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LISP for the Mobile Network
draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-18

Document Type Active Internet-Draft (individual)
Authors Dino Farinacci , Padma Pillay-Esnault , Uma Chunduri
Last updated 2024-02-19
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draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-18
Network Working Group                                       D. Farinacci
Internet-Draft                                               lispers.net
Intended status: Experimental                          P. Pillay-Esnault
Expires: 22 August 2024                                      Independent
                                                             U. Chunduri
                                                       Intel Corporation
                                                        19 February 2024

                      LISP for the Mobile Network
                 draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-18

Abstract

   This specification describes how the LISP architecture and protocols
   can be used in a LTE/5G mobile network to support session survivable
   EID mobility.  A recommendation is provided to SDOs on how to
   integrate LISP into the mobile network.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 22 August 2024.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Design Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  Addressing and Routing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   5.  gNB/eNodeB LISP Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   6.  UPF/pGW LISP Functionality  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   7.  Compatible Data-Plane using GTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   8.  Roaming and Packet Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   9.  Mobile Network LISP Mapping System  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   10. LISP Over the 5G N3/N6/N9 Interfaces  . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   11. Multicast Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   14. SDO Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   15. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     15.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     15.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   Appendix B.  Document Change Log  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     B.1.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-18 . . . .  22
     B.2.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-17 . . . .  23
     B.3.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-16 . . . .  23
     B.4.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-15 . . . .  23
     B.5.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-14 . . . .  23
     B.6.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-13 . . . .  23
     B.7.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-12 . . . .  23
     B.8.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-11 . . . .  23
     B.9.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-10 . . . .  24
     B.10. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-09 . . . .  24
     B.11. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-08 . . . .  24
     B.12. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-07 . . . .  24
     B.13. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-06 . . . .  24
     B.14. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-05 . . . .  24
     B.15. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-04 . . . .  24
     B.16. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-03 . . . .  24
     B.17. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-02 . . . .  25
     B.18. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-01 . . . .  25

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     B.19. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-00 . . . .  25
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25

1.  Introduction

   The LISP architecture and protocols [RFC9300] introduces two new
   numbering spaces, Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs) and Routing Locators
   (RLOCs) which provide an architecture to build overlays on top of the
   underlying Internet.  Mapping EIDs to RLOC-sets is accomplished with
   a Mapping Database System.  By using a level of indirection for
   routing and addressing, separating an address identifier from its
   location can allow flexible and scalable mobility.  By assigning EIDs
   to mobile devices and RLOCs to the network nodes that support such
   mobile devices, LISP can provide seamless mobility.

   For a reading audience unfamiliar with LISP, a brief tutorial level
   document is available at [RFC9299].

   This specification will describe how LISP can be used to provide
   layer-3 mobility within and across an LTE [LTE401-3GPP] [LTE402-3GPP]
   and 5G [ARCH5G-3GPP] [PROC5G-3GPP] mobile network.

   The following are the design requirements:

   1.  Layer-3 address mobility is provided within a mobile network RAN
       supported by a UPF/pGW region (intra-UPF/pGW) as well as across
       UPF/pGW regions (inter-UPF/pGW).

   2.  UE nodes can get layer-3 address mobility when roaming off the
       mobile network to support Fixed Mobile Convergence [FMC].

   3.  Transport layer session survivability exists while roaming
       within, across, and off of the mobile network.

   4.  No address management is required when UEs roam.  EID addresses
       are assigned to UEs at subscription time.  EIDs can be reassigned
       when UE ownership changes.

   5.  The design will make efficient use of radio resources thereby not
       adding extra headers to packets that traverse the RAN.

   6.  The design can support IPv4 unicast and multicast packet delivery
       and will support IPv6 unicast and multicast packet delivery.

   7.  The design will allow use of both the GTP [GTPv1-3GPP]
       [GTPv2-3GPP] and LISP [RFC9300] data-planes while using the LISP
       control-plane and mapping system.

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   8.  The design can be used for either 4G/LTE and 5G mobile networks
       and may be able to support interworking between the different
       mobile networks.

   9.  The LISP architecture provides a level of indirection for routing
       and addressing.  From a mobile operator's perspective, these
       mechanisms provide advantages and efficiencies for the URLLC,
       FMC, and mMTC use cases.  See Section 2 for definitions and
       references of these use cases.

   The goal of this specification is take advantage of LISP's non-
   disruptive incremental deployment benefits.  This can be achieved by
   changing the fewest number of components in the mobile network.  The
   proposal suggests adding LISP functionality only to gNB/eNodeB and
   UPF/pGW nodes.  There are no hardware or software changes to the UE
   devices or the RF-based RAN to realize this architecture.  The LISP
   mapping database system is deployed as an addition to the mobile
   network and does not require any coordination with existing
   management and provisioning systems.

   Similar ID Oriented Networking (ION) mechanisms for the 5G
   [ARCH5G-3GPP] [PROC5G-3GPP] mobile network are also being considered
   in other standards organizations such as ETSI [ETSI-NGP] and ITU
   [ITU-IMT2020].  The NGMN Alliance describes Locator/ID separation as
   an enabler to meet Key Performance Indicator Requirements [NGMN].

2.  Definition of Terms

   xTR:  Is a LISP node in the network that runs the LISP control-plane
      and data-plane protocols according to [RFC9300] and [RFC9301].  A
      formal definition of an xTR can be found in [RFC9300].  In this
      specification, a LISP xTR is a node that runs the LISP control-
      plane with the GTP data-plane.

   EID:  Is an Endpoint Identifier.  EIDs are assigned to UEs and other
      Internet nodes in LISP sites.  A formal definition of an EID can
      be found in [RFC9300].

   UE EID:  A UE can be assigned an IPv4 and/or an IPv6 address either
      statically, or dynamically as is the procedure in the mobile
      network today.  These IP addresses are known as LISP EIDs and are
      registered to the LISP mapping system.  These EIDs are used as the
      source address in packets that the UE originates.

   RLOC:  Is an Routing Locator.  RLOCs are assigned to gNB/eNodeBs and
      UPF/pGWs and other LISP xTRs in LISP sites.  A formal definition
      of an RLOC can be found in [RFC9300].

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   Mapping System:  Is the LISP mapping database system that stores EID-
      to-RLOC mappings.  The mapping system is centralized for use and
      distributed to scale and secure deployment.  LISP Map-Register
      messages are used to publish mappings and LISP Map-Requests
      messages are used to lookup mappings.  LISP Map-Reply messages are
      used to return mappings.  EID-records are used as lookup keys, and
      RLOC-records are returned as a result of the lookup.  Details can
      be found in [RFC9301].

   LISP Control-Plane:  In this specification, a LISP xTR runs the LISP
      control-plane which originates, consumes, and processes Map-
      Request, Map-Register, Map-Reply, and Map-Notify messages.

   RAN:  Radio Access Network where UE nodes connect to gNB/eNodeB nodes
      via radios to get access to the Internet.

   EPC:  Evolved Packet Core [EPS-3GPP] system is the part of the mobile
      network that allows the RAN to connect to a data packet network.
      The EPC is a term used for the 4G/LTE mobile network.

   NGC:  Next Generation Core [EPS-3GPP] system is the part of the 5G
      mobile network that allows the RAN to connect to a data packet
      network.  The NGC is roughly equivalent to the 4G EPC.

   GTP:  GTP [GTPv1-3GPP] [GTPv2-3GPP] is the UDP tunneling mechanism
      used in the LTE/4G and 5G mobile network.

   UE:  User Equipment as defined by [GPRS-3GPP] which is typically a
      mobile phone.  The UE is connected to the network across the RAN
      to gNB/eNodeB nodes.

   eNodeB:  Is the device defined by [GPRS-3GPP] which borders the RAN
      and connects UEs to the EPC in a 4G/LTE mobile network.  The
      eNodeB nodes are termination point for a GTP tunnel and are LISP
      xTRs.  The equivalent term in the 5G mobile network is "(R)AN" and
      "5G-NR", or simply "gNB".  In this document, the two terms are
      used interchangeably.

   pGW:  Is the PDN-Gateway as defined by [GPRS-3GPP] which connects the
      EPC in a 4G/LTE mobile network to the Internet.  The pGW nodes are
      termination point for a GTP tunnel and is a LISP xTR.  The
      equivalent user/data-plane term in the 5G mobile network is the
      "UPF", which also has the capability to chain network functions.
      In this document, the two terms are used interchangeably to mean
      the border point from the EPC/NGC to the Internet.

   URLLC:  Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency provided by the 5G mobile
      network for the shortest path between UEs [NGMN].

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   FMC:  Fixed Mobile Convergence [FMC] is a term used that allows a UE
      device to move to and from the mobile network.  By assigning a
      fixed EID to a UE device, LISP supports transport layer continuity
      between the mobile network and a fixed infrastructure such as a
      WiFi network.

   mMTC:  Massive Machine-Type Services [mMTC] is a term used to refer
      to using the mobile network for large-scale deployment of Internet
      of Things (IoT) applications.

3.  Design Overview

   LISP will provide layer-3 address mobility based on the procedures in
   [I-D.ietf-lisp-eid-mobility] where the EID and RLOCs are not co-
   located.  In this design, the EID is assigned to the UE device and
   the RLOC(s) are assigned to gNB/eNodeB nodes.  So any packets going
   to a UE are always encapsulated to the gNB/eNodeB that associates
   with the UE.  For data flow from the UE to any EIDs (or destinations
   to non-LISP sites) that are outside of the NGC/EPC, use the RLOCs of
   the UPF/pGW nodes so the UPF/pGW can send packets into the Internet
   core (unencapsulated).

   The following procedures are used to incorporate LISP in the NGC/EPC:

   *  UEs are assigned EIDs.  They usually never change.  They identify
      the mobile device and are used for transport connections.  If
      privacy for EIDs is desired, refer to details in
      [I-D.ietf-lisp-eid-anonymity].

   *  gNB/eNodeB nodes are LISP xTRs.  They have GTP, and optionally
      LISP, tunnels to the UPF/pGW nodes.  The gNB/eNodeB is the RLOC
      for all EIDs assigned to UE devices that are attached to the gNB/
      eNodeB.

   *  UPF/pGW nodes are LISP xTRs.  They have GTP, and optionally LISP,
      tunnels to the gNB/eNodeB nodes.  The UPF/pGW is the RLOC for all
      traffic destined for the Internet.

   *  The LISP mapping system runs in the NGC/EPC.  It maps EIDs to
      RLOC-sets.

   *  Traffic from a UE to UE within a UPF/pGW region can be
      encapsulated from gNB/eNodeB to another gNB/eNodeB or via the UPF/
      pGW, acting as an RTR [RFC9300], to provide data-plane policy.

   *  Traffic from a UE to UE across a UPF/pGW region have these options
      for data flow:

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      1.  Encapsulation by a gNB/eNodeB in one region to a gNB/eNodeB in
          another region.

      2.  Encapsulation by a gNB/eNodeB in one region to a UPF/pGW in
          the same region and then the UPF/pGW reencapsulates to a gNB/
          eNodeB in another region.

      3.  Encapsulation by a gNB/eNodeB in one region to a UPF/pGW in
          another region and then the UPF/pGW reencapsulates to a gNB/
          eNodeB in its same region

      4.  Encapsulation by the gNB/eNodeB to a LISP xTR outside of the
          mobile network.  An xTR outside of the mobile network could be
          a router in a data-center, a router at the edge of a WAN at a
          remote branch, or a WiFi access-point, and even a gNB/eNodeB
          in another carrier's mobile network.  All these deployment
          options are to be considered for future architectures.

   *  Note when encapsulation happens between a gNB/eNodeB and a UPF/
      pGW, GTP is used as the data-plane and when encapsulation between
      two gNB/eNodeBs occur, LISP can be used as the data-plane when
      there is no X2 interface [X2-3GPP] between the gNB/eNodeB nodes.

   *  The UPF/pGW nodes register their RLOCs for a default EID-prefix to
      the LISP mapping system.  This is done so gNB/eNodeB nodes can
      find UPF/pGW nodes to encapsulate to.

   *  The gNB/eNodeB nodes register EIDs to the mapping system for the
      UE nodes.  The registration occurs when gNB/eNodeB nodes discover
      the layer-3 addresses of the UEs that connect to them.  The gNB/
      eNodeB nodes register multiple RLOCs associated with the EIDs to
      get multi-homing and path diversity benefits from the NGC/EPC
      network.

   *  When a UE moves off a gNB/eNodeB, the gNB/eNodeB node deregisters
      itself as an RLOC for the EID associated with the UE.

   *  Optionally, and for further study for future architectures, the
      gNB/eNodeB or UPF/pGW could encapsulate to an xTR that is outside
      of the NGC/EPC network.  They could encapsulate to a LISP CPE
      router at a branch office, a LISP top-of-rack router in a data
      center, a LISP wifi access-point, LISP border routers at a hub
      site, and even a LISP router running in a VM or container on a
      server.

   The following diagram illustrates the LTE mobile network topology and
   structure [LTE401-3GPP] [LTE402-3GPP]:

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                (--------------------------------------------)
                (                                            )
                (                  Internet                  )
                (                                            )
                (--------------------------------------------)
                          |                         |
                          |                         |
                (---------|---------)     (---------|---------)
                (      UPF-pGW      )     (      UPF-pGW      )
                (                   )     (                   )
                (      NGC/EPC      )     (     NGC/EPC       )
                (                   )     (                   )
                ( gNB-eNB  gNB-eNB  )     ( gNB-eNB  gNB-eNB  )
                (---/--\-----/--\---)     (---/--\-----/--\---)
                   /    \   /    \           /    \   /    \
                  /      \ /      \         /      \ /      \
                 /                 \       /                 \
                /        RAN        \     /        RAN        \
               /                     \   /                     \
              (   UE      UE      UE  ) (  UE       UE      UE  )

                Figure 1: LTE/5G Mobile Network Architecture

   The following diagram illustrates how LISP is used on the mobile
   network:

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(1) IPv6 EIDs are assigned to UEs.
(2) RLOCs assigned to gNB/eNodeB nodes are [a1,a2], [b1,b2], [c1,c2], [d1,d2]
    on their uplink interfaces.
(3) RLOCs assigned to UPF/pGW nodes are [p1,p2], [p3,p4].
(4) RLOCs can be IPv4 or IPv6 addresses or mixed RLOC-sets.

             (--------------------------------------------)
             (                                            )
             (                  Internet                  )
             (                                            )
             (--------------------------------------------)
                       |                         |
                       |                         |
             (---------|---------)     (---------|---------)
             (      UPF-pGW      )     (      UPF-pGW      )
             (       p1 p2       )     (       p3 p4       )
             (                   )     (                   )
             (      NGC/EPC      )     (     NGC/EPC       )
             (                   )     (                   )
             (  a1  a2   b1  b2  )     (  c1  c2   d1  d2  )
             ( gNB-eNB  gNB-eNB  )     ( gNB-eNB  gNB-eNB  )
             (---/--\-----/--\---)     (---/--\-----/--\---)
                /    \   /    \           /    \   /    \
               /      \ /      \         /      \ /      \
              /                 \       /                 \
             /        RAN        \     /        RAN        \
            /                     \   /                     \
           (   UE      UE      UE  ) (  UE       UE      UE  )
    EIDs:     a::1    b::1    c::1     x::1     y::1    z::1

          Figure 2: Mobile Network with EID/RLOC Assignment

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The following table lists the EID-to-RLOC entries that reside in the
LISP Mapping System when the above UEs are are attached to the 4
gNB/eNodeBs:

EID-Record  RLOC-Record       Commentary
0::/0       [p1,p2,p3 p4]     gNB/eNodeBs encap to p1-p4 for Internet
                              destinations which are non-EIDs (1)

a::1/128    [a1,a2]           UPF/pGWs load-split traffic to [a1,a2]
                              for UE a::1 and it can move to [b1,b2] (2)

b::1/128    [a1,a2]           gNB/eNodeB tracks both UEs a::1 and b::1,
                              it can do local routing between the
                              UEs (3)

c::1/128    [b1,b2]           UE c::1 can roam to [c1,c2] or [d1,d2],
                              may use UPF/pGW [p1,p2] after move (4)

x::1/128    [c1,c2]           UE x::1 can talk directly to UE y::1,
                              gNB/eNodeBs encap to each other (5)

y::1/128    [d1,d2]           UE can talk to Internet when [d1,d2],
                              encap to UPF/pGW [p3,p4] or use backup
                              [p1,p2] (6)

z::1/128    [d1,d2]           UE z::1 can talk to a::1 directly where
                              [d1,d2] encaps to [a1,a2] (7)

   (1) For packets that flow from UE nodes to destinations that are not
   in LISP sites, the gNB/eNodeB node uses one of the RLOCs p1, p2, p3,
   or p4 as the destination address in the outer encapsulated header.
   Encapsulated packets are then routed by the NGC/EPC core to the UPF/
   pGW nodes.  In turn, the UPF/pGW nodes, then route packets into the
   Internet core.

   (2) Packets that arrive to UPF/pGW nodes from the Internet destined
   to UE nodes are encapsulated to one of the gNB/eNodeB RLOCs a1, a2,
   b1, b2.  When UE, with EID a::1 is attached to the leftmost gNB/
   eNodeB, the EID a::1 is registered to the mapping system with RLOCs
   a1 and a2.  When UE with EID c::1 is attached to the rightmost gNB/
   eNodeB (in the left region), the EID c::1 is registered to the
   mapping system with RLOCs b1 and b2.

   (3) If UE with EID a::1 and UE with EID b::1 are attached to the same
   gNB/eNodeB node, the gNB/eNodeB node tracks what radio interface to
   use to route packets from one UE to the other.

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   (4) If UE with EID c::1 roams away from gNB/eNodeB with RLOCs b1 and
   b2, to the gNB/eNodeB with RLOCs c1 and c2 (in the rightmost region),
   packets destined toward the Internet, can use any UPF/pGW.  Any
   packets that flow back from the Internet can use any UPF/pGW.  In
   either case, the UPF/pGW is informed by the mapping system that the
   UE with EID c::1 has new RLOCs and should now encapsulate to either
   RLOC c1 or c2.

   (5) When UE with EID x::1 is attached to gNB/eNodeB with RLOCs c1 and
   c2 and UE with EID y::1 is attached to gNB/eNodeB with RLOCs d1 and
   d2, they can talk directly, on the shortest path to each gNB/eNodeB,
   when each encapsulates packets to each other's RLOCs.

   (6) When packets from UE with EID y::1 are destined for the Internet,
   the gNB/eNodeB with RLOCs d1 and d2 that the UE is attached to can
   use any exit UPF/pGWs RLOCs p1, p2, p3, or p4.

   (7) UE with EID z::1 can talk directory to UE with EID a::1 by each
   gNB/eNodeB they are attached to encapsulsates to each other's RLOCs.
   In case (5), the two gNB/eNodeB's were in the same region.  In this
   case, the gNB/eNodeBs are in different regions.

   The following abbreviated diagram shows a topology that illustrates
   how a UE roams with LISP across UPF/pGW regions:

                (--------------------------------------------)
                (                                            )
                (                  Internet                  )
                (                                            )
                (--------------------------------------------)
                          |                         |
                          |                         |
                (---------|---------)     (---------|---------)
                (      UPF-pGW      )     (      UPF-pGW      )
                (       p1 p2       )     (       p3 p4       )
                (                   )     (                   )
                (      NGC/EPC      )     (      NGC/EPC      )
                (                   )     (                   )
                (  a1  a2   b1  b2  )     (  c1  c2   d1  d2  )
                ( gNB-eNB  gNB-eNB  )     ( gNB-eNB  gNB-eNB  )
                (---/--\-----/--\---)     (---/--\-----/--\---)
                   /    \   /    \           /    \   /    \
                  /      \ /      \         /      \ /      \
                 /                 \       /                 \
                /        RAN        \     /        RAN        \
               /                     \   /                     \
              (   UE    ------------------------------>  UE     )
                 a::1                                   a::1

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                         Figure 3: UE EID Mobility

  The contents of the LISP mapping database before UE moves:

  EID-Record  RLOC-Record       Commentary
  0::/0       [p1,p2,p3,p4]     gNB/eNodeB [a1,a2] encaps to p1-p4 for
                                Internet destinations when a::1 on
                                gNB/eNodeB [a1,a2]

  a::1/128    [a1,a2]           Before UE moves to other UPF/pGW region

  The contents of the LISP mapping database after UE moves:

  EID-Record  RLOC-Record       Commentary
  0::/0       [p1,p2,p3,p4]     gNB/eNodeB [d1,d2] encaps to p1-p4 for
                                Internet destinations when a::1 moves to
                                gNB/eNodeB [d1,d2]

  a::1/128    [d1,d2]           After UE moves to new UPF/pGW region

4.  Addressing and Routing

   UE based EID addresses will be IPv6 addresses.  It will be determined
   at a future time what length the IPv6 prefix will be to cover all UEs
   in a mobile network.  This coarse IPv6 prefix is called an EID-prefix
   where more-specific EID-prefixes will be allocated out of it for each
   UPF/pGW node.  Each UPF/pGW node is responsible for advertising the
   more-specific EID-prefix into the Internet routing system so they can
   attract packets from non-EIDs nodes to UE EIDs.

   An RLOC address will either be an IPv4 or IPv6 address depending on
   the support for single or dual-stack address-family in the NGC/EPC
   network.  An RLOC-set in the mapping system can have a mixed address-
   family locator set.  There is no requirement for the NGC/EPC to
   change to support one address-family or the other.  And there is no
   requirement for the NGC/EPC network to support IPv4 multicast or IPv6
   multicast.  The LISP overlay will support both.

   The only requirement for RLOC addresses is that they are routable in
   the NGC/EPC and the Internet.

   The requirements of the LISP and GTP data-plane overlay is to support
   a layer-3 overlay network only.  There is no architectural
   requirement to support layer-2 overlays.  However, operators may want
   to provide a layer-2 LAN service over their mobile network.  Details
   about how LISP supports layer-2 overlays can be found in
   [I-D.ietf-lisp-eid-mobility].

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5.  gNB/eNodeB LISP Functionality

   The gNB/eNodeB node runs as a LISP xTR for control-plane
   functionality and runs GTP for data-plane functionality.  Optionally,
   the LISP data-plane can be used to establish dynamic tunnels from one
   gNB/eNodeB node to another gNB/eNodeB node.

   The gNB/eNodeB LISP xTR will follow the procedures of
   [I-D.ietf-lisp-eid-mobility] to discover UE based EIDs, track them by
   monitoring liveness, registering them when appear, and deregistering
   them when they move away.  Since the gNB/eNodeB node is an xTR, it is
   acting as a layer-3 router and the GTP tunnel from the gNB/eNodeB
   node to the UPF/pGW node is realizing a layer-3 overlay.  This will
   provide scaling benefits since broadcast and link-local multicast
   packets won't have to travel across the NGC/EPC to the UPF/pGW node.

   A day in the life of a UE originated packet:

   1.  The UE node originates an IP packet over the RAN.

   2.  The gNB/eNodeB receives an IPv4/IPv6 packet, it extracts the
       source address from the packet, learns the UE based EID, stores
       its RAN location locally and registers the EID to the mapping
       system.

   3.  The gNB/eNodeB extracts the destination address, looks up the
       address in the mapping system.  The lookup returns the RLOC of a
       UPF/pGW node if the destination is not an EID or an RLOC gNB/
       eNodeB node if the destination is a UE based EID.

   4.  The gNB/eNodeB node encapsulates the packet to the RLOC using GTP
       or optionally the LISP data-plane.

   It is important to note that in [I-D.ietf-lisp-eid-mobility], EID
   discovery occurs when a LISP xTR receives an IP or ARP/ND packet.
   However, if there are other methods to discover the EID of a device,
   like in UE call setup, the learning and registration referenced in
   Section 5, Paragraph 4, Item 2 can happen before any packet is sent.

6.  UPF/pGW LISP Functionality

   The UPF/pGW node runs as a LISP xTR for control-plane functionality
   and runs GTP for data-plane functionality.  Optionally, the LISP
   data-plane can be used to establish dynamic tunnels from one UPF/pGW
   node to another UPF/pGW or gNB/eNodeB node.

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   The UPF/pGW LISP xTR does not follow the EID mobility procedures of
   [I-D.ietf-lisp-eid-mobility] since it is not responsible for
   discovering UE based EIDs.  A UPF/pGW LISP xTR simply follows the
   procedures of a PxTR in [RFC9300] and for interworking to non-EID
   sites in [RFC6832].

   A day in the life of a UPF/pGW received packet:

   1.  The UPF/pGW node receives a IP packet from the Internet core.

   2.  The UPF/pGW node extracts the destination address from the packet
       and looks it up in the LISP mapping system.  The lookup returns
       an RLOC of a gNB/eNodeB node.  Optionally, the RLOC could be
       another UPF/pGW node.

   3.  The UPF/pGW node encapsulates the packet to the RLOC using GTP or
       optionally the LISP data-plane.

7.  Compatible Data-Plane using GTP

   Since GTP is a UDP based encapsulating tunnel protocol, it has the
   same benefits as LISP encapsulation.  At this time, there appears to
   be no urgent need to not continue to use GTP for tunnels between a
   gNB/eNodeB nodes and between a gNB/eNodeB node and a UPF/pGW node.

   There are differences between GTP tunneling and LISP tunneling.  GTP
   tunnels are setup at call initiation time.  LISP tunnels are
   dynamically encapsulating, used on demand, and don't need setup or
   teardown.  The two tunneling mechanisms are a hard state versus soft
   state tradeoff.

   This specification recommends for early phases of deployment, to use
   GTP as the data-plane so a transition for it to use the LISP control-
   plane can be achieved more easily.  At later phases, the LISP data-
   plane may be considered so a more dynamic way of using tunnels can be
   achieved to support URLLC.

   This specification recommends the use of procedures from
   [I-D.ietf-lisp-eid-mobility] and NOT the use of LISP-MN
   [I-D.ietf-lisp-mn].  Using LISP-MN states that a LISP xTR resides on
   the mobile UE.  This is to be avoided so extra encapsulation header
   overhead is NOT sent on the RAN.  The LISP data-plane or control-
   plane will not run on the UE.

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8.  Roaming and Packet Loss

   Using LISP for the data-plane has some advantages in terms of
   providing near-zero packet loss.  In the current mobile network,
   packets are queued on the gNB/eNodeB node the UE is roaming to or
   rerouted on the gNB/eNodeB node the UE has left.  In the LISP
   architecture, packets can be sent to multiple "roamed-from" and
   "roamed-to" nodes while the UE is moving or is off the RAN.  See
   mechanisms in [I-D.ietf-lisp-predictive-rlocs] for details.

9.  Mobile Network LISP Mapping System

   The LISP mapping system stores and maintains EID-to-RLOC mappings.
   There are two mapping database transport systems that are available
   for scale, LISP-ALT [RFC6836] and LISP-DDT [RFC8111].  The mapping
   system will store EIDs assigned to UE nodes and the associated RLOCs
   assigned to gNB/eNodeB nodes and UPF/pGW nodes.  The RLOC addresses
   are routable addresses by the NGC/EPC network.

   This specification recommends the use of LISP-DDT.

10.  LISP Over the 5G N3/N6/N9 Interfaces

   So far in this specification we have described how LISP runs on the
   gNB and UPF nodes in the mobile network.  In the 5G architecture
   [ARCH5G-3GPP] definition, some key components are Access and Mobility
   Management Function (AMF) and the Session Management Function (SMF).
   These two components provide control plane functionality to off-load
   session anchoring by distributing state and packet flow among
   multiple nodes in the NGC.  These functions control the data-plane
   anchors deployed in Branch Point Uplink Classifier (BP/ULCL) in UPF
   data-plane nodes.

   Here is an illustration where a BP/ULCL-UPF node would appear in the
   mobile network:

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                (--------------------------------------------)
                (                  Internet                  )
        +->     (--------------------------------------------)
        |                             |
        N6                            |
        |                   (---------|---------)
        +->                 (        UPF        )         <-+
                        NGC (      [p1,p2]      )           |
                            (                   )           N9
        +->                 (      BP/ULCL      )           |
        |                   (     UPF [p3,p4]   )         <-+
        N3                  (                   )
        |                   (  [a1]      [a2]   )
        +->                 (   gNB      gNB    )
                            (---/--\-----/--\---)
                               /    \   /    \
                              /                \
                             /       RAN        \
                            /                    \
                           (  UE      UE      UE  )
                             a::1    a::2    a::3

   The BP/ULCL-UPF node is configured as an LISP RTR and uses the
   Traffic Engineering features of LISP specified in [I-D.ietf-lisp-te].
   In LISP-TE an Explicit Locator Path (ELP) can be stored in the RLOC-
   record for any given EID thereby allowing packet flow from a UE to
   the Internet to traverse through the BP/UCLC-UPF node.  A UE
   originated packet is encapsulated by the gNB to the BP/ULCL-UPF which
   decapsulates and reencapsulates to the UPF at the Internet border.
   This allows LISP to run over the 5G N3 and N9 interface with one
   mapping entry.  And if the ELP contained an xTR outside of the mobile
   network, LISP could also run over the N6 interface.

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 The contents of the LISP mapping database:

 EID-Record  RLOC-Record       Commentary
 0::/0       [ELP{a1,p3,p1},   4 RLOC-records, 2 with paths through the
              ELP{a1,p4,p2},   BP-UPF and 2 directly to the border UPF
              p1, p2]          from UEs connected to gNB with RLOC a1

 a::1/128     [a1,a2]          The UPF or BP-UPF can encap directly for
                               UE with EID a::1 to either gNB with
                               optimized latency

 a::2/128     [ELP{p1,p3,a2},  The UPF can encap to either RLOC p3 or p4
               ELP{p1,p4,a2}]  to forward traffic through the BP-UPF on
                               its way toward gNB with RLOC a1

 a::3/128     [ELP{p1,p3,a2},  The UPF can encap to the BP-UPF or
               a2]             directly to gNB with RLOC a2 to reach UE
                               with EID a::3

11.  Multicast Considerations

   Since the mobile network runs the LISP control-plane, and the mapping
   system is available to support EIDs for unicast packet flow, it can
   also support multicast packet flow.  Support for multicast can be
   provided by the LISP/GTP overlay with no changes to the NGC/EPC
   network.

   Multicast (S-EID,G) entries can be stored and maintained in the same
   mapping database that is used to store UE based EIDs.  Both Internet
   connected nodes, as well as UE nodes, can source multicast packets.
   The protocol procedures from [RFC8378] are followed to make multicast
   delivery available.  Both multicast packet flow and UE mobility can
   occur at the same time.

   A day in the life of a 1-to-many multicast packet:

   1.  A UE node joins an (S,G) multicast flow by using IGMPv2 or
       IGMPv3.

   2.  The gNB/eNodeB node records which UE on the RAN should get
       packets sourced by S and destined for group G.

   3.  The gNB/eNodeB node registers the (S,G) entry to the mapping
       system with its RLOC according to the receiver site procedures in
       [RFC8378].  The gNB/eNodeB does this to show interest in joining
       the multicast flow.

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   4.  When other UE nodes join the same (S,G), their associated gNB/
       eNodeB nodes will follow the procedures in steps 1 through 3.

   5.  The (S,G) entry stored in the mapping database has an RLOC-set
       which contains a replication list of all the gNB/eNodeB RLOCs
       that registered.

   6.  A multicast packet from source S to destination group G arrives
       at the UPF/pGW.  The UPF/pGW node looks up (S,G), gets returned
       the replication list of all joined gNB/eNodeB nodes and
       replicates the multicast packet by encapsulating the packet to
       each of them.

   7.  Each gNB/eNodeB node decapsulates the packet and delivers the
       multicast packet to one or more IGMP-joined UEs on the RAN.

12.  Security Considerations

   For control-plane authentication and authorization procedures, this
   specification recommends the mechanisms in [RFC9301], LISP-SEC
   [RFC9303] and LISP-ECDSA [I-D.farinacci-lisp-ecdsa-auth].

   For data-plane privacy procedures, this specification recommends the
   mechanisms in [RFC8061] When the LISP data-plane is used.  Otherwise,
   the NGC/EPC must provide data-plane encryption support.

13.  IANA Considerations

   There are no specific requests for IANA.

14.  SDO Recommendations

   The authors request other Standards Development Organizations to
   consider LISP as a technology for device mobility.  It is recommended
   to start with this specification as a basis for design and develop
   more deployment details in the appropriate Standards Organizations.
   The authors are willing to facilitate this activity.

15.  References

15.1.  Normative References

   [RFC6832]  Lewis, D., Meyer, D., Farinacci, D., and V. Fuller,
              "Interworking between Locator/ID Separation Protocol
              (LISP) and Non-LISP Sites", RFC 6832,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6832, January 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6832>.

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   [RFC6836]  Fuller, V., Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol Alternative Logical
              Topology (LISP+ALT)", RFC 6836, DOI 10.17487/RFC6836,
              January 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6836>.

   [RFC8061]  Farinacci, D. and B. Weis, "Locator/ID Separation Protocol
              (LISP) Data-Plane Confidentiality", RFC 8061,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8061, February 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8061>.

   [RFC8111]  Fuller, V., Lewis, D., Ermagan, V., Jain, A., and A.
              Smirnov, "Locator/ID Separation Protocol Delegated
              Database Tree (LISP-DDT)", RFC 8111, DOI 10.17487/RFC8111,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8111>.

   [RFC8378]  Moreno, V. and D. Farinacci, "Signal-Free Locator/ID
              Separation Protocol (LISP) Multicast", RFC 8378,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8378, May 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8378>.

   [RFC9299]  Cabellos, A. and D. Saucez, Ed., "An Architectural
              Introduction to the Locator/ID Separation Protocol
              (LISP)", RFC 9299, DOI 10.17487/RFC9299, October 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9299>.

   [RFC9300]  Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., Lewis, D., and A.
              Cabellos, Ed., "The Locator/ID Separation Protocol
              (LISP)", RFC 9300, DOI 10.17487/RFC9300, October 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9300>.

   [RFC9301]  Farinacci, D., Maino, F., Fuller, V., and A. Cabellos,
              Ed., "Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) Control
              Plane", RFC 9301, DOI 10.17487/RFC9301, October 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9301>.

   [RFC9303]  Maino, F., Ermagan, V., Cabellos, A., and D. Saucez,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol Security (LISP-SEC)",
              RFC 9303, DOI 10.17487/RFC9303, October 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9303>.

15.2.  Informative References

   [ARCH5G-3GPP]
              "System Architecture for the 5G System", TS.23.501
              https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/
              SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3144, December
              2016.

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   [EPS-3GPP] "Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) Protocol for Evolved Packet
              System (EPS); Stage 3", TS.23.501
              https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/specifications/
              specificationdetails.aspx?specificationid=1072, December
              2017.

   [ETSI-NGP] "NGP Evolved Architecture for mobility using Identity
              Oriented Networks", NGP-004, version 1.1.1
              https://portal.etsi.org/webapp/WorkProgram/
              Report_WorkItem.asp?WKI_ID=50531, January 2018.

   [FMC]      "[TS23316] 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical
              Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Wireless
              and wireline convergence access support for the 5G System
              (5GS) (Release 16), 3GPP TS23.316", November 2018.

   [GPRS-3GPP]
              "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) for Evolved Universal
              Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) Access",
              TS23.401 Release 8
              https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/specifications/
              specificationdetails.aspx?specificationid=849, January
              2015.

   [GTPv1-3GPP]
              "General Packet Radio System (GPRS) Tunnelling Protocol
              User Plane (GTPv1-U)", TS.29.281
              https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/
              SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=1699, January
              2015.

   [GTPv2-3GPP]
              "3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS); Evolved General Packet
              Radio Service (GPRS) Tunnelling Protocol for Control plane
              (GTPv2-C); Stage 3", TS.29.274
              https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/
              SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=1692, January
              2015.

   [I-D.farinacci-lisp-ecdsa-auth]
              Farinacci, D. and E. Nordmark, "LISP Control-Plane ECDSA
              Authentication and Authorization", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-farinacci-lisp-ecdsa-auth-03, 4
              September 2018, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-farinacci-lisp-ecdsa-auth-03>.

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   [I-D.ietf-lisp-eid-anonymity]
              Farinacci, D., Pillay-Esnault, P., and W. Haddad, "LISP
              EID Anonymity", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              ietf-lisp-eid-anonymity-15, 28 August 2023,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-lisp-
              eid-anonymity-15>.

   [I-D.ietf-lisp-eid-mobility]
              Portoles-Comeras, M., Ashtaputre, V., Maino, F., Moreno,
              V., and D. Farinacci, "LISP L2/L3 EID Mobility Using a
              Unified Control Plane", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-ietf-lisp-eid-mobility-13, 6 November 2023,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-lisp-
              eid-mobility-13>.

   [I-D.ietf-lisp-mn]
              Farinacci, D., Lewis, D., Meyer, D., and C. White, "LISP
              Mobile Node", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              ietf-lisp-mn-15, 14 January 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-lisp-mn-
              15>.

   [I-D.ietf-lisp-predictive-rlocs]
              Farinacci, D. and P. Pillay-Esnault, "LISP Predictive
              RLOCs", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-lisp-
              predictive-rlocs-13, 28 August 2023,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-lisp-
              predictive-rlocs-13>.

   [I-D.ietf-lisp-te]
              Farinacci, D., Kowal, M., and P. Lahiri, "LISP Traffic
              Engineering Use-Cases", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-ietf-lisp-te-13, 28 August 2023,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-lisp-te-
              13>.

   [ITU-IMT2020]
              "Focus Group on IMT-2020",  
              https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-
              M.687-2-199702-I!!PDF-E.pdf.

   [LTE401-3GPP]
              "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for
              Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
              (E-UTRAN) access", TS.23.401
              https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/
              SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=849, January
              2015.

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   [LTE402-3GPP]
              "Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP accesses",
              TS.23.402
              https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/
              SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=850, January
              2015.

   [mMTC]     "NGMN KPIs and Deployment Scenarios for Consideration for
              IMT2020",  https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/151204_NGMN_
              KPIs_and_Deployment_Scenarios_for_Consideration_for_IMT_20
              20_-_LS_Annex_V1_approved.pdf, December 2015.

   [NGMN]     "5G End-to-End Architecture Framework", NGMN
              https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/
              media/201117-NGMN_E2EArchFramework_v4.31.pdf, November
              2020.

   [PROC5G-3GPP]
              "Procedures for the 5G System", TS.23.502
              https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/
              SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3145, December
              2016.

   [X2-3GPP]  "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
              (E-UTRAN); X2 Application Protocol (X2AP)", TS.36.423
              https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/
              SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=2452, June 2017.

Appendix A.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank Gerry Foster and Peter Ashwood Smith
   for their expertise with 3GPP mobile networks and for their early
   review and contributions.  The authors would also like to thank Fabio
   Maino, Malcolm Smith, and Marc Portoles for their expertise in both
   5G and LISP as well as for their early review comments.

   The authors would like to give a special thank you to Ryosuke
   Kurebayashi from NTT Docomo and Kalyani Bogineni from Verizon for
   their operational and practical commentary.

Appendix B.  Document Change Log

B.1.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-18

   *  Posted February 2024.

   *  Update references and document timer.

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B.2.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-17

   *  Posted August 2023.

   *  Update references (to proposed standard documents) and document
      timer.

B.3.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-16

   *  Posted March 2023.

   *  Update references (to propsed standard documents) and document
      timer.

B.4.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-15

   *  Posted September 2022.

   *  Update references and document timer.

B.5.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-14

   *  Posted March 2022.

   *  Update references and document timer.

B.6.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-13

   *  Posted September 2021.

   *  Updated Uma's affliation.

B.7.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-12

   *  Posted September 2021.

   *  Update references and document timer.

B.8.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-11

   *  Posted March 2021.

   *  Changes to reflect editorial comments from Dirk von-Hugo.

   *  Updated ITU and 5G references (manually).

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B.9.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-10

   *  Posted March 2021.

   *  Update references and document timer.

B.10.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-09

   *  Posted September 2020.

   *  Update references and document timer.

B.11.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-08

   *  Posted March 2020.

   *  Change author affliations.

B.12.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-07

   *  Posted March 2020.

   *  Update references and document timer.

B.13.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-06

   *  Posted September 2019.

   *  Update references and document timer.

B.14.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-05

   *  Posted March 2019.

   *  Update references and document timer.

B.15.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-04

   *  Posted September 2018.

   *  Update document timer.

B.16.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-03

   *  Posted March 2018.

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   *  Make the spec more 5G user-friendly.  That is, the design has
      always worked for either 4G or 5G but we make it more clear about
      5G by using some basic 5G node terminlogy.

   *  Add a section how LISP can work on the N3, N6, and N9 5G spec
      interfaces.

   *  Describe how LISP-TE can allow BP-UPF offload functionality.

B.17.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-02

   *  Posted mid September 2017.

   *  Editorial fixes from draft -01.

B.18.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-01

   *  Posted September 2017.

   *  Explain each EID case illustrated in the "Mobile Network with EID/
      RLOC Assignment" diagram.

   *  Make a reference to mMTC as a 3GPP use-case for 5G.

   *  Add to the requirements section how mobile operators believe that
      using Locator/ID separation mechanisms provide for more efficient
      mobile netwowks.

   *  Indicate that L2-overlays is not recommended by this specification
      as the LISP mobile network architeture but how operators may want
      to deploy a layer-2 overlay service.

B.19.  Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-mobile-network-00

   *  Initial draft posted August 2017.

Authors' Addresses

   Dino Farinacci
   lispers.net
   San Jose, CA
   United States of America
   Email: farinacci@gmail.com

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   Padma Pillay-Esnault
   Independent
   Santa Clara, CA
   United States of America
   Email: padma.ietf@gmail.com

   Uma Chunduri
   Intel Corporation
   Santa Clara, CA
   United States of America
   Email: umac.ietf@gmail.com

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