SNI Encryption in TLS Through Tunneling
draft-huitema-tls-sni-encryption-00

Network Working Group                                         C. Huitema
Internet-Draft                                      Private Octopus Inc.
Intended status: Standards Track                             E. Rescorla
Expires: December 22, 2017                                    RTFM, Inc.
                                                           June 20, 2017

                SNI Encryption in TLS Through Tunneling
                  draft-huitema-tls-sni-encryption-00

Abstract

   This draft describes the general problem of encryption of the Server
   Name Identification (SNI) parameter.  The proposed solutions hide a
   Hidden Service behind a Fronting Service, only disclosing the SNI of
   the Fronting Service to external observers.  The draft starts by
   listing known attacks against SNI encryption, and then presents two
   potential solutions that might mitigate these attacks.  The first
   solution is based on TLS in TLS "quasi tunneling", and the second
   solution is based on "combined tickets".  These solutions only
   require minimal extensions to the TLS protocol.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 22, 2017.

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   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents

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   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Key Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Security and Privacy Requirements for SNI Encryption  . . . .   3
     2.1.  Mitigate Replay Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.2.  Avoid Widely Shared Secrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.3.  Prevent SNI-based Denial of Service Attacks . . . . . . .   4
     2.4.  Do not stick out  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.5.  Forward Secrecy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.6.  Proper Security Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  SNI Encapsulation Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.1.  Tunneling TLS in TLS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.2.  Tunneling design issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       3.2.1.  Gateway logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       3.2.2.  Early data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       3.2.3.  Client requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   4.  SNI encryption with combined tickets  . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.1.  Session resumption with combined tickets  . . . . . . . .  11
     4.2.  New Combined Session Ticket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.3.  First session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.1.  Replay attacks and side channels  . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.2.  Sticking out  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.3.  Forward Secrecy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   7.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18

1.  Introduction

   Historically, adversaries have been able to monitor the use of web
   services through three channels: looking at DNS requests, looking at
   IP addresses in packet headers, and looking at the data stream
   between user and services.  These channels are getting progressively
   closed.  A growing fraction of Internet communication is encrypted,
   mostly using Transport Layer Security (TLS) [RFC5246].  Progressive
   deployment of solutions like DNS in TLS [RFC7858] mitigates the
   disclosure of DNS information.  More and more services are colocated

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   on multiplexed servers, loosening the relation between IP address and
   web service.  However, multiplexed servers rely on the Service Name
   Information (SNI) to direct TLS connections to the appropriate
   service implementation.  This protocol element is transmitted in
   clear text.  As the other methods of monitoring get blocked,
   monitoring focuses on the clear text SNI.  The purpose of SNI
   encryption is to prevent that.

   In the past, there have been multiple attempts at defining SNI
   encryption.  These attempts have generally floundered, because the
   simple designs fail to mitigate several of the attacks listed in
   Section 2.

   The current draft proposes two designs for SNI Encryption.  Both
   designs hide a "Hidden Service" behind a "Fronting Service".  To an
   external observer, the TLS connections will appear to be directed
   towards the Fronting Service.  The cleartext SNI parameter will
   document the Fronting Service.  A second SNI parameter will be
   transmitted in an encrypted form to the Fronting Service, and will
   allow that service to redirect the connection towards the Hidden
   Service.

   The first design relies on tunneling TLS in TLS, as explained in
   Section 3.  It does not require TLS extensions, but relies on
   conventions in the implementation of TLS 1.3 [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] by
   the Client and the Fronting Server.

   The second design, presented in Section 4 removes the requirement for
   tunneling, on simply relies on Combined Tickets.  It uses the
   extension process for session tickets already defined in
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].

   This draft is presented as is to trigger discussions.  It is expected
   that as the draft progresses, only one of the two proposed solutions
   will be retained.

1.1.  Key Words

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

2.  Security and Privacy Requirements for SNI Encryption

   Over the past years, there have been multiple proposals to add an SNI
   encryption option in TLS.  Many of these proposals appeared
   promising, but were rejected after security reviews pointed plausible
   attacks.  In this section, we collect a list of these known attacks.

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2.1.  Mitigate Replay Attacks

   The simplest SNI encryption designs replace in the initial TLS
   exchange the clear text SNI with an encrypted value, using a key
   known to the multiplexed server.  Regardless of the encryption used,
   these designs can be broken by a simple replay attack, which works as
   follow:

   1- The user starts a TLS connection to the multiplexed server,
   including an encrypted SNI value.

   2- The adversary observes the exchange and copies the encrypted SNI
   parameter.

   3- The adversary starts its own connection to the multiplexed server,
   including in its connection parameters the encrypted SNI copied from
   the observed exchange.

   4- The multiplexed server establishes the connection to the protected
   service, thus revealing the identity of the service.

   SNI encryption designs MUST mitigate this attack.

2.2.  Avoid Widely Shared Secrets

   It is easy to think of simple schemes in which the SNI is encrypted
   or hashed using a shared secret.  This symmetric key must be known by
   the multiplexed server, and by every users of the protected services.
   Such schemes are thus very fragile, since the compromise of a single
   user would compromise the entire set of users and protected services.

   SNI encryption designs MUST NOT rely on widely shared secrets.

2.3.  Prevent SNI-based Denial of Service Attacks

   Encrypting the SNI may create extra load for the multiplexed server.
   Adversaries may mount denial of service attacks by generating random
   encrypted SNI values and forcing the multiplexed server to spend
   resources in useless decryption attempts.

   It may be argued that this is not an important DOS avenue, as regular
   TLS connection attempts also require the server to perform a number
   of cryptographic operations.  However, in many cases, the SNI
   decryption will have to be performed by a front end component with
   limited resources, while the TLS operations are performed by the
   component dedicated to their respective services.  SNI based DOS
   attacks could target the front end component.

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   SNI encryption designs MUST mitigate the risk of denial of service
   attacks through forced SNI decryption.

2.4.  Do not stick out

   In some designs, handshakes using SNI encryption can be easily
   differentiated from "regular" handshakes.  For example, some designs
   require specific extensions in the Client Hello packets, or specific
   values of the clear text SNI parameter.  If adversaries can easily
   detect the use of SNI encryption, they could block it, or they could
   flag the users of SNI encryption for special treatment.

   In the future, it might be possible to assume that a large fraction
   of TLS handshakes use SNI encryption.  If that was the case, the
   detection of SNI encryption would be a lesser concern.  However, we
   have to assume that in the near future, only a small fraction of TLS
   connections will use SNI encryption.

   SNI encryption designs MUST minimize the observable differences
   between the TLS handshakes that use SNI encryption and those that
   don't.

2.5.  Forward Secrecy

   The general concerns about forward secrecy apply to SNI encryption
   just as well as to regular TLS sessions.  For example, some proposed
   designs rely on a public key of the multiplexed server to define the
   SNI encryption key.  If the corresponding public key was compromised,
   the adversaries would be able to process archival records of past
   connections, and retrieve the protected SNI used in these
   connections.  These designs failed to maintain forward secrecy of SNI
   encryption.

   SNI encryption designs SHOULD provide forward secrecy for the
   protected SNI.  However, this may be very hard to achieve in
   practice.  Designs MAY compromise there, if they have other good
   properties.

2.6.  Proper Security Context

   We can design solutions in which the multiplexed server or a fronting
   service act as a relay to reach the protected service.  Some of those
   solutions involve just one TLS handshake between the client and the
   multiplexed server, or between the client and the fronting service.
   The master secret is verified by verifying a certificate provided by
   either of these entities, but not by the protected service.

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   These solutions expose the client to a Man-In-The-Middle attack by
   the multiplexed server or by the fronting service.  Even if the
   client has some reasonable trust in these services, the possibility
   of MITM attack is troubling.

   The multiplexed server or the fronting services could be pressured by
   adversaries.  By design, they could be forced to deny access to the
   protected service, or to divulge which client accessed it.  But if
   MITM is possible, the adversaries would also be able to pressure them
   into intercepting or spoofing the communications between client and
   protected service.

   SNI encryption designs MUST ensure that the master secret are
   negotiated and verified "end to end", between client and protected
   service.

3.  SNI Encapsulation Specification

   We propose to provide SNI Privacy by using a form of TLS
   encapsulation.  The big advantage of this design compared to previous
   attempts is that it requires effectively no changes to TLS 1.3.  It
   only requires a way to signal to the Gateway server that the
   encrypted application data is actually a ClientHello which is
   intended for the hidden service.  Once the tunneled session is
   established, encrypted packets will be forwarded to the Hidden
   Service without requiring encryption or decryption by the Fronting
   Service.

3.1.  Tunneling TLS in TLS

   The proposed design is to encapsulate a second Client Hello in the
   early data of a TLS connection to the Fronting Service.  To the
   outside, it just appears that the client is resuming a session with
   the fronting service.

     Client                  Fronting Service         Hidden Service

     ClientHello

     + early_data

     + key_share*

     + psk_key_exchange_modes

     + pre_shared_key

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     + SNI = fronting

     (

      //Application data

      ClientHello#2

       + KeyShare

       + signature_algorithms*

       + psk_key_exchange_modes*

       + pre_shared_key*

       + SNI = hidden

     )

                       -------->

                            ClientHello#2

                            + KeyShare

                            + signature_algorithms*

                            + psk_key_exchange_modes*

                            + pre_shared_key*

                            + SNI = hidden  ---->

     <Application Data*>

     <end_of_early_data>    -------------------->

                                                         ServerHello

                                                   +  pre_shared_key

                                                        + key_share*

                                               {EncryptedExtensions}

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                                               {CertificateRequest*}

                                                      {Certificate*}

                                                {CertificateVerify*}

                                                          {Finished}

                            <--------------------

     {Certificate*}

     {CertificateVerify*}

     {Finished}             ---------------------

     [Application Data]     <-------------------> [Application Data]

     Key to brackets:

     *  optional messages, not present in all scenarios

     () encrypted with Client->Fronting 0-RTT key

     <> encrypted with Client->Hidden 0-RTT key

     {} encrypted with Client->Hidden 1-RTT handshake

     [] encrypted with Client->Hidden 1-RTT key

   The way this works is that the Gateway decrypts the _data_ in the
   client's first flight, which is actually ClientHello#2 from the
   client, containing the true SNI and then passes it on to the Hidden
   server.  However, the Hidden server responds with its own ServerHello
   which the Gateway just passes unchanged, because it's actually the
   response to ClientHello#2 rather than to ClientHello#1.  As long as
   ClientHello#1 and ClientHello#2 are similar (e.g., differing only in
   the client's actual share (though of course it must be in the same

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   group)), SNI, and maybe EarlyDataIndication), then an attacker should
   not be able to distinguish these cases.

3.2.  Tunneling design issues

   The big advantage of this design is that it requires effectively no
   changes to TLS.  It only requires a way to signal to the Fronting
   Server that the encrypted application data is actually a ClientHello
   which is intended for the hidden service.

   The major disadvantage of this overall design strategy (however it's
   signaled) is that it's somewhat harder to implement in the co-
   tenanted cases than the most trivial "RealSNI" scheme.  That means
   that it's somewhat less likely that servers will implement it "by
   default" and more likely that they will have to take explicit effort
   to allow Encrypted SNI.  Conversely, however, these modes (aside from
   a server with a single wildcard or multi-SAN cert) involve more
   changes to TLS to deal with issues like "what is the server cert that
   is digested into the keys", and that requires more analysis, so there
   is an advantage to deferring that.  If we have EncryptedExtensions in
   the client's first flight it would be possible to add RealSNI later
   if/when we had clearer analysis for that case.

   Notes on several obvious technical issues:

   1.  How does the Fronting Server distinguish this case from where the
       initial flight is actual application data?  See Section 3.2.1 for
       some thoughts on this.

   2.  Can we make this work with 0-RTT data from the client to the
       Hidden server?  The answer is probably yes, as discussed in
       Section 3.2.2.

   3.  What happens if the Fronting Server doesn't gateway, e.g.,
       because it has forgotten the ServerConfiguration?  In that case,
       the client gets a handshake with the Gateway, which it will have
       to determine via trial decryption.  At this point the Gateway
       supplies a ServerConfiguration and the client can reconnect as
       above.

   4.  What happens if the client does 0-RTT inside 0-RTT (as in #2
       above) and the Hidden server doesn't recognize the
       ServerConfiguration in ClientHello#2?  In this case, the client
       gets a 0-RTT rejection and it needs to do trial decryption to
       know whether the rejection was from the Gateway or the Hidden
       server.

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   The client part of that logic, including the handling of question #3
   above, is discussed in Section 3.2.3.

3.2.1.  Gateway logic

   The big advantage of this design is that it requires effectively no
   changes to TLS.  It only requires a way to signal to the Fronting
   Server that the encrypted application data is actually a ClientHello
   which is intended for the hidden service.  The two most obvious
   designs are:

   o  Have an EncryptedExtension which indicates that the inner data is
      tunnelled.

   o  Have a "tunnelled" TLS content type.

   EncryptedExtensions would be the most natural, but they were removed
   from the ClientHello during the TLS standardization.  In Section 3.1
   we assume that the second ClientHello is just transmitted as 0-RTT
   data, and that the servers use some form of pattern matching to
   differentiate between this second ClientHello and other application
   messages.

3.2.2.  Early data

   In the proposed design, the second ClientHello is sent to the
   Fronting Server as early data, encrypted with Client->Fronting 0-RTT
   key.  If the Client follows the second ClientHello with 0-RTT data,
   that data could in theory be sent in two ways:

   1.  The client could use double encryption.  The data is first
       encrypted with the Client->Hidden 0-RTT key, then wrapped and
       encrypted with the Client->Fronting 0-RTT key.  The Fronting
       server would decrypt, unwrap and relay.

   2.  The client could just encrypt the data with the Client->Hidden
       0-RTT key, and ask the server to blindly relay it.

   Each of these ways has its issues.  The double encryption scenario
   would requires two end of early data messages, one double encrypted
   and relayed by the Fronting Server to the Hidden Server, and another
   sent from Client to Fronting Server, to delimitate the end of these
   double encrypted stream, and also to ensure that the stream of
   messages is not distinguishable from simply sending 0-RTT data to the
   Fronting server.  The blind relaying is simpler, and is the scenario
   described in the diagram of Section 3.1.  In that scenario, the
   Fronting server switches to relaying mode immediately after
   unwrapping and forwarding the second ClientHello.

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3.2.3.  Client requirements

   In order to use the tunneling service, the client needs to identify
   the Fronting Service willing to tunnel to the Hidden Service.  We can
   assume that the client will learn the identity of suitable Fronting
   Services from the Hidden Service itself.

   In order to tunnel the second ClientHello as 0-RTT data, the client
   needs to have a shared secret with the Fronting Service.  To avoid
   the trap of "well known shared secrets" described in Section 2.2,
   this should be a pair wise secret.  The most practical solution is to
   use a session resumption ticket.  This requires that prior to the
   tunneling attempt, the client establishes regular connections with
   the fronting service and obtains one or several session resumption
   tickets.

4.  SNI encryption with combined tickets

   EDITOR'S NOTE: This section is an alternative design to Section 3.
   As the draft progresses, only one of the alternatives will be
   selected, and the text corresponding to the other alternative will be
   deleted.

   We propose to provide SNI Privacy by relying solely on "combined
   tickets".  The big advantage of this design compared to previous
   attempts is that it requires only minimal changes to implementations
   of TLS 1.3.  These changes are confined to the handling of the
   combined ticket by Fronting and Hidden service, and to the signaling
   of the Fronting SNI to the client by the Hidden service.

4.1.  Session resumption with combined tickets

   In this example, the client obtains a combined session resumption
   ticket during a previous connection to the hidden service, and has
   learned the SNI of the fronting service.  The session resumption will
   happen as follow:

     Client                    Fronting Service         Hidden Service

     ClientHello

     + early_data

     + key_share*

     + psk_key_exchange_modes

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     + pre_shared_key

     + SNI = fronting

                       -------->

                            // Decode the ticket

                            // Forwards to hidden

                            ClientHello  ------->

     (Application Data*)  ---------------------->

                                                         ServerHello

                                                   +  pre_shared_key

                                                        + key_share*

                                               {EncryptedExtensions}

                                                       + early_data*

                                                          {Finished}

                          <---------------------- [Application Data]

     (EndOfEarlyData)

     {Finished}           ---------------------->

     [Application Data]   <---------------------> [Application Data]

     +  Indicates noteworthy extensions sent in the

        previously noted message.

     *  Indicates optional or situation-dependent

        messages/extensions that are not always sent.

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     () encrypted with Client->Hidden 0-RTT key

     {} encrypted with Client->Hidden 1-RTT handshake

     [] encrypted with Client->Hidden 1-RTT key

   The Fronting server that receives the Client Hello will find the
   combined ticket in the pre_shared_key extensions, just as it would in
   a regular session resumption attempt.  When parsing the ticket, the
   Fronting server will discover that the session really is meant to be
   resumed with the Hidden server.  It will arrange for all the
   connection data to be forwarded to the Hidden server, including
   forwarding a copy of the initial Client Hello.

   The Hidden server will receive the Client Hello.  It will obtain the
   identity of the Fronting service from the SNI parameter.  It will
   then parse the session resumption ticket, and proceed with the
   resumption of the session.

   In this design, the Client Hello message is relayed unchanged from
   Fronting server to hidden server.  This ensures that code changes are
   confined to the interpretation of the message parameters.  The
   construction of handshake contexts is left unchanged.

4.2.  New Combined Session Ticket

   In normal TLS 1.3 operations, the server can send New Session Ticket
   messages at any time after the receiving the Client Finished message.
   The ticket structure is defined in TLS 1.3 as:

      struct {

          uint32 ticket_lifetime;

          uint32 ticket_age_add;

          opaque ticket_nonce<1..255>;

          opaque ticket<1..2^16-1>;

          Extension extensions<0..2^16-2>;

      } NewSessionTicket;

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   When SNI encryption is enabled, tickets will carry a "Fronting SNI"
   extension, and the ticket value itself will be negotiated between
   Fronting Service and Hidden Service, as in:

   Client                    Fronting Service         Hidden Service

                                         <=======   <Ticket Request>

                         Combined Ticket =======>

                                                 [New Session Ticket

                        <------------------------    + SNI Extension]

     <==> sent on connection between Hidden and Fronting service

     <>   encrypted with Fronting<->Hidden key

     [] encrypted with Client->Hidden 1-RTT key

   In theory, the actual format of the ticket could be set by mutual
   agreement between Fronting Service and Hidden Service.  In practice,
   it is probably better to provide guidance, as the ticket must meet
   three of requirements:

   o  The Fronting Server must understand enough of the combined ticket
      to relay the connection towards the Hidden Server;

   o  The Hidden Server must understand enough of the combined ticket to
      resume the session with the client;

   o  Third parties must not be able to deduce the name of the Hidden
      Service from the value of the ticket.

   There are two plausible designs, a stateful design and an shared key
   design.  (There is also a design in which the Hidden Server encrypts
   the tickets with the public key of the Fronting Server, but that does
   not seem very practical.)  In the stateful design, the ticket are
   just random numbers that the Fronting server associates with the
   Hidden server, and the Hidden server associates with the session
   context.  The shared key design would work as follow:

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   o  the hidden server and the fronting server share a symmetric key
      K_sni.

   o  the "clear text" ticket includes a nonce, the ordinary ticket used
      for session resumption by the hidden service, and the id of the
      Hidden service for the Fronting Service.

   o  the ticket will be encrypted with AEAD, using the nonce as an IV.

   o  When the client reconnects to the fronting server, it decrypts the
      ticket using K_sni and if it succeeds, then it just forwards the
      CH to the hidden server indicated in id-hidden-service (which of
      course has to know to ignore SNI).  Otherwise, it terminates the
      connection itself with its own SNI.

   The hidden server can just refresh the ticket any time it pleases, as
   usual.

   This design allows the Hidden Service to hides behind many Fronting
   Services, each using a different key.  The Client Hello received by
   the Hidden Server carries the SNI of the Frinting Service, which the
   Hidden Server can use to select the appropriate K_sni.

4.3.  First session

   The previous sections present how sessions can be resumed with the
   combined ticket.  Clients have that have never contacted the Hidden
   Server will need to obtain a first ticket during a first session.
   The most plausible option is to have the client directly connects to
   the Hidden Service, and then asks for a combined ticket.  The obvious
   issue is that the SNI will not be encrypted for this first
   connection, which exposes clients to surveillance and censorship.

   The client may also learn about the relation between Fronting Service
   and Hidden Service through an out of band channel, such as DNS
   service, or word of mouth.  However, it is difficult to establish a
   combined ticket completely out of band, since the ticket must be
   associated to two shared secrets, one shared with the Fronting
   service so the second Client Hello can be sent as 0-RTT data, and the
   other shared with the Hidden service to ensure protection against
   replay attacks.

   An alternative may be to use the TLS-in-TLS service described in
   Section 3.1 for the first contact.  There will be some overhead due
   to tunnelling, but as we discussed in Section 3.2.3 the tunneling
   solution allows for safe first contact.

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5.  Security Considerations

   The encapsulation protocol proposed in this draft mitigates the known
   attacks listed in Section 2.  For example, the encapsulation design
   uses pairwise security contexts, and is not dependent on the widely
   shared secrets described in Section 2.2.  The design also does not
   rely on additional public key operations by the multiplexed server or
   by the fronting server, and thus does not open the attack surface for
   denial of service discussed in Section 2.3.  The session keys are
   negotiated end to end between the client and the protected service,
   as required in Section 2.6.

   The combined ticket solution also mitigates the known attacks.  The
   design also uses pairwise security contexts, and is not dependent on
   the widely shared secrets described in Section 2.2.  The design also
   does not rely on additional public key operations by the multiplexed
   server or by the fronting server, and thus does not open the attack
   surface for denial of service discussed in Section 2.3.  The session
   keys are negotiated end to end between the client and the protected
   service, as required in Section 2.6.

   However, in some cases, proper mitigation depends on careful
   implementation.

5.1.  Replay attacks and side channels

   Both solutions mitigate the replay attacks described in Section 2.1
   because adversaries cannot receive the replies intended for the
   client.  However, the connection from the fronting service to the
   hidden service can be observed through side channels.

   To give an obvious example, suppose that the fronting service merely
   relays the data by establishing a TCP connection to the hidden
   service.  Adversaries can associate the arrival of an encrypted
   message to the fronting service and the setting of a connection to
   the hidden service, and deduce which hidden service the user
   accessed.

   The mitigation of this attack relies on proper implementation of the
   fronting service.  This may require cooperation from the multiplexed
   server.

5.2.  Sticking out

   The TLS encapsulation protocol mostly fulfills the requirements to
   "not stick out" expressed in Section 2.4.  The initial messages will
   be sent as 0-RTT data, and will be encrypted using the 0-RTT key
   negotiated with the fronting service.  Adversaries cannot tell

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   whether the client is using TLS encapsulation or some other 0-RTT
   service.  However, this is only true if the fronting service
   regularly uses 0-RTT data.

   The combined token solution almost perfectly fulfills the
   requirements to "not stick out" expressed in Section 2.4, as the
   observable flow of message is almost exactly the same as a regular
   TLS connection.  However, adversaries could observe the values of the
   PSK Identifier that contains the combined ticket.  The proposed
   ticket structure is designed to thwart analysis of the ticket, but if
   implementations are not careful the size of the combined ticket can
   be used as a side channel allowing adversaries to distinguish between
   different Hidden Services located behind the same Fronting Service.

5.3.  Forward Secrecy

   In the TLS encapsulation protocol, the encapsulated Client Hello is
   encrypted using the session resumption key.  If this key is revealed,
   the Client Hello data will also be revealed.  The mitigation there is
   to not use the same session resumption key multiple time.

   The most common implementations of TLS tickets have the server using
   Session Ticket Encryption Keys (STEKs) to create an encrypted copy of
   the session parameters which is then stored by the client.  When the
   client resumes, it supplies this encrypted copy, the server decrypts
   it, and has the parameters it needs to resume.  The server need only
   remember the STEK.  If a STEK is disclosed to an adversary, then all
   of the data encrypted by sessions protected by the STEK may be
   decrypted by an adversary.

   To mitigate this attack, server implementations of the TLS
   encapsulation protocol SHOULD use stateful tickets instead of STEK
   protected TLS tickets.  If they do rely on STEK protected tickets,
   they MUST ensure that the K_sni keys used to encrypt these tickets
   are rotated frequently.

6.  IANA Considerations

   Do we need to register an extension point?  Or is it just OK to use
   early data?

7.  Acknowledgements

   A large part of this draft originates in discussion of SNI encryption
   on the TLS WG mailing list, including comments after the tunneling
   approach was first proposed in a message to that list:
   <https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/tls/
   tXvdcqnogZgqmdfCugrV8M90Ftw>.

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   During the discussion of SNI Encryption in Yokohama, Deb Cooley
   argued that rather than messing with TLS to allow SNI encryption, we
   should just tunnel TLS in TLS.  A number of people objected to this
   on the grounds of the performance cost for the gateway because it has
   to encrypt and decrypt everything.

   After the meeting, Martin Thomson suggested a modification to the
   tunnelling proposal that removes this cost.  The key observation is
   that if we think of the 0-RTT flight as a separate message attached
   to the handshake, then we can tunnel a second first flight in it.

   The combined ticket approach was first proposed by Cedric Fournet and
   Antoine Delignaut-Lavaud.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]
              Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", draft-ietf-tls-tls13-20 (work in progress),
              April 2017.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.

   [RFC7858]  Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D.,
              and P. Hoffman, "Specification for DNS over Transport
              Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 7858, DOI 10.17487/RFC7858, May
              2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7858>.

Authors' Addresses

   Christian Huitema
   Private Octopus Inc.
   Friday Harbor  WA  98250
   U.S.A

   Email: huitema@huitema.net

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   Eric Rescorla
   RTFM, Inc.
   U.S.A

   Email: ekr@rtfm.com

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