Securing Header Fields with S/MIME
draft-cailleux-secure-headers-05
The information below is for an old version of the document.
| Document | Type |
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7508.
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Laurent Cailleux , Chris Bonatti | ||
| Last updated | 2014-04-09 | ||
| RFC stream | Independent Submission | ||
| Formats | |||
| IETF conflict review | conflict-review-cailleux-secure-headers, conflict-review-cailleux-secure-headers, conflict-review-cailleux-secure-headers, conflict-review-cailleux-secure-headers, conflict-review-cailleux-secure-headers, conflict-review-cailleux-secure-headers | ||
| Additional resources | |||
| Stream | ISE state | Response to Review Needed | |
| Consensus boilerplate | Unknown | ||
| Document shepherd | (None) | ||
| IESG | IESG state | Became RFC 7508 (Experimental) | |
| Telechat date | (None) | ||
| Responsible AD | (None) | ||
| Send notices to | (None) |
draft-cailleux-secure-headers-05
Network Working Group L. Cailleux
Internet-Draft DGA MI
Intended status: Experimental C. Bonatti
Expires: 10 October 2014 IECA
9 April 2014
Securing Header Fields with S/MIME
draft-cailleux-secure-headers-05
Abstract
This document describes how the S/MIME protocol can be
extended in order to secure message header fields. This
technology provides security services such as data integrity,
non-repudiation and confidentiality. This extension is
referred to as 'Secure Headers'.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may
also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The
list of current Internet-Drafts is at
http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other
documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-
Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as
"work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 24 October 2014.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date
of publication of this document. Please review these
documents carefully, as they describe your rights and
restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
extracted from this document MUST include Simplified BSD
License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal
Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in
the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction..............................................3
2. Terminology and conventions used in this document.........3
3. Context...................................................4
4. Mechanisms to secure message header fields................6
4.1. ASN.1 syntax of secure header fields.................8
4.2. Secure header fields length and format...............9
4.3. Canonization algorithm...............................9
4.4. Header fields statuses...............................9
4.5. Signature Process...................................10
4.5.1. Signature Generation Process...................10
4.5.2. Signature verification process.................11
4.6. Encryption and Decryption Processes.................13
4.6.1. Encryption Process.............................13
4.6.2. Decryption Process.............................14
5. Case of triple wrapping..................................15
6. Security Gateways........................................15
7. Security Considerations..................................15
8. IANA Considerations......................................16
9. References...............................................16
9.1. Normative References................................16
9.2. Informative References..............................17
Appendix A. Formal syntax of Secure Header..................19
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Appendix B. Secure Header Fields example....................20
Appendix C. Acknowledgements................................22
1. Introduction
S/MIME [RFC 5751] standard defines a data encapsulation format
for the achievement of end to end security services such as
integrity, authentication, non-repudiation and
confidentiality. By default, S/MIME secures message body
parts, at the exclusion of the message header fields.
S/MIME provides an alternative solution to secure header
fields. "The sending client MAY wrap a full MIME [RFC 2045]
message in a message/rfc822 wrapper in order to apply S/MIME
security services to header fields". However, the S/MIME
solution doesn't allow selection of a subset of message header
fields to secure. In addition, confidentiality service can not
be implemented for message header fields. The solution
described herein overcomes those limitations.
Several security standards exist such as DKIM [RFC 6376],
STARTTLS [RFC 3207] and TLS with IMAP [RFC 2595] but meet
other needs (signing domain, secure channels). An internet
draft referred to as PROTECTED HEADERS has been proposed, but
doesn't address all the requirements. These different
solutions are explained in the next chapters.
The goal of this document is to define end to end secure
header fields mechanisms compliant with S/MIME standard. This
technique is based on the signed attribute fields of a
Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) [RFC 5652] signature.
2. Terminology and conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL
NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
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"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described
in [RFC 2119].
MUA, MSA and MTA terms are defined in Email architecture
document [RFC 5598].
DCA term is defined in the S/MIME Domain Security
specification [RFC 3183].
End-to-end Internet Mail exchanges are performed between
message originators and recipients.
Description of message header fields are described in [RFC
5322]. A header field is composed of a name and a value.
3. Context
Over the Internet, email usage has grown and today represents
a fundamental service. Meanwhile, continually increasing
threat levels are motivating the implementation of security
services.
Historically, SMTP [RFC 5321] and IMF [RFC 5322] don't
provide, by default, security services. The S/MIME standard
[RFC 5751] was published in order to encompass these needs.
S/MIME defines a data encapsulation format for the provision
of end to end security services such as integrity,
authentication, non-repudiation and confidentiality. By
default, S/MIME secures message body parts, at the exclusion
of the message header fields. In order to protect message
header fields (for instance, the "Subject", "To", "From" or
customized fields), several solutions exist.
S/MIME defines an encapsulation mechanism, chapter 3.1: "The
sending client may wrap a full MIME message in a
message/rfc822 wrapper in order to apply S/MIME security
services to these header fields. It is up to the receiving
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client to decide how to present this inner header along with
the unprotected outer header". However, some use cases are not
addressed, especially in the case of message encryption. What
happens when header fields are encrypted? How does the
receiving client display these header fields? How can a subset
of header fields be secured? S/MIME doesn't address these
issues.
An alternative solution is described in [RFC 5750]. "Receiving
agents MUST check that the address in the From or Sender
header of a mail message matches an Internet mail address, if
present, in the signer's certificate, if mail addresses are
present in the certificate". However, this solution only
provides a matching mechanism between email addresses, and
provides no protection to other header fields.
Other security standards (introduced below) exist such as
DKIM, STARTTLS and TLS with IMAP but meet other needs (signing
domain, secure channels...).
STARTTLS and TLS with IMAP provide secure channels between
components of email system (MUA, MSA, MTA...) but end to end
integrity cannot be guaranteed.
DKIM defines a domain-level authentication framework for email
to permit verification of the source and contents of messages.
It provides mechanisms to secure message header fields and
message body but it doesn't guarantee non-repudiation and
originator authentication. In addition, it doesn't provide
confidentiality.
An internet draft referred to as Protected Headers (PRHDRS)
has been proposed. Mechanisms described in this draft are the
following. "A digest value is computed over the canonicalized
version of some selected header fields. This technique
resembles header protection in DKIM. Then the digest value is
included in a signed attribute field of a CMS signature". This
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specification doesn't address all conceivable requirements as
noted below. If the protected header field has been altered,
the original value cannot be determined by the recipient. In
addition, the encryption service cannot provide
confidentiality for fields that must remain present in the
message header during transport.
This document proposes a technology for securing message
header fields. It's referred to as Secure Headers. It is based
on S/MIME and CMS standards. It provides security services
such as data integrity, confidentiality and non-repudiation of
sender. Secure Headers is backward compatible with other
S/MIME clients. S/MIME clients who have not implemented Secure
Headers technology need merely ignore specific signed
attributes fields in a CMS signature (which is the default
behavior).
4. Mechanisms to secure message header fields
Secure Headers technology involves the description of a
security policy. This policy MUST describe a secure message
profile and list the header fields to secure.
Secure headers are based on the signed attributes field as
defined in CMS. The details are as follows. The message header
fields to be secured are integrated in a structure (secure
header structure) which is encapsulated in the signed
attributes structure of the SignerInfo object. See Appendix A
for an example. For each header field present in the secure
signature, a status can be set. Then, as described in chapter
5.4 of CMS, the message digest calculation process computes a
message digest on the content together with the signed
attributes. Details of the signature generation process are
described in chapter 4.5.1 of this document.
Verification of secure header fields is based on signature
verification process described in CMS. At the end of this
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process, a comparison between the secure header fields and the
corresponding message header fields is performed. If they
match, the signature is valid. Otherwise, the signature is
invalid. Details of the signature verification process are
described in chapter 4.5.2 of this document.
Non-conforming S/MIME clients will ignore the signed attribute
containing the secure headers structure, and only perform the
verification process described in CMS. This guarantees
backward compatibility.
Secure headers provide security services such as data
integrity, non-repudiation and confidentiality.
For different reasons (e.g., usability, limits of IMAP [RFC
3501]), encryption and decryption processes are performed by a
third party. The third party that performs these processes is
referred to in Domain Security specification as a "Domain
Confidentiality Authority" (DCA). Details of the encryption
and decryption processes are described in chapters 4.6.1 and
4.6.2 of this document.
The architecture of Secure Headers is presented below. The MUA
performs the signature generation process (C) and signature
verification process (F). The DCA performs the message
encryption process (D) and message decryption process (E). The
encryption and decryption processes are optional.
A Domain B Domain
+----------------------+ +----------------------+
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+
| MUA | -------> | DCA | ----------> | DCA |--------> | MUA |
| C | | D | | E | | F |
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+
SignedMsg EncryptedMsg SignedMsg
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Figure 1: Architecture of Secure Headers
4.1. ASN.1 syntax of secure header fields
ASN.1 notation [X.680] of secure header structure is the
follow:
SecureHeaderFields ::= SET {
canonAlgorithm Algorithm,
secHeaderFields HeaderFields }
id-aa-secureHeaderFieldsIdentifier OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
{iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1)
pkcs-9(9) smime(16) id-aa(2) secure-headers (to be
defined) }
Algorithm ::= ENUMERATED {
canonAlgorithmSimple(0),
canonAlgorithmRelaxed(1) }
HeaderFields ::= SET SIZE (1..max-header-fields) OF
HeaderField
max-header-fields INTEGER ::= MAX
HeaderField ::= SEQUENCE {
field-Name HeaderFieldName,
field-Value HeaderFieldValue,
field-Status HeaderFieldStatus DEFAULT duplicated }
HeaderFieldName ::= VisibleString (FROM (ALL EXCEPT (":")))
-- This description matches with the description of
-- field name in the chapters 2.2 and 3.6.8 of RFC 5322
HeaderFieldValue ::= IA5String (FROM (ALL EXCEPT (
{ 0, 0 }..{ 0, 9 } | { 0, 11 } | { 0, 12 } |
{ 0, 14 }..{ 1, 15 } | { 7, 15 })))
-- This description matches with the description of
-- field body in the chapter 2.2 of RFC 5322
HeaderFieldStatus ::= INTEGER {
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duplicated(0), deleted(1), modified(2) }
4.2. Secure header fields length and format
This specification requires MUA security capabilities in order
to process well formed headers, as specified in IMF. Notice
that it includes long header fields and folded header fields.
4.3. Canonization algorithm
During a message transfer through a messaging system, some
components might modify headers (i.e., space adding or
deletion, lowercase/uppercase rewriting...). This might lead
to header fields comparison mismatch. This emphasizes the need
of a conversion process in order to transform data to their
canonical form. This process is named canonization process.
Two canonization algorithms are considered here, according to
DKIM specification [RFC 6376], chapter 3.4. The simple
algorithm doesn't allow any modification whereas the relaxed
algorithm accepts slight modifications like spaces replacement
or line reformatting. Given the scope of this document,
canonization mechanisms only involve header fields.
4.4. Header fields statuses
Header fields statuses are necessary to provide a
confidentiality service toward message headers. In this
specification, the confidentiality of header fields is
provided by the DCA. This point is described in chapter 4. The
DCA performs the message encryption process and message
decryption process and these processes are described in
details in the chapters 4.6.1 and 4.6.2. Although header
fields statuses are embedded in the signature, the signature
processes (generation and verification) ignore them. Since the
confidentiality service is OPTIONAL, the status field is also
OPTIONAL.
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4.5. Signature Process
4.5.1. Signature Generation Process
During the signature generation process, the sender's MUA MUST
embed the SecureHeaderFields structure in the signed
attributes, as described in CMS. SecureHeaderFields structure
MUST include a canonization algorithm.
The sender's MUA MUST have a list of header fields to secure,
statuses and a canonization algorithm, as defined by the
security policy.
Header fields (names and values) embedded in signed attributes
MUST be the same as the ones included in the initial message.
If different headers share the same name, all instances MUST
be included in the SecureHeaderFields structure.
If multiple signatures are used, as explained in CMS and
MULTISIGN [RFC 4853] specifications, SecureHeaderFields
structure MUST be the same in each SignerInfos object.
If a header field is present and its value is empty,
HeaderFieldValue MUST have a zero-length field-value.
Considering secure headers mechanisms, the signature
generation process MUST perform the following steps:
1) Select the relevant header fields to secure. This subset
of headers is defined according the security policy.
2) Apply the canonization algorithm for each selected header
field. header field.
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3) Complete the following fields in SecureHeaderFields
structure according to the initial message: HeaderFieldName,
HeaderFieldValue, HeaderFieldStatus (OPTIONAL).
4) Complete the algorithm field according to the
canonization algorithm configured.
5) Embed the SecureHeaderFields structure in the signed
attributes of the SignerInfos object.
6) Compute the signature generation process as described in
CMS, chapter 5.5
4.5.2. Signature verification process
During the signature verification process, the receiver's MUA
compares header fields embedded in the SecureHeaderFields
structure with those present in the message. For this purpose,
it uses the canonization algorithm identified in the signed
attributes. If a mismatch appears during the comparison
process, the receiver's MUA MUST invalidate the signature. The
MUA MUST display information on the validity of each header
field. It MUST also display the values embedded in the
signature.
The receiver's MUA MUST know the list of mandatory header
fields in order to verify their presence in the message. If a
header field defined in a message is in the secure header
list, it MUST be included in the SecureHeaderFields structure.
Otherwise, the receiver's MUA MUST warn the user that a non-
secure header is present.
Considering secure headers mechanisms, the signature
verification process MUST perform the following steps:
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1) Execute the signature verification process as described
in CMS, chapter 5.6. If the signature appears to be invalid,
the process ends. Otherwise, the process continues.
2) Read the type of canonization algorithm specified in
SecureHeaderFields structure.
3) For each field present in the signature, find the
matching header in the message. If there is no matching
header, the verification process MUST warn the user,
specifying the missing header name. The signature is tagged
as invalid.
4) Compute the canonization algorithm for each header field
value in the message. If the simple algorithm is used, the
steps described in DKIM, chapter 3.4.1, are performed. If
the relaxed algorithm is used, the steps described in DKIM,
chapter 3.4.2, are performed.
5) For each field, compare the value stored in the
SecureHeaderFields structure with the value returned by the
canonization algorithm. If values don't match, the
verification process MUST warn the user. This warning MUST
mention mismatching fields. The signature is tagged as
invalid. If all the comparisons succeed, the verification
process MUST also notify the user (i.e., using an
appropriate icon).
6) Verify that no secure header has been added to the
message header, given the initial fields. If an extra header
field has been added, the verification process MUST warn the
user. This warning MUST mention extra fields. The signature
is tagged as invalid.
7) Verify that every mandatory headers in the security
policy and present in the message are also embedded in the
SecureHeaderFields structure. If such headers are missing,
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the verification process MUST warn the user and indicate the
names of the missing headers.
The MUA MUST display features for each secure header field
(name, value and status) and canonization algorithm used.
4.6. Encryption and Decryption Processes
Encryption and decryption operations are not performed by
MUAs. This is mainly justified by IMAP limitations. The
solution developed here relies on concepts explained in Domain
Security specification, chapter 4. A fundamental component of
the architecture is the Domain Confidentiality Authority
(DCA). Its purpose is to encrypt and decrypt messages instead
of (respectively) senders and receivers.
4.6.1. Encryption Process
All the computations presented in this chapter MUST be
performed only if the following conditions are verified:
- The content to be encrypted MUST consist of a signature
object or a multipart object, where one part is a detached
signature, as shown in S/MIME specification, chapter 3.4.
- A SecureHeaderFields structure MUST be included in the
signedAttrs field of the SignerInfo object of the signature.
All the mechanisms described below MUST start at the beginning
of the encryption process, as explained in CMS. They are
performed by the sender's DCA. The following steps MUST be
performed for each field included in the SecureHeaderFields
structure:
1. Extraction of the field status;
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1.1 If the status is Duplicated, the field is left at its
existing value.
1.2 If the status is Deleted, the header field (name and
value) is removed from the message. Mandatory header fields
specified in [RFC 5322] MUST be kept.
1.3 If the status is Modified, the header value is replaced
by a new value, as configured in the DCA.
4.6.2. Decryption Process
All the computations presented in this chapter MUST be
performed only if the following conditions are verified:
- The decrypted content MUST consist of a signature object
or a multipart object, where one part is a detached
signature, as shown in S/MIME specification, chapter 3.4.
- A SecureHeaderFields structure MUST be included in the
SignerInfo object of the signature.
All the mechanisms described below MUST start at the end of
the decryption process, as explained in CMS. They are executed
by the receiver's DCA. The following steps MUST be performed
for each field included in the SecureHeaderFields structure:
1. If the status is Duplicated, the field is left at its
existing value.
2. If the status is Deleted, the DCA MUST write a header
field (name and value) in the message. This header MUST be
compliant with the information embedded in the signature.
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3. If the status is Modified, the DCA MUST rewrite a header
field in the message. This header MUST be compliant with the
SecureHeaderFields structure.
5. Case of triple wrapping
Secure Headers mechanisms MAY be used with triple wrapping, as
described in ESS [RFC 2634]. In this case, a
SecureHeaderFields structure MAY be present in the inner
signature, in the outer signature, or both. In the last case,
the two structure SecureHeaderFields MAY differ. One MAY
consider the encapsulation of a header field in the inner
signature in order to satisfy confidentiality needs. On the
contrary, an outer signature encapsulation MAY help for
delivery purpose. Header fields processing, given the
signature type (inner or outer), is out of the scope of this
document.
6. Security Gateways
Some security gateways sign or verify messages that pass
through them. Compliant gateways MUST apply the process
described in chapter 4.5.
For non-compliant gateways, the presence of SecureHeaderFields
structure do not change their behavior.
In some case, gateways MUST generate new signature or insert
signerInfos into the signedData block. The format of
signatures generated by gateways is outside the scope of this
document.
7. Security Considerations
This specification describes an extension of the S/MIME
standard. It provides message headers integrity, non-
repudiation and confidentiality. The signature and encryption
processes are complementary. However, according to the
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security policy, only the signature mechanism MAY be
prescribed. In this case, the signature process is implemented
between MUAs. The encryption process requires signed messages
with Secure Headers extension. If required, the encryption
process is implemented by DCAs.
This specification doesn't address end-to-end confidentiality
for message header fields. Sent and received messages by MUAs
MAY appear in plaintext. In order to avoid interception, the
use of TLS is recommended between MUAs and DCAs (uplink and
downlink). Another solution might be the use of S/MIME between
MUAs and DCAs in the same domain.
For the header field confidentiality mechanism to be effective
all DCAs supporting confidentiality must support SH
processing. Otherwise, there is a risk in the case where
headers are not obscured upon encryption, or not restored upon
decryption process. In the former case confidentiality of the
header fields is compromised. In the latter case the integrity
of the headers will appear to be compromised.
8. IANA Considerations
IANA must register a suitable Object Identifier (OID) value
for the identifier id-aa-secureHeaderFieldsIdentifier. This
value will be used to identify an authenticated attribute
carried within a CMS [RFC 5652] wrapper. This attribute OID
appears in Section 4.1, and again in the reference definition
in Appendix A. An appropriate registry arc is suggested in
those instances of the draft text.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC 2045] Borenstein, N., "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions Part One", RFC 2045, November 1996.
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[RFC 2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to
indicate requirement levels", RFC 2119, March
1997.
[RFC 2634] Hoffman, P., "Enhanced Security Services for
S/MIME", RFC 2634, June 1999.
[RFC 4853] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS),
Multiple Signer Clarification", RFC 4853, April
2007.
[RFC 5322] Resnick, P., "Internet Message Format", RFC 5322,
October 2008.
[RFC 5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)",
RFC 5652, September 2009.
[RFC 6376] Crocker, D., Hansen, T., Kucherawy, M., DomainKeys
Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures", RFC 6376,
September 2011.
[X.680] ITU-T. Recommendation X.680 : Abstract Syntax
Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of basic
notation, November 2008.
9.2. Informative References
[RFC 2595] Newman, C., "Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP",
RFC 2595, June 1999.
[RFC 3183] Dean, T., Ottaway, W., "Domain security services
using S/MIME", RFC 3183, October 2001.
[RFC 3207] Hoffman, P., "SMTP Service Extension for secure
SMTP over Transport Layer Security", RFC 3207,
February 2002.
[RFC 3501] Crispin, M., "Internet Message Access Protocol,
version 4rev1", RFC 3501, March 2003.
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[RFC 5321] Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC
5321, October 2008.
[RFC 5598] Crocker, D., "Internet Mail Architecture", RFC
5598, July 2009.
[RFC 5750] Ramsdell, B., Turner, S., "Secure/Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2
Certificate Handling", RFC 5750, January 2010.
[RFC 5751] Ramsdell, B., Turner, S., "Secure/Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2,
Message Specification", RFC 5751, January 2010.
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Appendix A. Formal syntax of Secure Header
ASN.1 notation [X.680] of secure header structure is the
follow:
SecureHeaderFields ::= SET {
canonAlgorithm Algorithm,
secHeaderFields HeaderFields }
id-aa-secureHeaderFieldsIdentifier OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-
9(9) smime(16) id-aa(2) secure-headers (to be defined) }
Algorithm ::= ENUMERATED {
canonAlgorithmSimple(0),
canonAlgorithmRelaxed(1) }
HeaderFields ::= SET SIZE (1..max-header-fields) OF
HeaderField
max-header-fields INTEGER ::= MAX
HeaderField ::= SEQUENCE {
field-Name HeaderFieldName,
field-Value HeaderFieldValue,
field-Status HeaderFieldStatus DEFAULT duplicated }
HeaderFieldName ::= VisibleString (FROM (ALL EXCEPT (":")))
-- This description matches with the description of
-- field name in the chapters 2.2 and 3.6.8 of RFC 5322
HeaderFieldValue ::= IA5String (FROM (ALL EXCEPT (
{ 0, 0 }..{ 0, 9 } | { 0, 11 } | { 0, 12 } |
{ 0, 14 }..{ 1, 15 } | { 7, 15 })))
-- This description matches with the description of
-- field body in the chapter 2.2 of RFC 5322
HeaderFieldStatus ::= INTEGER {
duplicated(0), deleted(1), modified(2) }
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Appendix B. Secure Header Fields example
In the following example, header fields subject, from, to and
x-ximf-primary-precedence are secured and integrated in a
SecureHeaders structure.
Extract of message header fields
From: John Doe <jdoe@example.com>
To: Mary Smith <mary@example.com>
Subject: This is a test
X-ximf-primary-precedence: priority
SecureHeaders structure extracted from signature:
2286 163: SEQUENCE {
2289 11: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
'1 2 840 113549 1 9 16 2 80'
2302 147: SET {
2305 144: SET {
2308 4: ENUMERATED 1
2314 135: SET {
2317 40: SEQUENCE {
2319 25: IA5String 'x-ximf-primary-
precedence'
2346 8: IA5String 'priority'
2356 1: INTEGER 0
: }
2359 25: SEQUENCE {
2361 2: IA5String 'to'
2365 16: IA5String 'mary@example.com'
2383 1: INTEGER 0
: }
2386 34: SEQUENCE {
2388 4: IA5String 'from'
2394 23: IA5String 'jdoe
<jdoe@example.com>'
2419 1: INTEGER 0
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: }
2422 28: SEQUENCE {
2424 7: IA5String 'subject'
2433 14: IA5String 'This is a test'
2449 1: INTEGER 0
: }
: }
: }
: }
: }
Example is displayed as an output of Peter Gutmann's
"dumpasn1" program.
OID used in this example is non-official.
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Appendix C. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Alexey Melnikov, Damien Roque,
Thibault Cassan, William Ottaway, and Sean Turner who kindly
provided reviews of the document and/or suggestions for
improvement. As always, all errors and omissions are the
responsibility of the authors.
Authors' Addresses
Laurent CAILLEUX
DGA MI
BP 7
35998 RENNES CEDEX 9
France
Email: laurent.cailleux@intradef.gouv.fr
Chris Bonatti
IECA, Inc.
3057 Nutley Street, Suite 106
Fairfax, VA 22031
USA
Email: bonatti252@ieca.com
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