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The Quality for Service Protocol
draft-aranda-dispatch-q4s-02

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Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8802.
Expired & archived
Authors Jose Javier Garcia Aranda , Carlos Barcenilla , Gonzalo Munoz Fernandez , Jacobo Lajo , Luis Migu Vizcaino , Monica Cortes , Joaquin Salvachua , Juan Quemada
Last updated 2013-03-11 (Latest revision 2012-08-27)
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draft-aranda-dispatch-q4s-02
DISPATCH Working Group                         J.J. Garcia Aranda
                                               J. Perez Lajo
Internet Draft                                L.M. Diaz Vizcaino
                                            G. Munoz Fernandez
Intended status: Standards Track                    Alcatel-Lucent
Expires: February 2013                             C. Barcenilla
                                                  M. Cortes
                                                J. Salvachua
                                                 J. Quemada
                                   Univ. Politecnica de Madrid

                                             August 27, 2012

                 The Quality for Service Protocol
                 draft-aranda-dispatch-q4s-02.txt

Status of this Memo
  This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with
  the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

  Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
  Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
  other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
  Drafts.

  Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
  months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
  at any time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as
  reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
  
  The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
  http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt

  The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
  http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
  This Internet-Draft will expire on February 27, 2010.

Copyright Notice
  Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
  document authors.  All rights reserved.

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  This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
  Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
  (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
  publication of this document. Please review these documents
  carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with
  respect to this document.
Abstract
  This memo describes an application level protocol for the standard
  communication of e2e QoS compliance information using a protocol
  based on Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which forms the basis
  for the World Wide Web, and Session Description Protocol (SDP).
  Quality for Service Protocol (Q4S) provides a mechanism for latency,
  jitter, bandwidth and packet loss negotiation and monitoring,
  alerting whenever one of the negotiated conditions is violated.
  Implementation details on the actions to be triggered upon
  reception/detection of QoS alerts exchanged by the protocol are out
  of scope of this draft, it is application dependant (e.g. increase
  quality, reduce bit-rate) or even network dependant (e.g. change
  connection's quality profile).

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction.........................................4
     1.1. Motivation......................................6
     1.2. Summary of Features...............................7
  2. Terminology.........................................8
  3. Overview of Operation.................................8
  4. Q4S messages........................................16
     4.1. Requests.......................................17
     4.2. Responses......................................17
     4.3. Header Fields...................................19
       4.3.1. Common Q4S Header Fields......................19
       4.3.2. Specific Q4S Request Header Fields.............20
       4.3.3. Specific Q4S Response Header Fields............21
     4.4. Bodies........................................21
       4.4.1. Encoding...................................21
  5. Q4S method definitions...............................22
     5.1. BEGIN.........................................22
     5.2. READY.........................................23
     5.3. PING..........................................23
     5.4. BWIDTH........................................23

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     5.5. Q4S-ALERT......................................24
     5.6. CANCEL........................................24
  6. Response codes......................................25
     6.1. 100 Trying.....................................25
     6.2. Success 2xx....................................25
       6.2.1. 200 OK....................................25
     6.3. Redirection 3xx.................................25
     6.4. Request Failure 4xx..............................25
       6.4.1. 400 Bad Request.............................25
       6.4.2. 404 Not Found...............................26
       6.4.3. 405 Method Not Allowed.......................26
       6.4.4. 406 Not Acceptable..........................26
       6.4.5. 408 Request Timeout..........................26
       6.4.6. 413 Request Entity Too Large..................26
       6.4.7. 414 Request-URI Too Long......................26
       6.4.8. 415 Unsupported Media Type....................26
       6.4.9. 416 Unsupported URI Scheme....................27
     6.5. Server Failure 5xx...............................27
       6.5.1. 500 Server Internal Error.....................27
       6.5.2. 501 Not Implemented..........................27
       6.5.3. 503 Service Unavailable......................27
       6.5.4. 504 Server Time-out..........................27
       6.5.5. 505 Version Not Supported.....................28
       6.5.6. 513 Message Too Large........................28
     6.6. Global Failures 6xx..............................28
       6.6.1. 600 session does not exist....................28
       6.6.2. 601 quality level not allowed.................28
       6.6.3. 603 Session not allowed......................28
       6.6.4. 604 authorization not allowed.................28
  7. Protocol...........................................28
     7.1. Protocol Phases.................................29
     7.2. SDP Structure...................................30
       7.2.1. "qos-level" attribute........................31
       7.2.2. "alerting-mode" attribute.....................31
       7.2.3. "network-alert-pause" attribute................32
       7.2.4. "app-alert-pause" attribute...................32
       7.2.5. "public-address" attributes...................32
       7.2.6. "network:latency" attribute...................33
       7.2.7. "network:jitter" attribute....................33
       7.2.8. "network:bandwidth" attribute.................33
       7.2.9. "network:packetloss" attribute.................33
       7.2.10. Application attributes......................33
       7.2.11. "flow" attributes..........................34
       7.2.12. Measurement attributes......................35
     7.3. Measurements...................................37
       7.3.1. Latency...................................37
       7.3.2. Jitter....................................37

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       7.3.3. Bandwidth..................................38
       7.3.4. Packet loss................................40
     7.4. Handshake Phase.................................41
     7.5. Negotiation phase...............................42
       7.5.1. Stage 0: Measurement of latencies and jitters....44
       7.5.2. Stage 1: Measurement of bandwidth and packet loss.47
       7.5.3. Application constraints not reached............50
       7.5.4. Network constraints not reached................51
          7.5.4.1. Policy server role......................56
       7.5.5. QoS Level changes...........................56
     7.6. Continuity phase................................57
     7.7. Termination Phase...............................60
     7.8. Dynamic constraints and flows......................61
     7.9. Qos-level downgrade operation......................62
     7.10. Sanity check of Quality sessions..................63
  8. General User Agent behavior...........................63
     8.1. Roles in peer to peer scenarios....................63
     8.2. Multiple Quality sessions in parallel...............64
     8.3. General client behavior..........................64
       8.3.1. Generating requests..........................65
     8.4. General server behavior..........................66
  9. Implementation Recommendations.........................67
     9.1. Default client constraints........................67
     9.2. Latency and Jitter measurements....................67
     9.3. Bandwidth measurements...........................67
     9.4. Packet loss measurement resolution.................68
     9.5. Measurements and reactions........................69
     9.6. Instability treatments...........................69
     9.7. Scenarios......................................70
       9.7.1. Client to ACP...............................70
       9.7.2. Client to client............................70
  10. Security Considerations..............................70
  11. IANA Considerations.................................71
  12. Conclusions........................................75
  13. References........................................76
     13.1. Normative References............................76
     13.2. Informative References..........................77
  14. Acknowledgments....................................78
  15. Authors' Addresses..................................79

1. Introduction
     The World Wide Web (WWW) is a distributed hypermedia system which
  has gained widespread acceptance among Internet users. Although WWW
  browsers support other, preexisting Internet application protocols,
  the native and primary protocol used between WWW clients and servers
  is the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) (RFC 2616 [1]).  The ease

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  of use of the Web has prompted its widespread employment as a
  client/server architecture for many applications.  Many of such
  applications require the client and the server to be able to
  communicate each other and exchange information with certain quality
  constraints.
  Quality in communications at application level consists of four
  measurable parameters:
    o Latency: The time a message takes to travel from source to
       destination. It may be approximated to RTT/2 (Round trip time),
       assuming the networks are symmetrical. In this context we will
       consider the statistical median formula.
    o Jitter: latency variation. There are some formulas to calculate
       Jitter, and in this context we will consider the arithmetic
       mean formula.
    o Bandwidth: bit rate of communication. To assure quality, a
       protocol MUST assure the availability of the bandwidth needed
       by the application.
    o Packet loss: The percentage of packet loss is closely related
       to bandwidth and jitter. Affects bandwidth because a high
       packet loss implies sometimes retransmissions that also
       consumes extra bandwidth, other times the retransmissions are
       not achieved (for example in video streaming over UDP) and the
       information received is less than the required bandwidth. In
       terms of jitter, a packet loss sometimes is seen by the
       destination like a larger time between arrivals, causing a
       jitter growth.
  Q4S provides a mechanism for quality monitoring based on an HTTP
  syntax and SDP in order to be easily integrated in WWW, but it may
  be used by any type of application, not only those based on HTTP.
  Quality requirements may be needed by any type of application that
  communicates using any kind of protocol, especially those with real-
  time constraints. Depending on the nature of each application the
  constraints may be different leading to different parameter
  thresholds that need to be met.
  Q4S is an application level Client/Server protocol that continuously
  measures session quality for a given flow (or set of flows), end-to-
  end and in real-time; raising alerts if quality parameters are below
  a given pre-negotiated threshold. Q4S describes when these alerts
  need to be sent and the entity receiving them. The actions

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  undertaken by the receiver of the alert are out of scope of the
  protocol.
  Q4S is session-independent from the application flows, in order to
  minimize the impact on them. To perform the measurements, two
  control flows are created on both communication paths (forward and
  reverse directions).
  1.1. Motivation
  Monitoring quality of service (QoS) in computer networks is useful
  for several reasons:
    o Enable real-time services and applications to verify whether
       network resources achieve a certain QoS level.
    o Monitoring helps real-time services and applications to run
       through the Internet, allowing the existence of Application
       Content providers (ACPs) which offer guaranteed real-time
       services to the final users.
    o Monitoring may also be required by Peer to Peer (P2P) real-time
       applications for which Q4S can be used
    o Enable ISPs to offer QoS to any ACP or final user application
       in an accountable way
    o Enable e2e negotiation of QoS parameters, independently of the
       Internet service providers of both endpoints.
  A protocol to monitor QoS must address the following issues:
    o Must be ready to be used in conjunction with current standard
       protocols and applications, without forcing a change on them.
    o Must have a formal and compact way to specify quality
       constraints of the desired application to run.
    o Must have measurement mechanisms avoiding application
       disruption, minimizing network resources consumption.
    o Must have specific messages to alert about the violation of
       quality constraints in different directions (forward and
       reverse), because network routing may not be symmetrical, and
       of course, quality constraints may not be symmetrical.

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    o Must protect the data (constrains, measurements, QoS levels
       demanded from the network) in order to avoid the injection of
       malicious data in the measurements.

  1.2. Summary of Features
     Quality for Service (Q4S) is a message-oriented communication
  protocol that can be used in conjunction with any other application-
  level protocol.
  The benefits in quality enhancement provided by Q4S can be used by
  any type of application that uses any type of protocol for data
  transport. It provides a quality monitoring scheme for any
  communication that takes place between the client and the server,
  not only the Q4S communication itself.
  Q4S does not establish multimedia sessions and it does not transport
  application data. It monitors the fulfillment of the quality
  requirements of the communication between the client and the server,
  and therefore does not impose any restrictions on the type of
  application, protocol or the type of usage of the monitored quality
  connection.
  Some applications may vary their quality requirements dynamically
  for any given quality parameter. Q4S is able to adapt to the
  changing application needs modifying the parameter thresholds to the
  new values and monitoring the network quality according to the new
  constraints. It will raise alerts if the new constraints are
  violated.
  Q4S session lifetime is composed of four phases with different
  purposes: Handshake, Negotiation, Continuity and Termination.
  Negotiation and Continuity phases perform network parameter
  measurements as per a negotiated measurement procedure. Different
  measurement procedures COULD be used inside Q4S, although one
  default measurement mechanism is needed for compatibility reasons
  and is the one defined in this draft. Basically, Q4S defines how to
  transport application quality requirements and measurement results
  between client and server and providing monitoring and alerting too.
  Q4S MUST be executed just before starting a client-server
  application which needs a quality connection in terms of latency,
  jitter, bandwidth and/or packet loss. Once client and server have
  succeeded in establishing communication under quality constraints,

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  the application can start, and Q4S continues measuring and alerting
  if necessary.
  The quality parameters can be suggested by the client in the first
  message of the handshake phase, but it's the server that accepts
  these parameter values or forces others. The server is in charge of
  deciding the final values of quality connection.

2. Terminology
  The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
  "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in
  this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [3].
3. Overview of Operation
     This section introduces the basic operation of Q4S using simple
  examples.  This section is of tutorial nature and does not contain
  any normative statements.
  The first example shows the basic functions of a Q4S: communication
  establishment between a client and a server, quality requirement
  negotiations for the requested application, application start and
  continuous quality parameter measurements, and finally communication
  termination.
  The client triggers the establishment of the communication
  requesting a specific service or application from the server. This
  first message must have a special URI (RFC 3986), which may force
  the use of the Q4S protocol if it is implemented in a standard web
  browser. This message consists of a Q4S BEGIN method, which can
  optionally include initial communication quality requirements in an
  SDP body.
  This request is answered by the server with a Q4S 200 OK response
  letting the client know that it accepts the request. This response
  message MUST contain an SDP body with:
    o The assigned Q4S session id
    o The quality constraints required by the requested application
    o The measurement procedure to use.

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    o The alerting mode: there are two different scenarios for
       sending alerts that trigger actions on the network when
       measurements identify violated quality constraints. In both
       cases, Q4S alerts are triggered by the server.
          a)                 q4S-aware-network: the network is Q4S aware, and reacts
          by itself to these alerts. Q4S alerts are sent by the
          server to the client.
          b)                 policy-server: the network is not Q4S aware and a
          specific node (policy server) is in charge of triggering
          network tuning mechanisms. Q4S alerts are sent by the
          server to the policy server.
    o network-alert-pause: the amount of time the server waits
       between consecutive Q4S alerts. Measurements are not stopped in
       Negotiation or Continuity Phases during this period of time,
       but no alerts are fired even with violated network quality
       constraints allowing network reconfigurations.
    o app-alert-pause: the amount of time Q4S stack waits between
       consecutive notifications to the application even with violated
       application quality constraints. Notice that the Q4S client
       stack is in charge of notifying the client application and the
       Q4S server stack the server application.

  Once the communication has been established (handshake phase is
  finished), the protocol will verify that the communication path
  between the client and the server meets the quality constraints on
  both directions, from and to the server (negotiation phase). This
  negotiation phase requires taking measurements of the quality
  parameters: latencies, jitter, bandwidth and packet loss. This phase
  is initiated with a client message containing a Q4S READY method,
  which will be answered by the server with a Q4S 200 OK response.
  Negotiation measurements are achieved in two sequential stages:
    o Stage 0: latency and jitter measurements
    o Stage 1: bandwidth and packet loss measurements
  Stage 0 measurements are being taken through Q4S PING messages sent
  both from both the client and the server. All Q4S PING requests will
  be answered by Q4S 200 OK messages to allow for bidirectional
  measurements.

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  After a pre-agreed number of measurements have been performed,
  determined by the measurement procedure sent by the server, two
  scenarios may be possible:
  a) Measurements do not meet the requirements: in this case the stage
     0 is repeated after sending an alert from the server to the
     client or from the server to the network policy server, depending
     on the alerting mode defined in the Handshake phase. Notice that
     measurements continue to be taken but no Q4S alert is fired
     during the network-alert-pause time.
  b) Measurements do meet the requirements: in this case client moves
     to stage 1 sending a new READY message.
  Stage 1 measurements are achieved through Q4S BWIDTH messages sent
  both from the client and the server. Unlike PING messages, Q4S
  BWIDTH requests will not be answered.
  If Stage 0 and 1 meet the application quality constraints, the
  application may start. Q4S will enter the continuity phase measuring
  the network quality parameters and raising alerts in case of
  violation. This will be done through the Q4S PING message exchange
  on both connection paths.
  Once the client wants to terminate the communication it sends a Q4S
  CANCEL message, which will be acknowledged by the server with
  another Q4S CANCEL message.
  This figure depicts the message exchange in a successful scenario.

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              +-------------------------------------------+
              |                                           |
              | Client                             Server |
              |                                           |
  Handshake   |     --------- Q4S BEGIN ----------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |                                           |
  Negotiation |                                           |
  (Stage 0)   |     --------- Q4S READY 0---------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |                                           |
              |     --------- Q4S PING ------------>      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |     <-------- Q4S PING -------------      |
              |      -------- Q4S 200 OK ---------->      |
              |     --------- Q4S PING ------------>      |
              |     <-------- Q4S PING -------------      |
              |     --------- Q4S 200 OK ---------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |                    ...                    |
  Negotiation |                                           |
  (Stage 1)   |     --------- Q4S READY 1---------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |                                           |
              |     --------- Q4S BWITDH ---------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S BWIDTH------------      |
              |     --------- Q4S BWITDH ---------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S BWIDTH------------      |
              |                    ...                    |
  Continuity  |     --------- Q4S READY 2 --------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      | app start
              |                                           |
              |     --------- Q4S PING ------------>      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |     <-------- Q4S PING -------------      |
              |      -------- Q4S 200 OK ---------->      |
              |                                           |
  Termination |     --------- Q4S CANCEL ---------->      | app end
              |     <-------- Q4S CANCEL -----------      |
              |                                           |
              +-------------------------------------------+
              Figure 1 Successful Q4S message exchange.

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  Client and server measurements are included into PING and BWIDTH
  messages, allowing both sides of the communication to be are aware
  of all measurements in both directions.
  The following two examples show the behavior of the Q4S protocol
  when quality constraints are violated. The first example shows the
  q4S-aware-network alerting mode scenario:

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              +-------------------------------------------+
              |                                           |
              | Client                             Server |
              |                                           |
  Handshake   |     --------- Q4S BEGIN ----------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |                                           |
  Negotiation |                                           |
  (Stage 0)   |     --------- Q4S READY 0---------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |                                           |
              |     --------- Q4S PING ------------>      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |     <-------- Q4S PING -------------      |
              |      -------- Q4S 200 OK ---------->      |
              |                    ...                    |
              |                                           |
              |     <-------- Q4S ALERT ------------      |
              |     -------- Q4S ALERT ------------>      |
              |          (network-alert-pause)            |
  Repetition  |                                           |
  of Stage 0  |     --------- Q4S READY 0---------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |                                           |
              |     --------- Q4S PING ------------>      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |     <-------- Q4S PING -------------      |
              |                    ...                    |
  Negotiation |                                           |
  (Stage 1)   |     --------- Q4S READY 1---------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |                                           |
              |     --------- Q4S BWITDH ---------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S BWIDTH------------      |
              |                    ...                    |
              |                                           |
  Continuity  |     --------- Q4S READY 2 --------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      | app start
              |                                           |
              |     --------- Q4S PING ------------>      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |     <-------- Q4S PING -------------      |
              |      -------- Q4S 200 OK ---------->      |
              |                    ...                    |
              |     <-------- Q4S ALERT ------------      |
              |     --------- Q4S ALERT ----------->      |
              |           (network-alert-pause)           |

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              |     --------- Q4S PING ------------>      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |     <-------- Q4S PING -------------      |
              |     --------- Q4S 200 OK ---------->      |
              |                    ...                    |
              |  (pause expires & violated constraints)   |
              |     <-------- Q4S ALERT ------------      |
              |     --------- Q4S ALERT ----------->      |
              |           (network-alert-pause)           |
              |     --------- Q4S PING ------------>      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |     <-------- Q4S PING -------------      |
              |      -------- Q4S 200 OK ---------->      |
              |                    ...                    |
              |     --------- Q4S READY 2 --------->      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |                                           |
              |     --------- Q4S PING ------------>      |
              |     <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------      |
              |     <-------- Q4S PING -------------      |
              |      -------- Q4S 200 OK ---------->      |
              |                    ...                    |
              |                                           |
  Termination |     --------- Q4S CANCEL ---------->      | app end
              |     <-------- Q4S CANCEL -----------      |
              |                                           |
              +-------------------------------------------+
              Figure 2 q4S-aware-network alerting mode.

  In this q4s-aware-network alerting mode scenario, the server may
  send Q4S alerts to the client at any time on detection of violated
  quality constraints. This alerting exchange must not interrupt the
  continuity quality parameter measurements between client and server.

  The second example depicted in the following figure represents the
  policy-server alerting mode scenario, in which alerts are sent from
  the Q4S server to a network policy server. The policy server is an
  entity that can act on the network. It has a pre-defined set of
  different quality levels pre-agreed upon between the Application
  Content Provider and the ISP. The policy-server alerting mode is the
  default mode.

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              +-------------------------------------------+
              |                                           |
              | Client               Server        Policy |
              |                                    Server |
  Handshake   |   ----- Q4S BEGIN ----->                  |
              |   <---- Q4S 200 OK -----                  |
              |                                           |
  Negotiation |                                           |
  (Stage 0)   |   ----- Q4S READY 0---->                  |
              |   <---- Q4S 200 OK -----                  |
              |                                           |
              |   ----- Q4S PING ------>                  |
              |   <---- Q4S 200 OK -----                  |
              |   <---- Q4S PING -------                  |
              |    ---- Q4S 200 OK ---->                  |
              |              ...                          |
              |  (network-alert-pause)  -- Q4S ALERT -->  |
              |                         <- Q4S ALERT ---  |
  Repetition  |                                           |
  of Stage 0  |   ----- Q4S READY 0---->                  |
              |   <---- Q4S 200 OK -----                  |
              |                                           |
              |   ----- Q4S PING ------>                  |
              |   <---- Q4S 200 OK -----                  |
              |   <---- Q4S PING -------                  |
              |              ...                          |
  Negotiation |                                           |
  (Stage 1)   |   ----- Q4S READY 1---->                  |
              |   <---- Q4S 200 OK -----                  |
              |                                           |
              |   ----- Q4S BWITDH ---->                  |
              |   <---- Q4S BWIDTH------                  |
              |              ...                          |
  Continuity  |   ----- Q4S READY 2 --->                  |
              |   <---- Q4S 200 OK -----                  | app start
              |                                           |
              |   ----- Q4S PING ------>                  |
              |   <---- Q4S 200 OK -----                  |
              |   <---- Q4S PING -------                  |
              |   ----- Q4S PING ------>                  |
              |   <---- Q4S 200 OK ----- -- Q4S ALERT --> |
              |   <---- Q4S PING ------- <- Q4S ALERT --- |
              |   ----- Q4S 200 OK ---->                  |
              |   ----- Q4S PING ------>                  |
              |              ...                          |
              |                                           |

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  Termination |   ----- Q4S CANCEL ---->                  | app end
              |                          -- Q4S CANCEL -> |
              |                          <- Q4S CANCEL -- |
              |   <---- Q4S CANCEL -----                  |
              |                                           |
              +-------------------------------------------+
               Figure 3 Policy-server alerting mode.
  At the end of any Negotiation phase stage, the server sends a Q4S
  alert to the policy-server in order to tune the network if quality
  constraints are violated. During the period of time defined by the
  network-alert-pause parameter, no further Q4S alerts are send, but
  measurements are not interrupted. This way, both the client and the
  server will detect network improvements as soon as possible. In a
  similar way, during the continuity phase, the server may send Q4S
  alerts at any time to the network policy server on detection of
  violated quality constraints. This alerting exchange must not
  interrupt the continuity measurements between client and server.
  Q4S CANCEL messages must be forwarded from the server to the network
  policy server in order to release possible assigned resources for
  the session.

4. Q4S messages
  Q4S is a text-based protocol and uses the UTF-8 charset (RFC 3629
  [11]). A Q4S message is either a request or a response.
  Both Request and Response messages use the basic format of Internet
  Message Format (RFC 5322 [12]). Both types of messages consist of a
  start-line, one or more header fields, an empty line indicating the
  end of the header fields, and an optional message-body.

         generic-message  =  start-line
                             *message-header
                             CRLF
                             [ message-body ]
         start-line       =  Request-Line / Status-Line

  The start-line, each message-header line, and the empty line MUST be
  terminated by a carriage-return line-feed sequence (CRLF).  Note
  that the empty line MUST be present even if the message-body is not.

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     Much of Q4S's messages and header field syntax are identical to
  HTTP/1.1. However, Q4S is not an extension of HTTP.

  4.1. Requests
  Q4S requests are distinguished by having a Request-Line for a start-
  line. A Request-Line contains a method name, a Request-URI, and the
  protocol version separated by a single space (SP) character.
   The Request-Line ends with CRLF. No CR or LF are allowed except in
   the end-of-line CRLF sequence. No linear whitespace (LWS) is allowed
   in any of the elements.

         Request-Line  =  Method SP Request-URI SP Q4S-Version CRLF

   Method: This specification defines six methods: BEGIN for starting
        and negotiate quality sessions, READY for synchronization of
        measurements, PING and BWIDTH for quality measurements
        purpose, CANCEL for terminating sessions, and Q4S-ALERT for
        quality violations reporting.
   Request-URI: The Request-URI is a Q4S URI (RFC 2396) as described in
        7.4. The Request-URI MUST NOT contain unescaped spaces or
        control characters and MUST NOT be enclosed in "<>".
   Q4S-Version: Both request and response messages include the version
        of Q4S in use. To be compliant with this specification,
        applications sending Q4S messages MUST include a Q4S-Version
        of "Q4S/1.0".  The Q4S-Version string is case-insensitive,
        but implementations MUST send upper-case. Unlike HTTP/1.1,
        Q4S treats the version number as a literal string.  In
        practice, this should make no difference.
  4.2. Responses
  Q4S responses are distinguished from requests by having a Status-
  Line as their start-line. A Status-Line consists of the protocol
  version followed by a numeric Status-Code and its associated textual
  phrase, with each element separated by a single SP character. No CR
  or LF is allowed except in the final CRLF sequence.
    Status-Line  =  Q4S-Version SP Status-Code SP Reason-Phrase CRLF

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  The Status-Code is a 3-digit integer result code that indicates the
  outcome of an attempt to understand and satisfy a request. The
  Reason-Phrase is intended to give a short textual description of the
  Status-Code.  The Status-Code is intended for use by automata,
  whereas the Reason-Phrase is intended for the human user. A client
  is not required to examine or display the Reason-Phrase.
  While this specification suggests specific wording for the reason
  phrase, implementations MAY choose other text, for example, in the
  language indicated in the Accept-Language header field of the
  request.
  The first digit of the Status-Code defines the class of response.
  The last two digits do not have any categorization role.  For this
  reason, any response with a status code between 100 and 199 is
  referred to as a "1xx response", any response with a status code
  between 200 and 299 as a "2xx response", and so on.  Q4S/1.0 allows
  following values for the first digit:

        1xx: Provisional -- request received, continuing to process
  the request;

        2xx: Success -- the action was successfully received,
             understood, and accepted;

        3xx: Redirection -- further action needs to be taken in order
             to complete the request;

        4xx: Request Failure -- the request contains bad syntax or
          cannot be fulfilled at this server;

        5xx: Server Error -- the server failed to fulfill an
             apparently valid request;

        6xx: Global Failure -- the request cannot be fulfilled at any
             server.

  The status codes are the same described in HTTP (RFC 2616 [1]). In
  the same way as HTTP, Q4S applications are not required to
  understand the meaning of all registered status codes, though such
  understanding is obviously desirable. However, applications MUST
  understand the class of any status code, as indicated by the first
  digit, and treat any unrecognized response as being equivalent to
  the x00 status code of that class.

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  The Q4S-ALERT and CANCEL requests do not have to be responded.
  However, after receiving a Q4S-ALERT or CANCEL request, the server
  SHOULD sends a Q4S-ALERT or CANCEL request to the client

  4.3. Header Fields
  Q4S header fields are identical to HTTP header fields in both syntax
  and semantics.
  Some header fields only make sense in requests or responses. These
  are called request header fields and response header fields,
  respectively.  If a header field appears in a message not matching
  its category (such as a request header field in a response), it MUST
  be ignored.
 o
     4.3.1. Common Q4S Header Fields
  These fields may appear in Request and Response messages.
    o  Session-Id: the value for this header is the same session id
      used in SDP (embedded in "o" SDP parameter) and is assigned by
      the server. The messages without SDP MUST include this header.
      If a message has and SDP body, this header is optional. The
      method of <session id> allocation is up to the creating tool,
      but it is suggested that a UTC timestamp be used to ensure
      uniqueness.
    o  Sequence-Number: sequential and cyclic positive integer number
      assigned to PING and BWIDTH messages, and acknowledged in 200
      OK responses.
    o  Timestamp: this optional header contains the system time (with
      the best possible accuracy). It indicates the time in which the
      PING request was sent. If this header is present in PING
      messages, then the 200 OK response messages include this value.
    o  Stage: this is used in client's READY requests and server's
      200 OK responses during the Negotiation and Continuity phases
      in order to synchronize the initiation of the measurements.
      Example:  Stage: 0

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     4.3.2. Specific Q4S Request Header Fields
  In addition to HTTP header fields, these are the specific Q4S
  request header fields
    o User-Agent: this header contains information about the
       implementation of the user agent. This is for statistical
       purposes, the tracing of protocol violations, and the automated
       recognition of user agents for the sake of tailoring responses
       to avoid particular user agent limitations. User agents SHOULD
       include this field with requests. The field can contain
       multiple product tokens and comments identifying the agent and
       any sub-products which form a significant part of the user
       agent. By convention, the product tokens are listed in order of
       their significance for identifying the application.

    o Signature: this header contains a digital signature that can be
       used by the network or policy server to validate the SDP,
       preventing security attacks. The signature is an optional
       header generated by the server according to the pre-agreed
       security policies between the Application Content Provider and
       the ISP. For example, a hash algorithm and encryption method
       such as MD5 (RFC 1321 [6]) and RSA (RFC 2437 [7]) based on the
       server certificate could be used. This certificate is supposed
       to be delivered by a Certification Authority (CA) or policy
       owner to the server. The signature is applied to the SDP body.
                Signature= RSA ( MD5 (<sdp>), <certificate> )
       If the signature is not present, other validation mechanism may
       be implemented in order to provide assured quality with
       security and control.
    o  Measurements: this header carries the measurements of the
      quality parameters in PING and BWIDTH requests. The format is:
      Measurements: "l=" " "|[0..9999] ", j=" " "|[0..9999] ", pl=" "
      "|[0.00 .. 100.00] ", bw=" " "|[0..9999]
      Where "l" stands for latency followed by the measured value or
      an empty space, "j" stands for jitter followed by the measured
      value or an empty space, "pl" stands for packetloss followed by
      the measured value in % or an empty space and "bw" stands for
      bandwidth followed by the measured value or an empty space.

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     4.3.3. Specific Q4S Response Header Fields
    o Expires: its purpose is to provide a sanity check and allow the
       server to close inactive sessions. If the client does not send
       a new request before the expiration time, the server MAY close
       the session. The value MUST be an integer and the measurement
       units are milliseconds.
       In order to keep the session open the server MUST send a Q4S
       alert before the session expiration (Expires header), with the
       same quality levels and an alert cause of "keep-alive". The
       purpose of this alert is to avoid TCP sockets (which were
       opened with READY message) from being closed, specially in NAT
       scenarios.

  4.4. Bodies
    Requests, including new requests defined in extensions to this
  specification, MAY contain message bodies unless otherwise noted.
  The interpretation of the body depends on the request method.
  For response messages, the request method and the response status
  code determine the type and interpretation of any message body.  All
  responses MAY include a body.
  The Internet media type of the message body MUST be given by the
  Content-Type header field.
     4.4.1. Encoding
     The body MUST NOT be compressed. This mechanism is valid for
  other protocols such as HTTP and SIP (RFC 3261 [13]), but
  a compression/coding scheme will limit certain logical
  implementations of the way the request is parsed, thus, making the
  protocol concept more implementation dependent. In addition,
  bandwidth calculation may not be valid if compression is used.
  Therefore, the HTTP request header "Accept-Encoding" cannot be used
  in Q4S with different values than "identity" and if it is present in
  a request, the server MUST ignore it. In addition, the response
  header "Content-Encoding" is optional, but if present, the unique
  permitted value is "identity".
  The body length in bytes is provided by the Content-Length header
  field. The "chunked" transfer encoding of HTTP/1.1 MUST NOT be used

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  for Q4S (Note: The chunked encoding modifies the body of a message
  in order to transfer it as a series of chunks, each one with its own
  size indicator.)

5. Q4S method definitions
  The Method token indicates the method to be performed on the
  resource identified by the Request-URI. The method is case-
  sensitive.
         Method  = "BEGIN" | "READY" | "PING" | "BWIDTH" |
                   "Q4S-ALERT" | "CANCEL" | extension-method

         extension-method = token

  The list of methods allowed by a resource can be specified in an
  "Allow" header field (RFC 2616 [1] section 14.7). The return code of
  the response always notifies the client when a method is currently
  allowed on a resource, since the set of allowed methods can change
  dynamically. Any server application SHOULD return the status code
  405 (Method Not Allowed) if the method is known, but not allowed for
  the requested resource, and 501 (Not Implemented) if the method is
  unrecognized or not implemented by the server.
  5.1. BEGIN
  The BEGIN method requests information from a resource identified by
  a Q4S URI. The semantics of this method is the starting of a quality
  session.
  This method is only used during the handshake phase to retrieve the
  SDP containing session id and all quality and operation parameters
  for the desired application to run.
  When a BEGIN message is received by the server, any current quality
  session is cancelled and a new session should be created.
  The response to a Q4S BEGIN request is not cacheable.

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  5.2. READY
  The READY method is used to synchronize the starting time for
  sending of PING and BWIDTH messages over UDP between clients and
  servers. The stage header included in this method is mandatory.
  This message is only used in negotiation and continuity phases, and
  only just before making a measurement. Otherwise (out of this
  context), the server MUST ignore this method.
  5.3. PING
  This message is used during the negotiation and continuity phases to
  measure the RTT and jitter of a session. The message MUST be sent
  only over UDP ports.
  The fundamental difference between the PING and BWIDTH requests is
  reflected in the different measurements achieved with them. PING is
  a short message, and MUST be answered in order to measure RTT and
  jitter, whereas BWIDTH is a long message (1 Kbyte or more) and MUST
  NOT be answered.
  PING is a request method that can be originated by client but also
  by server. Client MUST also answer the server PING messages,
  assuming a "server role" for these messages during measurement
  process.
  The Measurements header included in this method is mandatory, and
  provides updated measurements values for latency, jitter and packet
  loss to the counterpart.
  5.4. BWIDTH
  This message is used only during the Negotiation phase to measure
  the bandwidth and packet loss of a session. The message MUST be sent
  only over UDP ports.
  BWIDTH is a request method that can be originated by the client but
  also by server. Both (client and server) MUST NOT answer BWIDTH
  messages.
  The Measurements header included in this method is mandatory, and
  provides updated measurements values for bandwidth and packet loss
  to the counterpart.

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  5.5. Q4S-ALERT
  This is the request message that Q4S generates when the measurements
  indicate that quality constraints are being violated. It is used
  during the negotiation and continuity phases.
  This informative message indicates that the user experience is being
  degraded and includes the details of the problem (bandwidth, jitter,
  packet loss measurements). The Q4S-ALERT message does not contain
  any detail on the actions to be taken, which depends on the
  agreements between all involved parties.
  Q4S-ALERT request does not have to be answered with a response
  message unless there is an error condition. However, after receiving
  a Q4S-ALERT request, the counterpart answers with a Q4S-ALERT
  request. The response to a Q4S-ALERT request is not cacheable.
  This method is always initiated by the server in both alerting
  modes. In q4s-aware-network alerting mode, the Q4S-ALERT messages
  are fired by the server and sent to the client, advising the network
  to react by itself. In policy-server alerting mode the Q4S-ALERT
  messages are triggered by the server and sent to network policy
  server.

  5.6. CANCEL
  The semantics of CANCEL message is the release of the Q4S session id
  and the possible resources assigned to the session. This message
  could be triggered by Q4S stack or by the application using the
  stack (through an implementation dependant API).
  In the same way as Q4S-ALERT, CANCEL must not be answered with a
  response message. However, if the server receives a CANCEL message,
  it must answer with a CANCEL request message towards the client,
  acknowledging the reception.
  In the policy-server alerting mode, the server MUST forward the Q4S
  CANCEL messages received from the client to network policy server in
  order to release possible assigned resources for the session. The
  policy server must answer the CANCEL message with a CANCEL request
  message towards the server, acknowledging the reception.

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6. Response codes
  Q4S response codes are used for TCP and UDP. However, in UDP only
  the response code 200 is used.
  6.1. 100 Trying
  This response indicates that the request has been received by the
  next-hop server (the policy server) and that some unspecified action
  is being taken on behalf of this request (for example, a database is
  being consulted). This response, like all other provisional
  responses, stops retransmissions of a Q4S-ALERT during the network-
  alert-pause time.
  6.2. Success 2xx
  2xx responses give information about success of a request.
     6.2.1. 200 OK
  The request has succeeded.

  6.3. Redirection 3xx
  3xx responses give information about the user's new location, or
  about alternative services that might be able to satisfy the
  request.
  The requesting client SHOULD retry the request at the new
  address(es) given by the Location header field.
  6.4. Request Failure 4xx
  4xx responses are definite failure responses from a particular
  server. The client SHOULD NOT retry the same request without
  modification (for example, adding appropriate headers or SDP
  values). However, the same request to a different server might be
  successful.
     6.4.1. 400 Bad Request
  The request could not be understood due to malformed syntax. The
  Reason-Phrase SHOULD identify the syntax problem in more detail, for
  example, "Missing Sequence-Number header field".

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     6.4.2. 404 Not Found
  The server has definitive information that the user does not exist
  at the domain specified in the Request-URI. This status is also
  returned if the domain in the Request-URI does not match any of the
  domains handled by the recipient of the request.
     6.4.3. 405 Method Not Allowed
  The method specified in the Request-Line is understood, but not
  allowed for the address identified by the Request-URI.
  The response MUST include an Allow header field containing a list of
  valid methods for the indicated address.
     6.4.4. 406 Not Acceptable
  The resource identified by the request is only able of generating
  response entities that have content characteristics not acceptable
  according to the Accept header field sent in the request.
     6.4.5. 408 Request Timeout
  The server could not produce a response within a suitable amount of
  time, and the client MAY repeat the request without modifications at
  any later time
     6.4.6. 413 Request Entity Too Large
  The server is refusing to process a request because the request
  entity-body is larger than the one that the server is willing or
  able to process. The server MAY close the connection to prevent the
  client from continuing the request.
     6.4.7. 414 Request-URI Too Long
  The server is refusing to process the request because the Request-
  URI is longer than the one that the server accepts.
     6.4.8. 415 Unsupported Media Type
  The server is refusing to process the request because the message
  body of the request is in a format not supported by the server for
  the requested method. The server MUST return a list of acceptable
  formats using the Accept, Accept-Encoding, or Accept-Language header
  field, depending on the specific problem with the content.

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     6.4.9. 416 Unsupported URI Scheme
  The server cannot process the request because the scheme of the URI
  in the Request-URI is unknown to the server.
  6.5. Server Failure 5xx
  5xx responses are failure responses given when a server itself is
  having trouble.
     6.5.1. 500 Server Internal Error
  The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it
  from fulfilling the request. The client MAY display the specific
  error condition and MAY retry the request after several seconds.
     6.5.2. 501 Not Implemented
  The server does not support the functionality required to fulfill
  the request. This is the appropriate response when a Server does not
  recognize the request method and it is not capable of supporting it
  for any user.
  Note that a 405 (Method Not Allowed) is sent when the server
  recognizes the request method, but that method is not allowed or
  supported.
     6.5.3. 503 Service Unavailable
  The server is temporarily unable to process the request due to a
  temporary overloading or maintenance of the server. The server MAY
  indicate when the client should retry the request in a Retry-After
  header field. If no Retry-After is given, the client MUST act as if
  it had received a 500 (Server Internal Error) response.
  A client receiving a 503 (Service Unavailable) SHOULD attempt to
  forward the request to an alternate server. It SHOULD NOT forward
  any other requests to that server for the duration specified in the
  Retry-After header field, if present.
  Servers MAY refuse the connection or drop the request instead of
  responding with 503 (Service Unavailable).
     6.5.4. 504 Server Time-out
  The server did not receive a timely response from an external server
  it accessed in attempting to process the request.

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     6.5.5. 505 Version Not Supported
  The server does not support, or refuses to support, the Q4S protocol
  version that was used in the request. The server is indicating that
  it is unable or unwilling to complete the request using the same
  major version as the client, other than with this error message.
     6.5.6. 513 Message Too Large
  The server was unable to process the request since the message
  length exceeded its capabilities.
  6.6. Global Failures 6xx
  6xx responses indicate that a server has definitive information
  about a particular policy not satisfied for processing the request.
     6.6.1. 600 session does not exist
  The Session-Id is not valid
     6.6.2. 601 quality level not allowed
  The QOS level requested is not allowed for the pair client/server
     6.6.3. 603 Session not allowed
  The session is not allowed due to some policy (number of sessions
  allowed for the server is exceeded, or the time band of the Q4S-
  ALERT is not allowed for the pair client/server, etc)
     6.6.4. 604 authorization not allowed
  The policy server does not authorize the Q4S-ALERT quality session
  improvement operation due to an internal or external reason.
7. Protocol
  This section describes the measurement procedures, the SDP structure
  of the Q4S messages, the different Q4S protocol phases and the
  messages exchanged in them.

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  7.1. Protocol Phases
     All elements of the IP network contribute to the quality in terms
  of latency, jitter, bandwidth and packet loss. All these elements
  have their own quality policies in terms of priorities, traffic
  mode, etc. and each element has its own way to manage the quality.
  The purpose of a quality connection is to establish an end-to-end
  communication with enough quality for the application to function
  flawlessly.
  To monitor quality constraints of the application, four phases are
  defined and can be seen in the following figure:
  +---------------------------------------------------------------+
  |                                                               |
  |                                                               |
  | Handshake ---> Negotiation -+--> Continuity ---> Termination  |
  |                   A         |    (app start)      (app end)   |
  |                   |         |                        A        |
  |                   |     violated                     |        |
  |                   |    constraints                   |        |
  |                   |      |     |                     |        |
  |                   +------+     +---------------------+        |
  |                                                               |
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+

                 Figure 4 Session lifetime phases.

    o Handshake phase: in which the server is contacted by the client
       and in the answer message the quality constraints for the
       application is communicated embedded in an SDP.
    o Negotiation phase: in which the quality of the connection is
       measured in both directions (latency, jitter, bandwidth and
       packet loss), and Q4S messages may be sent in order to alert if
       the measured quality does not meet the constraints. This phase
       is iterative until quality constraints are reached or the
       session is cancelled after a number of measurement cycles with
       consistent violation of the quality constraints. Just after
       reaching the quality requirements, Q4S provides a simple
       optional mechanism using HTTP to start the application.

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    o Continuity phase: in which quality is continuously measured. In
       this phase the measurements MUST avoid disturbing the
       application by consuming network resources. If application
       quality constraints are not met, the Q4S stack will notify the
       application. If later the quality improves again, the Q4S stack
       will notify the application too. If quality falls below the
       network parameter constraints, a Q4S network alert shall be
       issued. If after some alerts the quality constraints are
       unreachable, the protocol SHOULD move to Termination phase.
    o Termination phase: in which the Q4S session is terminated. The
       application may be closed too or may not start.

  7.2. SDP Structure
  The original goal of SDP was to announce necessary information for
  the participants and multicast MBONE (Multicast Backbone)
  applications. Right now, its use has been extended to the
  announcement and the negotiation of multimedia sessions. The purpose
  of Q4S is not to establish media stream sessions, but to monitor a
  quality connection. This connection may be later used to establish
  any type of session including media sessions; Q4S does not impose
  any conditions on the type of communication requiring quality
  parameters.
  SDP will be used by Q4S to exchange quality constraints and will
  therefore always have all the media attributes ("m") set to zero.
  The SDP embedded in the messages is the container of the quality
  parameters. As these may vary depending on the direction of the
  communication (to and from the client) all quality parameters need
  to specify the uplink and downlink values: <uplink> / <downlink>.
  When one or both of these values are empty, it MUST be understood as
  needing no constraint on that parameter and/or that direction.
  The uplink direction MUST be considered as being the communication
  from the client to the server. The downlink direction MUST be
  considered as being the communication from the server to the client.
  The SDP information can comprise all or some of the following
  parameters shown in the example below. This is an example of an SDP
  message used by Q4S included in the 200 OK response to a Q4S BEGIN
  request.

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  v=0
  o=q4s-UA 53655765 2353687637 IN IP4 192.0.2.33
  s=Q4S
  i=Q4S parameters
  t=0 0
  a=qos-level:0/0
  a=alerting-mode:policy-server
  a=network-alert-pause:5000
  a=app-alert-pause:25000
  a=public-address:client IP4 80.0.2.33
  a=public-address:server IP4 198.51.100.58
  a=network:latency:40
  a=network:jitter:10/10
  a=network:bandwidth:20/6000
  a=network:packetloss:0.50/0.50
  a=application:latency:35
  a=applicacion:jitter:8/8
  a=applicacion:bandwidth:25/7000
  a=applicacion:packetloss:0.30/0.30
  a=flow:app clientListeningPort TCP/10000-20000
  a=flow:app clientListeningPort UDP/15000-18000
  a=flow:app serverListeningPort TCP/56000
  a=flow:app serverListeningPort UDP/56000
  a=flow:q4s clientListeningPort UDP/55000
  a=flow:q4s clientListeningPort TCP/55001
  a=flow:q4s serverListeningPort UDP/56000
  a=flow:q4s serverListeningPort TCP/56001

  Notice that in this SDP example there are no measurement attributes,
  these will only be included in the SDP body in Q4S-ALERT messages.

     7.2.1. "qos-level" attribute
  The "qos-level" attribute contains the QoS level for uplink and
  downlink. Default values are 0 for both directions. The meaning of
  each level is out of scope of Q4S, but a higher level SHOULD
  correspond to a better service quality.
  The "qos-level" attribute may be changed during the protocol
  lifetime raising or lowering the value as necessary following the
  network measurements and the application needs.
     7.2.2. "alerting-mode" attribute
  The "alerting-mode" attribute specifies the player in charge of
  triggering Q4S alerts in case of constraint violation. There are two
  possible values:

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  a) q4s-aware-network: Q4S alerts are triggered by the server to the
     client. In this case the network is supposed to be Q4S aware, and
     reacts by itself to these alerts.
  b) policy-server: Q4S alerts are sent by the server to the network
     policy server. In this case the network is not Q4S aware and a
     specific node (policy server) is in charge of triggering network
     tuning mechanisms.
  The "alerting-mode" attribute is optional and if not present
  "policy-server" mode is assumed.
     7.2.3. "network-alert-pause" attribute
  The "network-alert-pause" attribute specifies the amount of time (in
  milliseconds) the server waits between consecutive Q4S alerts.
  Measurements are not stopped in Negotiation or Continuity Phases
  during this period of time, but no alerts are fired even with
  violated network quality constraints allowing network
  reconfigurations.
     7.2.4.  "app-alert-pause" attribute
  The "app -alert-pause" attribute specifies the amount of time (in
  milliseconds) that Q4S stack waits between consecutive notifications
  to the application even with violated application quality
  constraints. Notice that the Q4S client stack is in charge of
  notifying the client application and the Q4S server stack is in
  charge of notifying the server application. If this attribute is not
  present, the Q4S stack will never notify the application.

     7.2.5. "public-address" attributes
  This attribute contains the public IP address of the client and the
  server. The server fills these attributes with his own public IP
  address and the public IP address of the first message received from
  the client in the handshake phase.
  The purpose of these attributes is to make available the addressing
  information to network policy server or other external entities in
  charge of processing Q4S-ALERT messages.

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     7.2.6. "network:latency" attribute
  The maximum latency (considered equal for uplink and downlink)
  tolerance are specified in the "network:latency" attribute,
  expressed in milliseconds. If the latency constraints are not met, a
  Q4S-ALERT method will be raised. If the "network:latency" attribute
  is not present or has a 0 value, no latency constraints need to be
  met and no measurements MAY be taken.
     7.2.7. "network:jitter" attribute
  The maximum uplink and downlink jitter tolerance are specified in
  the "network:jitter" attribute, expressed in milliseconds. If the
  jitter constraints are not met, a Q4S-ALERT method will be raised.
  If "network:jitter" attribute is not present or has a 0 value, no
  jitter constraints need to be met and no measurements MAY be taken.
     7.2.8. "network:bandwidth" attribute
  The minimum uplink and downlink bandwidth are specified in the
  "network:bandwidth" attribute, expressed in kbps. If the bandwidth
  constraints are not met, a Q4S-ALERT method will be raised. If
  "network:bandwidth" attribute is not present or has a 0 value, no
  bandwidth constraints need to be met and no measurements MAY be
  taken.
     7.2.9. "network:packetloss" attribute
  The maximum uplink and downlink packet loss tolerance are specified
  in the "network:packetloss" attribute expressed in percentage (two
  decimal accuracy). If the packetloss constraints are not met, a Q4S-
  ALERT method will be raised. If "network:packetloss" attribute is
  not present or has a 0 value, no packetloss constraints need to be
  met and no measurements MAY be taken.
     7.2.10. Application attributes
  One or more of these attributes may not be present. They MUST not be
  used if the application requiring quality service does not accept
  alert messages. They specify the thresholds for latency, jitter,
  bandwidth and packetloss in order for the Q4S stack to notify the
  application. The Q4S client stack will notify the client application
  and the Q4S server stack will notify the server application. The
  mechanisms of this notification is implementation dependent and out
  of scope of this draft.
  There are four application attributes:

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  a=application:latency:35
  a=applicacion:jitter:8/8
  a=applicacion:bandwidth:25/7000
  a=applicacion:packetloss:0.30/0.30

  The uplink/downlink values of the application attributes SHOULD be
  more restrictive than the network quality constraints. This will
  give the application the possibility to react and adapt to network
  issues before the network quality degrades more, for example, by
  starting the application in lower video quality requiring less
  bandwidth or reducing interaction speed at multiplayer games when
  latency grows.
  Application parameters MAY be present without network quality
  parameter requirements. If this is the case, no Q4S-ALERTS will be
  triggered but the application will be notified of any quality
  parameter that falls below the application quality constraints.
  Therefore, in this case, "app-alert-pause" attribute is mandatory.
  If the "app-alert-pause" attribute is present but no application
  parameters have been specified, the Q4S stack SHOULD notify the
  application all measured parameters (as specified by the network
  quality requirements) every app-alert-pause milliseconds. This
  scenario is useful when application needs feedback about
  measurements periodically and not only in specific degraded
  conditions.
     7.2.11. "flow" attributes
  These attributes specify the flows (protocol, destination IP/ports)
  of data over TCP and UDP ports to be used in uplink and downlink
  communications.
  Several "flow" attributes can be defined. These flows identify the
  listening port (client or server), the protocol (TCP or UDP) (RFC
  761 [8] and RFC 768 [9]) with the range of ports that are going to
  be used by the application and, of course, by the Q4S protocol (for
  quality measurements). All defined flows (app and q4s) will be
  considered within the same quality profile, which is determined by
  the qos-level attribute in each direction. This allows to assume
  that measurements on q4s flows are the same experimented by the
  application which is using app flows.
  During negotiation and continuity phases the specified Q4S ports in
  the "flow:q4s" attributes of SDP will be used for Q4S messages.

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  The Q4S flows comprise two UDP flows and two TCP flows (one uplink
  and one downlink for each one) whereas application traffic MAY
  consist of many flows, depending on its nature. The handshake phase
  takes place through the Q4S Contact URI, using TCP port 80, for
  example. However the negotiation and continuity phases will take
  place on the specified Q4S ports (UDP and TCP) specified in the SDP.
  The "clientListeningPort" is a port in which the client listens for
  server requests and MUST be used as origin port of client responses.
  The "serverListeningPort" is a port in which server is listening for
  incoming messages from the client. The origin port of server
  responses may be different than "serverListeningPort" value.

  If "clientListeningPort" is zero (a=flow:q4s clientListeningPort
  TCP/0), the client MAY choose one randomly as per OS standard rules.
  Client ports inside the SDP must always be matched against actual
  received port values on the server side in order to deal with
  NAT/NATP devices. If zero value or incorrect value is present,
  server must set the value to the received origin port in the next
  message with SDP (200 OK, ALERT and CANCEL messages).

     7.2.12. Measurement attributes
  These attributes contain the measurement procedure and the results
  of the quality measurements.
  Measurement parameters are included using the session attribute
  "measurement". The first measurement parameter is the procedure. Q4S
  provides a "default" procedure for measurements, but others like
  RTP/RTCP might be used and defined later. This draft will only
  define and explain the "default" procedure.
  In the initial client request a set of measurement procedures can be
  sent to the server for negotiation. One measurement procedure line
  MUST be included in the SDP message for each proposed method. The
  server MUST answer with only one line with the chosen procedure.
  For each procedure, a set of values of parameters separated by ","
  can be included in the same attribute line. The amount and type of
  parameters depends on the procedure type.
  In the following example the "default" procedure type is chosen:
  a=measurement:procedure default(50/50,75/75,5000,40/80,100/256)

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  In the "default" procedure, the meaning of these parameters is:
    o The first parameter is the interval of time (in milliseconds)
       between PING requests during the negotiation phase. Uplink and
       downlink values from the client's point of view are separated
       by "/". This allows having different responsiveness values
       depending on the control resources used in each direction.
    o The second parameter is the time interval (in milliseconds)
       between PING requests during the continuity phase. Uplink and
       downlink values are separated by "/". This allows having two
       different responsiveness values depending on the control
       resources used in each direction.
    o The third parameter is the time interval to be used to measure
       bandwidth during the negotiation phase..
    o The fourth parameter indicates the window size for jitter and
       latency calculations. Uplink and downlink values are separated
       by "/".
    o The fifth parameter indicates the window size for packet loss
       calculations. Uplink and downlink values are separated by "/".
  There are four more measurement attributes:
  a=measurement:latency 45
  a=measurement:jitter 3/12
  a=measurement:bandwidth 200/9800
  a=measurement:packetloss 0.00/1.00

  The latency, jitter, bandwidth and packetloss measurement attributes
  contain the values measured for each of these quality parameters in
  uplink and downlink directions. Notice that latency is considered
  equal for uplink and downlink directions. Quality parameter values
  in these measurement attributes provide a snapshot of the quality
  reached and MUST only be included in Q4S-ALERT messages in the SDP
  body such that they can be protected from malicious attacks as these
  alerts include a signature of the SDP body in the header. The rest
  of messages will include the measured values in the Measurements
  header.

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  7.3. Measurements
  This section describes the way quality parameters are measured as
  defined by the "default" procedure. Measurements MUST be taken for
  any quality parameter with constraints, that is, specified in the
  SDP attributes with non-zero values. For non-present attributes
  measurements MAY be omitted.
     7.3.1. Latency
  Latency measurements will be performed if the latency attribute
  and/or the application latency attribute are present and with non-
  zero values.
  Q4S defines a PING method in order to exchange packets between the
  client and the server. Based on this PING exchange the client and
  the server are able to calculate the round trip time (RTT). The RTT
  is the sum of downlink latency (normally named "reverse latency")
  and uplink latency (normally named "forward latency").
  At least 255 samples of RTT MUST be taken by the client and server.
  As the forward and reverse latencies are impossible to measure,
  client and server will assume that both latencies are identical
  (symmetric network assumption). The latency will therefore be
  calculated as the statistical median value of all the RTT samples
  divided by 2.

     7.3.2. Jitter
  Jitter measurements will be performed if the jitter attribute and/or
  the application jitter attribute are present and with non-zero
  values.
  The jitter can be calculated independently by the client and by the
  server. The downlink jitter is calculated by the client taking into
  account the time interval between PING requests as defined by the
  measurement procedure attribute in the first or second parameter
  depending on the Q4S protocol phase. The client and the server MUST
  send these PING requests at the specified intervals. The client
  measures the downlink jitter whereas the server measures the uplink
  jitter. Note that PING responses are not taken into account when
  calculating jitter values.
  Every time a PING request message is received by an endpoint (either
  server or client), the corresponding jitter value is updated using

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  the Statistical Jitter value calculated on the first 255 packets
  received using the arithmetic mean of the absolute values of elapsed
  times.
  Each endpoint sends a PING periodically with a fixed interval, each
  value of "elapsed time" (ET) should be very close to this interval.
  If a PING message is lost, the elapsed time value is doubled.
  Identifying lost PING messages, however, is not an issue because all
  PING messages are labeled with a Sequence-Number header. Therefore
  the receiver can discard this elapsed time value.
  In order to have the first jitter sample, the receiver MUST wait
  until it receives 3 PING requests, because each ET is the time
  between two PINGs and a Jitter needs at least two ET.
  The client measures the values of RTT and downlink jitter and the
  server measures RTT and uplink jitter, but all measurements are
  shared with the counterpart by means of "Measurements" header of
  PING message.
     7.3.3. Bandwidth
  Bandwidth measurements will be performed if the bandwidth attribute
  and/or the application bandwidth attribute is present and with non-
  zero values.
  In order to measure the available bandwidth, both the client and the
  server MUST start sending BWIDTH messages simultaneously using the
  UDP control ports exchanged during the handshake phase in the SDP
  message, at the needed rate to verify the availability of the
  bandwidth constraint in each direction using messages of 1 Kbyte or
  more in length. The messages are sent during the period of time
  defined in the third parameter of the SDP measurement default
  procedure attribute in millisecond units.
  a=measurement:procedure default(50/50,75/75,5000,256/256,256/256)

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  +------------------------------------------------+
  |             Rate                               |
  |              A                                 |
  |              |                                 |
  |downlink rate-|-------------------+ <-- traffic |
  |              |                   |     sent by |
  |              |                   |     server  |
  |              |                   |             |
  |              |                   |             |
  |              |                   |             |
  |              |                   |             |
  |              |                   |             |
  |              |                   |             |
  |              |                   |             |
  |              |                   |             |
  |              |                   |             |
  |              |                   |             |
  |              |                   |             |
  |              |                   |             |
  |  uplink rate-|-------------------+ <-- traffic |
  |              |                   |     sent by |
  |              |                   |     client  |
  |              |                   |             |
  |              |                   |             |
  |              |---|---|---|---|---|----> time   |
  |              0   1   2   3   4   5     (sec.)  |
  |                                                |
  +------------------------------------------------+

          Figure 5  Bandwidth and packet loss measurements.
  The goal of these measurements is not to identify the available
  bandwidth of the communication path but to determine if the required
  bandwidth is available, meeting the application's constraints.
  Therefore, the requested bandwidth MUST be measured sending only the
  highest bit rate required by the network:bandwidth and
  application:bandwidth attributes.
  When measuring bandwidth, all BWIDTH requests sent MUST be 1
  kilobyte in length (UDP payload length), and MUST include a
  Sequence-Number header with a sequential number starting at 0. The
  Sequence-Number MUST be incremented by 1 with each BWIDTH packet
  sent. If any measurement stage needs to be repeated, the sequence
  number MUST start at zero again. BWIDTH requests MUST NOT be
  answered. Examples:

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  Client message:
  =========================
         BWIDTH q4s://www.example.com Q4S/1.0
         User-Agent: q4s-ua-experimental-1.0
         Session-Id: 53655765
         Sequence-Number: 0
         Content-Type: text
         Content-Length: XXXX
       Measurements: l=22, j=10, pl=0.00, bw=3000

         aaaaaaaaaaaaa ( to complete 1024 bytes UDP payload length)
  =========================

  The client MUST send BWIDTH packets to the server to allow the
  server to measure the uplink bandwidth. The server MUST send BWIDTH
  packets to the client to allow the client to measure the downlink
  bandwidth.
  Server message:
  =========================
         BWIDTH q4s://www.example.com Q4S/1.0
         Session-Id: 53655765
         Sequence-Number: 0
         Content-Type: text
         Content-Length: XXXX
       Measurements: l=22, j=7, pl=0.00, bw=200

         aaaaaaaaaaaaa ( to complete 1024 bytes UDP payload length)
  =========================

     7.3.4. Packet loss
  Packet loss and bandwidth are measured simultaneously using the
  BWIDTH packets sent by both the client and the server. Because the
  BWIDTH packets contain a Sequence-Number header incremented
  sequentially with each sent packet, lost packets can be easily
  identified. The lost packets have to be counted during the
  measurement time.

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  7.4. Handshake Phase
  The first phase consists of a Q4S BEGIN method issued from the
  client to the server.
  The first Q4S message MUST have a special URI (RFC 3986 [4]), which
  forces the use of the Q4S protocol if it is implemented in a
  standard web browser.
  This URI, named "Contact URI", is used to request the start of a
  session. Its scheme MUST be:
        "q4s:" "//" host [":" port] [path["?" query]
  Optionally, the client can send the desired quality parameters
  enclosed in the body of the message as an SDP document. The server
  MAY take them into account when building the answer message with the
  final values in the SDP body, following a request / response schema
  (RFC 3464 [5]).
  If the request is accepted, the server MUST answer it with a Q4S 200
  OK message, which MUST contain an SDP body (RFC 4566 [2]) with the
  assigned session id (embedded in the "o" SDP parameter), the IP
  addresses to be used, the flow ports to be used, the measurement
  procedure to be followed and information about the required quality
  constraints. Additionally, the alerting-mode and alert-pause time
  parameters may be included. Q4S responses should use the protocol
  designator "Q4S/1.0".
  After these two messages are exchanged, the first phase is
  completed. The quality parameter thresholds have been sent to the
  client. The next step is to measure the actual quality of the
  communication path between the client and the server and alert if
  the SLA is being violated.
  +------------------------------------------------+
  |                                                |
  | Client                            Server       |
  |                                                |
  |     ------- Q4S BEGIN ------------>            |
  |                                                |
  |     <------ Q4S 200 OK ------------            |
  |                                                |
  |                                                |
  +------------------------------------------------+

                    Figure 6 Handshake phase.

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  Example of Client Request and Server Answer:
  Client Request:
  =========================
  BEGIN q4s://www.example.com Q4S/1.0
  Content-Type: application/sdp
  User-Agent: q4s-ua-experimental-1.0
  Content-Length: 142

  (SDP not shown)
  =========================

  Server Answer:
  =========================
  Q4S/1.0 200 OK
  Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2010 10:00:01 GMT
  Content-Type: application/sdp
  Expires: 3000
  Signature: 6ec1ba40e2adf2d783de530ae254acd4f3477ac4
  Content-Length: 131

  (SDP not shown)
  =========================

  The headers used are explained in section 4.3.
  7.5. Negotiation phase
  The negotiation phase is in charge of measuring the quality
  parameters and verifying that the communication paths meet the
  required quality constraints on both directions as specified in the
  SDP body.
  The measured parameters will be compared with the application and
  network constraints specified in the SDP body. If the quality
  session is compliant with all the quality constraints the
  application can start. If network quality constraints are met, but
  application quality constraints are not, the application will be
  notified of those parameters such that it can take action by, for
  example, starting with lower quality or reducing quality during
  execution.
  If the network constraints are not met, a higher quality service
  level will be demanded through a Q4S-ALERT method triggered by the
  server. After receiving the same Q4S-ALERT from the counterpart, no

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  other alert will be triggered during the "network-alert-pause" in
  order to allow the network to react, but measurements will continue
  to be taken to achieve early detection of improved network
  conditions and a fast application start. If after several
  measurement cycles, the network constraints cannot be met the
  quality session is terminated.
  The steps to be taken in this phase depend on the measurement
  procedure exchanged during the handshake phase. This document only
  describes the "default" procedure, but others can be used, like
  RTP/RTCP (RFC 3550 [10]).
  Measurements of latency and jitter are done calculating the
  differences in arrival times of packets and can be achieved with
  little bandwidth consumption. The bandwidth measurement, on the
  other hand, involves higher bandwidth consumption in both directions
  (uplink and downlink).
  To avoid wasting unnecessary network resources these two types of
  measurements will be performed in two separate stages. If the
  required latencies and jitters cannot be reached, it makes no sense
  to waste network resources measuring bandwidth. In addition, if
  achieving the required latency and jitter thresholds implies
  upgrading the quality session level, the chance of obtaining
  compliant bandwidth measurements without retries is higher, saving
  network traffic again. Therefore, the default procedure, determines
  that the measurements are taken in two stages:
    o Stage 0: Measurement of latencies, jitters and packet loss
    o Stage 1: Measurement of bandwidths and packet loss
  Notice that packet loss can be measured in both stages, as all
  messages exchanged include a sequence-number header that allows for
  easy packet loss detection.
  The client starts the negotiation phase sending a READY request
  using the TCP Q4S ports defined in the SDP. This READY request
  includes a "Stage" header that indicates the measurement stage.
  If either jitter, latency or both are specified, the negotiation
  phase begins with the measurement of latencies and jitters (stage
  0). If none of those attributes are specified, stage 0 is skipped.

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     7.5.1. Stage 0: Measurement of latencies and jitters

  The Stage 0 MUST start with a synchronization message exchange
  initiated with the client's READY message.

  Client request, READY message:
  =========================
         READY q4s://www.example.com Q4S/1.0
         Stage: 0
         Session-Id: 53655765
         User-Agent: q4s-ua-experimental-1.0
         Content-Length: 0
  =========================

  Server Response:
  =========================
    Q4S/1.0 200 OK
         Session-Id: 53655765
         Stage:0
         Content-Length: 0
  =========================

  This triggers the exchange of a sequence of PING requests and
  responses that will lead to the calculation of RTT (latency), jitter
  and packet loss.
  After receiving 200 OK, the client must send the first PING message
  and the server will wait to send PINGs until the reception of this
  first client PING.
  Client and server MUST send PING requests to each other. The
  Sequence-Number header of the first PING MUST be set to 0. Client
  and server will manage their own sequence numbers.

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  +------------------------------------------------+
  |                                                |
  | Client                                Server   |
  |                                                |
  |      --------- Q4S READY 0 --------->          |
  |      <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------          |
  |                                                |
  |      --------- Q4S PING ------------>          |
  |      <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------          |
  |      <-------- Q4S PING -------------          |
  |       -------- Q4S 200 OK ---------->          |
  |      --------- Q4S PING ------------>          |
  |      <-------- Q4S PING -------------          |
  |      --------- Q4S 200 OK ---------->          |
  |      <-------- Q4S 200 OK -----------          |
  |                     ...                        |
  |                                                |
  +------------------------------------------------+

     Figure 7 Simultaneous exchange of PING request and responses.

  This is an example of the PING request sent from the client and the
  server's response:
  Client Request:
  =========================
         PING q4s://www.example.com Q4S/1.0
         Session-Id: 53655765
         Sequence-Number: 0
         User-Agent: q4s-ua-experimental-1.0
       Measurements: l=22, j=12, pl=0.20, bw=
         Content-Length: 0
  =========================

  Server Response:
  =========================
    Q4S/1.0 200 OK
         Session-Id: 53655765
         Sequence-Number: 0
         Content-Length: 0
  =========================
  The function of the PING method is similar to the ICMP echo request
  message. The server MUST answer as soon as it receives the message.

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  Both endpoints MUST send Q4S PING messages with the periodicity
  specified in the first parameter of SDP measurement procedure
  attribute, using always the same UDP ports and incrementing the
  Sequence-Number with each message.
  In the following example, the SDP measurement procedure attribute,
  this value is 50 milliseconds (from the client to the server) and
  60ms (from the server to the client).
  a=measurement:procedure default(50/60,50/50,5000,256/256,256/256)

  They MUST NOT wait for a response to send the next PING request. The
  "Sequence-Number" header value is incremented sequentially and MUST
  start at zero. If this stage is repeated, the initial Sequence-
  Number MUST start at zero again.
  All PING requests MUST contain a "Measurements" header, with the
  values of the latency, jitter and packet loss measured by each
  entity up to that moment. The client will send its measurements to
  the server and the server his measurements to the client. Example:
    Measurements: l=22, j=13, pl=0.10, bw=
  Where l stands for latency, j for jitter, pl for packetloss and bw
  for bandwidth. The bandwidth value is omitted, as it is not measured
  at this stage.
  Optionally the PING request can include a "Timestamp" header, with
  the time in which the message has been sent. In case the header is
  present, the server MUST include the header in the response without
  changing the value.
  A minimum number of PING messages MUST be exchanged in order to be
  able to measure latency, jitter and packet-loss with certain
  accuracy (at least 256 samples are recommended to get a accurate
  packet loss measurement). Both the client and the server calculate
  the respective measured parameter values. The mechanisms to
  calculate the different parameters are described in section 7.3.
  At the end of this stage 0, there are three possibilities:
    o The network and application latency, jitter and packet loss
       constraints are reached in both directions
    o The network latency, jitter and packet loss constraints are
       reached in both directions but one or more parameters fall
       below the application constraints in one or both directions.

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    o The network latency, jitter and packet loss constraints are not
       reached in one or both directions

  In the first and second cases, Stage 0 is finished. Client and
  server are ready for Stage 1: bandwidth and packet loss measurement.
  The client moves to stage 1 by sending a READY message including the
  header "Stage: 1".

  If the network and application bandwidth constraints are empty or
  with value zero, the negotiation phase MUST terminate and both
  client and server may initiate the Continuity Phase. In this case
  client moves to Continuity phase by sending a READY message
  including the header "Stage: 2". But notice that if only application
  constraints were violated (second case), the answer to the READY
  message for Continuity phase MAY include optionally the URI for
  triggering the application using a simple HTTP based mechanism based
  on an optional "Trigger-URI" header. This URI may include specific
  information for the application to start under degraded network
  conditions.

  The third case, in which one or more network constraints have not
  been met, is detailed in section 7.5.4. Network constraints not
  reached.

     7.5.2. Stage 1: Measurement of bandwidth and packet loss
  This stage begins in a similar way to stage 0, sending a READY
  request over TCP. This READY message "Stage" header value is 1. The
  server answers with a Q4S 200 OK message to synchronize the
  initiation of the measurements.

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  +------------------------------------------------+
  |                                                |
  | Client                                Server   |
  |                                                |
  |      --------- Q4S READY 1 ----------->        |
  |      <-------- Q4S 200 OK -------------        |
  |                                                |
  |      --------- Q4S BWIDTH  ----------->        |
  |      <-------- Q4S BWIDTH  ------------        |
  |      --------- Q4S BWIDTH  ----------->        |
  |      <-------- Q4S BWIDTH  ------------        |
  |                  ...                           |
  |                                                |
  +------------------------------------------------+
        Figure 8 Starting bandwidth and packet loss measurement

  Client Request:
  =========================
         READY q4s://www.example.com Q4S/1.0
         User-Agent: q4s-ua-experimental-1.0
         Stage: 1
         Session-Id: 53655765
         Content-Length: 0

  =========================

  Server Response:
  =========================
    Q4S/1.0 200 OK
         Session-Id: 53655765
         Stage: 1
         Content-Length: 0

  =========================

  Just after receiving the 200 OK, both the client and the server MUST
  start sending BWIDTH messages simultaneously using the UDP q4s
  ports. Section 7.3.3 describes the bandwidth measurement in detail.

  At the end of this stage 1, there are three possibilities:

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    o The network and application bandwidth and packet loss
       constraints are reached in both directions
    o The network bandwidth and packet loss constraints are reached
       in both directions but one or more parameters fall below the
       application constraints in one or both directions.
    o The network bandwidth and packet loss constraints are not
       reached in one both directions.
  In the first and second cases, Stage 1 is finished. Client and
  server are ready for Continuity phase. The client moves to this
  phase by sending a READY message including the header "Stage: 2".
  The server answer MUST be 200 OK, and MAY include optionally the URI
  for triggering the application using a simple HTTP based mechanism
  based on an optional "Trigger-URI" header. This URI may include
  specific information for the application to start under degraded
  network conditions if application constraints are not met.

  +------------------------------------------------+
  |                                                |
  | Client                                Server   |
  |                                                |
  |     ---------  Q4S READY 2 -------------->     |
  |     <---- Q4S 200 OK with trigger URI-----     |
  |                                                |
  |     ---------   HTTP GET ---------------->     |
  |                                                |
  |            (Application starts)                |
  |                                                |
  +------------------------------------------------+

           Figure 9  Trigger the application using HTTP URI
  In the second case of stage 0 and/or stage 1 in which network
  constrains have been reached but application constraints have not
  the behavior to follow is described in section 7.5.3 Application
  constraints not reached.

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  Client Request:
  =========================
  READY q4s://www.example.com Q4S/1.0
  User-Agent: q4s-ua-experimental-1.0
  Stage: 2
  Session-Id: 53655765
  Content-Length: 0

  =========================

  Server Answer:
  =========================
  Q4S/1.0 200 OK
  Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2010 10:00:01 GMT
  Session-Id: 53655765
  Trigger-URI: http://www.example.com/app_start
  Expires: 3000
  Content-Type: application/sdp
  Signature: 6ec1ba40e2adf2d783de530ae254acd4f3477ac4
  Content-Length: 131

  (SDP not shown)
  =========================

  If the "Trigger-URI" header is present, the client SHOULD send an
  HTTP request to this URI.
  The third case, with violated network constraints is explained in
  7.5.4 Network constraints not reached.

     7.5.3. Application constraints not reached
  After finishing Stage 1 of the Negotiation phase, the client and the
  server have each others measured parameter values as these have been
  exchanged in the "Measurements" headers of the PING and BWIDTH
  messages. If there is one or more parameters that do not comply with
  the uplink or downlink application constraints required both the
  server and the client are aware of it.

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  As the quality parameter values meet the network constraints the
  server MUST answer the client's READY request to enter the
  Continuity phase with a 200 OK message that may include a "Trigger-
  URI" header to initiate the application.  This URI may include a
  special path to indicate the application that one or more quality
  parameters are below the application thresholds. The application
  SHOULD take this into account and start with specific configuration
  options that allow it to work under the circumstances. The
  particular measures taken by the application are beyond the scope of
  this draft.
  Server's 200 Answer:
  =========================
  Q4S/1.0 200 OK
  Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2010 10:00:01 GMT
  Session-Id: 53655765
  Content-Type: application/sdp
  Expires: 3000                                                  Comenta                                                                       r                                                                        i                                                                        o                                                                                                                                                  [MC1]                                                                            :                                                                                                                                                         Tiene       Trigger-URI: http://www.example.com/app_start?bandwidth=x             sentido el espacio?       Signature: 6ec1ba40e2adf2d783de530ae254acd4f3477ac4
  Content-Length: 131

  (SDP not shown)
  =========================

  Measurements of jitter, latency and packetloss continue during the
  Continuity phase described in section 7.6 exchanging PING requests
  that contain the "Measurements" header. If during these exchanges
  the measured values drop below the application thresholds, the
  client Q4S stack SHOULD notify the client application and the server
  Q4S stack SHOULD notify the server application. The notification
  consists of a message to the application and is implementation
  dependent and out of scope of this draft. Q4S stacks SHOULD also
  notify the application if measured values recover over time above
  the application thresholds.

     7.5.4. Network constraints not reached
  If there is any parameter that does not comply with the network
  uplink or downlink quality constraints specified in the SDP message,
  two scenarios are possible depending on the specified alerting-mode
  (if not present, default value is "policy-server" alerting mode):

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  a) q4s-aware-network alerting mode: the server MUST send a Q4S-ALERT
     message to the client including the digital signature header, and
     the client MUST answer with the same Q4S-ALERT message. The
     Signature header contains the signed hash value of the SDP body
     in order to protect all the SDP the data and therefore it MUST
     contain the measurement parameters in the body.

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  Server request
  =========================
  Q4S-ALERT q4s://www.example.com Q4S/1.0
  Host: www.example.com
  User-Agent: q4s-ua-experimental-1.0
  Session-Id: 53655765
  Content-Type: application/sdp
  Content-Length: 142

  v=0
  o=q4s-UA 53655765 2353687637 IN IP4 192.0.2.33
  s=Q4S
  i=Q4S parameters
  t=0 0
  a=qos-level:1/2
  a=alerting-mode: q4s-aware-network
  a=network-alert-pause:5000
  a=app-alert-pause:0
  a=public-address:client IP4 80.0.2.33
  a=public-address:server IP4 198.51.100.58
  a=network:latency:40
  a=network:jitter:10/10
  a=network:bandwidth:20/6000
  a=network:packetloss:0.50/0.50
  a=application:latency:35
  a=applicacion:jitter:8/8
  a=applicacion:bandwidth:25/7000
  a=applicacion:packetloss:0.30/0.30
  a=flow:app downlink TCP/10000-20000
  a=flow:app uplink TCP/56000
  a=flow:q4s downlink UDP/55000
  a=flow:q4s downlink TCP/55001
  a=flow:q4s uplink UDP/56000
  a=flow:q4s uplink TCP/56001
  a=measurement:procedure default(50/50,50/50,5000,256/256,256/256)
  a=measurement:latency 30
  a=measurement:jitter 6/4
  a=measurement:bandwidth 200/4000
  a=measurement:packetloss 0.20/0.33
  =========================

  At this point, both client and server keep on measuring but without
  sending new Q4S alerts during the "network-alert-pause"
  milliseconds.

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  b) Policy-server alerting mode: the server MUST send a Q4S-ALERT
     message to the network policy server, and the policy server MUST
     answer with the same Q4S-ALERT request message.

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  Server request
  =========================
  Q4S-ALERT q4s://www.example.com Q4S/1.0
  Host: www.example.com
  User-Agent: q4s-ua-experimental-1.0
  Session-Id: 53655765
  Signature: 6ec1ba40e2adf2d783de530ae254acd4f3477ac4
  Content-Type: application/sdp
  Content-Length: 142

  v=0
  o=q4s-UA 53655765 2353687637 IN IP4 192.0.2.33
  s=Q4S
  i=Q4S parameters
  t=0 0
  a=qos-level:1/2
  a=alerting-mode: policy-server
  a=network-alert-pause:5000
  a=app-alert-pause:25000
  a=public-address:client IP4 192.0.2.33
  a=public-address:server IP4 198.51.100.58
  a=network:latency:40
  a=network:jitter:10/10
  a=network:bandwidth:20/6000
  a=network:packetloss:0.50/0.50
  a=application:latency:35
  a=applicacion:jitter:8/8
  a=applicacion:bandwidth:25/7000
  a=applicacion:packetloss:0.30/0.30
  a=flow:app downlink TCP/10000-20000
  a=flow:app uplink TCP/56000
  a=flow:q4s downlink UDP/55000
  a=flow:q4s downlink TCP/55001
  a=flow:q4s uplink UDP/56000
  a=flow:q4s uplink TCP/56001
  a=measurement:procedure default(50/50,50/50,5000,256/256,256/256)
  a=measurement:latency 30
  a=measurement:jitter 6/4
  a=measurement:bandwidth 200/4000
  a=measurement:packetloss 0.20/0.30
  =========================
  At this point, during Negotiation phase, both client and server keep
  on measuring without sending new Q4S alerts during the "network-
  alert-pause" milliseconds  specified in the SDP. This way, both
  client and server will detect any improvement in network conditions

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  as soon as the network reacts. The application can start as soon as
  the number of measurements indicated in the measurement procedure
  attribute indicates that the quality parameters are met.
  Same applies to Continuity phase: the measurement dialog between
  client and server must not be interrupted by any possible ALERT
  message.

        7.5.4.1. Policy server role
  A network policy server in charge of Q4S ALERT processing may
  implement all or some of these features (but not exclusive to):
    o Server validation in terms of quality constraints.
    o Authentication (Signature validation) and security (block
       malicious clients)
    o Policy rules (following rules are only examples):
         - Maximum quality level allowed for the ACP
         - Time bands allowed for providing quality sessions
         - Number of simultaneous quality sessions allowed
         - Maximum time used by allowed quality sessions
         - Etc.
  If any of the policy rules fail, a Q4S-ALERT message must be
  answered by a 6XX error, indicating the cause.

     7.5.5. QoS Level changes
  If any constraint was violated, client or server (depending on
  alerting mode) MAY trigger a Q4S-ALERT asking for higher qos-level
  attribute. The maximum qos-level allowed is 9, both uplink and
  downlink.
  If the qos-level has reached the maximum value for downlink or
  uplink without matching the constraints, then a CANCEL request MUST
  be sent by the client using the TCP port determined in the handshake

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  phase in order to release the session. In reaction to the reception
  of the CANCEL request, the server MUST send a CANCEL request too. If
  no CANCEL request is received, the expiration time cancels the
  session at server side.

  Client Request:
  =========================
  CANCEL q4s://www.example.com Q4S/1.0
  User-Agent: q4s-ua-experimental-1.0
  Session-Id: 53655765
  Content-Type: application/sdp
  Content-Length: 142

  (SDP not shown)
  =========================

  Server Request in reaction to Client Request:
  =========================
  CANCEL q4s://www.example.com Q4S/1.0
  Session-Id: 53655765
  Expires: 0
  Content-Type: application/sdp
  Signature: 6ec1ba40e2adf2d783de530ae254acd4f3477ac4
  Content-Length: 131

  (SDP not shown)
  =========================
  7.6. Continuity phase
  During the negotiation phase, latency, jitter, bandwidth and packet
  loss have been measured. During the continuity phase bandwidth will
  not be measured again because bandwidth measurements may disturb
  application performance.
  This phase is supposed to be executed at the same time as the real
  time application is being used.

  This draft only covers the default procedure. The continuity
  operation with default procedure is based on a sliding window of
  samples. The number of samples involved in the sliding window may be

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  different for jitter and latency than for packet-loss calculations
  according to the fifth and sixth parameters of the measurement
  procedure attribute. In this example, the jitter and latency sliding
  window comprises 40 samples whereas the size of the packet-loss
  sliding window is 100 samples:
  a=measurement:procedure default(50/50,75/75,5000,40/40,100/100)
  In addition, the sizes of these windows are configurable per
  direction: uplink and downlink values may differ.
  PING requests are sent continuously (in both directions) and when
  the Sequence-Number header reaches the maximum value, the client
  continues sending PING messages with the Sequence-Number header
  starting again at zero. When the server PING Sequence-Number header
  reaches the maximum value, it does the same, starting again from
  zero.
  On the client side, the measured values of downlink jitter, downlink
  packet loss and latency are calculated using the last samples,
  discarding older ones, in a sliding window schema.
  +--------------------------------------------------+
  |                                                  |
  | 55 56 57 . . . 253 254 255 0 1 2 . . . 55 56     |
  |        A                                   A     |
  |        |                                   |     |
  |        +-----------------------------------+     |
  |                                                  |
  +--------------------------------------------------+

                Figure 10   Sliding samples window
  Only if the server detects that the measured values (downlink or
  uplink jitter, packet loss or latency) are not reaching the network
  constraints, a Q4S ALERT is triggered and sent to the client.
  In q4s-aware-network alerting mode, if the client receives a Q4S
  ALERT message, it MUST answer sending the Q4S ALERT request message
  back to the server including the SDP (with its corresponding digital
  signature), or with a 6xx error response message.
  Both client and server will keep performing measurements but no
  other Q4S ALERT message MUST be sent during "network-alert-pause"
  milliseconds.  The operations needed to act on the network and the
  agents in charge of them are out of scope of this draft.

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  +------------------------------------------------+
  |                                                |
  | Client                      Server             |
  |                                                |
   |               ...                              |
   |   ----------- PING ---------->                 |
  |   <--------- 200 OK ----------                 |
  |   <------- Q4S-ALERT ---------                 |
  |   -------- Q4S-ALERT -------->                 |
  |   <---------- PING -----------                 |
  |   ---------- 200 OK --------->                 |
  |   ----------- PING ---------->                 |
  |   <--------- 200 OK ----------                 |
  |   <---------- PING -----------                 |
  |   ---------- 200 OK --------->                 |
  |        ...                                     |
  |                                                |
  +------------------------------------------------+

       Figure 11  Continuity in q4s-aware-network alerting mode

  In policy-server alerting mode, if the server detects that the
  measured values (downlink or uplink jitter, packet loss or latency)
  are not reaching the network constraints, a Q4S ALERT is triggered
  and sent to the policy server.
  The policy server MUST answer sending the Q4S ALERT request message
  back to the server including the SDP (with its corresponding digital
  signature), or with a 6xx error response message.
  The measurement dialog between the client and the server must not be
  interrupted by any possible ALERT message.

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  +------------------------------------------------+
  |                                                |
  | Client             Server             Policy   |
  |                                       Server   |
   |        ...                                     |
   |   --- PING ---------->                         |
  |   <-- 200 OK----------                         |
  |   <----- PING --------                         |
  |   <--- 200 OK -------- ---- Q4S-ALERT ---->    |
  |   --- PING ----------> <--- Q4S-ALERT -----    |
  |   <-- 200 OK----------                         |
  |   <----- PING --------                         |
  |   --- 200 OK -------->                         |
  |        ...                                     |
  |                                                |
  +------------------------------------------------+

  Figure 12  Continuity in policy-server alerting mode

  7.7. Termination Phase
  The Termination phase is not a phase itself but an end point for the
  established Q4S session. This phase is reached in the following
  cases:
    .  A CANCEL message has been received. The client sends a CANCEL
      message due to the impossibility of the network to meet the
      required quality constraints. The client and server application
      will be notified by the respective Q4S stack.
    .  Session expires: if after the Expires time no client or server
      activity is detected, that end cancels the session.
    .  A BEGIN message has been received by the server. The pre-
      existing Q4S quality session is cancelled and a new session
      will be initiated.
  The meaning of Termination phase in terms of release of resources or
  accounting is application dependent and out of scope of the Q4S
  protocol.
  In policy-server alerting mode, Q4S CANCEL messages must be
  forwarded from the server to the network policy server in order to
  release possible assigned resources for the session.

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  7.8. Dynamic constraints and flows
  Depending on the nature of the application, the constraints to be
  reached may evolve, changing some or all constraint values in any
  direction.
  The client MUST be able to deal with this possibility. When the
  server sends an SDP document attached to a reply (200 OK, or Q4S-
  ALERT, etc), the client MUST take all the new received values,
  overriding any previous value in use.
  The dynamic changes on the constraints can be as a result of two
  possibilities:
    o The application communicates to the Q4S server a change in the
       constraints. In this case the application requirements can
       evolve and the Q4S server will be aware of them.
    o The application uses TCP flows. In that case, in order to
       guarantee a constant throughput, the nature of TCP behavior
       forces the use of a composite constraint function, which
       depends on RTT, packet loss and window control mechanism
       implemented in each TCP stack.
  TCP throughput can be less than actual bandwidth if the
  Bandwidth-Delay Product (BDP) is large or if the network suffers
  from a high packet loss rate. In both cases, TCP congestion control
  algorithms may result in a suboptimal performance.
  Different TCP congestion control implementations like Reno [14],
  High Speed TCP (RFC 3649 [15]), CUBIC [16], Compound TCP (CTCP
  [17]), etc. reach different throughputs under the same network
  conditions of RTT and packet loss. In all cases, depending on the
  RTT measured value, the Q4S server could change dynamically the
  packetloss constraints (defined in SDP) in order to make possible to
  reach a required throughput or vice versa (use packetloss
  measurement to change dynamically latency constraints).
  A general guideline to calculate the packetloss constraint and RTT
  constraint consists in approximating the throughput using a
  simplified formula, which should take into account the TCP stack
  implementation of the receiver, in addition to RTT and packet loss:
            Th= Function( RTT, packet loss, ...)
  Then, depending on RTT measured values, set dynamically the
  packetloss constraint.

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  It is possible to easily calculate a worst-case boundary for the
  Reno algorithm, which should ensure for all algorithms that the
  target throughput is actually achieved. Except that, high-speed
  algorithms will then have even a larger throughput, if more
  bandwidth is available.
  For the Reno algorithm, the Mathis' formula may be used [15] for the
  upper bound on the throughput:
           Th <= (MSS/RTT)*(1 / sqrt{p})
  In absence of packet loss, a practical limit for the TCP throughput
  is the receiver_window_size divided by the round-trip time. However,
  if the TCP implementation uses a window scale option, this limit can
  reach the available bandwidth value.
  7.9. Qos-level downgrade operation
  During the continuity phase it might be desirable to downgrade the
  current qos-level SDP parameter.
  The strategy to carry out downgrades must include the possibility to
  exclude specific app flows from SDP dynamically. The Q4S flows would
  be downgraded to allow for measurements on a lower quality level
  without interference of the application flows. A Q4S client MUST
  allow this kind of SDP modifications by the server.
  Periodically (every several minutes, depending on the
  implementation) a Q4S-ALERT could be triggered, in which the level
  is downgraded for Q4S flows, excluding application flows from the
  embedded SDP of that request.
  This mechanism allows to measure at lower levels of quality while
  application flows continue using a higher qos level value.
    o If the measurements in the lower level meet the constraints,
       then a new Q4S-ALERT to this lower qos-level may be triggered,
       in which the SDP includes the application flows in addition to
       Q4S flows.
    o If the measurements in the lower level do not meet the
       constraints, then a new Q4S-ALERT to the previous qos-level
       MUST be triggered, in which the SDP includes only the Q4S
       flows.

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  +------------------------------------------------+
  |                                                |
  | qos-level                                      |
  |   A                                            |
  |   |                                            |
  |  4|                                            |
  |   |                                            |
  |  3|             +------+                       |
  |   |             |      |                       |
  |  2|        +----+      +----+     +---         |
  |   |        |                |     |            |
  |  1|   +----+                +-----+            |
  |   |   |                                        |
  |  0+---+---------------------------------> time |
  |                                                |
  +------------------------------------------------+

             Figure 13   Possible evolution of qos-level
  This mechanism avoids the risk of disturbing the application, while
  the measurements are being run in lower levels. However, this
  optional optimization of resources MUST be used carefully.
  The chosen period to measure a lower qos level is implementation
  dependent. Therefore it is not included as a measurement procedure
  parameter. It is recommended to use a large value, such as 20
  minutes.
  7.10. Sanity check of Quality sessions
  A session may finish due to several reasons (client shutdown, client
  CANCEL request, constraints not reached, etc), and any session
  finished MUST release the assigned resources.
  In order to release the assigned server resources for the session,
  the "Expires" header indicates the maximum interval of time without
  exchanging any Q4S message.
8. General User Agent behavior
  8.1. Roles in peer to peer scenarios
  In order to allow peer to peer applications, a Q4S User Agent (UA)
  MUST be able to assume both client and server role. The role assumed
  depends on who sends the first message.

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  In a communication between two UAs, the UA that sends the Q4S BEGIN
  request in the first place, for starting the handshake phase, shall
  assume the client role.
  If both UASs send the BEGIN request at the same time, they will wait
  for a random time to restart again.
  Otherwise, an UA may be configured to act only as server (e.g.,
  content provider's side).
  +-----------------------------------------------+
  |                                               |
  | UA(Client)                         UA(Server) |
  |                                               |
  |     -------- Q4S BEGIN ------------->         |
  |     <------- Q4S BEGIN --------------         |
  |                                               |
  |     ------- Q4S BEGIN -------------->         |
  |     <------ Q4S 200 OK --------------         |
  |                                               |
  |                                               |
  +-----------------------------------------------+

                     Figure 14   P2P roles.
  8.2. Multiple Quality sessions in parallel
  to be defined
  8.3. General client behavior
  A Q4S Client has different behaviors. We will use letters X,Y,Z to
  designate each different behavior (follow the letter bullets in the
  figure below).
    X) When it sends messages over TCP (methods BEGIN, READY, Q4S-
    ALERT and CANCEL) it behaves strictly like a state machine that
    sends requests and waits for responses. Depending on the response
    type it enters in a new state.
  When it sends UDP messages (methods PING and BWIDTH), a Q4S client
  is not strictly a state machine that sends messages and waits for
  responses because:

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    Y) At latency, jitter and packet loss measurement, the PING
    requests are sent periodically, not after receiving the response
    to the previous request. In addition, the client MUST answer the
    PING requests coming from the server, therefore assumes the role
    of a server.
    Z) At bandwidth and packet loss measurement stage, the client does
    not expect to receive responses when sending BWIDTH requests to
    the server. In addition, it MUST receive and process all server
    messages in order to achieve the downlink measurement.
  The Q4S-ALERT and CANCEL may have a conventional answer if an error
  is produced, otherwise the corresponding answer is formatted as a
  request message.

  +-----------+------------------------+-----------+-----------+
  | Handshake |    Negotiation         |Continuity |Termination|
  |   Phase   |      Phase             |   Phase   |  Phase    |
  |           |                        |           |           |
  | X ---------> Y --> X --> Z --> X ---> Y --> X ---> X       |
  |           |  A     |     A     |   |  A     |  |           |
  |           |  |     |     |     |   |  |     |  |           |
  |           |  +-----+     +-----+   |  +-----+  |           |
  |           |                        |           |           |
  +------------------------------------------------+-----------+

               Figure 15   Phases & client behaviors.

     8.3.1. Generating requests
  A valid Q4S request formulated by a Client MUST, at a minimum,
  contain the following header fields:
  If no SDP is included: the header Session-Id and Sequence-Number are
  mandatory.
  If SDP is included: Session-Id is embedded into SDP, therefore the
  inclusion of Session-Id header is optional but if present must have
  the same value. Measurements are embedded into the SDP only for Q4S-
  ALERT messages in order to be signed.
  At any time, if the server sends a new SDP with updated values,
  client MUST take it into account.

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  8.4. General server behavior
  If a server does not understand a header field in a request (that
  is, the header field is not defined in this specification or in any
  supported extension), the server MUST ignore that header field and
  continue processing the message.
  The role of the server is changed at negotiation and continuity
  phases, in which server MUST send packets to measure jitter, latency
  and bandwidth. Therefore, the different behaviors of server are
  (follow the letter bullets in the figure below):
     R) When the client sends messages over TCP (methods BEGIN, READY
     Q4S-ALERT and CANCEL) it behaves strictly like a state machine
     that receives messages and sends responses.
  When the client begins to send UDP messages (methods PING and
  BWIDTH), a Q4S server is not strictly a state machine that receives
  messages and sends responses because:
     S) At latency, jitter and packet loss measurement, the PING
     requests are sent periodically by the client but also by the
     server. In this case the server behaves as a server answering
     client requests but also behaves as a client, sending PING
     requests toward the client and receiving responses.
     T) At bandwidth and packet loss measurement, the server sends
     BWIDTH requests to the client. In addition, it MUST receive and
     process client messages in order to achieve the uplink
     measurement.
  The Q4S-ALERT and CANCEL may have a conventional answer if an error
  is produced, otherwise the corresponding answer is formatted as a
  request message.
  .

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  +-----------+------------------------+-----------+-----------+
  | Handshake |    Negotiation         |Continuity |Termination|
  |   Phase   |      Phase             |   Phase   |  Phase    |
  |           |                        |           |           |
  | R ---------> S --> R --> T --> R ---> S --> R ---> R       |
  |           |  A     |     A     |   |  A     |  |           |
  |           |  |     |     |     |   |  |     |  |           |
  |           |  +-----+     +-----+   |  +-----+  |           |
  |           |                        |           |           |
  +------------------------------------------------+-----------+

              Figure 16   Phases & server behaviours.

9. Implementation Recommendations
  9.1. Default client constraints
  To provide a default configuration, it would be good that the client
  had a configurable set of Quality headers in the implementation
  settings menu. Otherwise these quality headers will not be present
  in the first message.
  Different business models (out of scope of this proposal) may be
  achieved: depending on who pays for the quality session, the server
  can accept certain Client parameters sent in the first message, or
  force billing parameters on the server side.
  9.2. Latency and Jitter measurements
  In execution systems, where the timers are not accurate, a
  recommended approach consists of including the optional header
  "Timestamp" in the PING request with the time in which the message
  has been sent. This allows an accurate measurement of the jitter
  even with no identical intervals of time between PINGs.

  9.3. Bandwidth measurements
  In programming languages or Operating Systems with timers or limited
  clock resolution, it is recommended to use an approach based on
  several intervals to send messages of 1KB, in order to reach the

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  required bandwidth consumption using a rate as close as possible to
  a constant rate.
  For example, if the resolution is 1 millisecond, and the bandwidth
  to reach is 11Mbps, a good approach consists of sending:
    1 message of 1KB every 1 millisecond +
    1 message of 1KB every 3 milliseconds +
    1 message of 1KB every 23 milliseconds
  The number of intervals depends on required bandwidth and accuracy
  that the programmer wants to achieve.
  In execution systems where the timers are not accurate, a
  recommended approach consists of checking at each interval, the
  number of packets that should have been sent at this timestamp since
  origin and send the needed number of packets in order to reach the
  required bandwidth.
  The shorter packets are used, the more constant is the rate of
  bandwidth measurement. However, this may stress the execution system
  in charge of receiving and processing packets. As a consequence,
  some packets may be lost because of stack overflows. To deal with
  this potential issue, a larger packet is recommended (2KB or more)
  taking into account the overhead produced by the chunks headers.

  9.4. Packet loss measurement resolution
  Depending on application nature and network conditions, a packet
  loss resolution less than 1% may be needed. In such case, there is
  no limit to the number of samples used for this calculation. A
  tradeoff between time and resolution should be reached in each case.
  For example, in order to have a resolution of 1/10000, the last
  10000 samples should be considered in the packetloss measured value.
  The problem of this approach is the reliability of old samples. If
  the interval used between PING messages is 50ms, then to have a
  resolution of 1/1000 it takes 50 seconds and a resolution of 1/10000
  takes 500 seconds (more than 8 minutes). The reliability of a packet
  loss calculation based on a sliding window of 8 minutes depends on
  how fast network conditions evolve.

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  9.5. Measurements and reactions
  Q4S can be used as a mechanism for measure and trigger network
  tuning and application level actions (i.e. lowering video bit-rate,
  reduce multiplayer interaction speed, etc) in real-time in order to
  reach the application constraints, addressing measured possible
  network degradation.

  9.6. Instability treatments
  There are two scenarios in which Q4S can be affected by network
  problems: loss of Q4S packets and outlier samples

  9.5.1. Loss of control packets
  Lost UDP packets (PING or BWIDTH messages) don't cause any problems
  for the Q4S state machine, but if TCP packets are lost, some
  undesirable consequences could arise.
  Q4S does have protection mechanisms to overcome these situations.
  Examples:
    .  If a BEGIN packet is lost or its corresponding answer, after a
      certain timeout, the client SHOULD resend another BEGIN packet,
      resetting the session
    .  If a READY packet is lost, after a certain timeout, the client
      SHOULD resend another READY packet.
    .  If a QOS ALERT request is lost or its corresponding answer,
      after a certain timeout, the originator SHOULD resend another
      Q4S-ALERT packet.
    .  If CANCEL request is lost or its corresponding answer, after a
      certain timeout, the originator SHOULD resend another CANCEL
      packet.

  9.5.2. Outlier samples

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  Outlier samples are those jitter or latency values far from the
  general/average values of most samples.
  Hence Q4S default measurement method uses the statistical median
  formula for latency calculation, the outlier samples are
  neutralized. This is a very common filtering for noise or errors on
  signal and image processing.

  9.7. Scenarios
  Q4S could be used in two scenarios:
    o client to ACP (Application content provider)
    o client to client (peer to peer scenario)

     9.7.1. Client to ACP
  Normal scenario
     9.7.2. Client to client
  In order to solve the client to client scenario, a Q4S register
  function MUST be implemented. This allows clients contact each other
  for sending the BEGIN message. In this scenario, the Register server
  would be used by peers to publish their Q4S-Resource-Server header
  and their public IP address to make possible the assumption of
  server role.
  The register function is out of scope of this protocol version,
  because different HTTP mechanisms can be used and Q4S MUST NOT force
  any.
10. Security Considerations
  Different types of attacks can be avoided:
        o Spoofing of server IP address can be avoided using the
          digital signature mechanism. The network can easily
          validate this digital signature using the public key of the
          server certificate.

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  This protocol could be supported over IPSec to increase privacy,
  although it is out of scope of this proposal.

11. IANA Considerations
  A specific port for Q4S TCP control flow mechanism could be
  assigned. It could simplify the network implementation. Other
  possibility is to use any other port (like 80, HTTP). In this case
  the network could use the protocol designator "Q4S" as the mark for
  distinguish and treat the packets.
  Q4S uses SDP as a container for session information, in which
  quality attributes have been added as extended "session-level"
  attributes. These set of new attributes should be registered (in
  order to avoid the prefix "X-"). In this document, this set of
  attributes has been presented as registered attributes.
  This is the list of attribute field names to register:

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  Attribute name: qos-level
  Type of attribute: session level
  Subject to the charset attribute: NO
  Explanation of purpose: defines the current QoS profile in uplink
  and downlink for the communication between client and server. The
  exact meaning of each level is implementation dependant but in
  general, a higher qos-level value corresponds to a better quality
  network profile.
  Appropriate attribute values: [0..9] "/" [0..9]

  Attribute name: alerting-mode
  Type of attribute: session level
  Subject to the charset attribute: NO
  Explanation of purpose: defines the receiver of the Q4S alerts sent
  by the server. In q4s-aware-network alerting mode, Q4S alerts are
  sent to the client. In this case the network is supposed to be Q4S
  aware, and reacts by itself to these alerts. In policy-server
  alerting mode, Q4S alerts sent to the network policy server. In this
  case the network is not Q4S aware and a specific node (policy
  server) is supposed to be in charge of achieving network tuning
  mechanisms. The "alerting-mode" attribute is optional, and its
  default value, when it is not present, is "policy-server".
  Appropriate attribute values: <"q4s-aware-network"|"policy-server">

  Attribute name: network-alert-pause
  Type of attribute: session level
  Subject to the charset attribute: NO
  Explanation of purpose: interval of time in milliseconds that the
  server must wait between Q4S-ALERT messages in order to allow
  network tuning operations. Measurements are not affected by this
  pause.
  Appropriate attribute values: [0..60000]

  Attribute name: app-alert-pause
  Type of attribute: session level
  Subject to the charset attribute: NO
  Explanation of purpose: interval of time in milliseconds between
  application notifications of violated quality constraints as
  specified in the application parameters.
  Appropriate attribute values: [0..300000]

  Attribute name: public-address
  Type of attribute: session level
  Subject to the charset attribute: NO

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  Explanation of purpose: contains the public IP address of the client
  or the server.
  Appropriate attribute values:<"client"|"server"><"IP4"|"IP6"> <value
  of IP address>

  Attribute name: latency
  Type of attribute: session level
  Subject to the charset attribute: NO
  Explanation of purpose: defines the latency constraints in
  milliseconds for the communication between client and server.
  Appropriate attribute values: [0..9999]

  Attribute name: jitter
  Type of attribute: session level
  Subject to the charset attribute: NO
  Explanation of purpose: defines the jitter constraints in
  milliseconds in uplink and downlink for the communication between
  client and server.
  Appropriate attribute values: [0..9999] "/" [0..9999]

  Attribute name: bandwidth
  Type of attribute: session level
  Subject to the charset attribute: NO
  Explanation of purpose: define the bandwidth constraints in kbps in
  uplink and downlink for the communication between client and server.
  Appropriate attribute values: [0..99999] "/" [0..99999]

  Attribute name: packetloss
  Type of attribute: session level
  Subject to the charset attribute: NO
  Explanation of purpose: define the packet loss tolerance constraints
  in 100% in uplink and downlink for the communication between client
  and server.
  Appropriate attribute values: [0.00 ..100.00] "/"[0.00 ..100.00]

  Attribute name: application
  Type of attribute: session level
  Subject to the charset attribute: NO
  Explanation of purpose: define the quality parameter tolerance
  constraints with uplink and downlink values for the communication
  between the client and the server for four different parameters:
  latency, jitter, bandwidth and packetloss.
  Attribute values:
     <"latency:"> [0..9999]
     <"jitter:"|"bandwidth:"> [0..99999] "/" [0..99999]]
     <"packetloss:" [0.00 ..100.00] "/"[0.00 ..100.00]]

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  Attribute name: flow
  Type of attribute: session level
  Subject to the charset attribute: NO
  Explanation of purpose: define a flow between a client and a server.
  The flow involves purpose (application or q4s -control-),
  destination port (server or client) protocol (UDP or TCP) and port
  or range or ports
  The "clientListeningPort" is a port in which the client listens for
  server requests and MUST be used as origin port of client responses.
  The "serverListeningPort" is a port in which server is listening for
  incoming messages from the client. The origin port of server
  responses may be different than "serverListeningPort" value.
  Attribute values:
     <"q4s"|"app"> <"serverListeningPort"|"clientListeningPort">
  <"UDP"|"TCP"> <0..65535>[ "-" [0..65535]]

  Attribute name: measurement
  Type of attribute: session level
  Subject to the charset attribute: NO
  Explanation of purpose: define the procedure to measure the quality
  and the different values for each measurement
  Attribute values:  "procedure/" <procedure> |
                     "latency "[0..9999] "/" [0..9999] |
                     "jitter "[0..9999] "/" [0..9999] |
                     "bandwidth "[0..99999] "/" [0..99999] |
                     "packetloss "[0.00..100.00] "/" [0.00..100.00]

  If the attribute value is "procedure", the rest of the line MUST
  contain the name of the procedure and optional parameters, separated
  by ",".
  In the case of procedure "default", the valid values are:
  a=measurement:procedure default,[0..999]"/" [0..999]  "," [0..999]
  "/" [0..999] "," [0..9999] "," [0..999]/[0..999] ","
  [0..999]/[0..999]
   where:

    o The first parameter is the interval of time (in milliseconds)
       between PING requests during the negotiation phase. Uplink and
       downlink values from the client's point of view are separated
       by "/". This allows having different responsiveness values
       depending on the control resources used in each direction.

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    o The second parameter is the time interval (in milliseconds)
       between PING requests during the continuity phase. Uplink and
       downlink values are separated by "/". This allows having two
       different responsiveness values depending on the control
       resources used in each direction.
    o The third parameter is the time interval to be used to measure
       bandwidth during the negotiation phase.
    o The fourth parameter indicates the window size for jitter and
       latency calculations. Forward and reverse values are separated
       by "/".
    o The fifth parameter indicates the window size for packet loss
       calculations. Forward and reverse values are separated by "/".

  Other procedure names are allowed, but at least "default" procedure
  implementation is mandatory in client and servers.
12. Conclusions
  Q4S defines four phases with different purposes, and inside these
  phases the negotiated measurement procedure is used. Different
  measurement procedures can be used (even RTCP itself) inside Q4S.
  Basically, Q4S only defines how to transport SLA information and
  measurement results as well as providing some mechanisms for
  alerting network and/or application. Q4S does not ask for resources.
  Q4S only alerts if one (or some) of SLA quality parameters are being
  violated. Depends on server (Application content provider) to do
  something with this information and return it back to a SLA-
  compliant state.

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13. References
  13.1. Normative References
  [1]  Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,Masinter, L.,
       Leach, P. and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol --
       HTTP/1.1" RFC 2616, June 1999.
  [2]  Handley, M. and V. Jacobson, "SDP: Session Description
       Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.
  [3]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
       RequirementLevels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
  [4]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R. and L. Masinter, "Uniform
       Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC 3986, January
       2005.
  [5]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model with
       SDP", RFC 3264, June 2002.
  [6]  Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
       April 1992.
  [7]  Johnsson, J., B. Kaliski, "Public-Key Cryptography Standards
       (PCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications version 2.1", RFC
       3447, February 2003.
  [8]  Postel, J., "DoD Standard Transmission Control Protocol", RFC
       761, January 1980.
  [9]  Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, August
       1980.
  [10] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., Jacobson, V. "RTP:
       A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 3550,
       july 2003.
  [11] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646",
       RFC        3629, November 2003.
  [12] Resnick, P., "Internet Message Format", RFC 5322, October 2008

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  13.2. Informative References
  [13] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.
       Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M. and Schooler, E. , "SIP:
       Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.
  [14] Mathis, M., Semke, J., Mahdavi, J., Ott, T., "The Macroscopic
       Behavior of the TCP Congestion Avoidance Algorithm", Computer
       Communications Review, 27(3), July 1997.
  [15] Floyd, S., "HighSpeed TCP for a Large Congestion Windows", RFC
       3649, December 2003.
  [16] Rhee, I., Xu, L., Ha, S., "CUBIC for Fast Long-Distance
       Networks", Internet-draft draft-rhee-tcpm-cubic-02, February
       2009.
  [17] Sridharan, M., Tan, K., Bansal, D., Thaler, D., "Compound TCP:
       A New TCP Congestion Control for High-Speed and Long Distance
       Networks", Internet-draft draft-sridharan-tcpm-ctcp-02,
       November, 2008.

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14. Acknowledgments
  Many people have made comments and suggestions contributing to this
  document. In particular, we would like to thank:
  Sonia Herranz Pablo, Clara Cubillo Pastor, Francisco Duran Pina,
  Michael Scharf, Jesus Soto Viso and Federico Guillen.

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15. Authors' Addresses

  Jose Javier Garcia Aranda
  Alcatel-Lucent
  C/Maria Tubau 9
  28050 Madrid
  Spain
  Phone: +34 91 330 4348
  Email: Jose_Javier.Garcia_Aranda@alcatel-lucent.com

  Jacobo Perez Lajo
  Alcatel-Lucent
  C/Maria Tubau 9
  28050 Madrid
  Spain
  Phone: +34 91 330 4165
  Email: jacobo.perez@alcatel-lucent.com

  Luis Miguel Diaz Vizcaino
  Alcatel-Lucent
  C/Maria Tubau 9
  28050 Madrid
  Spain
  Phone: +34 91 330 4871
  Email: Luismi.Diaz@alcatel-lucent.com

  Gonzalo Munoz Fernandez
  Alcatel-Lucent
  C/Maria Tubau 9
  28050 Madrid
  Spain
  Phone: +34 91 330 4000
  Email: gonzalo.munoz@alcatel-lucent.com

  Carlos Barcenilla
  Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
  Avenida Complutense 30
  28040 Madrid
  Spain
  Phone: +34 91 549 5700 - 3032
  Email: barcenilla@dit.upm.es

  Monica Cortes
  Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
  Avenida Complutense 30

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  28040 Madrid
  Spain
  Phone: +34 91 336 5700 - 3044
  Email: cortesm@dit.upm.es

  Joaquin Salvachua
  Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
  Avenida Complutense 30
  28040 Madrid
  Spain
  Phone: +34 91 549 5700 - 3056
  Email: jsr@dit.upm.es

  Juan Quemada
  Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
  Avenida Complutense 30
  28040 Madrid
  Spain
  Phone: +34 91 336 7331
  Email: jquemada@dit.upm.es

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