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Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector Version 2 (AODVv2) Routing
draft-perkins-manet-aodvv2-04

Document Type Active Internet-Draft (individual)
Authors Charles E. Perkins , John Dowdell , Lotte Steenbrink , Victoria Pritchard
Last updated 2024-03-07 (Latest revision 2024-03-03)
Replaces draft-ietf-manet-aodvv2
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Send notices to aretana.ietf@gmail.com
draft-perkins-manet-aodvv2-04
Network Working Group                                       C.E. Perkins
Internet-Draft                                      Blue Meadow Networks
Intended status: Standards Track                              J. Dowdell
Expires: 4 September 2024                       Airbus Defence and Space
                                                           L. Steenbrink
                                               Freie Universitaet Berlin
                                                            V. Pritchard
                                                Airbus Defence and Space
                                                            3 March 2024

      Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector Version 2 (AODVv2) Routing
                     draft-perkins-manet-aodvv2-04

Abstract

   The Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector Version 2 (AODVv2) routing
   protocol is intended for use by mobile routers in wireless, multihop
   networks.  AODVv2 determines unicast routes among AODVv2 routers
   within the network in an on-demand fashion.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 4 September 2024.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components

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   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.1.  Distance Vector Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.2.  Basic Protocol Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.3.  Comparison to RFC 3561  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   3.  Applicability Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   4.  Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.1.  Network Interfaces used by AODVv2 . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.2.  Router Client Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.3.  Neighbor Set  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.4.  Sequence Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     4.5.  Local Route Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     4.6.  Multicast Message Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     4.7.  Route Error (RERR) Set  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   5.  Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   6.  AODVv2 Protocol Operations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     6.1.  Reinitialization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     6.2.  Next Hop Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     6.3.  Neighbor Set Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     6.4.  Interaction with the Forwarding Plane . . . . . . . . . .  27
     6.5.  Message Transmission  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     6.6.  Route Discovery, Retries and Buffering  . . . . . . . . .  29
     6.7.  Processing Received Route Information . . . . . . . . . .  30
       6.7.1.  Evaluating Route Information  . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       6.7.2.  Applying Route Updates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     6.8.  Suppressing Redundant Messages (Multicast Message Set)  .  35
     6.9.  Suppressing Redundant Route Error Messages (Route Error
            Set) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     6.10. Local Route Set Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
       6.10.1.  LocalRoute State Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
       6.10.2.  Reporting Invalid Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
   7.  AODVv2 Protocol Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     7.1.  Route Request (RREQ) Message  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
       7.1.1.  RREQ Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
       7.1.2.  RREQ Reception  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
       7.1.3.  RREQ Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     7.2.  Route Reply (RREP) Message  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
       7.2.1.  RREP Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
       7.2.2.  RREP Reception  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
       7.2.3.  RREP Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
     7.3.  Route Reply Acknowledgement (RREP_Ack) Message  . . . . .  50
       7.3.1.  RREP_Ack Request Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51

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       7.3.2.  RREP_Ack Reception  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
       7.3.3.  RREP_Ack Response Generation  . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
     7.4.  Route Error (RERR) Message  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
       7.4.1.  RERR Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
       7.4.2.  RERR Reception  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
       7.4.3.  RERR Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
   8.  RFC 5444 Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
     8.1.  Route Request Message Representation  . . . . . . . . . .  58
       8.1.1.  Message Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
       8.1.2.  Message TLV Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
       8.1.3.  Address Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
       8.1.4.  Address Block TLV Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
         8.1.4.1.  Address Block TLVs for OrigPrefix . . . . . . . .  59
         8.1.4.2.  Address Block TLVs for TargPrefix . . . . . . . .  59
     8.2.  Route Reply Message Representation  . . . . . . . . . . .  60
       8.2.1.  Message Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
       8.2.2.  Message TLV Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
       8.2.3.  Address Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
       8.2.4.  Address Block TLV Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
         8.2.4.1.  Address Block TLVs for OrigPrefix . . . . . . . .  61
         8.2.4.2.  Address Block TLVs for TargPrefix . . . . . . . .  61
     8.3.  Route Reply Acknowledgement Message Representation  . . .  61
       8.3.1.  Message Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
       8.3.2.  Message TLV Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
       8.3.3.  Address Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
       8.3.4.  Address Block TLV Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     8.4.  Route Error Message Representation  . . . . . . . . . . .  62
       8.4.1.  Message Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
       8.4.2.  Message TLV Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
       8.4.3.  Address Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
       8.4.4.  Address Block TLV Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
         8.4.4.1.  Address Block TLVs for PktSource  . . . . . . . .  63
         8.4.4.2.  Address Block TLVs for Unreachable Addresses  . .  63
   9.  Simple External Network Attachment  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
   10. Precursor Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
   11. Application of RFC 7182 to AODVv2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
     11.1.  RREQ Generation and Reception  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     11.2.  RREP Generation and Reception  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     11.3.  RREP_Ack Generation and Reception  . . . . . . . . . . .  71
     11.4.  RERR Generation and Reception  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
   12. Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
     12.1.  Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
     12.2.  Protocol Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     12.3.  Local Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     12.4.  Network-Wide Settings  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
   13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
     13.1.  RFC 5444 Message Type Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
     13.2.  RFC 5444 Message TLV Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77

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     13.3.  RFC 5444 Address Block TLV Type Allocation . . . . . . .  78
     13.4.  MetricType Allocation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
     13.5.  ADDRESS_TYPE TLV Values  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
     13.6.  ICMPv6 Code Field for ICMP Destination Unreachable . . .  79
   14. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
     14.1.  Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  80
       14.1.1.  Denial of Service  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  80
       14.1.2.  Malicious RERR messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
       14.1.3.  False Confirmation of Link Bidirectionality  . . . .  82
       14.1.4.  Message Deletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83
     14.2.  Confidentiality  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83
     14.3.  Integrity of Routes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83
       14.3.1.  Message Insertion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  84
       14.3.2.  Message Modification - Man in the Middle . . . . . .  84
       14.3.3.  Replay Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85
     14.4.  Protection Mechanisms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85
       14.4.1.  Confidentiality and Authentication . . . . . . . . .  85
       14.4.2.  Message Integrity using ICVs . . . . . . . . . . . .  85
       14.4.3.  Replay Protection using Timestamps . . . . . . . . .  86
     14.5.  Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
   15. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
   16. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88
     16.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88
     16.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88
   Appendix A.  AODVv2 Draft Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
     A.1.  Changes from version 3 to version 4 . . . . . . . . . . .  90
     A.2.  Changes from version 2 to version 3 . . . . . . . . . . .  90
     A.3.  Previous AODVv2 Draft Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93

1.  Overview

   The Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Version 2 (AODVv2) protocol
   enables dynamic, multihop routing between participating mobile
   routers wishing to establish and maintain an ad hoc network.  The
   basic operations of the AODVv2 protocol are route discovery and route
   maintenance.  AODVv2 does not require nodes to maintain routes to
   destinations that are not in active communication.  AODVv2 allows
   mobile nodes to respond to link breakages and changes in network
   connectivity.

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1.1.  Distance Vector Routing Protocols

   AODVv2 is a distance-vector routing protocol, which means that routes
   are stored with information about the next hop (vector for
   forwarding) and the metric or cost of using the route (a "distance"
   to the destination along that route).  Typically, if multiple routes
   to a particular destination are available to be selected, the route
   with the least cost (e.g., shortest distance) is chosen for the
   purpose of forwarding packets to that destination.  Distance-vector
   (Bellman-Ford) routing protocols were historically vulnerable to what
   became known as the "counting to infinity" problem.  That problem
   causes routes to grow quickly worse over time, and results from a
   router's inability to detect out-of-sequence routing updates and
   subsequent retransmission of stale information.  AODVv2 uses sequence
   numbers to assure detection of stale routing information, as was done
   previously in DSDV and as described in [Perkins94].  The operation of
   AODVv2 is consequently loop-free and offers quick convergence when
   the ad hoc network topology changes (typically, when a node moves in
   the network).  When links break, AODVv2 causes the affected set of
   nodes to be notified so that they are able to invalidate the routes
   using the broken link.

   AODVv2 stores a destination sequence number for each route entry.
   The destination sequence number is created by the destination to be
   included along with any route information it sends to requesting
   nodes.  Using destination sequence numbers ensures loop freedom and
   is simple to program.  Given the choice between two routes to a
   destination, a requesting node is required to select the one with the
   greatest sequence number.

1.2.  Basic Protocol Mechanisms

   The basic protocol mechanisms are as follows.  AODVv2 is a reactive
   protocol, meaning that route discovery is initiated only when a route
   to the target is needed (i.e. when a router's client has data to send
   (see Section 4.2)).  For this purpose, AODVv2 uses Route Request
   (RREQ) and Route Reply (RREP) messages as follows: an RREQ is
   distributed across the network.  Routers (other than the target)
   receiving the RREQ retransmit it and also store a reverse route back
   to the originator of the RREQ.

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              :  /  \ :
              | /    \|                \
            - S ----- A ---...          \              M-----D
              |      / \           /-----J---...      /
              :     /   \ /       /      /|\         /
                    :   -B-------/      / : \       /
                         |                   K-----L--....
                         :                   |    /|

               Figure 1: Flooding a RREQ through the network

   In figure Figure 1, node 'S' needs to discover a route to a desired
   destination node 'D'.  S generates a RREQ to be flooded throughout
   the network.  The RREQ traverses nodes A, B, J, K, L, and M before
   finally arriving at the target node D.  The RREQ will also most
   likely be received and retransmitted by many other nodes in the
   network.  Each intermediate node that receives the RREQ stores a
   reverse route back to node S so that communication between S and D
   can be established in case that intermediate node receives a RREP in
   response to the RREQ.

   When the target receives the RREQ, it answers with an RREP, which is
   then relayed back to the originator along the path stored by the
   intermediate routers.  A metric value is included within the messages
   to indicate the cost of the route.

             S <--- A <--- B <--- J <--- K <--- L <--- M <--- D

                Figure 2: D sends a RREP back to the node S

   In figure Figure 2, node 'D' transmits a RREP back towards S.  Node M
   has stored a route back to S by way of node L.  Node L has stored a
   route back to S by way of node K, and so on.  Also, each node that
   receives the RREP uses the information in the RREP to store a route
   to node 'D'.  For instance, the RREP contains the metric describing
   the cost of the route from an intermediate node X to node D, as well
   as information about the next hop towards D -- namely, the node which
   transmitted the RREP to X.

   AODVv2 uses sequence numbers as described above to identify stale
   routing information, and compares route metric values to determine if
   advertised routes could form loops.  Route maintenance includes
   confirming bidirectionality of links to next-hop AODVv2 routers,
   managing route timeouts, using Route Error (RERR) messages to inform
   other routers of broken links, and reacting to received Route Error
   messages.

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   AODVv2 requires indications to be exchanged between AODVv2 and the
   forwarding subsystem for the following conditions:

   *  a packet needs to be forwarded and a route needs to be discovered
      (this happens because of the on-demand nature of AODVv2)

   *  packet forwarding fails, in order to report a route error

   *  packet forwarding succeeds, in order to manage route timeouts.

   Security for authentication of AODVv2 routers and encryption of
   control messages is accomplished using the TIMESTAMP and ICV TLVs
   defined in [RFC7182].

1.3.  Comparison to RFC 3561

   AODVv2 operates in a fashion very similar to AODV[RFC3561].  The
   mechanism for route discovery is basically the same, so that similar
   performance results can be expected.  Compared to AODV, AODVv2 has
   moved some features out of the scope of the document, notably
   intermediate route replies, and expanding ring search.  However, this
   document has been designed to allow specification of those features
   in a separate document.

   AODVv2 control messages are defined as sets of data.  As described in
   Section 8, these sets of data can be mapped to message elements using
   the Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format defined in [RFC5444] and
   sent using the parameters in [RFC5498].  Additional refinements have
   been made for route timeouts and state management.  Other mappings
   for the sets of data for the control messages are possible.

   Compared to AODV[RFC3561], the following protocol mechanisms have
   changed:

   *  Verification of link bidirectionality has been substantially
      improved

   *  Alternate metrics may be used to determine route quality

   *  Support for multiple interfaces has been improved

   *  Support for multi-interface IP addresses has been added

   *  A new security model allowing end to end integrity checks has been
      added

   *  Message formats have been updated and made compliant with
      [RFC5444].

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   *  Hello messages and local repair have been removed.

   *  Multihoming is supported.

   AODVv2 has not been designed to be interoperable with AODV.  However,
   it would be straightforward to allow both protocols to be used in the
   same ad hoc network as long as compatible metrics were used.

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   [RFC2119].  The names of the protocol messages in AODVv2 are chosen
   to conform to the names of the similar protocol messages in
   [RFC3561].  In addition, this document uses terminology from
   [RFC5444], and defines the following terms:

   Address Block
      An AddressList along with address type for each address (see
      Section 8).

   AddressList
      A list of IP addresses as used in AODVv2 messages.  The IP address
      family is determined, for instance, by parameter choice in
      [RFC5444], or other shim layer between AODVv2 and the network
      layer.

   AckReq
      Used in a Route Reply Acknowledgement message to indicate that a
      Route Reply Acknowledgement is expected in return (see
      Section 7.3).

   AdvRte
      A route advertised in an incoming route message (RREQ or RREP).

   AODVv2 Router
      An IP addressable device in the ad hoc network that performs the
      AODVv2 protocol operations specified in this document.

   CurrentTime
      The current time as maintained by the AODVv2 router.

   Invalid route
      A route that cannot be used for forwarding but still contains
      useful sequence number information.

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   LocalRoute
      An entry in the Local Route Set as defined in Section 4.5.

   MANET
      A Mobile Ad Hoc Network as defined in [RFC2501].

   MetricType
      The metric type for a metric value included in a message (see
      Section 13.4).

   MetricTypeList
      A list of metric types associated with the addresses in the
      AddressList of a Route Error message.

   Neighbor
      An AODVv2 router from which an RREQ or RREP message has been
      received.  Neighbors exchange routing information and verify
      bidirectionality of the link to a neighbor before installing a
      route via that neighbor into the Local Route Set.

   OrigAddr
      The source IP address of the IP packet triggering route discovery.

   OrigMetric
      The metric value associated with the route to OrigPrefix.

   OrigPrefix
      The prefix configured in the Router Client Set entry which
      includes OrigAddr.

   OrigPrefixLen
      The prefix length, in bits, configured in the Router Client Set
      entry which includes OrigAddr.

   OrigSeqNum
      The sequence number of the AODVv2 router which originated the
      Route Request on behalf of OrigAddr.

   PktSource
      The source address of the IP packet that triggered a Route Error
      message.

   PrefixLengthList
      A list of routing prefix lengths associated with the addresses in
      the AddressList of a message.

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   Reactive
      Performed only in reaction to specific events.  In AODVv2, routes
      are requested only when data packets need to be forwarded.  In
      this document, "reactive" is synonymous with "on-demand".

   RERR (Route Error)
      The AODVv2 message type used to indicate that an AODVv2 router
      does not have a valid LocalRoute toward one or more destinations.

   RERR_Gen (RERR Generating Router)
      The AODVv2 router generating a Route Error message.

   RerrMsg (RERR Message)
      A Route Error (RERR) message.

   Routable Unicast IP Address
      A unicast IP address that is scoped sufficiently to be forwarded
      by a router.  Globally-scoped unicast IP addresses and Unique
      Local Addresses (ULAs) [RFC4193] are examples of routable unicast
      IP addresses.

   Router Client
      An address within an address range configured on an AODVv2 router,
      on behalf of which that router will initiate and respond to route
      discoveries.  These addresses may be used by the AODVv2 router
      itself or by devices that are reachable without traversing another
      AODVv2 router.

   RREP (Route Reply)
      The AODVv2 message type used to reply to a Route Request message.

   RREP_Gen (RREP Generating Router)
      The AODVv2 router that generates the Route Reply message, i.e.,
      the router configured with TargAddr as a Router Client.

   RREQ (Route Request)
      The AODVv2 message type used to discover a route to TargAddr and
      distribute information about a route to OrigPrefix.

   RREQ_Gen (RREQ Generating Router)
      The AODVv2 router that generates the Route Request message, i.e.,
      the router configured with OrigAddr as a Router Client.

   RteMsg (Route Message)
      A Route Request (RREQ) or Route Reply (RREP) message.

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   SeqNum
      The sequence number maintained by an AODVv2 router to indicate
      freshness of route information.

   SeqNumList
      A list of sequence numbers associated with the addresses in the
      AddressList of a message.

   TargAddr
      The target address of a route request, i.e., the destination
      address of the IP packet triggering route discovery.

   TargMetric
      The metric value associated with the route to TargPrefix.

   TargPrefix
      The prefix configured in the Router Client Set entry which
      includes TargAddr.

   TargPrefixLen
      The prefix length, in bits, configured in the Router Client Set
      entry which includes TargAddr.

   TargSeqNum
      The sequence number of the AODVv2 router which originated the
      Route Reply on behalf of TargAddr.

   Unreachable Address
      An address reported in a Route Error message, as described in
      Section 7.4.1.

   Upstream
      In the direction from destination to source (from TargAddr to
      OrigAddr).

   Valid route
      A route that can be used for forwarding.

   This document uses the notational conventions in Table 1 to simplify
   the text.

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      +======================+======================================+
      | Notation             | Meaning                              |
      +======================+======================================+
      | Route[Address]       | A route toward Address               |
      +----------------------+--------------------------------------+
      | Route[Address].Field | A field in a route toward Address    |
      +----------------------+--------------------------------------+
      | McMsg.Field          | A field in a Multicast Message entry |
      +----------------------+--------------------------------------+
      | RteMsg.Field         | A field in either RREQ or RREP       |
      +----------------------+--------------------------------------+
      | RerrMsg.Field        | A field in a RERR                    |
      +----------------------+--------------------------------------+

                      Table 1: Notational Conventions

3.  Applicability Statement

   The AODVv2 routing protocol is a reactive routing protocol designed
   for use in mobile ad hoc wireless networks, and may also be useful in
   networks where the nodes are not mobile but economical route
   maintenance is still required.  A reactive protocol only sends
   messages to discover a route when there is data to send on that
   route.  This requires an interaction with the forwarding plane, to
   indicate when a packet is to be forwarded, in case reactive route
   discovery is needed.  The set of signals exchanged between AODVv2 and
   the forwarding plane are discussed in Section 6.4.

   AODVv2 is designed for stub or disconnected mobile ad hoc networks,
   i.e., non-transit networks or those not connected to the internet.
   AODVv2 routers can, however, be configured to perform gateway
   functions when attached to external networks, as discussed in
   Section 9.

   AODVv2 handles a wide variety of mobility and traffic patterns by
   determining routes on-demand.  In networks with a large number of
   routers, AODVv2 is best suited for relatively sparse traffic
   scenarios where each router forwards IP packets to a small percentage
   of destination addresses in the network.  In such cases fewer routes
   are needed, and far less control traffic is produced.  In large
   networks with dense traffic patterns, AODVv2 control messages may
   cause a broadcast storm, overwhelming the network with control
   messages.  The transmission priorities described in Section 6.5
   prioritize route maintenance traffic over route discovery traffic.

   Data packets may be buffered until a route to their destination is
   available, as described in Section 6.6.

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   AODVv2 is well suited to reactive scenarios such as emergency and
   disaster relief, where the ability to communicate might be more
   important than being assured of secure operations.  For many other ad
   hoc networking applications, in which insecure operation could negate
   the value of establishing communication paths, it is important for
   neighboring AODVv2 routers to establish security associations with
   one another.

   AODVv2 provides for message integrity and security against replay
   attacks by using integrity check values, timestamps and sequence
   numbers, as described in Section 14.  When security associations have
   been established, encryption can be used for AODVv2 messages to
   ensure that only trusted routers participate in routing operations.

   The AODVv2 route discovery process aims for a route to be established
   in both directions along the same path.  Uni-directional links are
   not suitable; AODVv2 will detect and exclude those links from route
   discovery.  The route discovered is optimized for the requesting
   router, and the return path may not be the optimal route.

   AODVv2 is applicable to memory constrained devices, since only a
   little routing state is maintained in each AODVv2 router.  AODVv2
   routes that are not needed for forwarding data do not need to be
   maintained.

   AODVv2 supports routers with multiple interfaces and multiple IP
   addresses per interface.  A router may also use the same IP address
   on multiple interfaces.  AODVv2 requires only that each interface
   configured for AODVv2 has at least one unicast IP address (see
   Section 4.1).  Address assignment procedures are out of scope for
   AODVv2.

   AODVv2 supports Router Clients with multiple interfaces, as long as
   each Client interface is configured with its own unicast IP address.

   The routing algorithm in AODVv2 has been operated at layers other
   than the network layer, using layer-appropriate addresses.

4.  Data Structures

4.1.  Network Interfaces used by AODVv2

   AODVv2 has to maintain information about all network interfaces
   configured for sending or receiving AODVv2 messages.  Any interface
   with an IP address can be used.  Multiple interfaces on a single
   router can be used.  Multiple interfaces on the same router may be
   configured with the same IP address; in this case, sufficient
   information about those network interfaces has to be maintained by

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   the AODVv2 router in order to determine which of them has received an
   incoming AODVv2 message.  For instance, it is often possible to
   determine the incoming interface by inspecting the MAC address of the
   layer-2 frame header.

4.2.  Router Client Set

   An AODVv2 router discovers routes for its own local applications and
   also for its Router Clients that are reachable without traversing
   another AODVv2 router.  The addresses used by these devices, and the
   AODVv2 router itself, are configured in the Router Client Set. An
   AODVv2 router will only originate Route Request and Route Reply
   messages on behalf of its configured Router Client addresses.

   Router Client Set entries are configured manually or by mechanisms
   out of scope for this document.  Each client's entry contains:

   RouterClient.IPAddress
      An IP address or the start of an address range that requires route
      discovery services from the AODVv2 router.

   RouterClient.PrefixLength
      The length, in bits, of the routing prefix associated with the
      RouterClient.IPAddress.  If the prefix length is not equal to the
      address length of RouterClient.IPAddress, the AODVv2 router MUST
      participate in route discovery on behalf of all addresses within
      that prefix.

   RouterClient.Cost
      The cost associated with reaching the client's address or address
      range.

4.3.  Neighbor Set

   A Neighbor Set is used to maintain information about neighboring
   AODVv2 routers.  Neighbor Set entries are stored when AODVv2 messages
   are received.  If the Neighbor is chosen as a next hop on an
   installed route, the link to the Neighbor is tested for
   bidirectionality; the result is stored in the Neighbor Set.

   Neighbor Set entries MUST contain:

   Neighbor.IPAddress
      An IP address of the neighboring router.

   Neighbor.State
      Indicates whether the link to the neighbor is bidirectional.
      There are three possible states: CONFIRMED, HEARD, and

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      BLACKLISTED.  HEARD is the initial state.  CONFIRMED indicates
      that the link to the neighbor has been confirmed as bidirectional.
      BLACKLISTED indicates that the link to the neighbor is being
      treated as uni-directional.  Section 6.2 discusses how to monitor
      link bidirectionality.

   Neighbor.Timeout
      Indicates the time at which the Neighbor.State should be updated:

   *  If the value of Neighbor.State is BLACKLISTED, this indicates the
      time at which Neighbor.State will revert to HEARD.  This value is
      calculated at the time the router is blacklisted and by default is
      equal to CurrentTime + MAX_BLACKLIST_TIME.

   *  If Neighbor.State is HEARD, and an RREP_Ack has been requested
      from the neighbor, it indicates the time at which Neighbor.State
      will be set to BLACKLISTED, if an RREP_Ack has not been received.

   *  If the value of Neighbor.State is HEARD and no RREP_Ack has been
      requested, or if Neighbor.State is CONFIRMED, this time is set to
      INFINITY_TIME.

   Neighbor.Interface
      The interface on which the link to the neighbor was established.

   Neighbor.AckSeqNum
      The next sequence number to use for the TIMESTAMP value in an
      RREP_Ack request, in order to detect replay of an RREP_Ack
      response.  AckSeqNum is initialized to a random value.

   Neighbor.HeardRERRSeqNum
      The last heard sequence number used as the TIMESTAMP value in a
      RERR received from this neighbor, saved in order to detect replay
      of a RERR message.  HeardRERRSeqNum is initialized to zero.

   See Section 11.3 and Section 11.4 for more information on how
   Neighbor.AckSeqNum and Neighbor.HeardRERRSeqNum are used.

4.4.  Sequence Numbers

   Sequence Numbers enable AODVv2 routers to determine the temporal
   order of route discovery messages that originate from a AODVv2
   router, and thus to identify stale routing information so that it can
   be discarded.  The sequence number fulfills the same roles as the
   "Destination Sequence Number" of DSDV [Perkins94], and the AODV
   Sequence Number in [RFC3561].  The sequence numbers from two
   different routers are not comparable; route discovery messages with
   sequence numbers belonging to two different routers cannot be

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   compared to determine temporal ordering.

   Each AODVv2 router in the network MUST maintain its own sequence
   number.  All RREQ and RREP messages created by an AODVv2 router
   include the router's sequence number, reported as a 16-bit unsigned
   integer.  Each AODVv2 router MUST ensure that its sequence number is
   strictly increasing, and that it is incremented by one (1) whenever
   an RREQ or RREP is created, except when the sequence number is 65,535
   (the maximum value of a 16-bit unsigned integer), in which case it
   MUST be reset to one (1) to achieve wrap around.  The value zero (0)
   is reserved to indicate that the router's sequence number is unknown.

   An AODVv2 router MUST use its sequence number only on behalf of its
   configured Router Clients; route messages forwarded by other routers
   retain the originator's sequence number.

   To determine if newly received information is stale and therefore
   redundant compared to other information originated by the same
   router, the sequence number attached to the information is compared
   to the sequence number of existing information about the same route.
   The comparison is carried out by subtracting the existing sequence
   number from the newly received sequence number, using unsigned
   arithmetic.  The result of the subtraction is to be interpreted as a
   signed 16-bit integer.

   *  If the result is negative, the newly received information is
      considered older than the existing information and therefore stale
      and redundant and MUST therefore be discarded.

   *  If the result is positive, the newly received information is newer
      than the existing information and is not considered stale or
      redundant and MUST therefore be processed.

   *  If the result is zero, the newly received information is not
      considered stale, and therefore MUST be processed further in case
      the new information offers a better route (see Section 6.7.1 and
      Section 6.8).

   Along with the algorithm in Section 6.7.1, maintaining temporal
   ordering ensures loop freedom.

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   An AODVv2 router SHOULD maintain its sequence number in persistent
   storage.  On routers unable to store persistent AODVv2 state,
   recovery can impose a performance penalty (e.g., in case of AODVv2
   router reboot), since if a router loses its sequence number, there is
   a delay (by default, on the order of minutes) before the router can
   resume full operations.  If the sequence number is lost, the router
   MUST follow the procedure in Section 6.1 to safely resume routing
   operations with a new sequence number.

4.5.  Local Route Set

   All AODVv2 routers MUST maintain a Local Route Set, containing
   information obtained from AODVv2 route messages.  The Local Route Set
   may be considered to be stored separately from the forwarding plane's
   routing table (referred to as Routing Information Base (RIB)), which
   may be updated by other routing protocols operating on the AODVv2
   router as well.  The Routing Information Base is updated using
   information from the Local Route Set. Alternatively, if the
   information specified below can be added to RIB entries,
   implementations MAY choose to modify the Routing Information Base
   directly instead of maintaining a dedicated Local Route Set. In this
   case, since the route table entry is accessed whenever a packet uses
   the route, the LastUsed (see below) field can be tested to determine
   the state of the route, including whether or not the route has timed
   out.  For example, if CurrentTime is less than LocalRoute.LastUsed +
   ACTIVE_INTERVAL + MAX_IDLETIME, a valid route can still be used to
   forward the packet.  Otherwise, the route has timed out, and the
   state of the route MUST be changed to be Invalid.  When this method
   of managing route timeouts can be used, AODVv2 does not otherwise
   require the implementation to maintain a timer interrupt.  This may
   be considered an "on-demand" method for managing route timeouts.

   Routes obtained from AODVv2 route messages are referred to in this
   document as LocalRoutes, and MUST contain the following information:

   LocalRoute.Address
      An address, which, when combined with LocalRoute.PrefixLength,
      describes the set of destination addresses for which this route
      enables forwarding.

   LocalRoute.PrefixLength
      The prefix length, in bits, associated with LocalRoute.Address.

   LocalRoute.SeqNum
      The sequence number associated with LocalRoute.Address, obtained
      from the last route message that successfully updated this entry.

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   LocalRoute.NextHop
      The source IP address of the IP packet containing the AODVv2
      message advertising the route to LocalRoute.Address, i.e., an IP
      address of the AODVv2 router used for the next hop on the path
      toward LocalRoute.Address.

   LocalRoute.NextHopInterface
      The interface used to send IP packets toward LocalRoute.Address.

   LocalRoute.LastUsed
      If this route is installed in the Routing Information Base, the
      time it was last used to forward an IP packet.  If not, the time
      at which the LocalRoute was created.

   LocalRoute.LastSeqNumUpdate
      The time LocalRoute.SeqNum was last updated.

   LocalRoute.MetricType
      The type of metric associated with this route.  See Section 5 for
      information about AODVv2's handling of multiple metric types.

   LocalRoute.Metric
      The cost of the route toward LocalRoute.Address expressed in units
      consistent with LocalRoute.MetricType.

   LocalRoute.Precursors (optional feature)
      A list of upstream neighbors using the route (see Section 10).

   LocalRoute.SeqNoRtr
      If nonzero, the IP address of the router that originated the
      Sequence Number for this route.

   LocalRoute.State
      The last known state (Unconfirmed, Idle, Active, or Invalid) of
      the route.

   There are four possible states for a LocalRoute:

   Unconfirmed
      A route obtained from a Route Request message, which has not yet
      been confirmed as bidirectional.  It MUST NOT be stored in the RIB
      to forward general data-plane traffic, but it can be used to
      transmit RREP packets along with a request for bidirectional link
      verification.  An Unconfirmed route is not otherwise considered a
      valid route.  This state is only used for routes obtained through
      RREQ messages.

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   Idle
      A route that has been confirmed to be bidirectional, but has not
      been used in the last ACTIVE_INTERVAL.  It can be used for
      forwarding IP packets, and therefore it is considered a valid
      route.

   Active
      A valid route that has been used for forwarding IP packets during
      the last ACTIVE_INTERVAL.

   Invalid
      A route that has expired or has broken.  It MUST NOT be used for
      forwarding IP packets.  Invalid routes contain the destination's
      sequence number, which may be useful when assessing freshness of
      incoming routing information.

   If the Local Route Set is stored separately from the RIB, then routes
   are added to the RIB when LocalRoute.State becomes Active, and
   removed from the RIB when LocalRoute.State becomes Invalid.  Changes
   to LocalRoute state are detailed in Section 6.10.1.

4.6.  Multicast Message Set

   Multicast RREQ messages SHOULD be tested for redundancy to avoid
   unnecessary processing and forwarding.

   The Multicast Message Set is a conceptual set which contains
   information about previously received multicast messages, so that
   incoming messages can be compared with previously received messages
   to determine if the incoming information is redundant or stale, so
   that the router can avoid sending redundant control traffic.

   Multicast Message Set entries contain the following information:

   McMsg.OrigPrefix
      The prefix associated with OrigAddr, the source address of the IP
      packet triggering the RREQ.

   McMsg.OrigPrefixLen
      The prefix length associated with McMsg.OrigPrefix, from the
      Router Client Set entry on RREQ_Gen which includes OrigAddr.

   McMsg.TargPrefix
      The prefix associated with TargAddr, the destination address of
      the IP packet triggering the route request.  In an RREQ this MUST
      be set to TargAddr.

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   McMsg.OrigSeqNum
      The sequence number associated with the route to OrigPrefix, if
      RteMsg is an RREQ.

   McMsg.TargSeqNum
      The sequence number associated with the route to TargPrefix.

   McMsg.MetricType
      The metric type of the route requested.

   McMsg.Metric
      The metric value received in the RteMsg.

   McMsg.Timestamp
      The last time this Multicast Message Set entry was updated.

   McMsg.RemovalTime
      The time at which this entry MUST be removed from the Multicast
      Route Message Set.

   McMsg.Interface
      The interface on which the message was received.

   McMsg.SeqNoRtr
      If nonzero, the IP address of the router that originated the
      Sequence Number for this route.

   The Multicast Message Set is maintained so that no two entries have
   the same OrigPrefix, OrigPrefixLen, TargPrefix, and MetricType.  See
   Section 6.8 for details about updating this set.

4.7.  Route Error (RERR) Set

   Each RERR message sent because no route exists for packet forwarding
   SHOULD be recorded in a conceptual set called the Route Error (RERR)
   Set. Each entry contains the following information:

   RerrMsg.Timeout
      The time after which the entry SHOULD be deleted.

   RerrMsg.UnreachableAddress
      The UnreachableAddress reported in the AddressList of the RERR.

   RerrMsg.PktSource:
      The PktSource of the RERR (see Section 2).

   See Section 6.9 for instructions on how to update the set.

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5.  Metrics

   Metrics measure a cost or quality associated with a route or a link,
   e.g., latency, delay, financial cost, energy, etc.  Metric values are
   reported in Route Request and Route Reply messages.

   In Route Request messages, the metric describes the cost of the route
   from OrigPrefix to the router transmitting the Route Request.  For
   RREQ_Gen, this is the cost associated with the Router Client Set
   entry which includes OrigAddr.  For routers which forward the RREQ,
   this is the cost from OrigPrefix to the forwarding router, combining
   the metric value from the received RREQ message with knowledge of the
   link cost from the sender to the receiver, i.e., the incoming link
   cost.  This updated route cost is included when forwarding the Route
   Request message, and used to install a route to OrigPrefix.

   Similarly, in Route Reply messages, the metric reflects the cost of
   the route from TargPrefix to the router transmitting the Route Reply.
   For RREP_Gen, this is the cost associated with the Router Client Set
   entry which includes TargAddr.  For routers which forward the RREP,
   this is the cost from TargPrefix to the forwarding router, combining
   the metric value from the received RREP message with knowledge of the
   link cost from the sender to the receiver, i.e., the incoming link
   cost.  This updated route cost is included when forwarding the Route
   Reply message, and used to install a route to TargPrefix.

   When link metrics are symmetric, the cost of the routes installed in
   the Local Route Set at each router will be correct.  This assumption
   is often inexact, but calculating incoming/outgoing metric data is
   outside of scope of this document.  The route discovered is good for
   the requesting router, but the return path may not be the optimal
   route.

   AODVv2 enables the use of multiple metric types.  Each route
   discovery attempt indicates the metric type which is requested for
   the route.  Multiple valid routes may exist in the Local Route Set
   for the same address and prefix length but for different metric
   types.  More than one route to a particular address and prefix length
   MUST NOT exist in the Routing Information Base unless each packet can
   be inspected to determine which route in the RIB has the proper
   metric type as required for that packet.  Otherwise, only one route
   at a time to a particular address and prefix length may exist in the
   RIB.  The algorithm used to inspect the packet and make the
   determination about which the routes should be installed in the
   Routing Information Base is outside the scope of AODVv2.

   For each MetricType, AODVv2 requires:

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   *  A MetricType number, to indicate the metric type of a route.
      Currently allocated MetricType numbers are listed in Section 13.4.

   *  A maximum value, denoted MAX_METRIC[MetricType].  This MUST always
      be the maximum expressible metric value of type MetricType.  Field
      lengths associated with metric values are found in Section 13.4.
      If the cost of a route exceeds MAX_METRIC[MetricType], the route
      cannot be stored and is ignored.

   *  A function for incoming link cost, denoted Cost(L).  Using
      incoming link costs means that the route obtained has a metric
      accurate for the direction back towards the originating router.

   *  A function for route cost, denoted Cost(R).

   *  A function to analyze routes for potential loops based on metric
      information, denoted LoopFree(R1, R2).  LoopFree verifies that a
      route R2 is not a sub-section of another route R1.  An AODVv2
      router invokes LoopFree() as part of the process in Section 6.7.1,
      when an advertised route (R1) and an existing LocalRoute (R2) have
      the same destination address, metric type, and sequence number.
      LoopFree returns FALSE to indicate that an advertised route is not
      to be used to update a stored LocalRoute, as it may cause a
      routing loop.  In the case where the existing LocalRoute is
      Invalid, it is possible that the advertised route includes the
      existing LocalRoute and came from a router which did not yet
      receive notification of the route becoming Invalid, so the
      advertised route should not be used to update the Local Route Set,
      in case it forms a loop to a broken route.

   AODVv2 currently supports cost metrics where Cost(R) is strictly
   increasing, by defining:

   *  Cost(R) := Sum of Cost(L) of each link in the route

   *  LoopFree(R1, R2) := ( Cost(R1) <= Cost(R2) )

   Implementers MAY consider metric types that are not strictly
   increasing, but the definitions of Cost and LoopFree functions for
   such types are undefined, and interoperability issues need to be
   considered.

6.  AODVv2 Protocol Operations

   AODVv2 protocol operations include:

   *  managing sequence numbers,

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   *  monitoring next hop AODVv2 routers on discovered routes and
      updating the Neighbor Set,

   *  performing route discovery and dealing with requests from other
      routers,

   *  processing incoming route information and updating the Local Route
      Set,

   *  updating the Multicast Message Set and suppressing redundant
      messages, and

   *  reporting broken routes.

   These processes are discussed in detail in the following sections.

6.1.  Reinitialization

   When an AODVv2 router does not have information about its previous
   sequence number, or if its sequence number is lost at any point, the
   router reinitializes its sequence number to one (1).  However, other
   AODVv2 routers may still hold sequence number information that this
   router previously issued.  Since sequence number information is
   removed if there has been no update to the sequence number in
   MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME, the re-initializing router MUST wait for
   MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME before it creates any messages containing its new
   sequence number.  Nevertheless, the re-initializing router can still
   participate in creating routes as an intermediate router.

   During this wait period, the router is permitted to do the following:

   *  Process information in a received RREQ or RREP message to obtain a
      route to the originator or target of that route discovery

   *  Forward a received RREQ or RREP

   *  Send an RREP_Ack

   *  Maintain valid routes in the Local Route Set

   *  Create, process and forward RERR messages

6.2.  Next Hop Monitoring

   To ensure AODVv2 routers do not establish routes over uni-directional
   links, AODVv2 routers MUST verify that the link to the next hop
   router is bidirectional before marking a route as valid in the Local
   Route Set.

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   AODVv2 provides a mechanism for testing bidirectional connectivity
   during route discovery, and blacklisting routers where bidirectional
   connectivity is not available.  AODVv2 treats blacklisted routers as
   ineligible to be receivers of RREPs; then, a route through a
   different neighbor might be discovered.  A route is not to be used
   for forwarding until the link to the next hop is confirmed to be
   bidirectional.  AODVv2 routers do not need to monitor
   bidirectionality of links to neighboring routers which are not used
   as next hops on routes in the Local Route Set.

   *  Bidirectional connectivity to upstream routers can be tested by
      requesting acknowledgement of RREP messages, i.e., by including an
      AckReq element to indicate that an acknowledgement is requested.
      This MUST be answered by sending an RREP_Ack in response.  Receipt
      of an RREP_Ack within RREP_Ack_SENT_TIMEOUT demonstrates that
      bidirectional connectivity exists.  Otherwise, the link is
      considered to be unidirectional.  All AODVv2 routers MUST support
      this process, which is explained in Section 7.3.

   *  Receipt of an RREP message containing the route to TargAddr
      confirms bidirectionality to the downstream router, since an RREP
      message is a reply to an RREQ message which previously crossed the
      link in the opposite direction.

   To assist with next hop monitoring, a Neighbor Set (Section 4.3) is
   maintained.  When an RREQ or RREP is received, an AODVv2 router
   searches for an entry in the Neighbor Set where all of the following
   conditions are met:

   *  Neighbor.IPAddress == IP address from which the RREQ or RREP was
      received

   *  Neighbor.Interface == Interface on which the RREQ or RREP was
      received.

   If no such entry exists, a new entry is created as described in
   Section 6.3.  While the value of Neighbor.State is HEARD,
   acknowledgement of RREP messages sent to that neighbor MUST be
   requested.  If an acknowledgement is requested but not received
   within the timeout period, Neighbor.State for that neighbor MUST be
   set to BLACKLISTED.  If an acknowledgement is received within the
   timeout period, Neighbor.State is set to CONFIRMED.  When the value
   of Neighbor.State is CONFIRMED, the request for an acknowledgement of
   any other RREP message is unnecessary.  AODVv2 does not require
   periodic or continuous recertification of bidirectionality.

   There are many external mechanisms that can provide indications of
   connectivity.  Among them are the following:

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   *  MAC layer protocol assuring bidirectional links (for example,
      [dot11])

   *  Route timeout (see Section 6.10.1)

   *  Lower layer triggers indicating message reception or change in
      link status (see, for example, [RFC8175])

   *  Listening for AODVv2 messages from neighbors even when destined to
      another IP address

   *  Receipt of a Neighborhood Discovery Protocol HELLO message with
      the receiving router listed as a neighbor [RFC6130]

   *  TCP[RFC0793] timeouts (although TCP takes a while to signal
      failure)

   If the MAC layer, or such an external process as listed above,
   signals that the link to a neighbor is bidirectional, the AODVv2
   router MAY update the matching Neighbor Set entry by changing the
   value of Neighbor.State to CONFIRMED.  If an external process signals
   that a link is not bidirectional, then the value of Neighbor.State
   MAY be changed to BLACKLISTED.

6.3.  Neighbor Set Update

   On receipt of an RREQ or RREP message, the Neighbor Set MUST be
   checked for an entry with Neighbor.IPAddress which matches the source
   IP address of a packet containing the AODVv2 message.  If no matching
   entry is found, a new entry is created.

   A new Neighbor Set entry is created as follows:

   *  Neighbor.IPAddress := Source IP address of the received route
      message

   *  Neighbor.State := HEARD

   *  Neighbor.Timeout := INFINITY_TIME

   *  Neighbor.Interface := the interface on which the RREQ or RREP was
      received.

   *  Neighbor.AckSeqNum := a random value

   *  Neighbor.HeardRERRSeqNum := 0 (see Section 4.1).

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   When an RREP_Ack request is sent to a neighbor, the Neighbor Set
   entry is updated as follows:

   *  Neighbor.Timeout := CurrentTime + RREP_Ack_SENT_TIMEOUT

   When a received message is one of the following:

   *  an RREP which answers an RREQ sent within RREQ_WAIT_TIME over the
      same interface as Neighbor.Interface

   *  an RREP_Ack response received from a Neighbor with Neighbor.State
      set to HEARD, where Neighbor.Timeout > CurrentTime

   then the link to the neighbor is bidirectional and the Neighbor Set
   entry is updated as follows:

   *  Neighbor.State := CONFIRMED

   *  Neighbor.Timeout := INFINITY_TIME

   If the Neighbor.Timeout is reached and Neighbor.State is HEARD, then
   an RREP_Ack response has not been received from the neighbor within
   RREP_Ack_SENT_TIMEOUT of sending the RREP_Ack request.  The link is
   considered to be uni-directional and the Neighbor Set entry is
   updated as follows:

   *  Neighbor.State := BLACKLISTED

   *  Neighbor.Timeout := CurrentTime + MAX_BLACKLIST_TIME

   When the Neighbor.Timeout is reached and Neighbor.State is
   BLACKLISTED, the Neighbor Set entry is updated as follows:

   *  Neighbor.State := HEARD

   *  Neighbor.Timeout := INFINITY_TIME

   If an external mechanism reports a link as broken, the Neighbor Set
   entry MUST be removed.

   Route requests (RREQs) from neighbors with Neighbor.State set to
   BLACKLISTED MUST be ignored, to avoid persistent IP packet loss or
   protocol failures.  Neighbor.Timeout allows the neighbor to again be
   allowed to participate in route discoveries after MAX_BLACKLIST_TIME,
   in case the link between the routers has become bidirectional.

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6.4.  Interaction with the Forwarding Plane

   The signals described in the following are conceptual in nature, and
   can be implemented in various ways.  The following descriptions of
   these signals and interactions are intended to assist implementers
   who may find them useful.  Implementations of AODVv2 do not have to
   implement the forwarding plane separately from the control plane or
   data plane.  By keeping track of success or failure of packet
   forwarding, AODV can avoid unnecessary route discovery operations,
   while still invalidating routes as early as possible to avoid
   transmitting packets over failed routes.

   AODVv2 makes use of the following signals:

   *  A packet cannot be forwarded because a route is unavailable:
      AODVv2 needs to know the source and destination IP addresses of
      the packet.  If the source of the packet is configured as a Router
      Client, the router MUST initiate route discovery to the
      destination.  Otherwise, the router SHOULD create a Route Error
      message.

   *  A packet is to be forwarded: AODVv2 needs to check the state of
      the entry in the Local Route Set to ensure that the route is still
      valid.

   *  Packet forwarding succeeds: AODVv2 needs to update the record of
      when a route was last used to forward a packet, i.e.
      LocalRoute.LastUsed := CurrentTime(see Section 6.7.2).

   *  Packet forwarding failure occurs: AODVv2 needs to create a Route
      Error message.

   AODVv2 sends signals to the conceptual forwarding plane when:

   *  A route discovery is in progress: buffering might be configured
      for packets requiring a route, while route discovery is attempted
      (see Section 6.6).

   *  A route discovery failed: any buffered packets requiring that
      route should be discarded, and the source of the packet SHOULD be
      notified that the destination is unreachable (using an ICMP
      Destination Unreachable message [RFC4443]).  Route discovery fails
      if an RREQ cannot be generated because the control message
      generation limit has been reached (see Section 6.5), or if an RREP
      is not received within RREQ_WAIT_TIME (see Section 6.6).

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   *  A route discovery succeeded: install a corresponding route into
      the Routing Information Base and begin transmitting any buffered
      packets.

   *  A route has been made invalid: for the affected destination,
      remove the corresponding next hop from the Routing Information
      Base.

   *  A route has been updated: update the corresponding route in the
      Routing Information Base.

   *  If routes with more than one metric type are available to a
      destination, a way to identify the route that is allowable for the
      metric type associated with forwarding the incoming packet.

6.5.  Message Transmission

   AODVv2 sends [RFC5444] formatted messages using the parameters for
   port number and IP protocol specified in [RFC5498].  Mapping of
   AODVv2 data to [RFC5444] messages is detailed in Section 8.  AODVv2
   multicast messages are sent to the link-local multicast address LL-
   MANET-Routers [RFC5498].  All AODVv2 routers MUST subscribe to LL-
   MANET-Routers on all AODVv2 interfaces [RFC5498] to receive AODVv2
   messages.  Such messages MAY be transmitted via unicast.  For
   example, this may occur for certain link-types (non-broadcast media),
   for manually configured router adjacencies, or in order to improve
   robustness.

   When multiple interfaces are available, an AODVv2 router transmitting
   a multicast message to LL-MANET-Routers MUST send the message on all
   interfaces that have been configured for AODVv2 operation, (see
   Section 4.1).

   To avoid congestion, each AODVv2 router's rate of message generation
   SHOULD be administratively configurable and rate-limited
   (CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT).  Messages SHOULD NOT be sent more frequently
   than one message per (1 / CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT)th of a second.  If
   this threshold is reached, messages MUST be sent based on their
   priority:

   *  Highest priority SHOULD be given to RREP_Ack messages.  This
      allows links between routers to be confirmed as bidirectional and
      avoids undesired blacklisting of next hop routers.

   *  Second priority SHOULD be given to RERR messages for undeliverable
      IP packets.  This avoids repeated forwarding of packets over
      broken routes that are still in use by other routers.

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   *  Third priority SHOULD be given to RREP messages in order that
      RREQs do not time out.

   *  Fourth priority SHOULD be given to RREQ messages.

   *  Fifth priority SHOULD be given to RERR messages for newly
      invalidated routes.

   *  Lowest priority SHOULD be given to RERR messages generated in
      response to RREP messages which cannot be forwarded.  In this case
      the route request will be retried at a later point.

   To implement the congestion control, a queue length is set.  If the
   queue is full, in order to queue a new message, a message of lower
   priority must be removed from the queue.  If this is not possible,
   the new message MUST be discarded.  The queue should be sorted in
   order of message priority

6.6.  Route Discovery, Retries and Buffering

   AODVv2's RREQ and RREP messages are used for route discovery.  RREQ
   messages are multicast to solicit an RREP, whereas RREP are unicast.
   The constants used in this section are defined in Section 12.

   When an AODVv2 router needs to forward an IP packet (with source
   address OrigAddr and destination address TargAddr) from one of its
   Router Clients, it needs a route to TargAddr in its Routing
   Information Base.  If no route exists, the AODVv2 router (RREQ_Gen)
   generates and multicasts a Route Request message (RREQ), on all
   configured interfaces, containing information about the source and
   destination.  The procedure for this is described in Section 7.1.1.
   Each generated RREQ results in an increment to the router's sequence
   number.  The AODVv2 router generating an RREQ is referred to as
   RREQ_Gen.

   Buffering might be configured for IP packets awaiting a route for
   forwarding by RREQ_Gen, if sufficient memory is available.  Buffering
   of IP packets might have both positive and negative effects.  TCP
   connection establishment will benefit if packets are queued while
   route discovery is performed [Koodli01], but real-time traffic,
   voice, and scheduled delivery may suffer if packets are buffered and
   subjected to delays.  Recommendations for appropriate buffer methods
   are out of scope for this specification.  Determining which packets
   to discard first when the buffer is full is a matter of policy.
   Using different (or no) buffer methods might affect performance but
   does not affect interoperability.

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   RREQ_Gen awaits reception of a Route Reply message (RREP) containing
   a route toward TargAddr.  This can be achieved by monitoring the
   entry in the Multicast Message Set that corresponds to the generated
   RREQ.  When CurrentTime exceeds McMsg.Timestamp + RREQ_WAIT_TIME and
   no RREP has been received, RREQ_Gen will retry the route discovery.

   To reduce congestion in a network, repeated attempts at route
   discovery for a particular target address utilize a binary
   exponential backoff: for each additional attempt, the time to wait
   for receipt of the RREP is multiplied by 2.  If the requested route
   is not discovered within the wait period, another RREQ is sent, up to
   a total of DISCOVERY_ATTEMPTS_MAX.  This is the same technique used
   in AODV [RFC3561].

   Through the use of bidirectional link monitoring and blacklists (see
   Section 6.2), uni-directional links on an initially selected route
   will be ignored on subsequent route discovery attempts.

   After DISCOVERY_ATTEMPTS_MAX and the corresponding wait time for an
   RREP response to the final RREQ, route discovery is considered to
   have failed.  If an attempted route discovery has failed, RREQ_Gen
   SHOULD wait at least RREQ_HOLDDOWN_TIME before attempting another
   route discovery to the same destination, in order to avoid repeatedly
   generating control traffic that is unlikely to discover a route.  Any
   IP packets buffered for TargAddr are also dropped, and a Destination
   Unreachable ICMP message (Type 3) with a code of 1 (Host Unreachable
   Error) MUST be sent to the source of the packet so that the
   application knows about the failure.

   If RREQ_Gen does receive a route message containing a route to
   TargAddr within the timeout, it processes the message according to
   Section 7.  When a valid LocalRoute entry is created in the Local
   Route Set, the route is also installed in the Routing Information
   Base, and the router will begin sending the buffered IP packets.  Any
   retry timers for the corresponding RREQ are then cancelled.

   During route discovery, all routers on the path obtain a route to
   both OrigPrefix and TargPrefix, so that routes are constructed in
   both directions.  The route is optimized for the forward route.

6.7.  Processing Received Route Information

   A Route Request (RREQ) contains a route to OrigPrefix, and a Route
   Reply (RREP) contains a route to TargPrefix.  Incoming information is
   checked to verify that it offers an improvement to existing
   information and that it would not create a routing loop, as explained
   in Section 6.7.1.  If these checks pass, and if sufficient memory is
   available, refer to Section 6.7.2 for details about how to update the

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   Local Route Set.

   RteMsg denotes the received route message (RREP or RREQ), AdvRte
   denotes the route defined by the information within the RteMsg, and
   LocalRoute denotes an existing entry in the Local Route Set which
   matches the address, prefix length, metric type, and SeqNoRtr of the
   AdvRte.

   AdvRte contains the following information extracted from the RteMsg:

   *  AdvRte.Address := RteMsg.OrigPrefix (in RREQ) or RteMsg.TargPrefix
      (in RREP)

   *  AdvRte.PrefixLength := RteMsg.OrigPrefixLen (in RREQ) or
      RteMsg.TargPrefixLen (in RREP).  If no prefix length was included
      in RteMsg, prefix length is the address length, in bits, of
      RteMsg.OrigPrefix (in RREQ) or RteMsg.TargPrefix (in RREP)

   *  AdvRte.SeqNum := RteMsg.OrigSeqNum (in RREQ) or RteMsg.TargSeqNum
      (in RREP)

   *  AdvRte.NextHop := the IP source address of the RteMsg (an address
      of the sending interface of the router from which the RteMsg was
      received)

   *  AdvRte.MetricType := RteMsg.MetricType

   *  AdvRte.Metric := RteMsg.Metric

   *  AdvRte.Cost := Cost(R) using the cost function associated with the
      route's metric type.  For cost metrics as described in Section 5,
      Cost(R) = AdvRte.Metric + Cost(L), where L is the link from the
      advertising router

   *  AdvRte.SeqNoRtr := the IP address in the AddressList of type
      SeqNoRtr if one exists, otherwise 0

6.7.1.  Evaluating Route Information

   An incoming advertised route (AdvRte) is compared to existing
   LocalRoutes to determine whether the advertised route is to be used
   to update the AODVv2 Local Route Set. The incoming route information
   MUST be processed as follows:

   1.  Search for LocalRoutes in the Local Route Set matching AdvRte's
       Address, PrefixLength, MetricType, and SeqNoRtr (the AODVv2
       router address corresponding to the sequence number).

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       *  If no matching LocalRoute exists, AdvRte MUST be used to
          update the Local Route Set and no further checks are required.

       *  If matching LocalRoutes are found, continue to the next step.

   2.  Compare sequence numbers using the technique described in
       Section 4.4

       *  If AdvRte is more recent than all matching LocalRoutes, AdvRte
          MUST be used to update the Local Route Set and no further
          checks are required.

       *  If AdvRte is stale, AdvRte MUST NOT be used to update the
          Local Route Set. Ignore AdvRte for further processing.

       *  If the sequence numbers are equal, continue to the next step.

   3.  Test AdvRte against all matching LocalRoutes to ensure that a
       routing loop is not created (see Section 5).

       *  If LoopFree(AdvRte, LocalRoute) returns FALSE, ignore AdvRte
          for further processing.  AdvRte MUST NOT be used to update the
          Local Route Set because using the incoming information might
          cause a routing loop.

       *  If LoopFree(AdvRte, LocalRoute) returns TRUE, continue to the
          next step.

   4.  Compare route costs

       *  If AdvRte is better than all matching LocalRoutes, it MUST be
          used to update the Local Route Set because it offers
          improvement.

       *  If AdvRte is equal in cost and LocalRoute is valid, AdvRte
          SHOULD NOT be used to update the Local Route Set because it
          will offer no improvement.

       *  If AdvRte is worse and LocalRoute is valid, ignore AdvRte for
          further processing.  AdvRte MUST NOT be used to update the
          Local Route Set because it does not offer any improvement.

       *  If AdvRte is not better (i.e., it is worse or equal) but
          LocalRoute is Invalid, AdvRte SHOULD be used to update the
          Local Route Set because it can safely repair the existing
          Invalid LocalRoute.

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   If the advertised route is to be used to update the Local Route Set,
   the procedure in Section 6.7.2 MUST be followed.  If not, non-optimal
   routes will remain in the Local Route Set.

   For information on how to apply these changes to the Routing
   Information Base, see Section 4.5.

6.7.2.  Applying Route Updates

   After determining that AdvRte is to be used to update the Local Route
   Set (as described in Section 6.7.1), the following procedure applies.

   If AdvRte is obtained from an RREQ message, the link to the next hop
   neighbor may not be confirmed as bidirectional (see Section 4.3).  If
   there is no existing matching route in the Local Route Set, AdvRte
   MUST be installed to allow a corresponding RREP to be sent.  If a
   matching entry already exists, and the link to the neighbor can be
   confirmed as bidirectional, AdvRte offers potential improvement.

   The route update is applied as follows:

   1.  If no existing entry in the Local Route Set matches AdvRte's
       address, prefix length, metric type and SeqNoRtr, continue to
       Step 4 and create a new entry in the Local Route Set.

   2.  If two matching LocalRoutes exist in the Local Route Set, one is
       a valid route, and one is an Unconfirmed route, AdvRte may offer
       further improvement to the Unconfirmed route, or may offer an
       update to the valid route.

       *  If AdvRte.NextHop's Neighbor.State is HEARD, the advertised
          route may offer improvement to the existing valid route, if
          the link to the next hop can be confirmed as bidirectional.
          Continue processing from Step 5 to update the existing
          Unconfirmed LocalRoute.

       *  If AdvRte.NextHop's Neighbor.State is CONFIRMED, the
          advertised route offers an update or improvement to the
          existing valid route.  Continue processing from Step 5 to
          update the existing valid LocalRoute.

   3.  If only one matching LocalRoute exists in the Local Route Set:

       *  If AdvRte.NextHop's Neighbor.State is CONFIRMED, continue
          processing from Step 5 to update the existing LocalRoute.

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       *  If AdvRte.NextHop's Neighbor.State is HEARD, AdvRte may offer
          improvement the existing LocalRoute, if the link to
          AdvRte.NextHop can be confirmed as bidirectional.

       *  If LocalRoute.State is Unconfirmed, AdvRte is an improvement
          to an existing Unconfirmed route.  Continue processing from
          Step 5 to update the existing LocalRoute.

       *  If LocalRoute.State is Invalid, AdvRte can replace the
          existing LocalRoute.  Continue processing from Step 5 to
          update the existing LocalRoute.

       *  If LocalRoute.State is Active or Idle, AdvRte SHOULD be stored
          as an additional entry in the Local Route Set, with
          LocalRoute.State set to Unconfirmed.  Continue processing from
          Step 4 to create a new LocalRoute.

   4.  Create an entry in the Local Route Set and initialize as follows:

       *  LocalRoute.Address := AdvRte.Address

       *  LocalRoute.PrefixLength := AdvRte.PrefixLength

       *  LocalRoute.MetricType := AdvRte.MetricType

   5.  Update the LocalRoute as follows:

       *  LocalRoute.SeqNum := AdvRte.SeqNum

       *  LocalRoute.NextHop := AdvRte.NextHop

       *  LocalRoute.NextHopInterface := interface on which RteMsg was
          received

       *  LocalRoute.Metric := AdvRte.Cost

       *  LocalRoute.LastUsed := CurrentTime

       *  LocalRoute.LastSeqNumUpdate := CurrentTime

       *  LocalRoute.SeqNoRtr := AdvRte.SeqNoRtr

   6.  If a new LocalRoute was created, or if the existing
       LocalRoute.State is Invalid or Unconfirmed, update LocalRoute as
       follows:

       *  LocalRoute.State := Unconfirmed (if the next hop's
          Neighbor.State is HEARD)

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       *  LocalRoute.State := Idle (if the next hop's Neighbor.State is
          CONFIRMED)

   7.  If an existing LocalRoute.State changed from Invalid or
       Unconfirmed to become Idle, any matching Unconfirmed LocalRoute
       with worse metric value SHOULD be expunged.

   8.  If an existing LocalRoute was updated with a better metric value,
       any matching Unconfirmed LocalRoute with worse metric value
       SHOULD be expunged.

   9.  If this update results in LocalRoute.State of Active or Idle,
       which matches a route request which is still in progress, the
       associated route request retry timers MUST be cancelled.

   If this update to the Local Route Set results in two LocalRoutes to
   the same address, the best LocalRoute will be Unconfirmed.  In order
   to improve the route used for forwarding, the router SHOULD try to
   determine if the link to the next hop of that LocalRoute is
   bidirectional, by using that LocalRoute to forward future RREPs and
   request acknowledgements (see Section 7.2.1 and Section 7.3.

6.8.  Suppressing Redundant Messages (Multicast Message Set)

   When route messages are flooded in a MANET, an AODVv2 router may
   receive several instances of the same message.  Forwarding every one
   of these would provide little additional benefit, while generating
   unnecessary signaling traffic and consequently additional
   interference.  There have been a number of variations of AODV (e.g.,
   [I-D.ietf-roll-aodv-rpl]), that have specified multicast for flooding
   RREP messages as well as RREQ messages.  Since, in this document,
   suppression techniques are only needed for RREQ messages, multicast
   RREP messages are not considered.  However, the technique involved is
   almost identical, and can be handled by substituting "RteMsg" instead
   of RREQ in the following text.

   Each AODVv2 router stores information about recently received RREQ
   messages in the AODVv2 Multicast Message Set (Section 4.6).

   In this section, an entry in the Multicast Message Set will be called
   a "multicast entry" for short.  Each multicast entry SHOULD be
   maintained for at least RteMsg_ENTRY_TIME after the last Timestamp
   update in order to account for long-lived RREQs traversing the
   network.  An entry MUST be deleted when the sequence number is no
   longer valid, i.e., after MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME.  Memory-constrained
   devices MAY remove the entry before this time.

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   Received RREQs are tested against multicast entries containing
   information about previously received RREQs.  A multicast entry is
   considered to be compatible with a received RREQ, or another
   multicast entry, if they both contain the same OrigPrefix,
   OrigPrefixLen, TargPrefix, and MetricType.  A multicast entry is
   considered to be comparable with a received RREQ, or another
   multicast entry, if they are compatible and if, in addition, they
   both have the same SeqNoRtr.  These terms will be used in the
   following algorithm determining how to process a received RREQ, and
   whether or not the RREQ is redundant.

   If the received message is determined to be redundant, no forwarding
   or response to the message is needed.  A message is considered to be
   redundant if either (a) a comparable newer (as determined by the
   OrigSeqNum) entry has already been received with information about
   the source and destination addresses of the route discovery operation
   or (b) it cannot be determined whether the message is newer compared
   to existing entries, but the received message metric value is not any
   better than metric values in compatible multicast entries.

   To use the received RREQ to update the Multicast Message Set, and to
   determine whether or not the received RREQ requires additional
   processing as specified in Section 7, perform the following steps:

   1.  First, search for a comparable multicast entry.  If there is no
       such entry, then create a new entry as follows:

       *  McMsg.OrigPrefix := OrigPrefix from the RREQ

       *  McMsg.OrigPrefixLen := the prefix length associated with
          OrigPrefix

       *  McMsg.TargPrefix := TargPrefix from the message

       *  McMsg.SeqNoRtr := the SeqNoRtr associated with RREQ if
          present, otherwise the sequence number associated with
          OrigPrefix

       *  McMsg.OrigSeqNum := the sequence number associated with
          OrigPrefix

       *  McMsg.Metric := the metric value associated with OrigPrefix in
          the received RREQ

       *  McMsg.MetricType := the metric type associated with
          McMsg.Metric

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       *  McMsg.Interface := the network interface on which the RREQ was
          received.

       *  McMsg.Timestamp := CurrentTime

       *  McMsg.RemovalTime := CurrentTime + MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME

   2.  Otherwise, if there is a comparable multicast entry, first update
       the timing information:

       *  McMsg.Timestamp := CurrentTime

       *  McMsg.RemovalTime := CurrentTime + MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME

       Then compare sequence numbers using the technique described in
       Section 4.4:

       *  If the multicast entry is newer compared to the received RREQ,
          drop the RREQ and discontinue processing.

       *  Otherwise, if the sequence numbers are the same, and the
          metric value for the multicast entry is no worse than the
          metric value in the received RREQ, drop the RREQ and
          discontinue processing.

       Otherwise the RREQ is newer than the multicast entry or has a
       better metric.  Continue as follows:

       *  McMsg.OrigSeqNum := the sequence number associated with
          OrigPrefix

       *  McMsg.Metric := the metric value associated with OrigPrefix in
          the received RREQ

   3.  Compare the metric values for any other compatible entries with
       the updated multicast entry containing the information from the
       received RREQ.  If any other compatible entry has a metric as
       good or better than that from the received RREQ, then drop the
       RREQ and discontinue processing.

   If processing for the RREQ has not been discontinued according to the
   above instructions, then continue processing the message as specified
   in Section 7.1.3.

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6.9.  Suppressing Redundant Route Error Messages (Route Error Set)

   In order to avoid flooding the network with RERR messages when a
   stream of IP packets to an unreachable address arrives, an AODVv2
   router SHOULD avoid creating duplicate messages by determining
   whether an equivalent RERR has recently been sent.  This is achieved
   with the help of the Route Error Set (see Section 4.7).

   To determine if a RERR should be created:

   1.  Search for an entry in the Route Error Set where:

       *  RerrMsg.UnreachableAddress == UnreachableAddress to be
          reported

       *  RerrMsg.PktSource == PktSource to be included in the RERR

       If a matching entry is found, no further processing is required
       and the RERR SHOULD NOT be sent.

   2.  If no matching entry is found, a new entry with the following
       properties is created, and the RERR is created and sent as
       described in Section 7.4.1:

       *  RerrMsg.Timeout := CurrentTime + RERR_TIMEOUT

       *  RerrMsg.UnreachableAddress == UnreachableAddress to be
          reported

       *  RerrMsg.PktSource == PktSource to be included in the RERR.

6.10.  Local Route Set Maintenance

   Route maintenance involves the following operations:

   *  monitoring LocalRoutes in the Local Route Set,

   *  updating LocalRoute.State to handle route timeouts,

   *  (for possibly unidirectional links) confirming a route to
      OrigAddr,

   *  reporting routes that become Invalid.

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6.10.1.  LocalRoute State Changes

   During normal operation, AODVv2 does not require explicit timeouts to
   manage the lifetime of a valid route.  At any time, any LocalRoute
   MAY be examined and updated according to the rules below.  In case a
   Routing Information Base is used for forwarding, the corresponding
   RIB entry MUST be updated as soon as the state of a LocalRoute.State
   changes.  Otherwise, if timers are not used to prompt updates of
   LocalRoute.State, the LocalRoute.State MUST be checked before IP
   packet forwarding and before any operation based on LocalRoute.State.

   Route timeout behaviour is as follows:

   *  An Unconfirmed route MUST be expunged at MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME after
      LocalRoute.LastSeqNumUpdate.

   *  An Idle route MUST be marked as Active when used to forward an IP
      packet.

   *  If an Idle route is not used to forward an IP packet within
      MAX_IDLETIME, LocalRoute.State MUST be set to Invalid.

   *  An Invalid route SHOULD remain in the Local Route Set, since
      LocalRoute.SeqNum is used to classify future information about
      LocalRoute.Address as stale or fresh.

   *  In all cases, if the time since LocalRoute.LastSeqNumUpdate
      exceeds MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME, LocalRoute.SeqNum must be set to 0.
      This is required so that any AODVv2 routers following the re-
      initialization procedure (see Section 6.1) can safely begin
      routing functions using a new sequence number.  A LocalRoute with
      LocalRoute.State set to Active or Idle can remain in the Local
      Route Set after the sequence number has been set to 0, for example
      if the route is reliably carrying traffic.  If LocalRoute.State is
      Invalid, or later becomes Invalid, the LocalRoute MUST be expunged
      from the Local Route Set.

   LocalRoutes can become Invalid before a timeout occurs, as follows:

   *  If an external mechanism reports a link as broken, all LocalRoutes
      using that link for LocalRoute.NextHop MUST immediately have
      LocalRoute.State set to Invalid.

   *  LocalRoute.State MUST immediately be set to Invalid if a Route
      Error (RERR) message is received where:

      -  The sender is LocalRoute.NextHop, or PktSource is a Router
         Client address

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      -  There is an Address in AddressList which matches
         LocalRoute.Address, and:

         o  The prefix length associated with this Address, if any,
            matches LocalRoute.PrefixLength

         o  The sequence number associated with this Address, if any, is
            newer or equal to LocalRoute.SeqNum (see Section 4.4)

         o  The metric type associated with this Address matches
            LocalRoute.MetricType

   A LocalRoute can be confirmed by inferring connectivity to OrigAddr.

   *  When an AODVv2 router sends an RREP to OrigAddr for destination
      TargAddr, and subsequently the AODVv2 router receives a packet
      from OrigAddr with destination TargAddr, the AODVv2 router infers
      that the route to OrigAddr has been confirmed.  The corresponding
      state for LocalRoute.OrigAddr is changed to Active.

   LocalRoutes are updated when Neighbor.State is updated:

   *  While the value of Neighbor.State is set to HEARD, any routes in
      the Local Route Set using that neighbor as a next hop MUST have
      LocalRoute.State set to Unconfirmed.

   *  When the value of Neighbor.State is set to BLACKLISTED, any valid
      routes in the Local Route Set using that neighbor for their next
      hop MUST have LocalRoute.State set to Invalid.

   *  When a Neighbor Set entry is removed, all routes in the Local
      Route Set using that neighbor as next hop MUST have
      LocalRoute.State set to Invalid.

   Memory constrained devices MAY choose to expunge routes from the
   AODVv2 Local Route Set at other times, but MUST adhere to the
   following rules:

   *  An Active route MUST NOT be expunged, as it is in use.  If
      deleted, IP traffic forwarded to this router would prompt
      generation of a Route Error message, necessitating a Route Request
      to be generated by the originator's router to re-establish the
      route.

   *  An Idle route SHOULD NOT be expunged, as it is still valid for
      forwarding IP traffic.  If deleted, this could result in dropped
      IP packets and a Route Request could be multicasted to re-
      establish the route.

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   *  Any Invalid route MAY be expunged.  Least recently used Invalid
      routes SHOULD be expunged first, since the sequence number
      information is less likely to be useful.

   *  An Unconfirmed route MUST NOT be expunged if it was installed
      within the last RREQ_WAIT_TIME, because it may correspond to a
      route discovery in progress.  A Route Reply message might be
      received which needs to use the LocalRoute.NextHop information.
      Otherwise, it MAY be expunged.

6.10.2.  Reporting Invalid Routes

   When LocalRoute.State changes from Active to Invalid as a result of a
   broken link or a received Route Error (RERR) message, other AODVv2
   routers MUST be informed by sending an RERR message containing
   details of the invalidated route.

   An RERR message MUST also be sent when an AODVv2 router receives an
   RREP message to forward, but the LocalRoute to the OrigAddr in the
   RREP is not available or is marked as Invalid.

   A packet or message triggering the RERR MUST be discarded.

   Generation of an RERR message is described in Section 7.4.1.

7.  AODVv2 Protocol Messages

   AODVv2 defines four message types: Route Request (RREQ), Route Reply
   (RREP), Route Reply Acknowledgement (RREP_Ack), and Route Error
   (RERR).

   Each AODVv2 message is defined as a set of data.  Rules for the
   generation, reception and forwarding of each message type are
   described in the following sections.  Section 8 discusses how the
   data is mapped to [RFC5444] Message TLVs, Address Blocks, and Address
   TLVs.

7.1.  Route Request (RREQ) Message

   Route Request messages are used in route discovery operations to
   request a route to a specified target address.  RREQ messages have
   the following contents:

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    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                          msg_hop_limit                          |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                           AddressList                           |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                   PrefixLengthList (optional)                   |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                OrigSeqNum, (optional) TargSeqNum                |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                           MetricType                            |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                           OrigMetric                            |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+

                      Figure 3: RREQ message contents

   msg_hop_limit
      The remaining number of hops allowed for dissemination of the RREQ
      message.

   AddressList
      Contains:

      *  OrigPrefix, from the Router Client Set entry which includes
         OrigAddr, the source address of the IP packet for which a route
         is requested,

      *  TargPrefix, set to TargAddr, the destination address of the IP
         packet for which a route is requested, and

      *  Optionally, if RouterClient.SeqNoRtr is true, the IP address of
         OrigRtr -- i.e., the router that originated the Sequence Number
         for this RREQ.

   PrefixLengthList
      Contains OrigPrefixLen, i.e., the length, in bits, of the prefix
      associated with the Router Client Set entry which includes
      OrigAddr.  If omitted, the prefix length is equal to OrigAddr's
      address length in bits.

   OrigSeqNum
      The sequence number associated with OrigPrefix.

   TargSeqNum
      A sequence number associated with an existing Invalid route to
      TargAddr.  This MAY be included if available.

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   MetricType
      The metric type associated with OrigMetric.

   OrigMetric
      The metric value associated with the route to OrigPrefix, as
      determined by the sender of the message.

7.1.1.  RREQ Generation

   An RREQ is generated to discover a route when an IP packet needs to
   be forwarded for a Router Client, and no valid route currently exists
   for the packet's destination in the Routing Information Base.

   If the limit for the rate of AODVv2 control message generation has
   been reached, no message SHOULD be generated Section 6.5.  Before
   creating an RREQ, the router SHOULD check the Multicast Message Set
   to see if a compatible RREQ has already been sent for the requested
   destination.  If so, and the wait time for a reply has not yet been
   reached, the router SHOULD continue to await a response without
   generating a new RREQ.  If the timeout has been reached, a new RREQ
   MAY be generated.  If buffering is configured, incoming IP packets
   awaiting this route SHOULD be buffered until the route discovery is
   completed.

   To generate the RREQ, the router (referred to as RREQ_Gen) follows
   this procedure:

   1.  Set msg_hop_limit := MAX_HOPCOUNT

   2.  Set AddressList := {OrigPrefix, TargPrefix}

   3.  For the PrefixLengthList:

       *  If OrigAddr is part of an address range configured as a Router
          Client, set PrefixLengthList := {RouterClient.PrefixLength,
          null}.

       *  Otherwise, omit PrefixLengthList.

       *  If RouterClient.SeqNoRtr is nonzero, then add the router's own
          IP address to AddressList, with AddressType SeqNoRtr.

   4.  For OrigSeqNum:

       *  Increment the router Sequence Number as specified in
          Section 4.4.

       *  Set OrigSeqNum := router Sequence Number.

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   5.  For TargSeqNum:

       *  If an Invalid route exists in the Local Route Set matching
          TargAddr using longest prefix matching and has a valid
          sequence number, set TargSeqNum := LocalRoute.SeqNum.

       *  If no Invalid route exists in the Local Route Set matching
          TargAddr, or the route doesn't have a sequence number, omit
          TargSeqNum.

   6.  Include MetricType and set the type accordingly

   7.  Find the Router Client Set entry where RouterClient.IPAddress ==
       OrigPrefix:

       *  Set OrigMetric := RouterClient.Cost

   This AODVv2 message is used to create a corresponding [RFC5444]
   message (see Section 8) which is handed to the RFC5444 multiplexer
   for further processing.  By default, the multiplexer is instructed to
   multicast RREQ messages to LL-MANET-Routers on all interfaces
   configured for AODVv2 operation.

7.1.2.  RREQ Reception

   Upon receiving a Route Request, an AODVv2 router performs the
   following steps:

   1.  Check and update the Neighbor Set according to Section 6.3

       *  If the sender has Neighbor.State set to BLACKLISTED, ignore
          this RREQ for further processing.

   2.  Verify that the message contains the required data:
       msg_hop_limit, OrigPrefix, TargPrefix, OrigSeqNum, and
       OrigMetric, and that OrigPrefix and TargPrefix are valid address
       prefixes

       *  If not, ignore this RREQ for further processing.

   3.  Check that the MetricType is supported and configured for use

       *  If so, continue to the next numbered step.

       *  Otherwise, if the TargPrefix matches an entry in the Router
          Client Set, send an ICMP Destination Unreachable message to
          the source with Code value set to "Metric Type Mismatch" (see
          Section 13.6).

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       *  Ignore this RREQ for further processing.

   4.  Determine whether the cost of the advertised route will exceed
       the maximum allowed metric value for the metric type (Metric <=
       MAX_METRIC[MetricType] - Cost(L))

       *  If it will, ignore this RREQ for further processing.

   5.  Process the route to OrigPrefix as specified in Section 6.7

   6.  Determine whether or not the information in the message is
       redundant, by following the procedure in Section 6.8; if
       redundant, ignore this RREQ for further processing.

   7.  Check if the TargPrefix matches an entry in the Router Client Set

       *  If so, generate an RREP as specified in Section 7.2.1.

       *  If not, continue to RREQ forwarding Section 7.2.3.

7.1.3.  RREQ Forwarding

   Forwarding or responding to a RteMsg provides up-to-date information
   and improved metrics to other routers.  If a RteMsg is not forwarded,
   routes needed by applications may not be discovered.

   By forwarding an RREQ, a router advertises that it will forward IP
   packets to the OrigPrefix contained in the RREQ according to the
   information enclosed.  The router MAY choose not to forward the RREQ,
   for example if the router is heavily loaded or low on energy and
   therefore unwilling to advertise routing capability for more traffic.
   This could, however, decrease connectivity in the network or result
   in non-optimal paths.

   The RREQ MUST NOT be forwarded if the received msg_hop_limit = 1, or
   if the limit for the rate of AODVv2 control message generation has
   been reached.  Otherwise, the RREQ is updated and forwarded as
   follows:

   1.  Set msg_hop_limit := received msg_hop_limit - 1

   2.  Set OrigMetric := LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].Metric

   This modified RREQ is handed to the [RFC5444] multiplexer for further
   processing.  By default, the multiplexer is instructed to multicast
   the message to LL-MANET-Routers on all interfaces configured for
   AODVv2 operation.

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7.2.  Route Reply (RREP) Message

   When a Route Request message is received, requesting a route to a
   target address (TargAddr) which is configured as part of a Router
   Client Set entry, a Route Reply message is sent in response.  The
   RREP offers a route to TargPrefix.

   RREP messages have the following contents:

    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                          msg_hop_limit                          |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                           AddressList                           |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                   PrefixLengthList (optional)                   |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                           TargSeqNum                            |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                           MetricType                            |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                           TargMetric                            |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+

                      Figure 4: RREP message contents

   msg_hop_limit
      The remaining number of hops allowed for dissemination of the RREP
      message.

   AddressList
      Contains:

      *  OrigPrefix, from the Router Client entry which includes
         OrigAddr, the source address of the IP packet for which a route
         is requested

      *  TargPrefix, set to TargAddr, the destination address of the IP
         packet for which a route is requested.

      *  Optionally, if RouterClient.SeqNoRtr is true, the IP address of
         TargRtr -- i.e., the router that originated the Sequence Number
         for this RREP.

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   PrefixLengthList
      Contains TargPrefixLen, i.e., the length, in bits, of the prefix
      associated with the Router Client Set entry which includes
      TargAddr.  If omitted, the prefix length is equal to TargAddr's
      address length, in bits.

   TargSeqNum
      The sequence number associated with TargPrefix.

   MetricType
      The metric type associated with TargMetric.

   TargMetric
      The metric value associated with the route to TargPrefix, as seen
      from the sender of the message.

7.2.1.  RREP Generation

   A Route Reply message is generated when a Route Request for a Router
   Client of the AODVv2 router arrives.  This is the case when
   RteMsg.TargPrefix matches an entry in the Router Client Set of the
   AODVv2 router.

   Before creating an RREP, the router SHOULD check whether
   CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT has been reached.  If so, the RREP SHOULD NOT
   be created.

   The RREP will traverse the path of the route to OrigPrefix.  If the
   best route to OrigPrefix in the Local Route Set is Unconfirmed, the
   link to the next hop neighbor is not yet confirmed as bidirectional
   (see Section 6.2).  In this case an RREP_Ack MUST also be sent as
   described in Section 7.3, in order to request an acknowledgement
   message from the next hop router to prove that the link is
   bidirectional.  If the best route to OrigPrefix in the Local Route
   Set is valid, the link to the next hop neighbor is already confirmed
   as bidirectional, and no acknowledgement is required.

   Implementations MAY allow a number of retries of the RREP if a
   requested acknowledgement is not received within
   RREP_Ack_SENT_TIMEOUT, doubling the timeout with each retry, up to a
   maximum of RREP_RETRIES, using the same exponential backoff described
   in Section 6.6 for RREQ retries.  The acknowledgement MUST be
   considered to have failed after the wait time for an RREP_Ack
   response to the final RREP.

   To generate the RREP, the router (also referred to as RREP_Gen)
   follows this procedure:

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   1.  Set msg_hop_limit := MAX_HOPCOUNT - msg_hop_limit from the
       received RREQ message

   2.  Set AddressList := {OrigPrefix, TargPrefix}

       *  If RouterClient.SeqNoRtr is nonzero, then add the router's own
          IP address to AddressList, with AddressType SeqNoRtr.

   3.  For the PrefixLengthList:

       *  If TargAddr is part of an address range configured as a Router
          Client, set PrefixLengthList := {null,
          RouterClient.PrefixLength}.

       *  Otherwise, omit PrefixLengthList.

   4.  For the TargSeqNum:

       *  Increment the router Sequence Number as specified in
          Section 4.4.

       *  Set TargSeqNum := router Sequence Number.

   5.  Include MetricType and set the type to match the MetricType in
       the received RREQ message.

   6.  Set TargMetric := RouterClient.Cost for the Router Client Set
       entry which includes TargAddr.

   This AODVv2 message is used to create a corresponding [RFC5444]
   message (see Section 8) which is handed to the RFC5444 multiplexer
   for further processing.  The multiplexer is instructed to unicast the
   RREP to LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHop.  The RREP MUST be sent over
   LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHopInterface.

7.2.2.  RREP Reception

   Upon receiving a Route Reply, an AODVv2 router performs the following
   steps:

   1.  Verify that the message contains the required data:
       msg_hop_limit, OrigPrefix, TargPrefix, TargSeqNum, and
       TargMetric, and that OrigPrefix and TargPrefix are valid
       addresses

       *  If not, ignore this RREP for further processing.

   2.  Check that the MetricType is supported and configured for use

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       *  If not, ignore this RREP for further processing.

   3.  If this RREP does not correspond to an RREQ generated or
       forwarded in the last RREQ_WAIT_TIME, ignore for further
       processing.

   4.  If the Multicast Message Set does not contain an entry where:

   *  McMsg.OrigPrefix == RREP.OrigPrefix

   *  McMsg.OrigPrefixLen == RREP.OrigPrefixLen

   *  McMsg.TargAddr exists within RREP.TargPrefix

   *  McMsg.OrigSeqNum <= RREP.OrigSeqNum

   *  McMsg.SeqNoRtr = RREP.SeqNoRtr

   *  McMsg.MetricType == RREP.MetricType

   *  McMsg.Timestamp > CurrentTime - RREQ_WAIT_TIME

   *  McMsg.Interface == The interface on which the RREP was received

   then, ignore this RREP for further processing, since it does not
   correspond to a previously sent RREQ.  Otherwise continue as follows:

   1.  Update the Neighbor Set according to Section 6.3

   2.  Determine whether the cost of the advertised route exceeds the
       maximum allowed metric value for the metric type (Metric <=
       MAX_METRIC[MetricType] - Cost(L))

       *  If it does, ignore this RREP for further processing.

   3.  Process the route to TargPrefix as specified in Section 6.7

   4.  Determine whether the message is redundant by comparing to
       entries in the Multicast Message Set (Section 6.8)

       *  If redundant, ignore this RREP for further processing.

       *  If not redundant, save the information in the Multicast
          Message Set to identify future redundant RREP messages and
          continue processing.

   5.  Determine whether the OrigPrefix matches an entry in the Router
       Client Set

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       *  If so, no further processing is necessary.

       *  If not, continue to the next step.

   6.  Determine whether a valid (Active or Idle) or Unconfirmed
       LocalRoute exists to OrigPrefix

       *  If so, continue to RREP forwarding Section 7.2.3.

       *  If not, a Route Error message SHOULD be transmitted toward
          TargPrefix according to Section 7.4.1; the RREP MUST be
          discarded and not forwarded.

7.2.3.  RREP Forwarding

   A received Route Reply message is forwarded toward OrigPrefix.  By
   forwarding the RREP, a router advertises that it has a route to
   TargPrefix.

   The RREP MUST NOT be forwarded if the received msg_hop_limit = 1, or
   if CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT has been reached.  Otherwise, the router
   MUST forward the RREP.

   The procedure for RREP forwarding is as follows:

   1.  Set msg_hop_limit := received msg_hop_limit - 1

   2.  If the link to the next hop router toward OrigAddr is not known
       to be bidirectional, also verify bidirectionality (see
       Section 6.2).

   3.  Set TargMetric := LocalRoute[TargPrefix].Metric

   This modified message is handed to the [RFC5444] multiplexer for
   further processing.  The multiplexer is instructed to unicast the
   RREP to LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHop.  The RREP MUST be sent over
   LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHopInterface.

7.3.  Route Reply Acknowledgement (RREP_Ack) Message

   The Route Reply Acknowledgement is used as both a request and a
   response message to test bidirectionality of a link over which a
   Route Reply has also been sent.  The router which forwards the RREP
   MUST send a Route Reply Acknowledgement message to the intended next
   hop, if the link to the next hop neighbor is not yet confirmed as
   bidirectional.

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   The receiving router MUST then reply with a Route Reply
   Acknowledgement response message.

   When the Route Reply Acknowledgement response message is received by
   the sender of the RREP, it confirms that the link between the two
   routers is bidirectional (see Section 6.2).

   If the Route Reply Acknowledgement is not received within
   RREP_Ack_SENT_TIMEOUT, the link is determined to be unidirectional.

    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                        AckReq (optional)                        |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+

                    Figure 5: RREP_Ack message contents

7.3.1.  RREP_Ack Request Generation

   An RREP_Ack MUST be generated if a Route Reply is sent over a link
   which is not known to be bidirectional.  It includes an AckReq
   element to indicate that it is a request for acknowledgement.

   The RREP_Ack SHOULD NOT be generated if the limit for the rate of
   AODVv2 control message generation has been reached.

   The [RFC5444] representation of the RREP_Ack is discussed in
   Section 8.

   RREP_Ack requests MUST be unicast to LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHop
   via LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHopInterface.  The multiplexer SHOULD
   be instructed to send the RREP_Ack in the same [RFC5444] packet as
   the RREP.

   The Neighbor Set entry for LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHop MUST also
   be updated to indicate that an RREP_Ack is required (see
   Section 6.3).

7.3.2.  RREP_Ack Reception

   Upon receiving an RREP_Ack, an AODVv2 router performs the following
   steps:

   1.  Determine whether an AckReq element is included:

       *  If so, create an RREP_Ack Response as described in
          Section 7.3.3.  No further processing is required.

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       *  If not, continue to the next step.

   2.  Determine whether the Neighbor Set contains an entry where:

       *  Neighbor.IPAddress == IP source address of the RREP_Ack
          message

       *  Neighbor.State == HEARD

       *  Neighbor.Timeout < CurrentTime

       *  Neighbor.Interface matches the interface on which the RREP_Ack
          was received

       If no such entry is found, the RREP_Ack was not expected; no
       actions are required and processing ends.  Otherwise, the router
       sets Neighbor.Timeout to INFINITY_TIME, and processing continues
       to the next step.

   3.  Update the Neighbor Set according to Section 6.3, including
       updating routes using this Neighbor as LocalRoute.NextHop.

7.3.3.  RREP_Ack Response Generation

   An RREP_Ack response MUST be generated if a received RREP_Ack
   includes an AckReq, unless the limit for the rate of AODVv2 control
   message generation has been reached in which case the RREP_Ack
   response SHOULD NOT be generated.

   There is no further data in an RREP_Ack response.  The [RFC5444]
   representation is discussed in Section 8.  In this case, the
   multiplexer is instructed to unicast the RREP_Ack to the source IP
   address of the RREP_Ack message that requested it, over the same
   interface on which the RREP_Ack was received.

7.4.  Route Error (RERR) Message

   A Route Error message is generated by an AODVv2 router to notify
   other AODVv2 routers about routes that are no longer available.  An
   RERR message has the following contents:

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    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                       PktSource (optional)                      |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                           AddressList                           |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                   PrefixLengthList (optional)                   |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                       SeqNumList (optional)                     |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                          MetricTypeList                         |
    +-----------------------------------------------------------------+

                      Figure 6: RERR message contents

   PktSource
      The source address of the IP packet triggering the RERR.  If the
      RERR is triggered by a broken link, PktSource is not required.

   AddressList
      The addresses of the routes not available through RERR_Gen.

   PrefixLengthList
      The prefix lengths, in bits, associated with the routes not
      available through RERR_Gen.  These values indicate whether routes
      represent a single device or an address range.

   SeqNumList
      The sequence numbers (where known) of the routes not available
      through RERR_Gen.

   MetricTypeList
      The metric types associated with the routes not available through
      RERR_Gen.

7.4.1.  RERR Generation

   A Route Error message is generated when an AODVv2 router (also
   referred to as RERR_Gen) needs to report that a destination is not
   reachable.  There are three events that cause this response:

   *  When an IP packet that has been forwarded from another router, but
      there is no valid route in the Routing Information Base for its
      destination, the source of the packet needs to be informed that
      the route to the destination of the packet does not exist.  The
      RERR generated MUST include PktSource set to the source address of
      the IP packet, and MUST contain only one unreachable address in
      the AddressList, i.e., the destination address of the IP packet.

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      RERR_Gen MUST discard the IP packet that triggered generation of
      the RERR.  The prefix length, sequence number and metric type
      SHOULD be included if known from an existing Invalid LocalRoute to
      the unreachable address.

   *  When an RREP message cannot be forwarded because there is no valid
      LocalRoute to OrigPrefix, RREP_Gen needs to be informed that the
      route to OrigPrefix does not exist.  The RERR generated MUST
      include PktSource set to the TargPrefix of the RREP, and MUST
      contain only one unreachable address in the AddressList, the
      OrigPrefix from the RREP.  RERR_Gen MUST discard the RREP message
      that triggered generation of the RERR.  The prefix length,
      sequence number and metric type SHOULD be included if known from
      an Invalid LocalRoute to the unreachable address.

   *  When a link breaks, multiple LocalRoutes may become Invalid, and
      the RERR generated MAY contain multiple unreachable addresses.
      The RERR MUST include MetricTypeList.  PktSource is omitted.  All
      previously Active LocalRoutes that used the broken link MUST be
      reported.  The AddressList, SeqNumList, and MetricTypeList will
      contain entries for each LocalRoute which has become Invalid.
      PrefixLengthList will be included if needed to report invalid
      routes to a non-default prefix.  An RERR message is only sent if
      an Active LocalRoute becomes Invalid, though an AODVv2 router MAY
      also include Idle LocalRoutes that become Invalid if the
      configuration parameter ENABLE_IDLE_IN_RERR is set (see
      Section 12.3).

   The RERR SHOULD NOT be generated if CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT has been
   reached.  The RERR also SHOULD NOT be generated if it is a duplicate,
   as determined by Section 6.9.

   Incidentally, if an AODVv2 router receives an ICMP error packet to or
   from the address of one of its Router Clients, it forwards the ICMP
   packet in the same way as any other IP packet, and will not generate
   any RERR message based on the contents of the ICMP packet.

   To generate the RERR, the router follows this procedure:

   1.  If necessary, include PktSource and set the value as given above

   2.  For each LocalRoute that needs to be reported:

       *  Insert LocalRoute.Address into the AddressList.

       *  Insert LocalRoute.PrefixLength into PrefixLengthList, if known
          and not equal to the address length.

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       *  Insert LocalRoute.SeqNum into SeqNumList, if known.

       *  Insert LocalRoute.MetricType into MetricTypeList.

   The AODVv2 message is used to create a corresponding [RFC5444]
   message (see Section 8).

   If the RERR is sent in response to an undeliverable IP packet or RREP
   message (i.e., if PktSource is included), the RERR SHOULD be sent
   unicast to the next hop on the route to PktSource.  It MUST be sent
   over the same interface on which the undeliverable IP packet was
   received.  If there is no route to PktSource, the RERR SHOULD be
   multicast to LL-MANET-Routers.  If the RERR is sent in response to a
   broken link, i.e., PktSource is not included, the RERR is, by
   default, multicast to LL-MANET-Routers.

   Section 10 describes processing steps when the optional precursor
   lists feature is implemented.

7.4.2.  RERR Reception

   Upon receiving a Route Error, an AODVv2 router performs the following
   steps:

   1.  Determine whether the message contains at least one unreachable
       address; if not, ignore this RERR for further processing.
       Otherwise continue as follows:

   2.  For each address in the AddressList, check that:

       *  The address is valid (routable and unicast).

       *  The MetricType is supported and configured for use.

       *  There is a LocalRoute with the same MetricType matching the
          address using longest prefix matching.

       *  Either the LocalRoute's next hop is the sender of the RERR and
          the next hop interface is the interface on which the RERR was
          received, or PktSource is present in the RERR and is a Router
          Client address.

       *  The unreachable address' sequence number is either unknown, or
          is no less than the LocalRoute's sequence number.

       If any of the above are false the address does not match a
       LocalRoute and MUST NOT be processed or regenerated in a RERR.

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       If all of the above are true, the LocalRoute which matches the
       unreachable address MUST be marked as Invalid.  Otherwise,
       regeneration of the RERR proceeds as follows.  If the LocalRoute
       was previously Active, it MUST be reported in a regenerated RERR.
       If the LocalRoute was previously Idle, it MAY be reported in a
       regenerated RERR, if ENABLE_IDLE_IN_RERR is configured.  The
       Local Route Set MUST be updated according to these rules:

       *  If the LocalRoute's prefix length is the same as the
          unreachable address' prefix length, set LocalRoute.State to
          Invalid.

       *  If the LocalRoute's prefix length is longer than the
          unreachable address' prefix length, the LocalRoute MUST be
          expunged from the Local Route Set, since it is a sub-route of
          the route which is reported to be Invalid.

       *  If the prefix length is different, create a new LocalRoute
          with the unreachable address, and its prefix length and
          sequence number, and set LocalRoute.State to Invalid.  These
          Invalid routes are retained to avoid processing stale
          messages.

       *  Update the sequence number on the existing LocalRoute, if the
          reported sequence number is determined to be newer using the
          comparison method described in Section 4.4.

   3.  If there are previously Active LocalRoutes that MUST be reported,
       regenerate the RERR as detailed in Section 7.4.3.

7.4.3.  RERR Regeneration

   The Route Error message SHOULD NOT be regenerated if
   CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT has been reached.

   The procedure for RERR regeneration is as follows:

   1.  If PktSource was included in the received RERR, and PktSource is
       not a Router Client, copy it into the regenerated RERR

   2.  For each LocalRoute that needs to be reported as identified in
       Section 7.4.1:

       *  Insert LocalRoute.Address into the AddressList.

       *  Insert LocalRoute.PrefixLength into PrefixLengthList, if known
          and not equal to the address length.

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       *  Insert LocalRoute.SeqNum into SeqNumList, if known.

       *  Insert LocalRoute.MetricType into MetricTypeList.

   The AODVv2 message is used to create a corresponding [RFC5444]
   message (see Section 8).  If the RERR contains PktSource, the
   regenerated RERR SHOULD be sent unicast to the next hop on the
   LocalRoute to PktSource.  It MUST be sent over the same interface on
   which the undeliverable IP packet was received.  If there is no route
   to PktSource, or PktSource is a Router Client, it SHOULD be multicast
   to LL-MANET-Routers.  If the RERR is sent in response to a broken
   link, the RERR is, by default, multicast to LL-MANET-Routers.

8.  RFC 5444 Representation

   AODVv2 specifies that all control messages between routers MUST use
   the Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network Packet/Message Format
   [RFC5444], and therefore AODVv2's route messages comprise data which
   is mapped to message elements in [RFC5444].

   [RFC5444] provides a multiplexed transport for multiple protocols.
   An [RFC5444] implementation MAY choose to optimize the content of
   certain elements during message creation to reduce control message
   overhead.

   A brief summary of the [RFC5444] format:

   1.  A packet contains zero or more messages

   2.  A message contains a Message Header, one Message TLV Block, zero
       or more Address Blocks, and one Address Block TLV Block per
       Address Block

   3.  The Message TLV Block contains zero or more Message TLVs

   4.  An Address Block TLV Block includes zero or more Address Block
       TLVs

   5.  Each TLV value in an Address Block TLV Block can be associated
       with all of the addresses, or with a contiguous set of addresses,
       or with a single address in the Address Block

   AODVv2 does not require access to the [RFC5444] packet header.

   In the message header, AODVv2 uses <msg-type>, <msg-hop-limit> and
   <msg-addr-length>.  The <msg-addr-length> field indicates the length
   of any addresses in the message, using <msg-addr-length> := (address
   length in octets - 1), i.e. 3 for IPv4 and 15 for IPv6.

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   The addresses in an Address Block MAY appear in any order, and values
   in a TLV in the Address Block TLV Block must be associated with the
   correct address in the Address Block by the [RFC5444] implementation.
   To indicate which value is associated with each address, the AODVv2
   message representation uses lists where the order of the addresses in
   the AODVv2 AddressList matches the order of values in other data
   lists, e.g., the order of SeqNums in the SeqNumList in an RERR.
   [RFC5444] maps this information to Address Block TLVs associated with
   the relevant addresses in the Address Block.

   Each address included in the Address Block is identified as
   OrigPrefix, TargPrefix, PktSource, SeqNoRtr, or Unreachable Address
   by including an ADDRESS_TYPE TLV in the Address Block TLV Block.

   The following sections show how AODVv2 data is represented in
   [RFC5444] messages.  In Section 13.3, AODVv2 defines several new
   TLVs.

   Where the extension type of a TLV is set to zero, this is the default
   [RFC5444] value and the extension type will not be included in the
   message.

8.1.  Route Request Message Representation

8.1.1.  Message Header

      +===============+=================+==========================+
      | Data          | Header Field    | Value                    |
      +===============+=================+==========================+
      | None          | <msg-type>      | RREQ                     |
      +---------------+-----------------+--------------------------+
      | msg_hop_limit | <msg-hop-limit> | MAX_HOPCOUNT, reduced by |
      |               |                 | number of hops traversed |
      |               |                 | so far by the message.   |
      +---------------+-----------------+--------------------------+

                                 Table 2

8.1.2.  Message TLV Block

   AODVv2 does not define any Message TLVs for an RREQ message.

8.1.3.  Address Block

   An RREQ contains OrigPrefix and TargPrefix, and each of these
   addresses has an associated prefix length.  If the prefix length has
   not been included in the AODVv2 message, it is equal to the address
   length in bits.

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        +==========================+=============================+
        | Data                     | Address Block               |
        +==========================+=============================+
        | OrigPrefix/OrigPrefixLen | <address> + <prefix-length> |
        +--------------------------+-----------------------------+
        | TargPrefix/TargPrefixLen | <address> + <prefix-length> |
        +--------------------------+-----------------------------+
        | SeqNoRtr/PrefixLen       | <address> + <prefix-length> |
        +--------------------------+-----------------------------+

                                 Table 3

8.1.4.  Address Block TLV Block

   Address Block TLVs are always associated with one or more addresses
   in the Address Block.  The following sections show the TLVs that
   apply to each address.

8.1.4.1.  Address Block TLVs for OrigPrefix

    +=============+==============+============+======================+
    | Data        | TLV Type     | Extension  | Value                |
    |             |              | Type       |                      |
    +=============+==============+============+======================+
    | None        | ADDRESS_TYPE | 0          | ORIGPREFIX           |
    +-------------+--------------+------------+----------------------+
    | OrigSeqNum  | SEQ_NUM      | 0          | Sequence number of   |
    |             |              |            | RREQ_Gen, the router |
    |             |              |            | which initiated      |
    |             |              |            | route discovery.     |
    +-------------+--------------+------------+----------------------+
    | OrigMetric  | PATH_METRIC  | MetricType | Metric value for the |
    | /MetricType |              |            | route to OrigPrefix, |
    |             |              |            | using MetricType.    |
    +-------------+--------------+------------+----------------------+

                                 Table 4

8.1.4.2.  Address Block TLVs for TargPrefix

   +============+==============+===========+===========================+
   | Data       | TLV Type     | Extension | Value                     |
   |            |              | Type      |                           |
   +============+==============+===========+===========================+
   | None       | ADDRESS_TYPE | 0         | TARGPREFIX                |
   +------------+--------------+-----------+---------------------------+
   | TargSeqNum | SEQ_NUM      | 0         | The last known            |
   |            |              |           | TargSeqNum for            |

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   |            |              |           | TargPrefix.               |
   +------------+--------------+-----------+---------------------------+

                                  Table 5

8.2.  Route Reply Message Representation

8.2.1.  Message Header

     +===============+=================+=============================+
     | Data          | Header Field    | Value                       |
     +===============+=================+=============================+
     | None          | <msg-type>      | RREP                        |
     +---------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+
     | msg_hop_limit | <msg-hop-limit> | MAX_HOPCOUNT -              |
     |               |                 | msg_hop_limit from the      |
     |               |                 | corresponding RREQ, reduced |
     |               |                 | by number of hops traversed |
     |               |                 | so far by the message.      |
     +---------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+

                                  Table 6

8.2.2.  Message TLV Block

   AODVv2 does not define any Message TLVs for an RREP message.

8.2.3.  Address Block

   An RREP contains OrigPrefix and TargPrefix, and each of these
   addresses has an associated prefix length.  If the prefix length has
   not been included in the AODVv2 message, it is equal to the address
   length in bits.

        +==========================+=============================+
        | Data                     | Address Block               |
        +==========================+=============================+
        | OrigPrefix/OrigPrefixLen | <address> + <prefix-length> |
        +--------------------------+-----------------------------+
        | TargPrefix/TargPrefixLen | <address> + <prefix-length> |
        +--------------------------+-----------------------------+
        | SeqNoRtr/PrefixLen       | <address> + <prefix-length> |
        +--------------------------+-----------------------------+

                                 Table 7

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8.2.4.  Address Block TLV Block

   Address Block TLVs are always associated with one or more addresses
   in the Address Block.  The following sections show the TLVs that
   apply to each address.

8.2.4.1.  Address Block TLVs for OrigPrefix

           +======+==============+================+============+
           | Data | TLV Type     | Extension Type | Value      |
           +======+==============+================+============+
           | None | ADDRESS_TYPE | 0              | ORIGPREFIX |
           +------+--------------+----------------+------------+

                                  Table 8

8.2.4.2.  Address Block TLVs for TargPrefix

   +=============+==============+============+=========================+
   | Data        | TLV Type     | Extension  | Value                   |
   |             |              | Type       |                         |
   +=============+==============+============+=========================+
   | None        | ADDRESS_TYPE | 0          | TARGPREFIX              |
   +-------------+--------------+------------+-------------------------+
   | TargSeqNum  | SEQ_NUM      | 0          | Sequence number         |
   |             |              |            | of RREP_Gen, the        |
   |             |              |            | router which            |
   |             |              |            | created the RREP.       |
   +-------------+--------------+------------+-------------------------+
   | TargMetric  | PATH_METRIC  | MetricType | Metric value for        |
   | /MetricType |              |            | the route to            |
   |             |              |            | TargPrefix, using       |
   |             |              |            | MetricType.             |
   +-------------+--------------+------------+-------------------------+

                                  Table 9

8.3.  Route Reply Acknowledgement Message Representation

8.3.1.  Message Header

                    +======+==============+==========+
                    | Data | Header Field | Value    |
                    +======+==============+==========+
                    | None | <msg-type>   | RREP_Ack |
                    +------+--------------+----------+

                                 Table 10

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8.3.2.  Message TLV Block

   AODVv2 defines an AckReq Message TLV, included when an
   acknowledgement of this message is required, in order to monitor
   adjacency, as described in Section 6.2.

              +========+==========+================+=======+
              | Data   | TLV Type | Extension Type | Value |
              +========+==========+================+=======+
              | AckReq | ACK_REQ  | 0              | None  |
              +--------+----------+----------------+-------+

                                 Table 11

8.3.3.  Address Block

   AODVv2 does not define an Address Block for an RREP_Ack message.

8.3.4.  Address Block TLV Block

   AODVv2 does not define any Address Block TLVs for an RREP_Ack
   message.

8.4.  Route Error Message Representation

   Route Error Messages MAY be split into multiple [RFC5444] messages
   when the desired contents would exceed the MTU.  However, all of the
   resulting messages MUST have the same message header as described
   below.  If PktSource is included in the AODVv2 message, it MUST be
   included in all of the resulting [RFC5444] messages.

8.4.1.  Message Header

                      +======+==============+=======+
                      | Data | Header Field | Value |
                      +======+==============+=======+
                      | None | <msg-type>   | RERR  |
                      +------+--------------+-------+

                                  Table 12

8.4.2.  Message TLV Block

   AODVv2 does not define any Message TLVs for an RERR message.

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8.4.3.  Address Block

   The Address Block in an RERR MAY contain PktSource, the source
   address of the IP packet triggering RERR generation, as detailed in
   Section 7.4.  The prefix length associated with PktSource is equal to
   the address length in bits.

   Address Block always contains one address per route that is no longer
   valid, and each address has an associated prefix length.  If a prefix
   length has not been included for this address, it is equal to the
   address length in bits.

     +==================+===========================================+
     | Data             | Address Block                             |
     +==================+===========================================+
     | PktSource        | <address> + <prefix-length> for PktSource |
     +------------------+-------------------------------------------+
     | AddressList/     | <address> + <prefix-length> for each      |
     | PrefixLengthList | unreachable address in AddressList        |
     +------------------+-------------------------------------------+

                                 Table 13

8.4.4.  Address Block TLV Block

   Address Block TLVs are always associated with one or more addresses
   in the Address Block.  The following sections show the TLVs that
   apply to each type of address in the RERR.

8.4.4.1.  Address Block TLVs for PktSource

         +===========+==============+================+===========+
         | Data      | TLV Type     | Extension Type | Value     |
         +===========+==============+================+===========+
         | PktSource | ADDRESS_TYPE | 0              | PKTSOURCE |
         +-----------+--------------+----------------+-----------+

                                  Table 14

8.4.4.2.  Address Block TLVs for Unreachable Addresses

   +================+==============+============+======================+
   | Data           | TLV Type     | Extension  | Value                |
   |                |              | Type       |                      |
   +================+==============+============+======================+
   | None           | ADDRESS_TYPE | 0          | UNREACHABLE          |
   +----------------+--------------+------------+----------------------+
   | SeqNumList     | SEQ_NUM      | 0          | Sequence number      |

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   |                |              |            | associated with      |
   |                |              |            | invalid route to     |
   |                |              |            | the unreachable      |
   |                |              |            | address.             |
   +----------------+--------------+------------+----------------------+
   | MetricTypeList | PATH_METRIC  | MetricType | None.  Extension     |
   |                |              |            | Type set to          |
   |                |              |            | MetricType of        |
   |                |              |            | the route to the     |
   |                |              |            | unreachable          |
   |                |              |            | address.             |
   +----------------+--------------+------------+----------------------+

                                  Table 15

9.  Simple External Network Attachment

   Figure 7 shows a stub (i.e., non-transit) network of AODVv2 routers
   which is attached to an external network (i.e., a network not using
   AODVv2) via a single External Network Access Router (ENAR).

   As in any externally-attached network, AODVv2 routers and Router
   Clients that wish to be reachable from the external network MUST have
   IP addresses within the ENAR's routable and topologically correct
   prefix (e.g., 191.0.2.0/24 in Figure 7).  This AODVv2 network and
   networks attached to routers within it will be advertised to the
   external network using other routing protocols or procedures which
   are out of scope for this specification.

       /-------------------------\
      / +----------------+        \
     /  |  AODVv2 Router |         \
     |  |  191.0.2.2/32  |         |
     |  +----------------+         |            Routable
     |                       +-----+--------+   Prefix
     |                       |     ENAR     |  /191.0.2.0/24
     |                       | AODVv2 Router| /
     |                       |  191.0.2.1   |/      /---------------\
     |                       | serving net  +------+    External     \
     |                       | 191.0.2.0/24 |      \     Network     /
     |                       +-----+--------+       \---------------/
     |         +----------------+  |
     |         |  AODVv2 Router |  |
     |         |  191.0.2.3/32  |  |
     \         +----------------+  /
      \                           /
       \-------------------------/

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            Figure 7: Simple External Network Attachment Example

   When an AODVv2 router within the AODVv2 MANET wants to discover a
   route toward an address on the external network, it uses the normal
   AODVv2 route discovery for that IP Destination Address.

   The ENAR MUST respond to RREQ on behalf of all external network
   destinations, that is, destinations which are not on the configured
   191.0.2.0 /24 network.  The ENAR MUST NOT respond with a TargPrefix
   and TargPrefixLen which includes any of the networks configured as
   part of the AODVv2 network.  Sending a Route Request for a gateway is
   not currently supported.

   If more than one gateway is configured to serve the same external
   network, each such gateway MUST configure that external network as a
   Router Client with its IP address as the value of SeqNoRtr for the
   RouterClient.  AODVv2 messages SHOULD NOT be transmitted to routers
   in the External Network.

   RREQs for addresses inside the AODVv2 network, e.g. destinations on
   the configured 191.0.2.0/24 network, are handled using the standard
   processes described in Section 7.  Note that AODVv2 does not
   currently support route discovery for prefixes that do not equal
   address length, but RREPs do advertise the prefix on which TargAddr
   resides.

   When an IP packet from an address on the external network destined
   for an address in the AODVv2 MANET reaches the ENAR, if the ENAR does
   not have a route toward that destination in its Routing Information
   Base, it will perform normal AODVv2 route discovery for that
   destination.

   Configuring the ENAR as a default router is outside the scope of this
   specification.

10.  Precursor Lists

   This section specifies an interoperable, optional enhancement to
   AODVv2 enabling more economical Route Error notifications.

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   There can be several sources of traffic for a certain destination.
   Each source of traffic and each upstream router between the
   forwarding AODVv2 router and the traffic source is known as a
   "precursor" for the destination.  For each destination, an AODVv2
   router MAY choose to keep track of precursors that have provided
   traffic for that destination.  Route Error messages about that
   destination can then be sent unicast to these precursors instead of
   multicast to all AODVv2 routers.

   Since an RERR will be regenerated if it comes from a next hop on a
   valid LocalRoute, the RERR SHOULD ideally be sent backwards along the
   route that the source of the traffic uses, to ensure it is
   regenerated at each hop and reaches the traffic source.  If the
   reverse path is unknown, the RERR SHOULD be sent toward the source
   along any available route.  Therefore, the options for saving
   precursor information are as follows:

   *  Save the next hop on an existing route to the IP packet's source
      address as the precursor.  In this case, it is not guaranteed that
      an RERR that is sent will follow the reverse of the source's
      route.  In rare situations, this may prevent the route from being
      invalidated at the source of the data traffic.

   *  Save the IP packet's source address as the precursor.  In this
      case, the RERR can be sent along any existing route to the source
      of the data traffic, and SHOULD include PktSource to ensure that
      the route will be invalidated at the source of the traffic, in
      case the RERR does not follow the reverse of the source's route.

   *  By inspecting the MAC address of each forwarded IP packet,
      determine which router forwarded the packet, and save the router
      address as a precursor.  This ensures that when an RERR is sent to
      the precursor router, the route will be invalidated at that
      router, and the RERR will be regenerated toward the source of the
      IP packet.

   During normal operation, each AODVv2 router maintaining precursor
   lists for a LocalRoute must update the precursor list whenever it
   uses this route to forward traffic to the destination.  Precursors
   are classified as Active if traffic has recently been forwarded by
   the precursor.  The precursor is marked with a timestamp to indicate
   the time it last forwarded traffic on this route.

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   When an AODVv2 router detects that one or more LocalRoutes are
   broken, it MAY notify each Active precursor using a unicast Route
   Error message instead of creating multicast traffic.  Unicast is
   applicable when there are few Active precursors compared to the
   number of neighboring AODVv2 routers.  However, the default multicast
   behavior is still preferable when there are many precursors, since
   fewer message transmissions are required.

   When an AODVv2 router supporting precursor lists receives an RERR
   message, it SHOULD identify the list of its own affected Active
   precursors for the routes in the RERR, and choose to send a unicast
   RERR to those, rather than send a multicast RERR.

   When a LocalRoute is expunged, any precursor list associated with it
   MUST also be expunged.

11.  Application of RFC 7182 to AODVv2

   Implementations of AODVv2 MUST support ICV TLVs using type-extensions
   1 and 2, hash-function AES-CCM, and cryptographic function AES-CCM,
   both as defined in [RFC7251].  An ICV MUST be included with every
   message.  The ICV value MAY be truncated as specified in [RFC7182].

   Since the msg-hop-limit and PATH_METRIC values are mutable when
   included in AODVv2 messages, these values are set to zero before
   calculating an ICV.  This means that these values are not protected
   end-to-end and are therefore susceptible to manipulation.  This form
   of attack is described in Section 14.3.2.

   Implementations of AODVv2 MUST support a TIMESTAMP TLV using type-
   extension 0.  The timestamp used is a sequence number, and therefore
   the length of the <TIMESTAMP-value> field matches the AODVv2 sequence
   number defined in Section 4.4.  The TIMESTAMP TLV MUST be included in
   RREP_Ack and RERR messages.

   When more than one message is included in an RFC5444 packet, using a
   single ICV Packet TLV or single TIMESTAMP Packet TLV is more
   efficient than including ICV and TIMESTAMP Message TLVs in each
   message created.  If the RFC5444 multiplexer is capable of adding the
   Packet TLVs, it SHOULD be instructed to include the Packet TLVs in
   packets containing AODVv2 messages.  However, if the multiplexer is
   not capable of adding the Packet TLVs, the TLVs MUST be included as
   Message TLVs in each AODVv2 message in the packet.

   After message generation, but before transmission, the ICV and
   TIMESTAMP TLVs MUST be added according to each message type as
   detailed in the following sections.  The following steps list the
   procedure to be performed:

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   1.  If the TIMESTAMP is to be included, depending on AODVv2 message
       type as specified below, add the TIMESTAMP TLV.

       *  When a TIMESTAMP Packet TLV is being added, the Packet TLV
          Block size field MUST be updated.

       *  When a TIMESTAMP Message TLV is being added, the Message TLV
          Block size field MUST be updated.

   2.  The considerations in Section 8 and section 9 of [RFC7182] are
       followed, removing existing ICV TLVs and adjusting the size and
       flags fields as appropriate:

       *  When an ICV Packet TLV is being added, existing ICV Packet
          TLVs MUST be removed and the Packet TLV Block size MUST be
          updated.  If the Packet TLV Block now contains no TLVs, the
          phastlv bit in the <pkt-flags> field in the Packet Header MUST
          be cleared.

       *  When an ICV Message TLV is being added, existing ICV Message
          TLVs are removed and the Message TLV Block Size MUST be
          updated.

   3.  Mutable fields in the message must have their mutable values set
       to zero before calculating the ICV.

       *  If the msg-hop-limit field is included in the [RFC5444]
          message header, msg-hop-limit MUST be set to zero before
          calculating the ICV.

       *  If a PATH_METRIC TLV is included, any values present in the
          TLV MUST be set to zero before calculating the ICV value.

   4.  Depending on the message type, the ICV is calculated over the
       appropriate fields (as specified in sections Section 11.1,
       Section 11.2, Section 11.3 and Section 11.4) to include the
       fields <hash-function>, <cryptographic-function>, <key-id-
       length>, and, if present, <key-id> (in that order), followed by
       the entire packet or message.  This value MAY be truncated (as
       specified in [RFC7182]).

   5.  Add the ICV TLV, updating size fields as necessary.

   6.  The changes made in Step 2 and Step 3 are reversed to re-add any
       existing ICV TLVs, re-adjust the relevant size and flags fields,
       and set the msg-hop-limit and PATH_METRIC TLV values.

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   On message reception, and before message processing, verification of
   the received message MUST take place:

   1.  The considerations in Section 8 and Section 9 of [RFC7182] are
       followed, removing existing ICV TLVs and adjusting the size and
       flags fields as appropriate.

       *  When verifying the ICV value in an ICV Packet TLV, all ICV
          Packet TLVs present in the Packet TLV Block MUST be removed
          before calculating the ICV, and the Packet TLV Block size MUST
          be updated.  If there are no remaining Packet TLVs, the Packet
          TLV Block MUST be removed and the phastlv bit in the <pkt-
          flags> field MUST be cleared.

       *  When verifying the ICV value in an ICV Message TLV, all ICV
          Message TLVs present in the Message TLV Block MUST be removed
          before calculating the ICV, and the Message TLV Block size
          MUST be updated.

   2.  Mutable fields in the message MUST have their mutable values set
       to zero before calculating the ICV.

       *  If the msg-hop-limit field is included in the [RFC5444]
          message header, msg-hop-limit MUST be set to zero before
          calculating the ICV.

       *  If a PATH_METRIC TLV is included, any values present in the
          TLV MUST be set to zero before calculating the ICV value.

   3.  The ICV is calculated following the considerations in
       Section 12.2 of [RFC7182], to include the fields <hash-function>,
       <cryptographic-function>, <key-id-length>, and, if present, <key-
       id> (in that order), followed by the entire packet or message.

       *  If the received ICV value is truncated, the calculated ICV
          value MUST also be truncated (as specified in [RFC7182]),
          before comparing.

       *  If the ICV value calculated from the received message or
          packet does not match the value of <ICV-data> in the received
          message or packet, the validation fails and the AODVv2 message
          MUST be discarded and NOT processed or forwarded.

       *  If the ICV values do match, the values set to zero before
          calculating the ICV are reset to the received values, and
          processing continues to Step 4.

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   4.  Verification of a received TIMESTAMP value MUST be performed.
       The procedure depends on message type as specified in the
       following sub sections.

       *  If the TIMESTAMP value in the received message is not valid,
          the AODVv2 message MUST be discarded and NOT processed or
          forwarded.

       *  If the TIMESTAMP value is valid, processing continues as
          defined in Section 7.

11.1.  RREQ Generation and Reception

   Since OrigPrefix is included in the RREQ, the ICV can be calculated
   and verified using the [RFC5444] contents.The ICV TLV has type
   extension := 1.  Inclusion of an ICV TLV message integrity and
   endpoint authentication, because trusted routers MUST hold the shared
   key in order to calculate the ICV value, both to include when
   creating a message, and to validate the message by checking that the
   ICV is correct.

   Since RREQ_Gen's sequence number is incremented for each new RREQ,
   replay protection is already afforded and no extra TIMESTAMP TLV is
   required.

   After message generation and before message transmission:

   1.  Add the ICV TLV as described above.

   On message reception and before message processing:

   1.  Verify the received ICV value as described above.

   2.  Verification of the sequence number is handled according to
       Section 7.

11.2.  RREP Generation and Reception

   Since TargPrefix is included in the RREP, the ICV can be calculated
   and verified using the [RFC5444] contents.  The ICV TLV has type
   extension 1.  Inclusion of an ICV provides message integrity and
   endpoint authentication, because trusted routers MUST hold a valid
   key in order to calculate the ICV value, both to include when
   creating a message, and to validate the message by checking that the
   ICV is correct.

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   Since RREP_Gen's sequence number is incremented for each new RREP,
   replay protection is already afforded and no extra TIMESTAMP TLV is
   required.

   After message generation and before message transmission:

   1.  Add the ICV TLV as described above.

   On message reception and before message processing:

   1.  Verify the received ICV value as described above.

   2.  Verification of the sequence number is handled according to
       Section 7.

11.3.  RREP_Ack Generation and Reception

   Since no sequence number is included in the RREP_Ack, a TIMESTAMP TLV
   MUST be included to protect against replay attacks.  The value in the
   TIMESTAMP TLV is set as follows:

   *  For RREP_Ack request, use Neighbor.AckSeqNum.

   *  For RREP_Ack response, use the sequence number from the TIMESTAMP
      TLV in the received RREP_Ack request.

   Since no addresses are included in the RREP_Ack, and the receiver of
   the RREP_Ack uses the source IP address of a received RREP_Ack to
   identify the sender, the ICV MUST be calculated using the message
   contents and the IP source address.  The ICV TLV has type extension
   := 2 in order to accomplish this.  This provides message integrity
   and endpoint authentication, because trusted routers MUST hold the
   correct key in order to calculate the ICV value.

   After message generation and before message transmission:

   1.  Add the TIMESTAMP TLV and ICV TLV as described above.

   On message reception and before message processing:

   1.  Verify the received ICV value as described above.

   2.  Verify the received TIMESTAMP value by comparing the sequence
       number in the value field of the TIMESTAMP TLV as follows:

       *  For a received RREP_Ack request, there is no need to verify
          the timestamp value.  Proceed to message processing as defined
          in Section 7.

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       *  For a received RREP_Ack response, compare with the
          Neighbor.AckSeqNum of the Neighbor Set entry for sender of the
          RREP_Ack request.

       *  If the sequence number does not match, the AODVv2 message MUST
          be discarded.  Otherwise, Neighbor.AckSeqNum is incremented by
          1 and processing continues according to Section 7.

11.4.  RERR Generation and Reception

   Since the sender's sequence number is not contained in the RERR, a
   TIMESTAMP TLV MUST be included to protect against replay attacks.
   The value in the TIMESTAMP TLV is set by incrementing and using
   RERR_Gen's sequence number.

   Since the receiver of the RERR MUST use the source IP address of the
   RERR to identify the sender, the ICV MUST be calculated using the
   message contents and the IP source address.  The ICV TLV has type
   extension := 2 in order to accomplish this.  This provides message
   integrity and endpoint authentication, because trusted routers MUST
   hold the shared key in order to calculate the ICV value.

   After message generation and before message transmission:

   1.  Add the TIMESTAMP TLV and ICV TLV as described above.

   On message reception and before message processing:

   1.  Verify the received ICV value as described above.

   2.  Verify the received TIMESTAMP value by comparing the sequence
       number in the value field of the TIMESTAMP TLV with the
       Neighbor.HeardRERRSeqNum.  If the sequence number in the message
       is lower than the stored value, the AODVv2 message MUST be
       discarded.  Otherwise, the Neighbor.HeardRERRSeqNum MUST be set
       to the received value and processing continues according to
       Section 7.

12.  Configuration

   AODVv2 uses various parameters which can be grouped into the
   following categories:

   *  Timers

   *  Protocol constants

   *  Administrative parameters and controls

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   This section show the parameters along with their definitions and
   default values (if any).

   Note that several fields have limited size (bits or bytes).  These
   sizes and their encoding may place specific limitations on the values
   that can be set.

12.1.  Timers

   AODVv2 requires certain timing information to be associated with
   Local Route Set entries and message replies.  The default values are
   as follows:

                 +=======================+===============+
                 | Name                  | Default Value |
                 +=======================+===============+
                 | ACTIVE_INTERVAL       | 5 second      |
                 +-----------------------+---------------+
                 | MAX_IDLETIME          | 200 seconds   |
                 +-----------------------+---------------+
                 | MAX_BLACKLIST_TIME    | 200 seconds   |
                 +-----------------------+---------------+
                 | MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME   | 300 seconds   |
                 +-----------------------+---------------+
                 | RERR_TIMEOUT          | 3 seconds     |
                 +-----------------------+---------------+
                 | RteMsg_ENTRY_TIME     | 12 seconds    |
                 +-----------------------+---------------+
                 | RREQ_WAIT_TIME        | 2 seconds     |
                 +-----------------------+---------------+
                 | RREP_Ack_SENT_TIMEOUT | 1 second      |
                 +-----------------------+---------------+
                 | RREQ_HOLDDOWN_TIME    | 10 seconds    |
                 +-----------------------+---------------+

                     Table 16: Timing Parameter Values

   The above timing parameter values have worked well for small and
   medium well-connected networks with moderate topology changes.  The
   timing parameters SHOULD be administratively configurable.  Ideally,
   for networks with frequent topology changes the AODVv2 parameters
   SHOULD be adjusted using experimentally determined values or dynamic
   adaptation.  For example, in networks with infrequent topology
   changes MAX_IDLETIME MAY be set to a much larger value.  If the
   values were configured differently, the following consequences may be
   observed:

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   *  If MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME was configured differently across the
      network, and any of the routers lost their sequence number, this
      could result in their next route messages being classified as
      stale at any AODVv2 router using a greater value for
      MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME.  This would delay route discovery from and to
      the re-initializing router.

   *  Routers with lower values for ACTIVE_INTERVAL + MAX_IDLETIME will
      invalidate routes more quickly and free resources used to maintain
      them.  This can affect bursty traffic flows which have quiet
      periods longer than ACTIVE_INTERVAL + MAX_IDLETIME.  A route which
      has timed out due to perceived inactivity is not reported.  When
      the bursty traffic resumes, it would cause a RERR to be generated,
      and the traffic itself would be dropped.  This route would be
      removed from all upstream routers, even if those upstream routers
      had larger ACTIVE_INTERVAL or MAX_IDLETIME values.  A new route
      discovery would be required to re-establish the route, causing
      extra routing protocol traffic and disturbance to the bursty
      traffic.

   *  Routers with lower values for MAX_BLACKLIST_TIME would allow
      neighboring routers to participate in route discovery sooner than
      routers with higher values.  This could result in failed route
      discoveries if un-blacklisted links are still uni-directional.
      Since RREQs are retried, this would not affect success of route
      discovery unless this value was so small as to un-blacklist the
      router before the RREQ is retried.  This value need not be
      consistent across the network since it is used for maintaining a
      1-hop blacklist.  However it MUST be greater than RREQ_WAIT_TIME;
      the default value is much larger.

   *  Routers with lower values for RERR_TIMEOUT may create more RERR
      messages than routers with higher values.  This value should be
      large enough that a RERR will reach all routers using the route
      reported within it before the timer expires, so that no further
      data traffic will arrive, and no duplicated RERR messages will be
      generated.

   *  Routers with lower values for RteMsg_ENTRY_TIME may not consider
      received redundant multicast route messages as redundant, and may
      forward these messages unnecessarily.

   *  Routers with lower values for RREQ_WAIT_TIME may send more
      frequent RREQ messages and wrongly determine that a route does not
      exist, if the delay in receiving an RREP is greater than this
      interval.

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   *  Routers with lower values for RREP_Ack_SENT_TIMEOUT may wrongly
      determine links to neighbors to be unidirectional if an RREP_Ack
      is delayed longer than this timeout.

   *  Routers with lower values for RREQ_HOLDDOWN_TIME will retry failed
      route discoveries sooner than routers with higher values.  This
      may be an advantage if the network topology is frequently
      changing, or may unnecessarily cause more routing protocol
      traffic.

   MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME MUST be configured to have the same values for
   all AODVv2 routers in the network.

12.2.  Protocol Constants

   AODVv2 protocol constants typically do not require changes.  The
   following table lists these constants, along with their values and a
   reference to the section describing their use.

   +========================+=============+============================+
   | Name                   | Default     | Description                |
   +========================+=============+============================+
   | DISCOVERY_ATTEMPTS_MAX | 3           | Section 6.6                |
   +------------------------+-------------+----------------------------+
   | RREP_RETRIES           | 2           | Section 7.2.1              |
   +------------------------+-------------+----------------------------+
   | MAX_METRIC[MetricType] | [see below] | Section 5                  |
   +------------------------+-------------+----------------------------+
   | MAX_METRIC[HopCount]   | 255         | Section 5 and Section 7    |
   +------------------------+-------------+----------------------------+
   | MAX_HOPCOUNT           | 20          | Limit to number of hops    |
   |                        |             | an                         |
   +------------------------+-------------+----------------------------+
   |                        |             | RREQ or RREP message       |
   |                        |             | can traverse               |
   +------------------------+-------------+----------------------------+
   | INFINITY_TIME          | [see below] | Maximum expressible        |
   |                        |             | clock                      |
   +------------------------+-------------+----------------------------+
   |                        |             | time (Section 6.7.2)       |
   +------------------------+-------------+----------------------------+

                         Table 17: AODVv2 Constants

   MAX_HOPCOUNT cannot be larger than 255.

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   MAX_METRIC[MetricType] MUST always be the maximum expressible metric
   value of type MetricType.  Field lengths associated with metric
   values are found in Section 13.4.

   These protocol constants MUST have the same values for all AODVv2
   routers in the ad hoc network.  If the values were configured
   differently, the following consequences may be observed:

   *  DISCOVERY_ATTEMPTS_MAX: Routers with higher values are likely to
      be more successful at finding routes, at the cost of additional
      control traffic.

   *  RREP_RETRIES: Routers with lower values are more likely to
      blacklist neighbors when there is a temporary fluctuation in link
      quality.

   *  MAX_METRIC[MetricType]: No interoperability problems due to
      variations on different routers, but routers with lower values may
      exhibit overly restrictive behavior during route comparisons.

   *  MAX_HOPCOUNT: Routers with a value too small would not be able to
      discover routes to distant addresses.

   *  INFINITY_TIME: No interoperability problems due to variations on
      different routers, but if a lower value is used, route state
      management may exhibit overly restrictive behavior.

12.3.  Local Settings

   The following table lists AODVv2 parameters which SHOULD be
   administratively configured for each router:

    +=======================+===========================+=============+
    | Name                  | Default Value             | Description |
    +=======================+===========================+=============+
    | Router Client Set     |                           | Section 4.2 |
    +-----------------------+---------------------------+-------------+
    | BUFFER_SIZE_PACKETS   | 2                         | Section 6.6 |
    +-----------------------+---------------------------+-------------+
    | BUFFER_SIZE_BYTES     | MAX_PACKET_SIZE [TBD]     | Section 6.6 |
    +-----------------------+---------------------------+-------------+
    | CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT | [Adjust for 10% capacity] | Section 7   |
    +-----------------------+---------------------------+-------------+

                 Table 18: Configuration for Local Settings

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12.4.  Network-Wide Settings

   The following administrative controls MAY be used to change the
   operation of the network.  The same settings SHOULD be used across
   the network.  Inconsistent settings at different routers in the
   network will not result in protocol errors.

            +=====================+==========+===============+
            | Name                | Default  | Description   |
            +=====================+==========+===============+
            | ENABLE_IDLE_IN_RERR | Disabled | Section 7.4.1 |
            +---------------------+----------+---------------+

            Table 19: Configuration for Network-Wide Settings

13.  IANA Considerations

   This section specifies several [RFC5444] message types and address
   tlv-types required for AODVv2, as well as a new Code value for ICMP
   Destination Unreachable.

13.1.  RFC 5444 Message Type Allocation

   This specification defines four Message Types, to be allocated from
   the 0-223 range of the "Message Types" namespace defined in
   [RFC5444].

           +========================================+==========+
           | Name of Message                        | Type     |
           +========================================+==========+
           | Route Request (RREQ)                   | 10 (TBD) |
           +----------------------------------------+----------+
           | Route Reply (RREP)                     | 11 (TBD) |
           +----------------------------------------+----------+
           | Route Error (RERR)                     | 12 (TBD) |
           +----------------------------------------+----------+
           | Route Reply Acknowledgement (RREP_Ack) | 13 (TBD) |
           +----------------------------------------+----------+

                                  Table 20

13.2.  RFC 5444 Message TLV Types

   This specification defines one Message TLV Type, to be allocated from
   the Message-Type-specific "Message TLV Types" namespace defined in
   [RFC5444], as specified in Table 21.

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        +=============+===========+=================+=============+
        | Name of TLV | Type      | Length (octets) | Reference   |
        +=============+===========+=================+=============+
        | ACK_REQ     | 128 (TBD) | 0               | Section 6.2 |
        +-------------+-----------+-----------------+-------------+

                     Table 21: AODVv2 Message TLV Types

13.3.  RFC 5444 Address Block TLV Type Allocation

   This specification defines three Address Block TLV Types, to be
   allocated from the Message-Type-specific "Address Block TLV Types"
   namespace defined in [RFC5444], as specified in Table 22.

     +==============+===========+=======================+===========+
     | Name of TLV  | Type      | Length (octets)       | Reference |
     +==============+===========+=======================+===========+
     | PATH_METRIC  | 129 (TBD) | depends on MetricType | Section 7 |
     +--------------+-----------+-----------------------+-----------+
     | SEQ_NUM      | 130 (TBD) | 2                     | Section 7 |
     +--------------+-----------+-----------------------+-----------+
     | ADDRESS_TYPE | 131 (TBD) | 1                     | Section 8 |
     +--------------+-----------+-----------------------+-----------+

                 Table 22: AODVv2 Address Block TLV Types

13.4.  MetricType Allocation

   The metric types used by AODVv2 are identified according to Table 23.
   All implementations MUST use these values.

           +====================+=========+===================+
           | Name of MetricType | Type    | Metric Value Size |
           +====================+=========+===================+
           | Unassigned         | 0       | Undefined         |
           +--------------------+---------+-------------------+
           | Hop Count          | 1       | 1 octet           |
           +--------------------+---------+-------------------+
           | Unallocated        | 2 - 254 | TBD               |
           +--------------------+---------+-------------------+
           | Reserved           | 255     | Undefined         |
           +--------------------+---------+-------------------+

                      Table 23: AODVv2 Metric Types

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13.5.  ADDRESS_TYPE TLV Values

   These values are used in the [RFC5444] Address Type TLV discussed in
   Section 8.  All implementations MUST use these values.

                          +==============+=======+
                          | Address Type | Value |
                          +==============+=======+
                          | ORIGPREFIX   | 0     |
                          +--------------+-------+
                          | TARGPREFIX   | 1     |
                          +--------------+-------+
                          | UNREACHABLE  | 2     |
                          +--------------+-------+
                          | PKTSOURCE    | 3     |
                          +--------------+-------+
                          | UNSPECIFIED  | 255   |
                          +--------------+-------+

                              Table 24: AODVv2
                               Address Types

13.6.  ICMPv6 Code Field for ICMP Destination Unreachable

   A new Code Value is defined for ICMP Destination Unreachable messages
   (see Section 7.1.2).

                    +======================+=========+
                    | Code Value           | Value   |
                    +======================+=========+
                    | Metric Type Mismatch | 8 (TBD) |
                    +----------------------+---------+

                       Table 25: AODVv2 ICMPv6 Code
                               Field value

14.  Security Considerations

   This section describes various security considerations and potential
   avenues to secure AODVv2 routing.  The main objective of the AODVv2
   protocol is for each router to communicate reachability information
   about addresses for which it is responsible, and for routes it has
   discovered from other AODVv2 routers.

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   Networks using AODVv2 to maintain connectivity and establish routes
   on demand may be vulnerable to certain well-known types of threats,
   which will be detailed in this section.  Some of the threats
   described can be mitigated or eliminated.  Tools to do so will be
   described.

   With the exception of metric values, AODVv2 assures the integrity of
   all RteMsg data end-to-end though the use of ICVs (see
   Section 14.4.2.  AODVv2 implementations support ICV and TIMESTAMP
   TLVs, unless the implementation is intended for an environment in
   which security is unnecessary; otherwise, AODVv2 deployments are
   configured to use these TLVs to secure messages.

   The on-demand nature of AODVv2 route discovery automatically reduces
   the vulnerability to route disruption.  Since control traffic for
   updating route tables is diminished, there is less opportunity for
   attack and failure.

14.1.  Availability

   Threats to AODVv2 which reduce availability are considered below.

14.1.1.  Denial of Service

   Flooding attacks using RREQ amount to a (BLIND) denial of service for
   route discovery: By issuing RREQ messages for targets that don't
   exist, an attacker can flood the network, blocking resources and
   drowning out legitimate traffic.  By triggering the generation of
   CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT amount of messages (for example by sending
   RREQs for many non-existent destinations), an attacker can prevent
   legitimate messages from being generated.  The effect of this attack
   is dampened by the fact that duplicate RREQ messages are dropped
   (preventing the network from DDoSing itself).  Processing
   requirements for AODVv2 messages are typically quite small, however
   AODVv2 routers receiving RREQs do allocate resources in the form of
   Neighbor Set, Local Route Set and Multicast Route Message Set
   entries.  The attacker can maximize their impact on set growth by
   changing OrigPrefix or OrigPrefixLen for each RREQ.  If a specific
   node is to be targeted, this attack may be carried out in a
   distributed fashion, either by compromising its direct neighbors or
   by specifying the target's address with TargPrefix and TargPrefixLen.
   Note that it might be more economical for the attacker to simply jam
   the medium; an attack which AODVv2 cannot defend itself against.

   Mitigation:

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   *  If AODVv2 routers always verify that the sender of the RERR
      message is trusted, this threat is reduced.  Processing
      requirements would typically be dominated by calculations to
      verify integrity.  This has the effect of reducing (but by no
      means eliminating) AODVv2's vulnerability to denial of service
      attacks.

   *  Authentication of senders can prevent unauthenticated routers from
      launching a Denial of Service attack on another AODVv2 router.
      However, this does not protect the network if an attacker has
      access to an already authenticated router.

14.1.2.  Malicious RERR messages

   RERR messages are designed to cause removal of installed routes.  A
   malicious node could send an RERR message with false information to
   attempt to get other routers to remove a route to one or more
   specific destinations, therefore disrupting traffic to the advertised
   destinations.

   Routes will be deleted if an RERR is received, withdrawing a route
   for which the sender is the receiver's next hop, if both of the
   following conditions are met:

   *  the RERR includes the MetricType of the installed route,

   *  the RERR includes either no sequence number for the route, or
      includes a greater sequence number than the sequence number stored
      with that route in the receiver's Local Route Set.

   Routes will also be deleted if a received RERR contains a PktSource
   address corresponding to a Router Client.

   The information necessary to construct a malicious RERR could be
   discovered by eavesdropping, either by listening to AODVv2 messages
   or by watching data packet flows.

   When the RERR is multicast, it can be received by many routers in the
   ad hoc network, and will be regenerated when processing results in an
   active route being removed.  This threat could have serious impact on
   applications communicating by way of the sender of the RERR message.

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   *  The set of routers which use the malicious router as a next hop
      may be targeted with a malicious RERR with no PktSource address
      included, if the RERR contains routes for which the malicious
      router is a next hop from the receiving router.  However, since
      the sender of the RERR message is either malicious or broken, it
      is better that it is not used as a next hop for these routes
      anyway.

   *  A single router which does not use the malicious router as part of
      its route may be targeted with a malicious RERR with a PktSource
      address included.

   *  Replayed RERR messages could be used to disrupt active routes.

   Mitigation:

   *  Protection against eavesdropping of AODVv2 messages would mitigate
      this attack to some extent, but eavesdropping of data packets can
      also be used to deduce the information about which routes could be
      targeted.

   *  Protection against a malicious router becoming part of a route
      will mitigate the attack where a set of routers are targeted.
      This will not protect against the attack if a PktSource address is
      included.

   *  By only regenerating RERR messages where active routes are
      removed, the spread of the malicious RERR is limited.

   *  Including sequence numbers in RERR messages offers protection
      against attacks using replays of these RERR messages.

   *  If AODVv2 routers always verify that the sender of the RERR
      message is trusted, this threat is reduced.

14.1.3.  False Confirmation of Link Bidirectionality

   Links could be erroneously treated as bidirectional if malicious
   unsolicited or spoofed RREP messages were to be accepted.  This would
   result in a route being installed which could not in fact be used to
   forward data to the destination, and may divert data packets away
   from the intended destination.

   There is a window of RREQ_WAIT_TIME after an RREQ is sent, in which
   any malicious router could send an RREP in response, in order for the
   link to the malicious router to be deemed as bidirectional.

   Mitigation:

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   *  Ignoring unsolicited RREP and RREP_Ack messages partially
      mitigates against this threat.

   *  If AODVv2 routers always verify that the sender of the RREP
      message is trusted, this threat is reduced.

14.1.4.  Message Deletion

   A malicious router could decide not to forward an RREQ or RREP or
   RERR message.  Not forwarding a RERR or RREP message would disrupt
   route discovery.  Not regenerating a RERR message would result in the
   source of data packets continuing to maintain and use the route, and
   further RERR messages being generated by the sender of the non-
   regenerated RERR.  A malicious router could intentionally disrupt
   traffic flows by not allowing the source of data traffic to re-
   discover a new route when one breaks.

   Failing to send an RREP_Ack would also disrupt route establishment,
   by not allowing the reverse route to be validated.  Return traffic
   which needs that route will prompt a new route discovery, wasting
   resources and incurring a slight delay but not disrupting the ability
   for applications to communicate.

   Mitigation:

   *  None.  Note that malicious router would have to wait for a route
      to break before it could perform this attack.

14.2.  Confidentiality

   Passive inspection (eavesdropping) of AODVv2 control messages could
   enable unauthorized devices to gain information about the network
   topology, since exchanging such information is the main purpose of
   AODVv2.

   Eavesdropping of data traffic could allow a malicious device to
   obtain information about how data traffic is being routed.  With
   knowledge of source and destination addresses, malicious messages
   could be constructed to disrupt normal operation.

14.3.  Integrity of Routes

   Integrity of route information can be compromised in the following
   types of attack:

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14.3.1.  Message Insertion

   Valid route set entries can be replaced or modified by maliciously
   constructed AODVv2 messages, destroying existing routes and the
   network's integrity.  Any router may pose as another router by
   sending RREQ, RREP, RREP_Ack and RERR messages in its name.

   *  Sending an RREQ message with false information can disrupt traffic
      to OrigPrefix, if the sequence number attached is not stale
      compared to any existing information about OrigPrefix.  Since RREQ
      is multicast and likely to be received by all routers in the ad
      hoc network, this threat could have serious impact on applications
      communicating with OrigPrefix.

   *  The actual threat to disrupt routes to OrigPrefix is reduced by
      the AODVv2 mechanism of marking RREQ-derived routes as
      "Unconfirmed" until the route to OrigAddr can be confirmed.

   *  Sending an RREP message with false information can disrupt traffic
      to TargPrefix.  Since RREP is unicast, and ignored if a
      corresponding RREQ was not recently sent, this threat is
      minimized, and is restricted to receivers along the path from
      OrigAddr to TargAddr.

   *  Sending an RREP_Ack response message with false information can
      cause the route to an originator address to be erroneously
      accepted even though the route would contain a unidirectional link
      and thus not be suitable for most traffic.  Since the RREP_Ack
      response is unicast, and ignored if an RREP_Ack was not sent
      recently to the sender of this RREP_Ack response, this threat is
      minimized and is strictly local to the RREP transmitter expecting
      the acknowledgement.  Unsolicited RREP_Acks are ignored.

   *  Sending an RERR message with false information is discussed in
      Section 14.1.2.

   Mitigation:

   *  If AODVv2 routers always verify that the sender of a message is
      trusted, this threat is reduced.

14.3.2.  Message Modification - Man in the Middle

   Any AODVv2 router can forward messages with modified data.

   Mitigation:

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   *  If AODVv2 routers verify the integrity of AODVv2 messages, then
      the threat of disruption is minimized.  A man in the middle with
      no knowledge of the key used to calculate an integrity check value
      may modify a message but the message will be rejected when it
      fails an integrity check.

14.3.3.  Replay Attacks

   Replaying of RREQ or RREP messages would be of less use to an
   attacker, since they would be dropped immediately due to their stale
   sequence number.  RERR messages may or may not include sequence
   numbers and are therefore susceptible to replay attacks.  RREP_Ack
   messages do not include sequence numbers and are therefore
   susceptible to replay attacks.

   Mitigation:

   *  Use of timestamps or sequence numbers prevents replay attacks.

14.4.  Protection Mechanisms

14.4.1.  Confidentiality and Authentication

   Encryption MAY be used for AODVv2 messages.  If the routers share a
   packet-level security association, the message data can be encrypted
   prior to message transmission.  The establishment of such security
   associations is outside the scope of this specification.  Encryption
   will not only protect against unauthorized devices obtaining
   information about network topology (eavesdropping) but will ensure
   that only trusted routers participate in routing operations.

14.4.2.  Message Integrity using ICVs

   Cryptographic Integrity Check Values (ICVs) can be used to ensure
   integrity of received messages, protecting against man in the middle
   attacks.  Further, by using ICVs, only those routers with knowledge
   of a shared secret key are allowed to participate in routing
   information exchanges.  [RFC7182] defines ICV TLVs for use with
   [RFC5444].

   The data contained in AODVv2 routing protocol messages MUST be
   verified using Integrity Check Values, to avoid accepting tampered
   messages.

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14.4.3.  Replay Protection using Timestamps

   [RFC7182] defines a TIMESTAMP TLV for use with [RFC5444] which can be
   used to prevent replay attacks when sequence numbers are not already
   included.

   The data contained in AODVv2 routing protocol messages can be
   protected with a TIMESTAMP value to ensure the protection against
   replaying of the message.  Sequence numbers can be used in place of
   timestamps, since they are known to be strictly increasing.

14.5.  Key Management

   The method of distribution of shared secret keys is out of the scope
   of this protocol.  Key management is not specified for the following
   reasons:

   Against [RFC4107], an analysis as to whether automated or manual key
   management should be used shows a compelling case for automated
   management.  In particular:

   *  a potentially large number of routers may have to be managed,
      belonging to several organisations, for example in vehicular
      applications.

   *  a stream cipher is likely to be used, such as an AES variant.

   *  long term session keys might be used by more than two parties,
      including multicast operations.  AODVv2 makes extensive use of
      multicast.

   *  there may be frequent turnover of devices.

   On reviewing the case for manual key management against the same
   document, it can be seen that manual management might be advantageous
   in environments with limited bandwidth or high round trip times.
   AODVv2 lends itself to sparse ad hoc networks where transmission
   conditions may indeed be limited, depending on the bearers selected
   for use.

   However, [RFC4107] assumes that the connectivity between endpoints is
   already available.  In AODVv2, no route is available to a given
   destination until a router client requests that user traffic be
   transmitted.  It is required to secure the signalling path of the
   routing protocol that will establish the path across which key
   exchange functions might subsequently be applied, which is clearly
   the reverse of the expected functionality.  A different strategy is
   therefore required.

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   There are two possible solutions.  In each case, it is assumed that a
   defence in depth security posture is being adopted by the system
   integrator, such that each function in the network as a whole is
   appropriately secured or defended as necessary, and that there is not
   complete reliance on security mechanisms built in to AODVv2.  Such
   additional mechanisms could include a suitable wireless device
   security technology, so that wireless devices are authenticated and
   secured by their peers prior to exchanging user data, which in this
   case would include AODVV2 signalling traffic as a payload, and
   mechanisms which verify the authenticity and/or integrity of
   application-layer user data transported once a route has been
   established.

   1.  In the case that no AODVv2 routers have any detailed prior
       knowledge of any other AODVv2 router, but does have knowledge of
       the credentials of other organisations in which the router has
       been previously configured to trust, it is possible for an AODVv2
       router to send an initialisation vector as part of an exchange,
       which could be verified against such credentials.  Such an
       exchange could make use of Identity-Based Signatures
       ([I-D.ietf-manet-ibs]), based on Elliptic Curve-Based
       Certificateless Signatures for Identity-Based Encryption
       [RFC6507], which eliminate the need for a handshake process to
       establish trust.

   2.  If it is impossible to use Identity-Based Signatures, and the
       risk to the AODVv2 signalling traffic is considered to be low due
       to the use of security countermeasures elsewhere in the system, a
       simple pre-placed shared secret could be used between routers,
       which is used as-is or is used to generate some ephemeral secret
       based on another known variable, such as time of day if that is
       universally available at a level of accuracy sufficient to make
       such a system viable.

15.  Acknowledgments

   AODVv2 is a descendant of the design of previous MANET on-demand
   protocols, especially AODV [RFC3561] and DSR [RFC4728].  Changes to
   previous MANET on-demand protocols stem from research and
   implementation experiences.  Thanks to Elizabeth Belding and Ian
   Chakeres for their long time authorship of AODV.  Additional thanks
   to Derek Atkins, Emmanuel Baccelli, Abdussalam Baryun, Ramon Caceres,
   Justin Dean, Christopher Dearlove, Fatemeh Ghassemi, Sri Gundavelli,
   Ulrich Herberg, Henner Jakob, Ramtin Khosravi, Luke Klein-Berndt,
   Lars Kristensen, Tronje Krop, Koojana Kuladinithi, Kedar Namjoshi,
   Keyur Patel, Alexandru Petrescu, Stan Ratliff, Alvaro Retana, Henning
   Rogge, Fransisco Ros, Pedro Ruiz, Christoph Sommer, Romain Thouvenin,
   Pascal Thubert, Richard Trefler, Jiazi Yi, Seung Yi, Behnaz Yousefi,

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   and Cong Yuan, for their reviews of AODVv2 and DYMO, as well as
   numerous specification suggestions.

16.  References

16.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4443]  Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet
              Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet
              Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", STD 89,
              RFC 4443, DOI 10.17487/RFC4443, March 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4443>.

   [RFC5444]  Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih,
              "Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message
              Format", RFC 5444, DOI 10.17487/RFC5444, February 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5444>.

   [RFC5498]  Chakeres, I., "IANA Allocations for Mobile Ad Hoc Network
              (MANET) Protocols", RFC 5498, DOI 10.17487/RFC5498, March
              2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5498>.

   [RFC7182]  Herberg, U., Clausen, T., and C. Dearlove, "Integrity
              Check Value and Timestamp TLV Definitions for Mobile Ad
              Hoc Networks (MANETs)", RFC 7182, DOI 10.17487/RFC7182,
              April 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7182>.

16.2.  Informative References

   [dot11]    "IEEE 802 Wireless", "802.11-2016 - IEEE Standard for
              Information technology--Telecommunications and information
              exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area
              networks--Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN
              Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
              Specification", March 2016.

   [I-D.ietf-manet-ibs]
              Dearlove, C., "Identity-Based Signatures for Mobile Ad Hoc
              Network (MANET) Routing Protocols", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-manet-ibs-05, 21 March 2016,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-manet-
              ibs-05>.

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   [I-D.ietf-roll-aodv-rpl]
              Perkins, C. E., Anand, S., Anamalamudi, S., and B. R. Liu,
              "Supporting Asymmetric Links in Low Power Networks: AODV-
              RPL", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-roll-
              aodv-rpl-18, 17 August 2023,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-roll-
              aodv-rpl-18>.

   [Koodli01] Koodli, R. and C. Perkins, "Fast handovers and context
              transfers in mobile networks", Proceedings of the ACM
              SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 2001, Volume 31
              Issue 5, 37-47, October 2001.

   [Perkins94]
              Perkins, C. and P. Bhagwat, "Highly Dynamic Destination-
              Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile
              Computers", Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '94 Conference
              on Communications Architectures, Protocols and
              Applications, London, UK, pp. 234-244, August 1994.

   [RFC0793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", RFC 793,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.

   [RFC2501]  Corson, S. and J. Macker, "Mobile Ad hoc Networking
              (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and
              Evaluation Considerations", RFC 2501,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2501, January 1999,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2501>.

   [RFC3561]  Perkins, C., Belding-Royer, E., and S. Das, "Ad hoc On-
              Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing", RFC 3561,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3561, July 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3561>.

   [RFC4107]  Bellovin, S. and R. Housley, "Guidelines for Cryptographic
              Key Management", BCP 107, RFC 4107, DOI 10.17487/RFC4107,
              June 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4107>.

   [RFC4193]  Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
              Addresses", RFC 4193, DOI 10.17487/RFC4193, October 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4193>.

   [RFC4728]  Johnson, D., Hu, Y., and D. Maltz, "The Dynamic Source
              Routing Protocol (DSR) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for
              IPv4", RFC 4728, DOI 10.17487/RFC4728, February 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4728>.

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   [RFC6130]  Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., and J. Dean, "Mobile Ad Hoc
              Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)",
              RFC 6130, DOI 10.17487/RFC6130, April 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6130>.

   [RFC6507]  Groves, M., "Elliptic Curve-Based Certificateless
              Signatures for Identity-Based Encryption (ECCSI)",
              RFC 6507, DOI 10.17487/RFC6507, February 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6507>.

   [RFC7251]  McGrew, D., Bailey, D., Campagna, M., and R. Dugal, "AES-
              CCM Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Cipher Suites for
              TLS", RFC 7251, DOI 10.17487/RFC7251, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7251>.

   [RFC7991]  Hoffman, P., "The "xml2rfc" Version 3 Vocabulary",
              RFC 7991, DOI 10.17487/RFC7991, December 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7991>.

   [RFC8175]  Ratliff, S., Jury, S., Satterwhite, D., Taylor, R., and B.
              Berry, "Dynamic Link Exchange Protocol (DLEP)", RFC 8175,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8175, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8175>.

Appendix A.  AODVv2 Draft Changes

A.1.  Changes from version 3 to version 4

   *  Many textual changes resulting from use of new version of xml2rfc.
      This particularly includes numbering and renumbering tables in
      Section 13.

   *  Updated author information, and Acknowledgements (Section 15).

   *  Otherwise, no protocol modifications or substantive text updates.
      Some bibliographic citations were updated automatically.

   *  Changed from v2-style RFC citations to using Xinclude as specified
      in [RFC7991].

A.2.  Changes from version 2 to version 3

   This section lists the changes between AODVv2 revisions ...-02.txt
   and ...-03.txt.

   *  Changed name of Multicast Route Message table to be Multicast
      Message table (see Section 4.6, and Section 6.8).

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   *  Reorganized the Overview to include the list of differences
      between AODVv2 and RFC 3561, as well as an expanded description of
      Distance Vector protocol so that "Counting to Infinity" can be
      explained in somewhat more detail.

   *  Improved consistency in terminology used (e.g., lost link versus
      broken link, metric type versus MetricType.  Address List versus
      AddressList, IP.SourceAddress versus IP source address,
      participating mobile nodes versus participating mobile routers)

   *  Added Figures to depict the operation of RREQ and RREP during
      Route Discovery.

   *  Added text to Section 4.5 explaining how the LocalRoute.LastUsed
      field can be used to eliminate the need for maintaining a timer
      interrupt service.

   *  Added terminology for Address Block

   *  Eliminated "Interface Set" term

   *  Removed "ENAR" from Terminology section since its use is local to
      Section 9

   *  Eliminated instances of RFC 2119 mandate language that was
      inadvisedly used for various operations on internal data
      structures.

   *  Clarified that a re-initializing router can still participate in
      creating routes as an intermediate router.

   *  Improved language surrounding the use of external mechnanisms for
      establishing local connectivity.  Added citations.

   *  Strengthened mandate to remove a Neighbor Set entry, in the case
      that an external mechanism reports a link as broken

   *  Eliminated ambiguous uses of the word "safe" by rewording to
      emphasize prevention of routing loops.

   *  Updated and added bibliographic entries.

A.3.  Previous AODVv2 Draft Updates

   This section lists the changes between AODVv2 revisions ...-00.txt
   and ...-02.txt.

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   *  Changed notation for entries in Multicast Route Message table from
      RteMsg to McMsg {for Multicast Message} (see Table 1, Section 4.6,
      and Section 6.8).

   *  Sharpened description of suppressing multicast messages to apply
      only to RREQs (see Section 6.8).

   *  Supplied AES-CCM as the default choice for HASH_FUNCTION and
      CRYPTOGRAPHIC_FUNCTION (see Section 11).

   *  Changed the names of the Neighbor.State to be capitalized:
      CONFIRMED, HEARD, and BLACKLISTED (see Section 4.3).

   *  Created a new Code field value for ICMP Destination Unreachable
      messages (see Section 13.6).  This allows the target of a RREQ to
      inform RREQ_Gen that the requested Metric Type is not available
      (see Section 7.1.2).  This will prevent continued flooding for a
      Route Discovery that can never be satisfied.

   *  Corrected various typos and made some stylistic improvements and
      clarifications.

   *  Add RerrMsg as a Notational Convenience Table 1

   *  Wordsmithing, reduce repeated text

   *  Restore optional Precursor feature (see Section 10)

   *  Correct misuse of RFC 2119 language

   *  Revise the method by which a multi-hop path is deemed to be
      Confirmed

   *  Remove technical specification details from definitions

   *  Move security operational mandates from Security Considerations
      into a new section Section 11

   *  Sharpen language related to assuring that routing must follow
      paths appropriate to the metric type for which the route was
      established (see Section 5).

   *  Replace rambling paragraphs by itemized lists to improve
      readability

   *  Allow use of MAC-layer hints about bidirectionality (see
      Section 6.2).

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   *  Define concepts of compatibility and comparability for Multicast
      Route Message entries (see Section 6.8).  This is needed to enable
      proper comparisons in case multihomed nodes have route discoveries
      from multiple routers

   *  Sharpen language related to multihoming

   *  Suggest a proper default for CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT (see
      Section 12.3).

   *  Sharpen Security Considerations Section according to suggestions
      from Bob Moskowitz

Authors' Addresses

   Charles E. Perkins
   Blue Meadow Networks
   12450 Blue Meadow Ct
   Saratoga, CA 95070
   United States of America
   Phone: +1-408-223-9223
   Email: charliep@computer.org

   John Dowdell
   Airbus Defence and Space
   Celtic Springs
   Newport, Wales
   NP10 8FZ
   United Kingdom
   Email: john.dowdell.ietf@gmail.com

   Lotte Steenbrink
   Freie Universitaet Berlin
   Kaiserswerther Str. 16-18
   D-14195 Berlin
   Germany
   Email: lotte.steenbrink@fu-berlin.de

   Victoria Pritchard
   Airbus Defence and Space
   Celtic Springs
   Newport, Wales
   NP10 8FZ
   United Kingdom
   Email: pritchardv0@gmail.com

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