }),
     "signature": "5TWiqIYQfIDfALQv...x9C2mg8JGPxl5bI4"
   }

   On receiving key-change request, the server MUST perform the
   following steps in addition to the typical JWS validation:

   1.  Validate the POST request belongs to a currently active account,
       as described in Section 6.

   2.  Check that the payload of the JWS is a well-formed JWS object
       (the "inner JWS").

   3.  Check that the JWS protected header of the inner JWS has a "jwk"
       field.

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   4.  Check that the inner JWS verifies using the key in its "jwk"
       field.

   5.  Check that the payload of the inner JWS is a well-formed key-
       change object (as described above).

   6.  Check that the "url" parameters of the inner and outer JWSs are
       the same.

   7.  Check that the "account" field of the key-change object contains
       the URL for the account matching the old key.

   8.  Check that the "newKey" field of the key-change object also
       verifies the inner JWS.

   9.  Check that no account exists whose account key is the same as the
       key in the "newKey" field.

   If all of these checks pass, then the server updates the
   corresponding account by replacing the old account key with the new
   public key and returns status code 200 (OK).  Otherwise, the server
   responds with an error status code and a problem document describing
   the error.  If there is an existing account with the new key
   provided, then the server SHOULD use status code 409 (Conflict) and
   provide the URL of that account in the Location header field.

   Note that changing the account key for an account SHOULD NOT have any
   other impact on the account.  For example, the server MUST NOT
   invalidate pending orders or authorization transactions based on a
   change of account key.

7.3.7.  Account Deactivation

   A client can deactivate an account by posting a signed update to the
   server with a status field of "deactivated."  Clients may wish to do
   this when the account key is compromised or decommissioned.

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   POST /acme/acct/1 HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "ES256",
       "kid": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
       "nonce": "ntuJWWSic4WVNSqeUmshgg",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({
       "status": "deactivated"
     }),
     "signature": "earzVLd3m5M4xJzR...bVTqn7R08AKOVf3Y"
   }

   The server MUST verify that the request is signed by the account key.
   If the server accepts the deactivation request, it replies with a 200
   (OK) status code and the current contents of the account object.

   Once an account is deactivated, the server MUST NOT accept further
   requests authorized by that account's key.  The server SHOULD cancel
   any pending operations authorized by the account's key, such as
   certificate orders.  A server may take a variety of actions in
   response to an account deactivation, e.g., deleting data related to
   that account or sending mail to the account's contacts.  Servers
   SHOULD NOT revoke certificates issued by the deactivated account,
   since this could cause operational disruption for servers using these
   certificates.  ACME does not provide a way to reactivate a
   deactivated account.

7.4.  Applying for Certificate Issuance

   The client requests certificate issuance by sending a POST request to
   the server's new-order resource.  The body of the POST is a JWS
   object whose JSON payload is a subset of the order object defined in
   Section 7.1.3, containing the fields that describe the certificate to
   be issued:

   identifiers (required, array of object):  An array of identifier
      objects that the client wishes to submit an order for.

      type (required, string):  The type of identifier.

      value (required, string):  The identifier itself.

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   notBefore (optional, string):  The requested value of the notBefore
      field in the certificate, in the date format defined in [RFC3339].

   notAfter (optional, string):  The requested value of the notAfter
      field in the certificate, in the date format defined in [RFC3339].

   POST /acme/new-order HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "ES256",
       "kid": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
       "nonce": "5XJ1L3lEkMG7tR6pA00clA",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/new-order"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({
       "identifiers": [
         { "type": "dns", "value": "example.com" }
       ],
       "notBefore": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z",
       "notAfter": "2016-01-08T00:00:00Z"
     }),
     "signature": "H6ZXtGjTZyUnPeKn...wEA4TklBdh3e454g"
   }

   The server MUST return an error if it cannot fulfill the request as
   specified, and MUST NOT issue a certificate with contents other than
   those requested.  If the server requires the request to be modified
   in a certain way, it should indicate the required changes using an
   appropriate error type and description.

   If the server is willing to issue the requested certificate, it
   responds with a 201 (Created) response.  The body of this response is
   an order object reflecting the client's request and any
   authorizations the client must complete before the certificate will
   be issued.

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   HTTP/1.1 201 Created
   Replay-Nonce: MYAuvOpaoIiywTezizk5vw
   Location: https://example.com/acme/order/asdf

   {
     "status": "pending",
     "expires": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z",

     "notBefore": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z",
     "notAfter": "2016-01-08T00:00:00Z",

     "identifiers": [
       { "type": "dns", "value": "example.com" },
       { "type": "dns", "value": "www.example.com" }
     ],

     "authorizations": [
       "https://example.com/acme/authz/1234",
       "https://example.com/acme/authz/2345"
     ],

     "finalize": "https://example.com/acme/order/asdf/finalize"
   }

   The order object returned by the server represents a promise that if
   the client fulfills the server's requirements before the "expires"
   time, then the server will be willing to finalize the order upon
   request and issue the requested certificate.  In the order object,
   any authorization referenced in the "authorizations" array whose
   status is "pending" represents an authorization transaction that the
   client must complete before the server will issue the certificate
   (see Section 7.5).  If the client fails to complete the required
   actions before the "expires" time, then the server SHOULD change the
   status of the order to "invalid" and MAY delete the order resource.
   Clients SHOULD NOT make any assumptions about the sort order of
   "identifiers" or "authorizations" elements in the returned order
   object.

   Once the client believes it has fulfilled the server's requirements,
   it should send a POST request to the order resource's finalize URL.
   The POST body MUST include a CSR:

   csr (required, string):  A CSR encoding the parameters for the
      certificate being requested [RFC2986].  The CSR is sent in the
      base64url-encoded version of the DER format.  (Note: Because this
      field uses base64url, and does not include headers, it is
      different from PEM.).

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   POST /acme/order/asdf/finalize HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "ES256",
       "kid": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
       "nonce": "MSF2j2nawWHPxxkE3ZJtKQ",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/order/asdf/finalize"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({
       "csr": "MIIBPTCBxAIBADBFMQ...FS6aKdZeGsysoCo4H9P",
     }),
     "signature": "uOrUfIIk5RyQ...nw62Ay1cl6AB"
   }

   The CSR encodes the client's requests with regard to the content of
   the certificate to be issued.  The CSR MUST indicate the exact same
   set of requested identifiers as the initial new-order request, either
   in the commonName portion of the requested subject name, or in an
   extensionRequest attribute [RFC2985] requesting a subjectAltName
   extension.

   A request to finalize an order will result in error if the order
   indicated does not have status "ready", if the CSR and order
   identifiers differ, or if the account is not authorized for the
   identifiers indicated in the CSR.

   A valid request to finalize an order will return the order to be
   finalized.  The client should begin polling the order by sending a
   GET request to the order resource to obtain its current state.  The
   status of the order will indicate what action the client should take:

   o  "invalid": The certificate will not be issued.  Consider this
      order process abandoned.

   o  "pending": The server does not believe that the client has
      fulfilled the requirements.  Check the "authorizations" array for
      entries that are still pending.

   o  "ready": The server agrees that the requirements have been
      fulfilled, and is awaiting finalization.  Submit a finalization
      request.

   o  "processing": The certificate is being issued.  Send a GET request
      after the time given in the "Retry-After" header field of the
      response, if any.

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   o  "valid": The server has issued the certificate and provisioned its
      URL to the "certificate" field of the order.  Download the
      certificate.

   HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   Replay-Nonce: CGf81JWBsq8QyIgPCi9Q9X
   Location: https://example.com/acme/order/asdf

   {
     "status": "valid",
     "expires": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z",

     "notBefore": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z",
     "notAfter": "2016-01-08T00:00:00Z",

     "identifiers": [
       { "type": "dns", "value": "example.com" },
       { "type": "dns", "value": "www.example.com" }
     ],

     "authorizations": [
       "https://example.com/acme/authz/1234",
       "https://example.com/acme/authz/2345"
     ],

     "finalize": "https://example.com/acme/order/asdf/finalize",

     "certificate": "https://example.com/acme/cert/asdf"
   }

7.4.1.  Pre-Authorization

   The order process described above presumes that authorization objects
   are created reactively, in response to a certificate order.  Some
   servers may also wish to enable clients to obtain authorization for
   an identifier proactively, outside of the context of a specific
   issuance.  For example, a client hosting virtual servers for a
   collection of names might wish to obtain authorization before any
   virtual servers are created and only create a certificate when a
   virtual server starts up.

   In some cases, a CA running an ACME server might have a completely
   external, non-ACME process for authorizing a client to issue
   certificates for an identifier.  In these cases, the CA should
   provision its ACME server with authorization objects corresponding to
   these authorizations and reflect them as already valid in any orders
   submitted by the client.

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   If a CA wishes to allow pre-authorization within ACME, it can offer a
   "new authorization" resource in its directory by adding the field
   "newAuthz" with a URL for the new authorization resource.

   To request authorization for an identifier, the client sends a POST
   request to the new-authorization resource specifying the identifier
   for which authorization is being requested.

   identifier (required, object):  The identifier to appear in the
      resulting authorization object (see Section 7.1.4)

   POST /acme/new-authz HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "ES256",
       "kid": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
       "nonce": "uQpSjlRb4vQVCjVYAyyUWg",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/new-authz"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({
       "identifier": {
         "type": "dns",
         "value": "example.net"
       }
     }),
     "signature": "nuSDISbWG8mMgE7H...QyVUL68yzf3Zawps"
   }

   Note that because the identifier in a pre-authorization request is
   the exact identifier to be included in the authorization object, pre-
   authorization cannot be used to authorize issuance with wildcard DNS
   identifiers.

   Before processing the authorization request, the server SHOULD
   determine whether it is willing to issue certificates for the
   identifier.  For example, the server should check that the identifier
   is of a supported type.  Servers might also check names against a
   blacklist of known high-value identifiers.  If the server is
   unwilling to issue for the identifier, it SHOULD return a 403
   (Forbidden) error, with a problem document describing the reason for
   the rejection.

   If the server is willing to proceed, it builds a pending
   authorization object from the inputs submitted by the client:

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   o  "identifier" the identifier submitted by the client

   o  "status" MUST be "pending" unless the server has out-of-band
      information about the client's authorization status

   o  "challenges" as selected by the server's policy for this
      identifier

   The server allocates a new URL for this authorization, and returns a
   201 (Created) response, with the authorization URL in the Location
   header field, and the JSON authorization object in the body.  The
   client then follows the process described in Section 7.5 to complete
   the authorization process.

7.4.2.  Downloading the Certificate

   To download the issued certificate, the client simply sends a GET
   request to the certificate URL.

   The default format of the certificate is application/pem-certificate-
   chain (see IANA Considerations).

   The server MAY provide one or more link relation header fields
   [RFC5988] with relation "alternate".  Each such field SHOULD express
   an alternative certificate chain starting with the same end-entity
   certificate.  This can be used to express paths to various trust
   anchors.  Clients can fetch these alternates and use their own
   heuristics to decide which is optimal.

   GET /acme/cert/asdf HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Accept: application/pkix-cert

   HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   Content-Type: application/pem-certificate-chain
   Link: <https://example.com/acme/some-directory>;rel="index"

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   [End-entity certificate contents]
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----
   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   [Issuer certificate contents]
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----
   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   [Other certificate contents]
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

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   A certificate resource represents a single, immutable certificate.
   If the client wishes to obtain a renewed certificate, the client
   initiates a new order process to request one.

   Because certificate resources are immutable once issuance is
   complete, the server MAY enable the caching of the resource by adding
   Expires and Cache-Control headers specifying a point in time in the
   distant future.  These headers have no relation to the certificate's
   period of validity.

   The ACME client MAY request other formats by including an Accept
   header in its request.  For example, the client could use the media
   type "application/pkix-cert" [RFC2585] to request the end-entity
   certificate in DER format.  Server support for alternate formats is
   OPTIONAL.  For formats that can only express a single certificate,
   the server SHOULD provide one or more "Link: rel="up"" headers
   pointing to an issuer or issuers so that ACME clients can build a
   certificate chain as defined in TLS.

7.5.  Identifier Authorization

   The identifier authorization process establishes the authorization of
   an account to manage certificates for a given identifier.  This
   process assures the server of two things:

   1.  That the client controls the private key of the account key pair,
       and

   2.  That the client controls the identifier in question.

   This process may be repeated to associate multiple identifiers to a
   key pair (e.g., to request certificates with multiple identifiers),
   or to associate multiple accounts with an identifier (e.g., to allow
   multiple entities to manage certificates).

   Authorization resources are created by the server in response to
   certificate orders or authorization requests submitted by an account
   key holder; their URLs are provided to the client in the responses to
   these requests.  The authorization object is implicitly tied to the
   account key used to sign the request.

   When a client receives an order from the server it downloads the
   authorization resources by sending GET requests to the indicated
   URLs.  If the client initiates authorization using a request to the
   new authorization resource, it will have already received the pending
   authorization object in the response to that request.

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   GET /acme/authz/1234 HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com

   HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   Content-Type: application/json
   Link: <https://example.com/acme/some-directory>;rel="index"

   {
     "status": "pending",
     "expires": "2018-03-03T14:09:00Z",

     "identifier": {
       "type": "dns",
       "value": "example.org"
     },

     "challenges": [
       {
         "type": "http-01",
         "url": "https://example.com/acme/authz/1234/0",
         "token": "DGyRejmCefe7v4NfDGDKfA"
       },
       {
         "type": "dns-01",
         "url": "https://example.com/acme/authz/1234/2",
         "token": "DGyRejmCefe7v4NfDGDKfA"
       }
     ],

     "wildcard": false
   }

7.5.1.  Responding to Challenges

   To prove control of the identifier and receive authorization, the
   client needs to respond with information to complete the challenges.
   To do this, the client updates the authorization object received from
   the server by filling in any required information in the elements of
   the "challenges" dictionary.

   The client sends these updates back to the server in the form of a
   JSON object with contents as specified by the challenge type, carried
   in a POST request to the challenge URL (not authorization URL) once
   it is ready for the server to attempt validation.

   For example, if the client were to respond to the "http-01" challenge
   in the above authorization, it would send the following request:

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   POST /acme/authz/1234/0 HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "ES256",
       "kid": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
       "nonce": "Q_s3MWoqT05TrdkM2MTDcw",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/authz/1234/0"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({}),
     "signature": "9cbg5JO1Gf5YLjjz...SpkUfcdPai9uVYYQ"
   }

   The server updates the authorization document by updating its
   representation of the challenge with the response object provided by
   the client.  The server MUST ignore any fields in the response object
   that are not specified as response fields for this type of challenge.
   The server provides a 200 (OK) response with the updated challenge
   object as its body.

   If the client's response is invalid for any reason or does not
   provide the server with appropriate information to validate the
   challenge, then the server MUST return an HTTP error.  On receiving
   such an error, the client SHOULD undo any actions that have been
   taken to fulfill the challenge, e.g., removing files that have been
   provisioned to a web server.

   The server is said to "finalize" the authorization when it has
   completed one of the validations, by assigning the authorization a
   status of "valid" or "invalid", corresponding to whether it considers
   the account authorized for the identifier.  If the final state is
   "valid", then the server MUST include an "expires" field.  When
   finalizing an authorization, the server MAY remove challenges other
   than the one that was completed, and may modify the "expires" field.
   The server SHOULD NOT remove challenges with status "invalid".

   Usually, the validation process will take some time, so the client
   will need to poll the authorization resource to see when it is
   finalized.  For challenges where the client can tell when the server
   has validated the challenge (e.g., by seeing an HTTP or DNS request
   from the server), the client SHOULD NOT begin polling until it has
   seen the validation request from the server.

   To check on the status of an authorization, the client sends a GET
   request to the authorization URL, and the server responds with the
   current authorization object.  In responding to poll requests while

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   the validation is still in progress, the server MUST return a 200
   (OK) response and MAY include a Retry-After header field to suggest a
   polling interval to the client.

   GET /acme/authz/1234 HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com

   HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   Content-Type: application/json

   {
     "status": "valid",
     "expires": "2018-09-09T14:09:00Z",

     "identifier": {
       "type": "dns",
       "value": "example.org"
     },

     "challenges": [
       {
         "type": "http-01",
         "url": "https://example.com/acme/authz/1234/0",
         "status": "valid",
         "validated": "2014-12-01T12:05:00Z",
         "token": "IlirfxKKXAsHtmzK29Pj8A"
       }
     ],

     "wildcard": false
   }

7.5.2.  Deactivating an Authorization

   If a client wishes to relinquish its authorization to issue
   certificates for an identifier, then it may request that the server
   deactivates each authorization associated with it by sending POST
   requests with the static object {"status": "deactivated"} to each
   authorization URL.

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   POST /acme/authz/1234 HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "ES256",
       "kid": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
       "nonce": "xWCM9lGbIyCgue8di6ueWQ",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/authz/1234"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({
       "status": "deactivated"
     }),
     "signature": "srX9Ji7Le9bjszhu...WTFdtujObzMtZcx4"
   }

   The server MUST verify that the request is signed by the account key
   corresponding to the account that owns the authorization.  If the
   server accepts the deactivation, it should reply with a 200 (OK)
   status code and the updated contents of the authorization object.

   The server MUST NOT treat deactivated authorization objects as
   sufficient for issuing certificates.

7.6.  Certificate Revocation

   To request that a certificate be revoked, the client sends a POST
   request to the ACME server's revokeCert URL.  The body of the POST is
   a JWS object whose JSON payload contains the certificate to be
   revoked:

   certificate (required, string):  The certificate to be revoked, in
      the base64url-encoded version of the DER format.  (Note: Because
      this field uses base64url, and does not include headers, it is
      different from PEM.)

   reason (optional, int):  One of the revocation reasonCodes defined in
      Section 5.3.1 of [RFC5280] to be used when generating OCSP
      responses and CRLs.  If this field is not set the server SHOULD
      omit the reasonCode CRL entry extension when generating OCSP
      responses and CRLs.  The server MAY disallow a subset of
      reasonCodes from being used by the user.  If a request contains a
      disallowed reasonCode the server MUST reject it with the error
      type "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:badRevocationReason".  The
      problem document detail SHOULD indicate which reasonCodes are
      allowed.

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   Revocation requests are different from other ACME requests in that
   they can be signed either with an account key pair or the key pair in
   the certificate.

   Example using an account key pair for the signature:

   POST /acme/revoke-cert HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "ES256",
       "kid": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
       "nonce": "JHb54aT_KTXBWQOzGYkt9A",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/revoke-cert"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({
       "certificate": "MIIEDTCCAvegAwIBAgIRAP8...",
       "reason": 4
     }),
     "signature": "Q1bURgJoEslbD1c5...3pYdSMLio57mQNN4"
   }

   Example using the certificate key pair for the signature:

   POST /acme/revoke-cert HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "RS256",
       "jwk": /* certificate's public key */,
       "nonce": "JHb54aT_KTXBWQOzGYkt9A",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/revoke-cert"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({
       "certificate": "MIIEDTCCAvegAwIBAgIRAP8...",
       "reason": 1
     }),
     "signature": "Q1bURgJoEslbD1c5...3pYdSMLio57mQNN4"
   }

   Before revoking a certificate, the server MUST verify that the key
   used to sign the request is authorized to revoke the certificate.
   The server MUST consider at least the following accounts authorized
   for a given certificate:

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   o  the account that issued the certificate.

   o  an account that holds authorizations for all of the identifiers in
      the certificate.

   The server MUST also consider a revocation request valid if it is
   signed with the private key corresponding to the public key in the
   certificate.

   If the revocation succeeds, the server responds with status code 200
   (OK).  If the revocation fails, the server returns an error.

   HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   Replay-Nonce: IXVHDyxIRGcTE0VSblhPzw
   Content-Length: 0

   --- or ---

   HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
   Replay-Nonce: IXVHDyxIRGcTE0VSblhPzw
   Content-Type: application/problem+json
   Content-Language: en

   {
     "type": "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:unauthorized",
     "detail": "No authorization provided for name example.net"
   }

8.  Identifier Validation Challenges

   There are few types of identifiers in the world for which there is a
   standardized mechanism to prove possession of a given identifier.  In
   all practical cases, CAs rely on a variety of means to test whether
   an entity applying for a certificate with a given identifier actually
   controls that identifier.

   Challenges provide the server with assurance that an account holder
   is also the entity that controls an identifier.  For each type of
   challenge, it must be the case that in order for an entity to
   successfully complete the challenge the entity must both:

   o  Hold the private key of the account key pair used to respond to
      the challenge

   o  Control the identifier in question

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   Section 10 documents how the challenges defined in this document meet
   these requirements.  New challenges will need to document how they
   do.

   ACME uses an extensible challenge/response framework for identifier
   validation.  The server presents a set of challenges in the
   authorization object it sends to a client (as objects in the
   "challenges" array), and the client responds by sending a response
   object in a POST request to a challenge URL.

   This section describes an initial set of challenge types.  The
   definition of a challenge type includes:

   1.  Content of challenge objects

   2.  Content of response objects

   3.  How the server uses the challenge and response to verify control
       of an identifier

   Challenge objects all contain the following basic fields:

   type (required, string):  The type of challenge encoded in the
      object.

   url (required, string):  The URL to which a response can be posted.

   status (required, string):  The status of this challenge.  Possible
      values are: "pending", "processing", "valid", and "invalid".

   validated (optional, string):  The time at which the server validated
      this challenge, encoded in the format specified in RFC 3339
      [RFC3339].  This field is REQUIRED if the "status" field is
      "valid".

   error (optional, object):  Error that occurred while the server was
      validating the challenge, if any, structured as a problem document
      [RFC7807].  Multiple errors can be indicated by using subproblems
      Section 6.6.1.

   All additional fields are specified by the challenge type.  If the
   server sets a challenge's "status" to "invalid", it SHOULD also
   include the "error" field to help the client diagnose why the
   challenge failed.

   Different challenges allow the server to obtain proof of different
   aspects of control over an identifier.  In some challenges, like HTTP
   and DNS, the client directly proves its ability to do certain things

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   related to the identifier.  The choice of which challenges to offer
   to a client under which circumstances is a matter of server policy.

   The identifier validation challenges described in this section all
   relate to validation of domain names.  If ACME is extended in the
   future to support other types of identifiers, there will need to be
   new challenge types, and they will need to specify which types of
   identifier they apply to.

8.1.  Key Authorizations

   All challenges defined in this document make use of a key
   authorization string.  A key authorization is a string that expresses
   a domain holder's authorization for a specified key to satisfy a
   specified challenge, by concatenating the token for the challenge
   with a key fingerprint, separated by a "." character:

  keyAuthorization = token || '.' || base64url(JWK_Thumbprint(accountKey))

   The "JWK_Thumbprint" step indicates the computation specified in
   [RFC7638], using the SHA-256 digest [FIPS180-4].  As noted in
   [RFC7518] any prepended zero octets in the fields of a JWK object
   MUST be stripped before doing the computation.

   As specified in the individual challenges below, the token for a
   challenge is a string comprised entirely of characters in the URL-
   safe base64 alphabet.  The "||" operator indicates concatenation of
   strings.

8.2.  Retrying Challenges

   ACME challenges typically require the client to set up some network-
   accessible resource that the server can query in order to validate
   that the client controls an identifier.  In practice it is not
   uncommon for the server's queries to fail while a resource is being
   set up, e.g., due to information propagating across a cluster or
   firewall rules not being in place.

   Clients SHOULD NOT respond to challenges until they believe that the
   server's queries will succeed.  If a server's initial validation
   query fails, the server SHOULD retry the query after some time, in
   order to account for delay in setting up responses such as DNS
   records or HTTP resources.  The precise retry schedule is up to the
   server, but server operators should keep in mind the operational
   scenarios that the schedule is trying to accommodate.  Given that
   retries are intended to address things like propagation delays in
   HTTP or DNS provisioning, there should not usually be any reason to
   retry more often than every 5 or 10 seconds.  While the server is

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   still trying, the status of the challenge remains "processing"; it is
   only marked "invalid" once the server has given up.

   The server MUST provide information about its retry state to the
   client via the "error" field in the challenge and the Retry-After
   HTTP header field in response to requests to the challenge resource.
   The server MUST add an entry to the "error" field in the challenge
   after each failed validation query.  The server SHOULD set the Retry-
   After header field to a time after the server's next validation
   query, since the status of the challenge will not change until that
   time.

   Clients can explicitly request a retry by re-sending their response
   to a challenge in a new POST request (with a new nonce, etc.).  This
   allows clients to request a retry when the state has changed (e.g.,
   after firewall rules have been updated).  Servers SHOULD retry a
   request immediately on receiving such a POST request.  In order to
   avoid denial-of-service attacks via client-initiated retries, servers
   SHOULD rate-limit such requests.

8.3.  HTTP Challenge

   With HTTP validation, the client in an ACME transaction proves its
   control over a domain name by proving that it can provision HTTP
   resources on a server accessible under that domain name.  The ACME
   server challenges the client to provision a file at a specific path,
   with a specific string as its content.

   As a domain may resolve to multiple IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, the
   server will connect to at least one of the hosts found in the DNS A
   and AAAA records, at its discretion.  Because many web servers
   allocate a default HTTPS virtual host to a particular low-privilege
   tenant user in a subtle and non-intuitive manner, the challenge must
   be completed over HTTP, not HTTPS.

   type (required, string):  The string "http-01"

   token (required, string):  A random value that uniquely identifies
      the challenge.  This value MUST have at least 128 bits of entropy.
      It MUST NOT contain any characters outside the base64url alphabet,
      and MUST NOT include base64 padding characters ("=").

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   GET /acme/authz/1234/0 HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com

   HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   Content-Type: application/json

   {
     "type": "http-01",
     "url": "https://example.com/acme/authz/0",
     "status": "pending",
     "token": "LoqXcYV8q5ONbJQxbmR7SCTNo3tiAXDfowyjxAjEuX0"
   }

   A client fulfills this challenge by constructing a key authorization
   from the "token" value provided in the challenge and the client's
   account key.  The client then provisions the key authorization as a
   resource on the HTTP server for the domain in question.

   The path at which the resource is provisioned is comprised of the
   fixed prefix "/.well-known/acme-challenge/", followed by the "token"
   value in the challenge.  The value of the resource MUST be the ASCII
   representation of the key authorization.

GET /.well-known/acme-challenge/LoqXcYV8q5ONbJQxbmR7SCTNo3tiAXDfowyjxAjEuX0
Host: example.org

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/octet-stream

LoqXcYV8q5ONbJQxbmR7SCTNo3tiAXDfowyjxAjEuX0.9jg46WB3rR_AHD-EBXdN7cBkH1WOu0tA3M9fm21mqTI

   A client responds with an empty object ({}) to acknowledge that the
   challenge can be validated by the server.

   POST /acme/authz/1234/0
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "ES256",
       "kid": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
       "nonce": "JHb54aT_KTXBWQOzGYkt9A",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/authz/1234/0"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({}),
     "signature": "Q1bURgJoEslbD1c5...3pYdSMLio57mQNN4"
   }

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   On receiving a response, the server constructs and stores the key
   authorization from the challenge "token" value and the current client
   account key.

   Given a challenge/response pair, the server verifies the client's
   control of the domain by verifying that the resource was provisioned
   as expected.

   1.  Construct a URL by populating the URL template [RFC6570]
       "http://{domain}/.well-known/acme-challenge/{token}", where:

       *  the domain field is set to the domain name being verified; and

       *  the token field is set to the token in the challenge.

   2.  Verify that the resulting URL is well-formed.

   3.  Dereference the URL using an HTTP GET request.  This request MUST
       be sent to TCP port 80 on the HTTP server.

   4.  Verify that the body of the response is well-formed key
       authorization.  The server SHOULD ignore whitespace characters at
       the end of the body.

   5.  Verify that key authorization provided by the HTTP server matches
       the key authorization stored by the server.

   The server SHOULD follow redirects when dereferencing the URL.

   If all of the above verifications succeed, then the validation is
   successful.  If the request fails, or the body does not pass these
   checks, then it has failed.

8.4.  DNS Challenge

   When the identifier being validated is a domain name, the client can
   prove control of that domain by provisioning a TXT resource record
   containing a designated value for a specific validation domain name.

   type (required, string):  The string "dns-01"

   token (required, string):  A random value that uniquely identifies
      the challenge.  This value MUST have at least 128 bits of entropy.
      It MUST NOT contain any characters outside the base64url alphabet,
      including padding characters ("=").

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   GET /acme/authz/1234/2 HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com

   HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   Content-Type: application/json

   {
     "type": "dns-01",
     "url": "https://example.com/acme/authz/1234/2",
     "status": "pending",
     "token": "evaGxfADs6pSRb2LAv9IZf17Dt3juxGJ-PCt92wr-oA"
   }

   A client fulfills this challenge by constructing a key authorization
   from the "token" value provided in the challenge and the client's
   account key.  The client then computes the SHA-256 digest [FIPS180-4]
   of the key authorization.

   The record provisioned to the DNS contains the base64url encoding of
   this digest.  The client constructs the validation domain name by
   prepending the label "_acme-challenge" to the domain name being
   validated, then provisions a TXT record with the digest value under
   that name.  For example, if the domain name being validated is
   "example.org", then the client would provision the following DNS
   record:

   _acme-challenge.example.org. 300 IN TXT "gfj9Xq...Rg85nM"

   A client responds with an empty object ({}) to acknowledge that the
   challenge can be validated by the server.

   POST /acme/authz/1234/2
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/jose+json

   {
     "protected": base64url({
       "alg": "ES256",
       "kid": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
       "nonce": "JHb54aT_KTXBWQOzGYkt9A",
       "url": "https://example.com/acme/authz/1234/2"
     }),
     "payload": base64url({}),
     "signature": "Q1bURgJoEslbD1c5...3pYdSMLio57mQNN4"
   }

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   On receiving a response, the server constructs and stores the key
   authorization from the challenge "token" value and the current client
   account key.

   To validate a DNS challenge, the server performs the following steps:

   1.  Compute the SHA-256 digest [FIPS180-4] of the stored key
       authorization

   2.  Query for TXT records for the validation domain name

   3.  Verify that the contents of one of the TXT records match the
       digest value

   If all of the above verifications succeed, then the validation is
   successful.  If no DNS record is found, or DNS record and response
   payload do not pass these checks, then the validation fails.

9.  IANA Considerations

9.1.  MIME Type: application/pem-certificate-chain

   The "Media Types" registry should be updated with the following
   additional value:

   MIME media type name: application

   MIME subtype name: pem-certificate-chain

   Required parameters: None

   Optional parameters: None

   Encoding considerations: None

   Security considerations: Carries a cryptographic certificate and its
   associated certificate chain

   Interoperability considerations: None

   Published specification: draft-ietf-acme-acme [[ RFC EDITOR: Please
   replace draft-ietf-acme-acme above with the RFC number assigned to
   this ]]

   Applications which use this media type: Any MIME-compliant transport

   Additional information:

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   File contains one or more certificates encoded with the PEM textual
   encoding, according to RFC 7468 [RFC7468].  In order to provide easy
   interoperation with TLS, the first certificate MUST be an end-entity
   certificate.  Each following certificate SHOULD directly certify the
   one preceding it.  Because certificate validation requires that trust
   anchors be distributed independently, a certificate that specifies a
   trust anchor MAY be omitted from the chain, provided that supported
   peers are known to possess any omitted certificates.

9.2.  Well-Known URI for the HTTP Challenge

   The "Well-Known URIs" registry should be updated with the following
   additional value (using the template from [RFC5785]):

   URI suffix: acme-challenge

   Change controller: IETF

   Specification document(s): This document, Section Section 8.3

   Related information: N/A

9.3.  Replay-Nonce HTTP Header

   The "Message Headers" registry should be updated with the following
   additional value:

        +-------------------+----------+----------+---------------+
        | Header Field Name | Protocol | Status   | Reference     |
        +-------------------+----------+----------+---------------+
        | Replay-Nonce      | http     | standard | Section 6.4.1 |
        +-------------------+----------+----------+---------------+

9.4.  "url" JWS Header Parameter

   The "JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters" registry
   should be updated with the following additional value:

   o  Header Parameter Name: "url"

   o  Header Parameter Description: URL

   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE, JWS

   o  Change Controller: IESG

   o  Specification Document(s): Section 6.3.1 of RFC XXXX

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   [[ RFC EDITOR: Please replace XXXX above with the RFC number assigned
   to this document ]]

9.5.  "nonce" JWS Header Parameter

   The "JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters" registry
   should be updated with the following additional value:

   o  Header Parameter Name: "nonce"

   o  Header Parameter Description: Nonce

   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE, JWS

   o  Change Controller: IESG

   o  Specification Document(s): Section 6.4.2 of RFC XXXX

   [[ RFC EDITOR: Please replace XXXX above with the RFC number assigned
   to this document ]]

9.6.  URN Sub-namespace for ACME (urn:ietf:params:acme)

   The "IETF URN Sub-namespace for Registered Protocol Parameter
   Identifiers" registry should be updated with the following additional
   value, following the template in [RFC3553]:

   Registry name:  acme

   Specification:  RFC XXXX

   Repository:  URL-TBD

   Index value:  No transformation needed.

   [[ RFC EDITOR: Please replace XXXX above with the RFC number assigned
   to this document, and replace URL-TBD with the URL assigned by IANA
   for registries of ACME parameters. ]]

9.7.  New Registries

   This document requests that IANA create the following new registries:

   1.  ACME Account Object Fields (Section 9.7.1)

   2.  ACME Order Object Fields (Section 9.7.2)

   3.  ACME Authorization Object Fields (Section 9.7.3)

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   4.  ACME Error Types (Section 9.7.4)

   5.  ACME Resource Types (Section 9.7.5)

   6.  ACME Directory Metadata Fields (Section 9.7.6)

   7.  ACME Identifier Types (Section 9.7.7)

   8.  ACME Validation Methods (Section 9.7.8)

   All of these registries are under a heading of "Automated Certificate
   Management Environment (ACME) Protocol" and are administered under a
   Specification Required policy [RFC8126].

9.7.1.  Fields in Account Objects

   This registry lists field names that are defined for use in ACME
   account objects.  Fields marked as "configurable" may be included in
   a new-account request.

   Template:

   o  Field name: The string to be used as a field name in the JSON
      object

   o  Field type: The type of value to be provided, e.g., string,
      boolean, array of string

   o  Client configurable: Boolean indicating whether the server should
      accept values provided by the client

   o  Reference: Where this field is defined

   Initial contents: The fields and descriptions defined in
   Section 7.1.2.

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   +------------------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+
   | Field Name             | Field Type    | Configurable | Reference |
   +------------------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+
   | status                 | string        | false        | RFC XXXX  |
   |                        |               |              |           |
   | contact                | array of      | true         | RFC XXXX  |
   |                        | string        |              |           |
   |                        |               |              |           |
   | externalAccountBinding | object        | true         | RFC XXXX  |
   |                        |               |              |           |
   | termsOfServiceAgreed   | boolean       | true         | RFC XXXX  |
   |                        |               |              |           |
   | orders                 | string        | false        | RFC XXXX  |
   +------------------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+

   [[ RFC EDITOR: Please replace XXXX above with the RFC number assigned
   to this document ]]

9.7.2.  Fields in Order Objects

   This registry lists field names that are defined for use in ACME
   order objects.  Fields marked as "configurable" may be included in a
   new-order request.

   Template:

   o  Field name: The string to be used as a field name in the JSON
      object

   o  Field type: The type of value to be provided, e.g., string,
      boolean, array of string

   o  Client configurable: Boolean indicating whether the server should
      accept values provided by the client

   o  Reference: Where this field is defined

   Initial contents: The fields and descriptions defined in
   Section 7.1.3.

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      +----------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+
      | Field Name     | Field Type      | Configurable | Reference |
      +----------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+
      | status         | string          | false        | RFC XXXX  |
      |                |                 |              |           |
      | expires        | string          | false        | RFC XXXX  |
      |                |                 |              |           |
      | identifiers    | array of object | true         | RFC XXXX  |
      |                |                 |              |           |
      | notBefore      | string          | true         | RFC XXXX  |
      |                |                 |              |           |
      | notAfter       | string          | true         | RFC XXXX  |
      |                |                 |              |           |
      | authorizations | array of string | false        | RFC XXXX  |
      |                |                 |              |           |
      | finalize       | string          | false        | RFC XXXX  |
      |                |                 |              |           |
      | certificate    | string          | false        | RFC XXXX  |
      +----------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+

   [[ RFC EDITOR: Please replace XXXX above with the RFC number assigned
   to this document ]]

9.7.3.  Fields in Authorization Objects

   This registry lists field names that are defined for use in ACME
   authorization objects.  Fields marked as "configurable" may be
   included in a new-authorization request.

   Template:

   o  Field name: The string to be used as a field name in the JSON
      object

   o  Field type: The type of value to be provided, e.g., string,
      boolean, array of string

   o  Client configurable: Boolean indicating whether the server should
      accept values provided by the client

   o  Reference: Where this field is defined

   Initial contents: The fields and descriptions defined in
   Section 7.1.4.

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        +------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+
        | Field Name | Field Type      | Configurable | Reference |
        +------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+
        | identifier | object          | true         | RFC XXXX  |
        |            |                 |              |           |
        | status     | string          | false        | RFC XXXX  |
        |            |                 |              |           |
        | expires    | string          | false        | RFC XXXX  |
        |            |                 |              |           |
        | challenges | array of object | false        | RFC XXXX  |
        |            |                 |              |           |
        | wildcard   | boolean         | false        | RFC XXXX  |
        +------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+

   [[ RFC EDITOR: Please replace XXXX above with the RFC number assigned
   to this document ]]

9.7.4.  Error Types

   This registry lists values that are used within URN values that are
   provided in the "type" field of problem documents in ACME.

   Template:

   o  Type: The label to be included in the URN for this error,
      following "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:"

   o  Description: A human-readable description of the error

   o  Reference: Where the error is defined

   Initial contents: The types and descriptions in the table in
   Section 6.6 above, with the Reference field set to point to this
   specification.

9.7.5.  Resource Types

   This registry lists the types of resources that ACME servers may list
   in their directory objects.

   Template:

   o  Field name: The value to be used as a field name in the directory
      object

   o  Resource type: The type of resource labeled by the field

   o  Reference: Where the resource type is defined

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   Initial contents:

              +------------+--------------------+-----------+
              | Field Name | Resource Type      | Reference |
              +------------+--------------------+-----------+
              | newNonce   | New nonce          | RFC XXXX  |
              |            |                    |           |
              | newAccount | New account        | RFC XXXX  |
              |            |                    |           |
              | newOrder   | New order          | RFC XXXX  |
              |            |                    |           |
              | newAuthz   | New authorization  | RFC XXXX  |
              |            |                    |           |
              | revokeCert | Revoke certificate | RFC XXXX  |
              |            |                    |           |
              | keyChange  | Key change         | RFC XXXX  |
              |            |                    |           |
              | meta       | Metadata object    | RFC XXXX  |
              +------------+--------------------+-----------+

   [[ RFC EDITOR: Please replace XXXX above with the RFC number assigned
   to this document ]]

9.7.6.  Fields in the "meta" Object within a Directory Object

   This registry lists field names that are defined for use in the JSON
   object included in the "meta" field of an ACME directory object.

   Template:

   o  Field name: The string to be used as a field name in the JSON
      object

   o  Field type: The type of value to be provided, e.g., string,
      boolean, array of string

   o  Reference: Where this field is defined

   Initial contents: The fields and descriptions defined in
   Section 7.1.2.

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         +-------------------------+-----------------+-----------+
         | Field Name              | Field Type      | Reference |
         +-------------------------+-----------------+-----------+
         | termsOfService          | string          | RFC XXXX  |
         |                         |                 |           |
         | website                 | string          | RFC XXXX  |
         |                         |                 |           |
         | caaIdentities           | array of string | RFC XXXX  |
         |                         |                 |           |
         | externalAccountRequired | boolean         | RFC XXXX  |
         +-------------------------+-----------------+-----------+

   [[ RFC EDITOR: Please replace XXXX above with the RFC number assigned
   to this document ]]

9.7.7.  Identifier Types

   This registry lists the types of identifiers that can be present in
   ACME authorization objects.

   Template:

   o  Label: The value to be put in the "type" field of the identifier
      object

   o  Reference: Where the identifier type is defined

   Initial contents:

                           +-------+-----------+
                           | Label | Reference |
                           +-------+-----------+
                           | dns   | RFC XXXX  |
                           +-------+-----------+

   [[ RFC EDITOR: Please replace XXXX above with the RFC number assigned
   to this document ]]

9.7.8.  Validation Methods

   This registry lists identifiers for the ways that CAs can validate
   control of identifiers.  Each method's entry must specify whether it
   corresponds to an ACME challenge type.  The "Identifier Type" field
   must be contained in the Label column of the ACME Identifier Types
   registry.

   Template:

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   o  Label: The identifier for this validation method

   o  Identifier Type: The type of identifier that this method applies
      to

   o  ACME: "Y" if the validation method corresponds to an ACME
      challenge type; "N" otherwise.

   o  Reference: Where the validation method is defined

   Initial Contents

            +------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
            | Label      | Identifier Type | ACME | Reference |
            +------------+-----------------+------+-----------+
            | http-01    | dns             | Y    | RFC XXXX  |
            |            |                 |      |           |
            | dns-01     | dns             | Y    | RFC XXXX  |
            |            |                 |      |           |
            | tls-sni-01 | RESERVED        | N    | RFC XXXX  |
            |            |                 |      |           |
            | tls-sni-02 | RESERVED        | N    | RFC XXXX  |
            +------------+-----------------+------+-----------+

   When evaluating a request for an assignment in this registry, the
   designated expert should ensure that the method being registered has
   a clear, interoperable definition and does not overlap with existing
   validation methods.  That is, it should not be possible for a client
   and server to follow the same set of actions to fulfill two different
   validation methods.

   Validation methods do not have to be compatible with ACME in order to
   be registered.  For example, a CA might wish to register a validation
   method in order to support its use with the ACME extensions to CAA
   [I-D.ietf-acme-caa].

   [[ RFC EDITOR: Please replace XXXX above with the RFC number assigned
   to this document ]]

10.  Security Considerations

   ACME is a protocol for managing certificates that attest to
   identifier/key bindings.  Thus the foremost security goal of ACME is
   to ensure the integrity of this process, i.e., to ensure that the
   bindings attested by certificates are correct and that only
   authorized entities can manage certificates.  ACME identifies clients
   by their account keys, so this overall goal breaks down into two more
   precise goals:

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   1.  Only an entity that controls an identifier can get an
       authorization for that identifier

   2.  Once authorized, an account key's authorizations cannot be
       improperly used by another account

   In this section, we discuss the threat model that underlies ACME and
   the ways that ACME achieves these security goals within that threat
   model.  We also discuss the denial-of-service risks that ACME servers
   face, and a few other miscellaneous considerations.

10.1.  Threat Model

   As a service on the Internet, ACME broadly exists within the Internet
   threat model [RFC3552].  In analyzing ACME, it is useful to think of
   an ACME server interacting with other Internet hosts along two
   "channels":

   o  An ACME channel, over which the ACME HTTPS requests are exchanged

   o  A validation channel, over which the ACME server performs
      additional requests to validate a client's control of an
      identifier

   +------------+
   |    ACME    |     ACME Channel
   |   Client   |--------------------+
   +------------+                    |
                                     V
                               +------------+
                               |    ACME    |
                               |   Server   |
                               +------------+
   +------------+                    |
   | Validation |<-------------------+
   |   Server   |  Validation Channel
   +------------+

   In practice, the risks to these channels are not entirely separate,
   but they are different in most cases.  Each channel, for example,
   uses a different communications pattern: the ACME channel will
   comprise inbound HTTPS connections to the ACME server and the
   validation channel outbound HTTP or DNS requests.

   Broadly speaking, ACME aims to be secure against active and passive
   attackers on any individual channel.  Some vulnerabilities arise
   (noted below) when an attacker can exploit both the ACME channel and
   one of the others.

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   On the ACME channel, in addition to network layer attackers, we also
   need to account for man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks at the
   application layer, and for abusive use of the protocol itself.
   Protection against application layer MitM addresses potential
   attackers such as Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) and
   middleboxes with a TLS MitM function.  Preventing abusive use of ACME
   means ensuring that an attacker with access to the validation channel
   can't obtain illegitimate authorization by acting as an ACME client
   (legitimately, in terms of the protocol).

10.2.  Integrity of Authorizations

   ACME allows anyone to request challenges for an identifier by
   registering an account key and sending a new-order request using that
   account key.  The integrity of the authorization process thus depends
   on the identifier validation challenges to ensure that the challenge
   can only be completed by someone who both (1) holds the private key
   of the account key pair, and (2) controls the identifier in question.

   Validation responses need to be bound to an account key pair in order
   to avoid situations where an ACME MitM can switch out a legitimate
   domain holder's account key for one of his choosing, e.g.:

   o  Legitimate domain holder registers account key pair A

   o  MitM registers account key pair B

   o  Legitimate domain holder sends a new-order request signed using
      account key A

   o  MitM suppresses the legitimate request but sends the same request
      signed using account key B

   o  ACME server issues challenges and MitM forwards them to the
      legitimate domain holder

   o  Legitimate domain holder provisions the validation response

   o  ACME server performs validation query and sees the response
      provisioned by the legitimate domain holder

   o  Because the challenges were issued in response to a message signed
      account key B, the ACME server grants authorization to account key
      B (the MitM) instead of account key A (the legitimate domain
      holder)

   All of the challenges above have a binding between the account
   private key and the validation query made by the server, via the key

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   authorization.  The key authorization reflects the account public
   key, is provided to the server in the validation response over the
   validation channel and signed afterwards by the corresponding private
   key in the challenge response over the ACME channel.

   The association of challenges to identifiers is typically done by
   requiring the client to perform some action that only someone who
   effectively controls the identifier can perform.  For the challenges
   in this document, the actions are:

   o  HTTP: Provision files under .well-known on a web server for the
      domain

   o  DNS: Provision DNS resource records for the domain

   There are several ways that these assumptions can be violated, both
   by misconfiguration and by attacks.  For example, on a web server
   that allows non-administrative users to write to .well-known, any
   user can claim to own the web server's hostname by responding to an
   HTTP challenge.  Similarly, if a server that can be used for ACME
   validation is compromised by a malicious actor, then that malicious
   actor can use that access to obtain certificates via ACME.

   The use of hosting providers is a particular risk for ACME
   validation.  If the owner of the domain has outsourced operation of
   DNS or web services to a hosting provider, there is nothing that can
   be done against tampering by the hosting provider.  As far as the
   outside world is concerned, the zone or website provided by the
   hosting provider is the real thing.

   More limited forms of delegation can also lead to an unintended party
   gaining the ability to successfully complete a validation
   transaction.  For example, suppose an ACME server follows HTTP
   redirects in HTTP validation and a website operator provisions a
   catch-all redirect rule that redirects requests for unknown resources
   to a different domain.  Then the target of the redirect could use
   that to get a certificate through HTTP validation since the
   validation path will not be known to the primary server.

   The DNS is a common point of vulnerability for all of these
   challenges.  An entity that can provision false DNS records for a
   domain can attack the DNS challenge directly and can provision false
   A/AAAA records to direct the ACME server to send its HTTP validation
   query to a remote server of the attacker's choosing.  There are a few
   different mitigations that ACME servers can apply:

   o  Always querying the DNS using a DNSSEC-validating resolver
      (enhancing security for zones that are DNSSEC-enabled)

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   o  Querying the DNS from multiple vantage points to address local
      attackers

   o  Applying mitigations against DNS off-path attackers, e.g., adding
      entropy to requests [I-D.vixie-dnsext-dns0x20] or only using TCP

   Given these considerations, the ACME validation process makes it
   impossible for any attacker on the ACME channel or a passive attacker
   on the validation channel to hijack the authorization process to
   authorize a key of the attacker's choice.

   An attacker that can only see the ACME channel would need to convince
   the validation server to provide a response that would authorize the
   attacker's account key, but this is prevented by binding the
   validation response to the account key used to request challenges.  A
   passive attacker on the validation channel can observe the correct
   validation response and even replay it, but that response can only be
   used with the account key for which it was generated.

   An active attacker on the validation channel can subvert the ACME
   process, by performing normal ACME transactions and providing a
   validation response for his own account key.  The risks due to
   hosting providers noted above are a particular case.

   It is RECOMMENDED that the server perform DNS queries and make HTTP
   connections from various network perspectives, in order to make MitM
   attacks harder.

10.3.  Denial-of-Service Considerations

   As a protocol run over HTTPS, standard considerations for TCP-based
   and HTTP-based DoS mitigation also apply to ACME.

   At the application layer, ACME requires the server to perform a few
   potentially expensive operations.  Identifier validation transactions
   require the ACME server to make outbound connections to potentially
   attacker-controlled servers, and certificate issuance can require
   interactions with cryptographic hardware.

   In addition, an attacker can also cause the ACME server to send
   validation requests to a domain of its choosing by submitting
   authorization requests for the victim domain.

   All of these attacks can be mitigated by the application of
   appropriate rate limits.  Issues closer to the front end, like POST
   body validation, can be addressed using HTTP request limiting.  For
   validation and certificate requests, there are other identifiers on
   which rate limits can be keyed.  For example, the server might limit

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   the rate at which any individual account key can issue certificates
   or the rate at which validation can be requested within a given
   subtree of the DNS.  And in order to prevent attackers from
   circumventing these limits simply by minting new accounts, servers
   would need to limit the rate at which accounts can be registered.

10.4.  Server-Side Request Forgery

   Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attacks can arise when an attacker
   can cause a server to perform HTTP requests to an attacker-chosen
   URL.  In the ACME HTTP challenge validation process, the ACME server
   performs an HTTP GET request to a URL in which the attacker can
   choose the domain.  This request is made before the server has
   verified that the client controls the domain, so any client can cause
   a query to any domain.

   Some server implementations include information from the validation
   server's response (in order to facilitate debugging).  Such
   implementations enable an attacker to extract this information from
   any web server that is accessible to the ACME server, even if it is
   not accessible to the ACME client.

   It might seem that the risk of SSRF through this channel is limited
   by the fact that the attacker can only control the domain of the URL,
   not the path.  However, if the attacker first sets the domain to one
   they control, then they can send the server an HTTP redirect (e.g., a
   302 response) which will cause the server to query an arbitrary URL.

   In order to further limit the SSRF risk, ACME server operators should
   ensure that validation queries can only be sent to servers on the
   public Internet, and not, say, web services within the server
   operator's internal network.  Since the attacker could make requests
   to these public servers himself, he can't gain anything extra through
   an SSRF attack on ACME aside from a layer of anonymization.

10.5.  CA Policy Considerations

   The controls on issuance enabled by ACME are focused on validating
   that a certificate applicant controls the identifier he claims.
   Before issuing a certificate, however, there are many other checks
   that a CA might need to perform, for example:

   o  Has the client agreed to a subscriber agreement?

   o  Is the claimed identifier syntactically valid?

   o  For domain names:

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      *  If the leftmost label is a '*', then have the appropriate
         checks been applied?

      *  Is the name on the Public Suffix List?

      *  Is the name a high-value name?

      *  Is the name a known phishing domain?

   o  Is the key in the CSR sufficiently strong?

   o  Is the CSR signed with an acceptable algorithm?

   o  Has issuance been authorized or forbidden by a Certificate
      Authority Authorization (CAA) record?  [RFC6844]

   CAs that use ACME to automate issuance will need to ensure that their
   servers perform all necessary checks before issuing.

   CAs using ACME to allow clients to agree to terms of service should
   keep in mind that ACME clients can automate this agreement, possibly
   not involving a human user.

11.  Operational Considerations

   There are certain factors that arise in operational reality that
   operators of ACME-based CAs will need to keep in mind when
   configuring their services.  For example:

11.1.  Key Selection

   ACME relies on two different classes of key pair:

   o  Account key pairs, which are used to authenticate account holders

   o  Certificate key pairs, which are used to sign and verify CSRs (and
      whose public keys are included in certificates)

   Compromise of the private key of an account key pair has more serious
   consequences than compromise of a private key corresponding to a
   certificate.  While the compromise of a certificate key pair allows
   the attacker to impersonate the entities named in the certificate for
   the lifetime of the certificate, the compromise of an account key
   pair allows the attacker to take full control of the victim's ACME
   account, and take any action that the legitimate account holder could
   take within the scope of ACME:

   1.  Issuing certificates using existing authorizations

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   2.  Revoking existing certificates

   3.  Accessing and changing account information (e.g., contacts)

   4.  Changing the account key pair for the account, locking out the
       legitimate account holder

   For this reason, it is RECOMMENDED that account key pairs be used for
   no other purpose besides ACME authentication.  For example, the
   public key of an account key pair SHOULD NOT be included in a
   certificate.  ACME clients and servers SHOULD verify that a CSR
   submitted in a finalize request does not contain a public key for any
   known account key pair.  In particular, when a server receives a
   finalize request, it MUST verify that the public key in a CSR is not
   the same as the public key of the account key pair used to
   authenticate that request.

11.2.  DNS security

   As noted above, DNS forgery attacks against the ACME server can
   result in the server making incorrect decisions about domain control
   and thus mis-issuing certificates.  Servers SHOULD perform DNS
   queries over TCP, which provides better resistance to some forgery
   attacks than DNS over UDP.

   An ACME-based CA will often need to make DNS queries, e.g., to
   validate control of DNS names.  Because the security of such
   validations ultimately depends on the authenticity of DNS data, every
   possible precaution should be taken to secure DNS queries done by the
   CA.  It is therefore RECOMMENDED that ACME-based CAs make all DNS
   queries via DNSSEC-validating stub or recursive resolvers.  This
   provides additional protection to domains which choose to make use of
   DNSSEC.

   An ACME-based CA must use only a resolver if it trusts the resolver
   and every component of the network route by which it is accessed.  It
   is therefore RECOMMENDED that ACME-based CAs operate their own
   DNSSEC-validating resolvers within their trusted network and use
   these resolvers both for both CAA record lookups and all record
   lookups in furtherance of a challenge scheme (A, AAAA, TXT, etc.).

11.3.  Token Entropy

   The http-01, and dns-01 validation methods mandate the usage of a
   random token value to uniquely identify the challenge.  The value of
   the token is required to contain at least 128 bits of entropy for the
   following security properties.  First, the ACME client should not be
   able to influence the ACME server's choice of token as this may allow

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   an attacker to reuse a domain owner's previous challenge responses
   for a new validation request.  Secondly, the entropy requirement
   prevents ACME clients from implementing a "naive" validation server
   that automatically replies to challenges without participating in the
   creation of the initial authorization request.

11.4.  Malformed Certificate Chains

   ACME provides certificate chains in the widely-used format known
   colloquially as PEM (though it may diverge from the actual Privacy
   Enhanced Mail specifications [RFC1421], as noted in [RFC7468]).  Some
   current software will allow the configuration of a private key and a
   certificate in one PEM file, by concatenating the textual encodings
   of the two objects.  In the context of ACME, such software might be
   vulnerable to "key replacement" attacks.  A malicious ACME server
   could cause a client to use a private key of its choosing by
   including the key in the PEM file returned in response to a query for
   a certificate URL.

   When processing an file of type "application/pem-certificate-chain",
   a client SHOULD verify that the file contains only encoded
   certificates.  If anything other than a certificate is found (i.e.,
   if the string "-----BEGIN" is ever followed by anything other than
   "CERTIFICATE"), then the client MUST reject the file as invalid.

12.  Acknowledgements

   In addition to the editors listed on the front page, this document
   has benefited from contributions from a broad set of contributors,
   all the way back to its inception.

   o  Peter Eckersley, EFF

   o  Eric Rescorla, Mozilla

   o  Seth Schoen, EFF

   o  Alex Halderman, University of Michigan

   o  Martin Thomson, Mozilla

   o  Jakub Warmuz, University of Oxford

   o  Sophie Herold, Hemio

   This document draws on many concepts established by Eric Rescorla's
   "Automated Certificate Issuance Protocol" draft.  Martin Thomson
   provided helpful guidance in the use of HTTP.

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13.  References

13.1.  Normative References

   [FIPS180-4]
              Department of Commerce, National., "NIST FIPS 180-4,
              Secure Hash Standard", March 2012,
              <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-4/
              fips-180-4.pdf>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2585]  Housley, R. and P. Hoffman, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Operational Protocols: FTP and HTTP",
              RFC 2585, DOI 10.17487/RFC2585, May 1999,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2585>.

   [RFC2818]  Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2818, May 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2818>.

   [RFC2985]  Nystrom, M. and B. Kaliski, "PKCS #9: Selected Object
              Classes and Attribute Types Version 2.0", RFC 2985,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2985, November 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2985>.

   [RFC2986]  Nystrom, M. and B. Kaliski, "PKCS #10: Certification
              Request Syntax Specification Version 1.7", RFC 2986,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2986, November 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2986>.

   [RFC3339]  Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet:
              Timestamps", RFC 3339, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3339>.

   [RFC3492]  Costello, A., "Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode
              for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
              (IDNA)", RFC 3492, DOI 10.17487/RFC3492, March 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3492>.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
              2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.

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   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

   [RFC4648]  Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
              Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

   [RFC5890]  Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
              Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
              RFC 5890, DOI 10.17487/RFC5890, August 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5890>.

   [RFC5988]  Nottingham, M., "Web Linking", RFC 5988,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5988, October 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5988>.

   [RFC6068]  Duerst, M., Masinter, L., and J. Zawinski, "The 'mailto'
              URI Scheme", RFC 6068, DOI 10.17487/RFC6068, October 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6068>.

   [RFC6570]  Gregorio, J., Fielding, R., Hadley, M., Nottingham, M.,
              and D. Orchard, "URI Template", RFC 6570,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6570, March 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6570>.

   [RFC6844]  Hallam-Baker, P. and R. Stradling, "DNS Certification
              Authority Authorization (CAA) Resource Record", RFC 6844,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6844, January 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6844>.

   [RFC7159]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March
              2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159>.

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   [RFC7231]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7231>.

   [RFC7468]  Josefsson, S. and S. Leonard, "Textual Encodings of PKIX,
              PKCS, and CMS Structures", RFC 7468, DOI 10.17487/RFC7468,
              April 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7468>.

   [RFC7515]  Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web
              Signature (JWS)", RFC 7515, DOI 10.17487/RFC7515, May
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7515>.

   [RFC7518]  Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", RFC 7518,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7518, May 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7518>.

   [RFC7638]  Jones, M. and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Key (JWK)
              Thumbprint", RFC 7638, DOI 10.17487/RFC7638, September
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7638>.

   [RFC7797]  Jones, M., "JSON Web Signature (JWS) Unencoded Payload
              Option", RFC 7797, DOI 10.17487/RFC7797, February 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7797>.

   [RFC7807]  Nottingham, M. and E. Wilde, "Problem Details for HTTP
              APIs", RFC 7807, DOI 10.17487/RFC7807, March 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7807>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

13.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-acme-caa]
              Landau, H., "CAA Record Extensions for Account URI and
              ACME Method Binding", draft-ietf-acme-caa-03 (work in
              progress), August 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-acme-ip]
              Shoemaker, R., "ACME IP Identifier Validation Extension",
              draft-ietf-acme-ip-01 (work in progress), September 2017.

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   [I-D.ietf-acme-telephone]
              Peterson, J. and R. Barnes, "ACME Identifiers and
              Challenges for Telephone Numbers", draft-ietf-acme-
              telephone-01 (work in progress), October 2017.

   [I-D.vixie-dnsext-dns0x20]
              Vixie, P. and D. Dagon, "Use of Bit 0x20 in DNS Labels to
              Improve Transaction Identity", draft-vixie-dnsext-
              dns0x20-00 (work in progress), March 2008.

   [RFC1421]  Linn, J., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic
              Mail: Part I: Message Encryption and Authentication
              Procedures", RFC 1421, DOI 10.17487/RFC1421, February
              1993, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1421>.

   [RFC3552]  Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
              Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3552, July 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3552>.

   [RFC3553]  Mealling, M., Masinter, L., Hardie, T., and G. Klyne, "An
              IETF URN Sub-namespace for Registered Protocol
              Parameters", BCP 73, RFC 3553, DOI 10.17487/RFC3553, June
              2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3553>.

   [RFC5785]  Nottingham, M. and E. Hammer-Lahav, "Defining Well-Known
              Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)", RFC 5785,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5785, April 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5785>.

   [RFC7525]  Sheffer, Y., Holz, R., and P. Saint-Andre,
              "Recommendations for Secure Use of Transport Layer
              Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
              (DTLS)", BCP 195, RFC 7525, DOI 10.17487/RFC7525, May
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7525>.

   [W3C.CR-cors-20130129]
              Kesteren, A., "Cross-Origin Resource Sharing", World Wide
              Web Consortium CR CR-cors-20130129, January 2013,
              <http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-cors-20130129>.

13.3.  URIs

   [1] https://github.com/ietf-wg-acme/acme

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Authors' Addresses

   Richard Barnes
   Cisco

   Email: rlb@ipv.sx

   Jacob Hoffman-Andrews
   EFF

   Email: jsha@eff.org

   Daniel McCarney
   Let's Encrypt

   Email: cpu@letsencrypt.org

   James Kasten
   University of Michigan

   Email: jdkasten@umich.edu

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