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Vectors of Trust
draft-richer-vectors-of-trust-00

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8485.
Authors Justin Richer , Leif Johansson
Last updated 2015-06-26
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draft-richer-vectors-of-trust-00
Network Working Group                                     J. Richer, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                       Bespoke Engineering
Intended status: Standards Track                            L. Johansson
Expires: December 28, 2015                    Swedish University Network
                                                           June 26, 2015

                            Vectors of Trust
                    draft-richer-vectors-of-trust-00

Abstract

   This document defines a mechanism for describing and signaling
   several aspects that go into a determination of trust placed in a
   digital identity transaction.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 28, 2015.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents

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   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Background and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.1.  An Identity Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.2.  Component Architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Core components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  Identity Proofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.2.  Credential Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.3.  Assertion Presentation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Vectors of Trust Inititial component definitions  . . . . . .   6
   5.  Communicating Vector Values to RPs  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.1.  On the Wire Representation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.2.  In OpenID Connect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.3.  In SAML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  Requesting Vector Values  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     6.1.  In OpenID Connect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   7.  Discovery and Verification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     7.1.  Trustmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     7.2.  Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   8.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   Appendix A.  Document History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11

1.  Introduction

   This document defines a mechanism for describing and signaling
   several aspects that go into a determination of trust placed in a
   digital identity transaction.  Instead of communicating

1.1.  Terminology

   Identity Provider (IdP)  A system that manages identity information
      and is able to assert this information across the network through
      an identity API.

   Relying Party (RP)  A system that consumes identity information from
      an IdP for the purposes of logging users in.

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   Trust Framework  A document containing business rules and legal
      clauses that defines how different parties in an identity
      transaction may act.

   Trustmark  A verifiable attestation that a party has proved to follow
      the constraints of a trust framework.

   Trustmark Provider  A system that issues and provides verification
      for trustmarks.

   Vector  A multi-part data structure, used here for conveying
      information about an authentication transaction.

   Vector Component  One of several constituent parts that make up a
      vector.

2.  Background and Motivation

   The NIST special publication 800-63 [SP-800-63] defines a linear
   scale Level of Assurance (LoA) measure that combines multiple
   attributes about an identity transaction into a single measure of the
   level of trust a relying party should place on an identity
   transaction.  Even though this definition was originally made for a
   specific government use cases, the LoA scale appeared to be
   applicable with a wide variety of authentication use cases.  This has
   led to a proliferation of incompatible interpretations of the same
   scale in different trust frameworks, preventing interoperability
   between these frameworks in spite of their common measurement.

   Since identity proofing strength increases linearly along with
   credential strength, the LoA scale is also too limited for describing
   many valid and useful forms of an identity transaction.  For example,
   an anonymously assigned hardware token can be used in cases where the
   real world identity of the subject cannot be known or is verified
   through some out of band mechanism.

   This work seeks to decompose the elements of the LoA values in a way
   that they can be independently communicated from an Identity Provider
   to a Relying Party, making comparison between trust frameworks
   possible.

2.1.  An Identity Model

   This document assumes the following (incomplete) model for identity.

   The identity subject (aka user) is associated with an identity
   provider which acts as a trusted 3rd party on behalf of the user with

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   regard to a relying party by making identity assertions about the
   user to the relying party.

   The real-world person represented by the identity subject is in
   possession of a (cryptographic) primary credential bound to the user
   by (an agent of) identity provider in such a way that the binding
   between the credential and the real-world user is a representation of
   the identity proofing process performed by the (agent of) the
   identity provider to verify the identity of the real-world person.

2.2.  Component Architecture

   The term Vectors of Trust is based on the mathematical construct of a
   Vector, which is defined as an item composed of multiple independent
   scalar values.  A vector is a set of coordinates that specifies a
   point in a (multi-dimensional) Cartesian coordinate space.  The
   reader is encouraged to think of a vector of trust as a point in a
   coordinate system, in the simples form (described below) a 3
   dimensional space that is intended to be a recognizable, if somewhat
   elided, model of identity subject trust.

   An important goal for this work is to balance the need for simplicity
   (particularly on the part of the relying party) with the need for
   expressiveness.  As such, this vector construct is designed to be
   composable and extensible.

   All components of the vector construct MUST be orthogonal in the
   sense that no aspect of a component overlap an aspect of another
   component.

   The values assigned to each component of a vector is sometimes
   written as an ordinal number (e.g. an integer) but MUST NOT be
   assumed as having inherent ordinal properties when compared to the
   same or other components in the vector space.  In other words, 1 is
   different from 2, but it is dangerous to assume that 2 is always
   "more" (better) than 1.

3.  Core components

   This specification defines three orthogonal components: identity
   proofing, credential binding, and assertion presentation.  These
   dimensions (as described below) are intentionally elided and SHOULD
   be combined with other information to form trust frameworks can be
   used as a basis for audits of identity providers and relying parties.

   This specification also defines values for each component to be used
   in the absence of a more specific trust framework.  It is expected
   that trust frameworks will provide context, semantics, and mapping to

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   legal statutes and business rules for each value in each component.
   Consequently, a particular vector value can only be compared with
   vectors defined in the same context.  The RP MUST understand and take
   into account the trust framework context in which a vector is being
   expressed in order for it to be processed securely.

   It is anticipated that trust frameworks will also define additional
   components.

3.1.  Identity Proofing

   The Identity Proofing dimension defines, overall, how strongly the
   set of identity attributes have been verified and vetted, and how
   strongly they are tied to a particular credential set.  In other
   words, this dimension describes how likely it is that a given digital
   identity corresponds to a particular (real-world) identity subject.

   This dimension SHALL be represented by the "P" demarcator and a level
   value, such as "P1", "P2", etc.

3.2.  Credential Management

   Below we use the term "credential" to denote the credential used by
   the identity subject to authenticate to the identity provider.

   The Credential Binding dimension defines how strongly the credential
   can be verified by the IdP and trusted to be presented by the party
   represented by a given credential.  In other words, this dimension
   describes how likely it is that the right person is presenting the
   credential to the identity provider, and how easily that credential
   could be spoofed or stolen.  This component is intended to be a
   general category

   This dimension SHALL be represented by the "C" demarcator and a level
   value, such as "C1", "C2", etc.  Multiple credential factors MAY be
   communicated simultaneously, such as when Multi-Factor Authentication
   is used.

3.3.  Assertion Presentation

   The Assertion Presentation dimension defines how well the given
   digital identity can be communicated across the network without
   information leaking to unintended parties, and without spoofing.  In
   other words, this dimension describes how likely it is that a given
   digital identity asserted was actually asserted by a given identity
   provider for a given transaction.

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   This dimension SHALL be represented by the "A" demarcator and a level
   value, such as "A1", "A2", etc.

4.  Vectors of Trust Inititial component definitions

   This specification defines the following general-purpose component
   definitions, which MAY be used when a more specific set is
   unavailable.  These component values are referenced in a trustmark
   definition

   P0 No proofing is done, data is not guaranteed to be persistent
      across sessions

   P1 Attributes are self-asserted but consistent over time, potentially
      pseudonymous

   P2 Identity has been proofed either in person or remotely using
      trusted mechanisms (such as social proofing)

   P3 There is a legal or contractual relationship between the identity
      provider and the identified party (such as signed/notarized
      documents, employment records)

   C0 No credential is used / anonymous public service / simple session
      cookies (with nothing else)

   C1 Shared secret such as a username and password combination

   C2 Known device with trusted enrollment process

   C3 Cryptographic proof of key possession using shared key

   C4 Cryptographic proof of key possession using asymmetric key

   C5 Sealed hardware token / trusted biometric / TPM-backed keys

   A0 No protection / unsigned bearer identifier (such as a session
      cookie)

   A1 Signed and verifiable token, passed through the browser

   A2 Signed and verifiable token, passed through a back channel

   A3 Token encrypted to the relying parties key and audience protected

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5.  Communicating Vector Values to RPs

   All three of these dimensions (and others, as they are defined in
   extension work) MUST be combined into a single vector that can be
   communicated across the wire unbroken.

   All vector components MUST be individually available, MUST NOT be
   "collapsed" into a single value without also presenting the
   constituent dimensions as well.

   When communicating the vectors across the wire, they MUST be
   protected in transit and signed by the asserting authority (such as
   the IdP).

5.1.  On the Wire Representation

   The vector MUST be represented as a period-separated ('.') list of
   vector components, with no specific order.  A vector component type
   MAY occur multiple times within a single vector, separated by
   periods, in which case it is considered an AND of the two values.  In
   order to simplify processing by RPs, it is RECOMMENDED that trust
   framework definitions carefully define component values such that
   they are mutually exclusive or subsumptive in order to avoid this
   situation where possible.

   Vector components MAY be omitted from a vector.  No holding space is
   left for an omitted vector component.  If a vector component is
   omitted, the IdP is making no claim for that category.

   For example, the vector value "P1.C3.A2" translates to pseudonymous,
   proof of shared key, signed back-channel verified token in the
   context of this specification's definitions (Section 4).

   Vector values MUST be communicated along side of a trustmark
   definition to give the components context.

5.2.  In OpenID Connect

   In OpenID Connect [OpenID], the IdP MUST send the vector value as a
   string with the "vot" (vector of trust) claim in the ID token.  The
   trustmark (Section 7.1) that applies to this vector MUST be sent as
   an HTTPS URL in the "vtm" (vector trust mark) claim to provide
   context to the vector.

   For example:

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   {
       "iss": "https://idp.example.com/",
       "sub": "jondoe1234",
       "vot": "P1.C3.A2",
       "vtm": "https://trustmark.example.org/trustmark/idp.example.com"
   }

5.3.  In SAML

   In SAML a VoT vector is communicated as an
   AuthenticationContextClassRef, a sample definition of which might
   look something like this:

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   <xs:schema
        targetNamespace="urn:x-vot:P1:C3:A2"
        xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
        xmlns="urn:x-vot:P1:C3:A2"
        finalDefault="extension"
        blockDefault="substitution"
        version="2.0">
        <xs:redefine
            schemaLocation="saml-schema-authn-context-loa-profile.xsd"/>
    <xs:annotation>
       <xs:documentation>VoT vector P1.C3.A2</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType name="GoverningAgreementRefType">
       <xs:complexContent>
          <xs:restriction base="GoverningAgreementRefType">
             <xs:attribute name="governingAgreementRef"
                type="xs:anyURI"
                fixed="draft-ietf-vot-this-document-00.txt"
                use="required"/>
          </xs:restriction>
       </xs:complexContent>
    </xs:complexType>
    </xs:redefine>
   </xs:schema>

6.  Requesting Vector Values

   In some identity protocols, the RP can request that particular
   attributes be applied to a given identity transaction.

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6.1.  In OpenID Connect

   In OpenID Connect [OpenID], the client can request a set of
   acceptable VoT values with the "vtr" (vector of trust request) claim
   request as part of the Request Object.  The value of this field is an
   array of JSON strings, each string identifying an acceptable set of
   vector components.  The components are ANDed together while the
   individual vector strings are ORed together.  Vector request values
   MAY omit components, indicating that any value is acceptable.

   {
       "vtr": ["P1.C2.C3.A2", "C5.A2"]
   }

7.  Discovery and Verification

7.1.  Trustmark

   When an RP receives a specific vector from an IdP, it needs to make a
   decision to trust the vector within a specific context.  A trust
   framework can provide such a context, allowing legal and business
   rules to give weight to an IdP's claims.  A trustmark is a verifiable
   claim to conform to a specific component of a trust framework, such
   as a verified identity provider.  The trustmark conveys the root of
   trustworthiness about the claims and assertions made by the IdP.

   The trustmark MUST be available from an HTTPS URL by the trust
   framework provider.  The contents of this URL are a JSON [RFC7159]
   document with the following fields:

   sub  The issuer URL of the identity provider that this trustmark
      pertains to.  This MUST match the corresponding issuer claim in
      the identity token, such as the OpenID Connect "iss" field.  This
      MUST be an HTTPS URL.

   iss  The issuer URL of the trustmark provider that issues this
      trustmark.  The URL that a trustmark is fetched from MUST start
      with the "iss" URL in this field.  This MUST be an HTTPS URL.

   P  Array of strings containing identity proofing values for which the
      identity provider has been assessed and approved

   C  Array of strings containing credential strength values for which
      the identity provider has been assessed and approved

   A  Array of strings containing assertion strength values for which
      the identity provider has been assessed and approved

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   For example, the following trustmark provided by the
   trustmark.example.org organization applies to the idp.example.org
   identity provider:

   {
     "sub": "https://idp.example.org/",
     "iss": "https://trustmark.example.org/",
     "P": ["0", "1"],
     "C": ["1", "2", "3"],
     "A": ["2", "3"]
   }

   A client wishing to check the claims made by an IdP can fetch the
   information from the trustmark provider about what claims the IdP is
   allowed to make in the first place and process them accordingly.

   The means by which the RP decides which trustmark providers it trusts
   is out of scope for this specification and is generally configured
   out of band.

   Though most trust frameworks will provide a third-party independent
   verification service for components, an IdP MAY host its own
   trustmark.  For example, a self-hosted trustmark would look like:

   {
     "sub": "https://idp.example.org/",
     "iss": "https://idp.example.org/",
     "P": ["0", "1"],
     "C": ["1", "2", "3"],
     "A": ["2", "3"]
   }

7.2.  Discovery

   The IdP MAY list all of its available trustmarks as part of its
   discovery document.  Trustmarks are listed in the trustmarks element
   which contains a single JSON [RFC7159] object.  The keys of this JSON
   object are trustmark provider issuer URLs and the values of this
   object are the corresponding trustmarks for this IdP.

{
    "trustmark": {
         "https://trustmark.example.org/": "https://trustmark.example.org/trustmark/idp.example.org/
    }
}

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8.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank the members of the Vectors of Trust
   mailing list in the IETF for discussion and feedback on the concept
   and document.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [OpenID]   Sakimura, N., Bradley, J., and M. Jones, "OpenID Connect
              Core 1.0", November 2014.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC7159]  Bray, T., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", RFC 7159, March 2014.

9.2.  Informative References

   [SP-800-63]
              , , , , , , and , "Electronic Authentication Guideline",
              August 2013.

Appendix A.  Document History

   - 00

   o  Created initial IETF drafted based on strawman proposal discussed
      on VoT list.

   o  Split vector component definitions into their own section to allow
      extension and override.

   o  Solidified trustmark document definition.

Authors' Addresses

   Justin Richer (editor)
   Bespoke Engineering

   Email: ietf@justin.richer.org

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   Leif Johansson
   Swedish University Network
   Thulegatan 11
   Stockholm
   Sweden

   Email: leifj@sunet.se
   URI:   http://www.sunet.se

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