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DCCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple Addresses
draft-amend-tsvwg-multipath-dccp-04

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Replaced".
Authors Markus Amend , Dirk Von Hugo , Anna Brunstrom , Andreas Kassler , Veselin Rakocevic , Stephen Johnson
Last updated 2021-03-08 (Latest revision 2021-02-22)
Replaced by draft-ietf-tsvwg-multipath-dccp
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draft-amend-tsvwg-multipath-dccp-04
Transport Area Working Group                                    M. Amend
Internet-Draft                                                   D. Hugo
Intended status: Experimental                                         DT
Expires: 26 August 2021                                     A. Brunstrom
                                                              A. Kassler
                                                     Karlstad University
                                                            V. Rakocevic
                                               City University of London
                                                              S. Johnson
                                                                      BT
                                                        22 February 2021

    DCCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple Addresses
                  draft-amend-tsvwg-multipath-dccp-04

Abstract

   DCCP communication is currently restricted to a single path per
   connection, yet multiple paths often exist between peers.  The
   simultaneous use of these multiple paths for a DCCP session could
   improve resource usage within the network and, thus, improve user
   experience through higher throughput and improved resilience to
   network failures.

   This document presents a set of extensions to traditional DCCP to
   support multipath operation.  Multipath DCCP provides the ability to
   simultaneously use multiple paths between peers.  The protocol offers
   the same type of service to applications as DCCP and it provides the
   components necessary to establish and use multiple DCCP flows across
   potentially disjoint paths.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 26 August 2021.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text
   as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Multipath DCCP in the Networking Stack  . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.3.  MP-DCCP Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.4.  Differences from Multipath TCP  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.5.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   2.  Operation Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   3.  MP-DCCP Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.1.  Multipath Capable Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.2.  Multipath Option  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       3.2.1.  MP_CONFIRM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       3.2.2.  MP_JOIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       3.2.3.  MP_FAST_CLOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       3.2.4.  MP_KEY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       3.2.5.  MP_SEQ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.2.6.  MP_HMAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.2.7.  MP_RTT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       3.2.8.  MP_ADDADDR  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       3.2.9.  MP_REMOVEADDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       3.2.10. MP_PRIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     3.3.  MP-DCCP Handshaking Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   4.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   5.  Interactions with Middleboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   6.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   8.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24

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1.  Introduction

   Multipath DCCP (MP-DCCP) is a set of extensions to regular DCCP
   [RFC4340], i.e. the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol denoting a
   transport protocol that provides bidirectional unicast connections of
   congestion-controlled unreliable datagrams.  A multipath extension to
   DCCP enables the transport of user data across multiple paths
   simultaneously, which is beneficial to applications that transfer
   fairly large amounts of data due to the potential to aggregate
   capacity of those diverse paths.  In addition, it enables to tradeoff
   timeliness and reliability, which is important for low latency
   applications that do not require guaranteed delivery services such as
   Audio/Video streaming.  DCCP multipath operations is suggested in the
   context of ongoing 3GPP work on 5G multi-access solutions
   [I-D.amend-tsvwg-multipath-framework-mpdccp] and for hybrid access
   networks [I-D.lhwxz-hybrid-access-network-architecture][I-D.muley-net
   work-based-bonding-hybrid-access].  It can be applied for load-
   balancing, seamless session handover, and aggregation purposes
   (referred to as ATSSS; Access steering, switching, and splitting in
   3GPP terminology [TS23.501]).

   This document presents the protocol changes required to add multipath
   capability to DCCP; specifically, those for signaling and setting up
   multiple paths ("subflows"), managing these subflows, reassembly of
   data, and termination of sessions.  DCCP, as stated in [RFC4340] does
   not provide reliable and ordered delivery.  Consequently, multiple
   application subflows may be multiplexed over a single DCCP connection
   with no inherent performance penalty for flows that do not require
   in-ordered delivery.  DCCP does not provide built-in support for
   those multiple application subflows.

   In the following, use of the term subflow will refer to physical
   separate DCCP subflows transmitted via different paths, but not to
   application subflows.  Application subflows are differing content-
   wise by source and destination application as e.g. enabled by Service
   Codes introduced to DCCP in [RFC5595] and could be multiplexed over a
   single DCCP connection.  For sake of consistency we assume that only
   a single application is served by a DCCP connection here as shown in
   Figure 1 while use of that feature should not impact DCCP operation
   on each single path as noted in ([RFC5595], sect. 2.4).

1.1.  Multipath DCCP in the Networking Stack

   MP-DCCP operates at the transport layer and aims to be transparent to
   both higher and lower layers.  It is a set of additional features on
   top of standard DCCP; Figure 1 illustrates this layering.  MP-DCCP is
   designed to be used by applications in the same way as DCCP with no
   changes to the application itself.

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                                +-------------------------------+
                                |           Application         |
   +---------------+            +-------------------------------+
   |  Application  |            |            MP-DCCP            |
   +---------------+            + - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - +
   |      DCCP     |            |Subflow (DCCP) |Subflow (DCCP) |
   +---------------+            +-------------------------------+
   |      IP       |            |       IP      |      IP       |
   +---------------+            +-------------------------------+

     Figure 1: Comparison of Standard DCCP and MP-DCCP Protocol Stacks

1.2.  Terminology

   Throughout this document we make use of terms that are either
   specific for multipath transport or are defined in the context of MP-
   DCCP, similar to [RFC8684], as follows:

   Path: A sequence of links between a sender and a receiver, defined in
   this context by a 4-tuple of source and destination address/ port
   pairs.

   Subflow: A flow of DCCP segments operating over an individual path,
   which forms part of a larger MP-DCCP connection.  A subflow is
   started and terminated similar to a regular (single-path) DCCP
   connection.

   (MP-DCCP) Connection: A set of one or more subflows, over which an
   application can communicate between two hosts.  There is a one-to-one
   mapping between a connection and an application socket.

   Token: A locally unique identifier given to a multipath connection by
   a host.  May also be referred to as a "Connection ID".

   Host: An end host operating an MP-DCCP implementation, and either
   initiating or accepting an MP-DCCP connection.  In addition to these
   terms, within framework of MP-DCCP the interpretation of, and effect
   on, regular single-path DCCP semantics is discussed in Section 3.

1.3.  MP-DCCP Concept

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              Host A                               Host B
   ------------------------             ------------------------
   Address A1    Address A2             Address B1    Address B2
   ----------    ----------             ----------    ----------
     |             |                      |             |
     |         (DCCP flow setup)          |             |
     |----------------------------------->|             |
     |<-----------------------------------|             |
     |             |                      |             |
     |             |  (DCCP flow setup)   |             |
     |             |--------------------->|             |
     |             |<---------------------|             |
     | merge individual DCCP flows to one multipath connection
     |             |                      |             |

                  Figure 2: Example MP-DCCP Usage Scenario

1.4.  Differences from Multipath TCP

   Multipath DCCP is similar to Multipath TCP [RFC6824], in that it
   extends the related basic DCCP transport protocol [RFC4340] with
   multipath capabilities in the same way as Multipath TCP extends TCP
   [RFC0793].  However, mainly dominated by the basic protocols TCP and
   DCCP, the transport characteristics are different.

   Table 1 compares the protocol characteristics of TCP and DCCP, which
   are by nature inherited by their respective multipath extensions.  A
   major difference lies in the delivery of payload, which is for TCP an
   exact copy of the generated byte-stream.  DCCP behaves contrary and
   does not guarantee to deliver any payload nor the order of delivery.
   Since this is mainly affecting the receiving endpoint of a TCP or
   DCCP communication, many similarities on sender side can be stated.
   Both transport protocols share the 3-way initiation of a
   communication and both employ congestion control to adapt the sending
   rate to the path characteristics.

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    +=======================+==================+======================+
    | Feature               | TCP              | DCCP                 |
    +=======================+==================+======================+
    | Full-Duplex           | yes              | yes                  |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | Connection- Oriented  | yes              | yes                  |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | Header option space   | 40 bytes         | < 1008 bytes or PMTU |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | Data transfer         | reliable         | unreliable           |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | Packet-loss handling  | re- transmission | report only          |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | Ordered data delivery | yes              | no                   |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | Sequence numbers      | one per byte     | one per PDU          |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | Flow control          | yes              | no                   |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | Congestion control    | yes              | yes                  |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | ECN support           | yes              | yes                  |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | Selective ACK         | yes              | depends on           |
    |                       |                  | congestion control   |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | Fix message           | no               | yes                  |
    | boundaries            |                  |                      |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | Path MTU discovery    | yes              | yes                  |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | Fragmentation         | yes              | no                   |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | SYN flood protection  | yes              | no                   |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
    | Half-open connections | yes              | no                   |
    +-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+

                 Table 1: TCP and DCCP protocol comparison

   Consequently, the multipath features, shown in Table 2, are the same,
   supporting volatile paths having varying capacity and latency,
   session handover and path aggregation capabilities.  All of them
   profit by the existence of congestion control.

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    +==============================+============+====================+
    | Feature                      | MP-TCP     | MP-DCCP            |
    +==============================+============+====================+
    | Volatile paths               | yes        | yes                |
    +------------------------------+------------+--------------------+
    | Session handover             | yes        | yes                |
    +------------------------------+------------+--------------------+
    | Path aggregation             | yes        | yes                |
    +------------------------------+------------+--------------------+
    | Robust session establishment | no         | yes                |
    +------------------------------+------------+--------------------+
    | Data reassembly              | yes        | optional / modular |
    +------------------------------+------------+--------------------+
    | Expandability                | limited by | flexible           |
    |                              | TCP header |                    |
    +------------------------------+------------+--------------------+

              Table 2: MPTCP and MP-DCCP protocol comparison

   Therefore, the sender logic is not much different between MP-DCCP and
   MP-TCP, even if the multipath session initiation differs.  MP-DCCP
   inherits a robust session establishment feature, which guarantees
   communication establishment if at least one functional path is
   available.  MP-TCP relies on an initial path, which has to work;
   otherwise no communication can be established.

   The receiver side for MP-DCCP has to deal with the unreliable
   transport character of DCCP and a possible re-assembly of the data
   stream while not advocating it.  As many unreliable application have
   built-in application support for reordering (such as adaptive audio
   and video buffers), those applications might not need support for re-
   assembly.  However, for applications that benefit from partial or
   full support of reordering, MP-DCCP can provide flexible support for
   re-assembly, even if for DCCP the order of delivery is unreliable by
   nature.  Such optional re-assembly mechanisms may account for the
   fact that packet loss may occur for any of the DCCP subflows.
   Another issue may occur as packet reordering may happen when the
   different DCCP subflows are routed across paths with disjoint
   latencies.  In theory, applications using DCCP are aware that packet
   reordering might happen, since DCCP has no mechanisms to prevent it.

   The receiving process for MP-TCP is on the other hand a rigid "just
   wait" approach, since TCP guarantees reliable delivery.

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1.5.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

2.  Operation Overview

   RFC 4340 states that some applications might want to share congestion
   control state among multiple DCCP flows between same source and
   destination addresses.  This functionality could be provided by the
   Congestion Manager (CM) [RFC3124], a generic multiplexing facility.
   However, the CM would not fully support MP-DCCP without change; it
   does not gracefully handle multiple congestion control mechanisms,
   for example.

   The operation of MP-DCCP for data transfer takes one input data
   stream from an application, and splits it into one or more subflows,
   with sufficient control information to allow received data to be
   reassembled and delivered in order to the recipient application.  The
   following subsections define this behavior in detail.

   The Multipath Capability for MP-DCCP can be negotiated with a new
   DCCP feature, as described in Section 3.  Once negotiated, all
   subsequent MP-DCCP operations are signalled with a variable length
   multipath-related option, as described in Section 3.1.

3.  MP-DCCP Protocol

   The DCCP protocol feature list ([RFC4340] section 6.4) will be
   enhanced by a new Multipath related feature with Feature number 10,
   as shown in Table 3.

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   +=========+===================+======+=============+===============+
   |  Number | Meaning           | Rule | Rec'n Value | Initial Req'd |
   +=========+===================+======+=============+===============+
   |    0    | Reserved          |      |             |               |
   +---------+-------------------+------+-------------+---------------+
   |    1    | Congestion        |  SP  |      2      |       Y       |
   |         | Control ID (CCID) |      |             |               |
   +---------+-------------------+------+-------------+---------------+
   |    2    | Allow Short       |  SP  |      0      |       Y       |
   |         | Seqnos            |      |             |               |
   +---------+-------------------+------+-------------+---------------+
   |    3    | Sequence Window   |  NN  |     100     |       Y       |
   +---------+-------------------+------+-------------+---------------+
   |    4    | ECN Incapable     |  SP  |      0      |       N       |
   +---------+-------------------+------+-------------+---------------+
   |    5    | Ack Ratio         |  NN  |      2      |       N       |
   +---------+-------------------+------+-------------+---------------+
   |    6    | Send Ack Vector   |  SP  |      0      |       N       |
   +---------+-------------------+------+-------------+---------------+
   |    7    | Send NDP Count    |  SP  |      0      |       N       |
   +---------+-------------------+------+-------------+---------------+
   |    8    | Minimum Checksum  |  SP  |      0      |       N       |
   |         | Coverage          |      |             |               |
   +---------+-------------------+------+-------------+---------------+
   |    9    | Check Data        |  SP  |      0      |       N       |
   |         | Checksum          |      |             |               |
   +---------+-------------------+------+-------------+---------------+
   |    10   | Multipath Capable |  SP  |      0      |       N       |
   +---------+-------------------+------+-------------+---------------+
   |  11-127 | Reserved          |      |             |               |
   +---------+-------------------+------+-------------+---------------+
   | 128-255 | CCID-specific     |      |             |               |
   |         | features          |      |             |               |
   +---------+-------------------+------+-------------+---------------+

                      Table 3: Proposed Feature Set

   The DCCP protocol options ([RFC4340] section 5.8) will be enhanced by
   a new Multipath related variable-length option with option type 45,
   as shown in Table 4.

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     +=========+===============+=======================+============+
     |   Type  | Option Length |        Meaning        | DCCP-Data? |
     +=========+===============+=======================+============+
     |    0    |       1       |        Padding        |     Y      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    1    |       1       |       Mandatory       |     N      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    2    |       1       |     Slow Receiver     |     Y      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |   3-31  |       1       |        Reserved       |            |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    32   |    variable   |        Change L       |     N      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    33   |    variable   |       Confirm L       |     N      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    34   |    variable   |        Change R       |     N      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    35   |    variable   |       Confirm R       |     N      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    36   |    variable   |      Init Cookie      |     N      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    37   |      3-8      |       NDP Count       |     Y      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    38   |    variable   |  Ack Vector [Nonce 0] |     N      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    39   |    variable   |  Ack Vector [Nonce 1] |     N      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    40   |    variable   |      Data Dropped     |     N      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    41   |       6       |       Timestamp       |     Y      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    42   |     6/8/10    |     Timestamp Echo    |     Y      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    43   |      4/6      |      Elapsed Time     |     N      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    44   |       6       |     Data Checksum     |     Y      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |    45   |    variable   |       Multipath       |     Y      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     |  46-127 |    variable   |        Reserved       |            |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+
     | 128-255 |    variable   | CCID-specific options |     -      |
     +---------+---------------+-----------------------+------------+

                       Table 4: Proposed Option Set

   [Tbd/tbv] In addition to the multipath option, MP-DCCP requires
   particular considerations for:

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   *  The minimum PMTU of the individual paths must be selected to
      announce to the application.  Changes of individual path PMTUs
      must be re-announced to the application if they are lower than the
      current announced PMTU.

   *  Overall sequencing for optional reassembly procedure

   *  Congestion control

   *  Robust MP-DCCP session establishment (no dependency on an initial
      path setup)

3.1.  Multipath Capable Feature

   DCCP endpoints are multipath-disabled by default and multipath
   capability can be negotiated with the Multipath Capable Feature.

   Multipath Capable has feature number 10 and is server-priority.  It
   takes one-byte values.  The first four bits are used to specify
   compatible versions of the MP-DCCP implementation.  The following
   four bits are reserved for further use.

3.2.  Multipath Option

   +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
   |00101101| Length | MP_OPT | Value(s) ...
   +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
    Type=45

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    +======+========+================+================================+
    | Type | Option | MP_OPT         | Meaning                        |
    |      | Length |                |                                |
    +======+========+================+================================+
    | 45   | var    | 0 =MP_CONFIRM  | Confirm reception and          |
    |      |        |                | processing of an MP_OPT option |
    +------+--------+----------------+--------------------------------+
    | 45   | 11     | 1 =MP_JOIN     | Join path to an existing MP-   |
    |      |        |                | DCCP flow                      |
    +------+--------+----------------+--------------------------------+
    | 45   | 3      | 2              | Close MP-DCCP flow             |
    |      |        | =MP_FAST_CLOSE |                                |
    +------+--------+----------------+--------------------------------+
    | 45   | var    | 3 =MP_KEY      | Exchange key material for      |
    |      |        |                | MP_HMAC                        |
    +------+--------+----------------+--------------------------------+
    | 45   | 7      | 4 =MP_SEQ      | Multipath Sequence Number      |
    +------+--------+----------------+--------------------------------+
    | 45   | 23     | 5 =MP_HMAC     | HMA Code for authentication    |
    +------+--------+----------------+--------------------------------+
    | 45   | 12     | 6 =MP_RTT      | Transmit RTT values            |
    +------+--------+----------------+--------------------------------+
    | 45   | var    | 7 =MP_ADDADDR  | Advertise additional Address   |
    +------+--------+----------------+--------------------------------+
    | 45   | var    | 8              | Remove Address                 |
    |      |        | =MP_REMOVEADDR |                                |
    +------+--------+----------------+--------------------------------+
    | 45   | 4      | 9 =MP_PRIO     | Change Subflow Priority        |
    +------+--------+----------------+--------------------------------+

                        Table 5: MP_OPT Option Types

3.2.1.  MP_CONFIRM

     +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
     |00101101| Length |00000000| List of options ...
     +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
      Type=45           MP_OPT=0

   MP_CONFIRM can be used to send confirmation of received and processed
   options.  Confirmed options are copied verbatim and appended as List
   of options.  The length varies dependent on the amount of options.

   [Tbd] Encoding "list of options"

3.2.2.  MP_JOIN

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     +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
     |00101101|00001011|00000001| Path Token                        |
     +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
     | Nonce                             |
     +--------+--------+--------+--------+
      Type=45  Length=11 MP_OPT=1

   The MP_JOIN option is used to add a new path to an existing MP-DCCP
   flow.  The Path Token is the SHA-1 HASH of the derived key (d-key),
   which was previously exchanged with the MP_KEY option.  MP_HMAC MUST
   be set when using MP_JOIN to provide authentication (See MP_HMAC for
   details).  Also MP_KEY MUST be set to provide key material for
   authentication purposes.

3.2.3.  MP_FAST_CLOSE

     +--------+--------+--------+
     |00101101|00000011|00000010|
     +--------+--------+--------+
      Type=45  Length=3 MP_OPT=2

   MP_FAST_CLOSE terminates the MP-DCCP flow and all corresponding
   subflows.

3.2.4.  MP_KEY

     +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
     |00101101| Length |00000011|Key Type| Key Data ...
     +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
      Type=45           MP_OPT=3

   The MP_KEY suboption is used to exchange key material between hosts.
   The Length varies between 5 and 8 Bytes.  The Key Type field is used
   to specify the key type.  Key types are shown in Table 6.

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        +========================+============+===================+
        | Key Type               | Key Length | Meaning           |
        +========================+============+===================+
        | 0 =Plain Text          | 8          | Plain Text Key    |
        +------------------------+------------+-------------------+
        | 1 =ECDHE-C25519-SHA256 | 32         | ECDHE with SHA256 |
        |                        |            | and Curve25519    |
        +------------------------+------------+-------------------+
        | 2 =ECDHE-C25519-SHA512 | 32         | ECDHE with SHA512 |
        |                        |            | and Curve25519    |
        +------------------------+------------+-------------------+
        | 3-255                  |            | Reserved          |
        +------------------------+------------+-------------------+

                         Table 6: MP_KEY Key Types

   Plain Text
      Key Material is exchanged in plain text between hosts and the key
      parts (key-a, key-b) are concatenated to form the derived key
      (d-key).

   ECDHE-SHA256-C25519
      Key Material is exchanged via ECDHE key exchange with SHA256 and
      Curve 25519 to generate the derived key (d-key).

   ECDHE-SHA512-C25519
      Key Material is exchanged via ECDHE key exchange with SHA512 and
      Curve 25519 to generate the derived key (d-key).

3.2.5.  MP_SEQ

     +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
     |00101101|00000111|00000100| Multipath Sequence Number         |
     +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
      Type=45  Length=7 MP_OPT=4

   The MP_SEQ option is used for end-to-end datagram-based sequence
   numbers of an MP-DCCP connection.  The initial data sequence number
   (IDSN) SHOULD be set randomly.  The MP_SEQ number space is different
   from path individual sequence number space.

3.2.6.  MP_HMAC

     +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
     |00101101|00000111|00000101| HMAC-SHA1 (20 bytes) ...
     +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
      Type=45  Length=23 MP_OPT=5

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   The MP_HMAC option is used to provide authentication for the MP_JOIN
   option.  The HMAC is built using the derived key (d-key) calculated
   previously from the handshake key material exchanged with the MP_KEY
   option.  The Message for the HMAC is the header of the MP_JOIN for
   which authentication shall be performed.  By including a nonce in
   these datagrams, possible replay-attacks are remedied.

3.2.7.  MP_RTT

     +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
     |00101101|00000111|00000110|RTT Type| RTT
     +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
     |        | Age                               |
     +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
      Type=45  Length=12 MP_OPT=6

   The MP_RTT option is used to transmit RTT values in milliseconds and
   MUST belong to the path over which this information is transmitted.
   Additionally, the age of the measurement is specified in
   milliseconds.

   Raw RTT (=0)
      Raw RTT value of the last Datagram Round-Trip.  The Age parameter
      is set to the age of when the Ack for the datagram was received.

   Min RTT (=1)
      Min RTT value.  The period for computing the Minimum can be
      specified by the Age parameter.

   Max RTT (=2)
      Max RTT value.  The period for computing the Maximum can be
      specified by the Age parameter.

   Smooth RTT (=3)
      Averaged RTT value.  The period for computing the smoothed RTT can
      be specified by the Age parameter.

   Age (=4)
      [TBD]

3.2.8.  MP_ADDADDR

   The MP_ADDADDR option announces additional addresses (and,
   optionally, ports) on which a host can be reached.  This option can
   be used at any time during an existing DCCP connection, when the
   sender wishes to enable multiple paths and/or when additional paths
   become available.  Length is variable depending on IPv4 or IPv6 and
   whether port number is used and is in range between 28 and 42 Bytes.

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                         1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +---------------+---------------+-------+-------+---------------+
     |     Kind      |     Length    |Subtype| IPVer |  Address ID   |
     +---------------+---------------+-------+-------+---------------+
     |          Address (IPv4 - 4 bytes / IPv6 - 16 bytes)           |
     +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
     |   Port (2 bytes, optional)    |                               |
     +-------------------------------+                               |
     |                       HMAC (20 Bytes)                         |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     |                               +-------------------------------+
     |                               |
     +-------------------------------+

   Every address has an Address ID that can be used for uniquely
   identifying the address within a connection for address removal.  The
   Address ID is also used to identify MP_JOIN options (see
   Section 3.2.2) relating to the same address, even when address
   translators are in use.  The Address ID MUST uniquely identify the
   address for the sender of the option (within the scope of the
   connection); the mechanism for allocating such IDs is implementation
   specific.

   All Address IDs learned via either MP_JOIN or ADD_ADDR SHOULD be
   stored by the receiver in a data structure that gathers all the
   Address-ID-to-address mappings for a connection (identified by a
   token pair).  In this way, there is a stored mapping between the
   Address ID, observed source address, and token pair for future
   processing of control information for a connection.

   Ideally, ADD_ADDR and REMOVE_ADDR options would be sent reliably, and
   in order, to the other end.  This would ensure that this address
   management does not unnecessarily cause an outage in the connection
   when remove/add addresses are processed in reverse order, and also to
   ensure that all possible paths are used.  Note, however, that losing
   reliability and ordering will not break the multipath connections, it
   will just reduce the opportunity to open new paths and to survive
   different patterns of path failures.

   Therefore, implementing reliability signals for these DCCP options is
   not necessary.  In order to minimize the impact of the loss of these
   options, however, it is RECOMMENDED that a sender should send these
   options on all available subflows.  If these options need to be
   received in order, an implementation SHOULD only send one ADD_ADDR/

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   REMOVE_ADDR option per RTT, to minimize the risk of misordering.  A
   host that receives an ADD_ADDR but finds a connection set up to that
   IP address and port number is unsuccessful SHOULD NOT perform further
   connection attempts to this address/port combination for this
   connection.  A sender that wants to trigger a new incoming connection
   attempt on a previously advertised address/port combination can
   therefore refresh ADD_ADDR information by sending the option again.

   [TBD/TBV]

3.2.9.  MP_REMOVEADDR

   If, during the lifetime of an MP-DCCP connection, a previously
   announced address becomes invalid (e.g., if the interface
   disappears), the affected host SHOULD announce this so that the peer
   can remove subflows related to this address.

   This is achieved through the Remove Address (REMOVE_ADDR) option
   which will remove a previously added address (or list of addresses)
   from a connection and terminate any subflows currently using that
   address.

   For security purposes, if a host receives a REMOVE_ADDR option, it
   must ensure the affected path(s) are no longer in use before it
   instigates closure.  Typical DCCP validity tests on the subflow
   (e.g., packet type specific sequence and acknowledgement number
   check) MUST also be undertaken.  An implementation can use
   indications of these test failures as part of intrusion detection or
   error logging.

   The sending and receipt of this message SHOULD trigger the sending of
   DCCP-Close and DCCP-Reset by client and server, respectively on the
   affected subflow(s) (if possible), as a courtesy to cleaning up
   middlebox state, before cleaning up any local state.

   Address removal is undertaken by ID, so as to permit the use of NATs
   and other middleboxes that rewrite source addresses.  If there is no
   address at the requested ID, the receiver will silently ignore the
   request.

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +---------------+---------------+-------+-------+---------------+
   |     Kind      |  Length = 3+n |Subtype|(resvd)|   Address ID  |...
   +---------------+---------------+-------+-------+---------------+
                             (followed by n-1 Address IDs, if required)

   Minimum length of this option is 4 bytes (for one address to remove).

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   [TBD/TBV]

3.2.10.  MP_PRIO

   In the event that a single specific path out of the set of available
   paths shall be treated with higher priority compared to the others, a
   host may wish to signal such change in priority of subflows to the
   peer.  Therefore, the MP_PRIO option, shown below, can be used to set
   a priority flag for the subflow on which it is sent.

                           1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +---------------+---------------+-------+-------+--------------+
      |     Kind      |     Length    |Subtype| Prio  | AddrID (opt) |
      +---------------+---------------+-------+-------+--------------+

   Whether more than two values for priority (e.g., B for backup and P
   for prioritized path) are defined in case of more than two parallel
   paths is for further consideration.

   [TBD/TBV]

3.3.  MP-DCCP Handshaking Procedure

             Host A                                         Host B
   ------------------------                              ----------
   Address A1    Address A2                              Address B1
   ----------    ----------                              ----------
        |             |                                       |
        |             DCCP-Request +                          |
        |------- MP_KEY(Key-A) ------------------------------>|
        |<---------------------- MP_KEY(Key-B) ---------------|
        |             DCCP-Response +  agreed                 |
        |             |                                       |
        |   DCCP-Ack  |                                       |
        |--------- MP_KEY(Key-A) + MP_KEY(Key-B) ------------>|
        |             |                                       |
        |             |          DCCP-Request +               |
        |             |--- MP_JOIN(TB,RA) ------------------->|
        |             |<------MP_JOIN(TB,RB) + MP_HMAC(A)-----|
        |             |DCCP-Response                          |
        |             |                                       |
        |             |DCCP-Ack                               |
        |             |-------- MP_HMAC(B) ------------------>|
        |             |<--------------------------------------|
        |             |DCCP-ACK                               |

                    Figure 3: Example MP-DCCP Handshake

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   The basic initial handshake for the first flow is as follows:

   *  Host A sends a DCCP-Request with the MP-Capable feature Change
      request and the MP_KEY option with Host-specific Key-A

   *  Host B sends a DCCP-Response with Confirm feature for MP-Capable
      and the MP_Key option with Host-specific Key-B

   *  Host A sends a DCCP-Ack with both Keys echoed to Host B.

   The handshake for subsequent flows based on a successful initial
   handshake is as follows:

   *  Host A sends a DCCP-Request with the MP-Capable feature Change
      request and the MP_JOIN option with Host B's Token TB, generated
      from the derived key by applying a SHA-1 hash and truncating to
      the first 32 bits.  Additionally, an own random nonce RA is
      transmitted with the MP_JOIN.

   *  Host B computes the HMAC of the DCCP-Request and sends a DCCP-
      Response with Confirm feature option for MP-Capable and the
      MP_JOIN option with the Token TB and a random nonce RB together
      with the computed MP_HMAC.

   *  Host A sends a DCCP-Ack with the HMAC computed for the DCCP-
      Response.

   *  Host B sends a DCCP-Ack confirm the HMAC and to conclude the
      handshaking.

4.  Security Considerations

   Similar to DCCP, MP-DCCP does not provide cryptographic security
   guarantees inherently.  Thus, if applications need cryptographic
   security (integrity, authentication, confidentiality, access control,
   and anti-replay protection) the use of IPsec or some other kind of
   end-to-end security is recommended; Secure Real-time Transport
   Protocol (SRTP) [RFC3711] is one candidate protocol for
   authentication.  Together with Encryption of Header Extensions in
   SRTP, as provided by [RFC6904], also integrity would be provided.

   As described in [RFC4340], DCCP provides protection against hijacking
   and limits the potential impact of some denial-of-service attacks,
   but DCCP provides no inherent protection against attackers' snooping
   on data packets.  Regarding the security of MP-DCCP no additional
   risks should be introduced compared to regular DCCP of today.
   Thereof derived are the following key security requirements to be
   fulfilled by MP-DCCP:

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   *  Provide a mechanism to confirm that parties involved in a subflow
      handshake are identical to those in the original connection setup.

   *  Provide verification that the new address to be included in a MP
      connection is valid for a peer to receive traffic at before using
      it.

   *  Provide replay protection, i.e., ensure that a request to add/
      remove a subflow is 'fresh'.

   In order to achieve these goals, MP-DCCP includes a hash-based
   handshake algorithm documented in Sections Section 3.2.4 and
   Section 3.3.  The security of the MP-DCCP connection depends on the
   use of keys that are shared once at the start of the first subflow
   and are never sent again over the network.  To ease demultiplexing
   while not giving away any cryptographic material, future subflows use
   a truncated cryptographic hash of this key as the connection
   identification "token".  The keys are concatenated and used as keys
   for creating Hash-based Message Authentication Codes (HMACs) used on
   subflow setup, in order to verify that the parties in the handshake
   are the same as in the original connection setup.  It also provides
   verification that the peer can receive traffic at this new address.
   Replay attacks would still be possible when only keys are used;
   therefore, the handshakes use single-use random numbers (nonces) at
   both ends - this ensures that the HMAC will never be the same on two
   handshakes.  Guidance on generating random numbers suitable for use
   as keys is given in [RFC4086].  During normal operation, regular DCCP
   protection mechanisms (such as header checksum to protect DCCP
   headers against corruption) will provide the same level of protection
   against attacks on individual DCCP subflows as exists for regular
   DCCP today.

5.  Interactions with Middleboxes

   Issues from interaction with on-path middleboxes such as NATs,
   firewalls, proxies, intrusion detection systems (IDSs), and others
   have to be considered for all extensions to standard protocols since
   otherwise unexpected reactions of middleboxes may hinder its
   deployment.  DCCP already provides means to mitigate the potential
   impact of middleboxes, also in comparison to TCP (see [RFC4043],
   sect. 16).  In case, however, both hosts are located behind a NAT or
   firewall entity, specific measures have to be applied such as the
   [RFC5596]-specified simultaneous-open technique that update the
   (traditionally asymmetric) connection-establishment procedures for
   DCCP.  Further standardized technologies addressing NAT type
   middleboxes are covered by [RFC5597].

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   [RFC6773] specifies UDP Encapsulation for NAT Traversal of DCCP
   sessions, similar to other UDP encapsulations such as for SCTP
   [RFC6951].  The alternative U-DCCP approach proposed in
   [I-D.amend-tsvwg-dccp-udp-header-conversion] would reduce tunneling
   overhead.  The handshaking procedure for DCCP-UDP header conversion
   or use of a DCCP-UDP negotiation procedure to signal support for
   DCCP-UDP header conversion would require encapsulation during the
   handshakes and use of two additional port numbers out of the UDP port
   number space, but would require zero overhead afterwards.

6.  Acknowledgments

   1.  Notes

   This document is inspired by Multipath TCP [RFC6824]/[RFC8684] and
   some text passages for the -00 version of the draft are copied almost
   unmodified.

7.  IANA Considerations

   [Tbd], must include options for:

   *  handshaking procedure to indicate MP support

   *  handshaking procedure to indicate JOINING of an existing MP
      connection

   *  signaling of new or changed addresses

   *  setting handover or aggregation mode

   *  setting reordering on/off

   should include options carrying:

   *  overall sequence number for restoring purposes

   *  sender time measurements for restoring purposes

   *  scheduler preferences

   *  reordering preferences

8.  Informative References

   [I-D.amend-tsvwg-dccp-udp-header-conversion]
              Amend, M., Brunstrom, A., Kassler, A., and V. Rakocevic,
              "Lossless and overhead free DCCP - UDP header conversion

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              (U-DCCP)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-amend-
              tsvwg-dccp-udp-header-conversion-01, 8 July 2019,
              <http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-amend-tsvwg-
              dccp-udp-header-conversion-01.txt>.

   [I-D.amend-tsvwg-multipath-framework-mpdccp]
              Amend, M., Bogenfeld, E., Brunstrom, A., Kassler, A., and
              V. Rakocevic, "A multipath framework for UDP traffic over
              heterogeneous access networks", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-amend-tsvwg-multipath-framework-
              mpdccp-01, 8 July 2019, <http://www.ietf.org/internet-
              drafts/draft-amend-tsvwg-multipath-framework-mpdccp-
              01.txt>.

   [I-D.lhwxz-hybrid-access-network-architecture]
              Leymann, N., Heidemann, C., Wasserman, M., Xue, L., and M.
              Zhang, "Hybrid Access Network Architecture", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-lhwxz-hybrid-access-
              network-architecture-02, 13 January 2015,
              <http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-lhwxz-hybrid-
              access-network-architecture-02.txt>.

   [I-D.muley-network-based-bonding-hybrid-access]
              Muley, P., Henderickx, W., Geng, L., Liu, H., Cardullo,
              L., Newton, J., Seo, S., Draznin, S., and B. Patil,
              "Network based Bonding solution for Hybrid Access", Work
              in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-muley-network-based-
              bonding-hybrid-access-03, 22 October 2018,
              <http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-muley-network-
              based-bonding-hybrid-access-03.txt>.

   [RFC0793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
              RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3124]  Balakrishnan, H. and S. Seshan, "The Congestion Manager",
              RFC 3124, DOI 10.17487/RFC3124, June 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3124>.

   [RFC3711]  Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
              Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
              RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, March 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3711>.

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   [RFC4043]  Pinkas, D. and T. Gindin, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Permanent Identifier", RFC 4043,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4043, May 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4043>.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
              "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4086>.

   [RFC4340]  Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, "Datagram
              Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)", RFC 4340,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4340, March 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4340>.

   [RFC5595]  Fairhurst, G., "The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
              (DCCP) Service Codes", RFC 5595, DOI 10.17487/RFC5595,
              September 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5595>.

   [RFC5596]  Fairhurst, G., "Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
              (DCCP) Simultaneous-Open Technique to Facilitate NAT/
              Middlebox Traversal", RFC 5596, DOI 10.17487/RFC5596,
              September 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5596>.

   [RFC5597]  Denis-Courmont, R., "Network Address Translation (NAT)
              Behavioral Requirements for the Datagram Congestion
              Control Protocol", BCP 150, RFC 5597,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5597, September 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5597>.

   [RFC6773]  Phelan, T., Fairhurst, G., and C. Perkins, "DCCP-UDP: A
              Datagram Congestion Control Protocol UDP Encapsulation for
              NAT Traversal", RFC 6773, DOI 10.17487/RFC6773, November
              2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6773>.

   [RFC6824]  Ford, A., Raiciu, C., Handley, M., and O. Bonaventure,
              "TCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple
              Addresses", RFC 6824, DOI 10.17487/RFC6824, January 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6824>.

   [RFC6904]  Lennox, J., "Encryption of Header Extensions in the Secure
              Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 6904,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6904, April 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6904>.

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   [RFC6951]  Tuexen, M. and R. Stewart, "UDP Encapsulation of Stream
              Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Packets for End-Host
              to End-Host Communication", RFC 6951,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6951, May 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6951>.

   [RFC8684]  Ford, A., Raiciu, C., Handley, M., Bonaventure, O., and C.
              Paasch, "TCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with
              Multiple Addresses", RFC 8684, DOI 10.17487/RFC8684, March
              2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8684>.

   [TS23.501] 3GPP, "System architecture for the 5G System; Stage 2;
              Release 16", December 2020,
              <https://www.3gpp.org/ftp//Specs/
              archive/23_series/23.501/23501-g70.zip>.

Authors' Addresses

   Markus Amend
   Deutsche Telekom
   Deutsche-Telekom-Allee 9
   64295 Darmstadt
   Germany

   Email: Markus.Amend@telekom.de

   Dirk von Hugo
   Deutsche Telekom
   Deutsche-Telekom-Allee 9
   64295 Darmstadt
   Germany

   Email: Dirk.von-Hugo@telekom.de

   Anna Brunstrom
   Karlstad University
   Universitetsgatan 2
   SE-651 88 Karlstad
   Sweden

   Email: anna.brunstrom@kau.se

   Andreas Kassler
   Karlstad University
   Universitetsgatan 2

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   SE-651 88 Karlstad
   Sweden

   Email: andreas.kassler@kau.se

   Veselin Rakocevic
   City University of London
   Northampton Square
   London
   United Kingdom

   Email: veselin.rakocevic.1@city.ac.uk

   Stephen Johnson
   BT
   Adastral Park
   Martlesham Heath
   IP5 3RE
   United Kingdom

   Email: stephen.h.johnson@bt.com

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