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When to use RFC 6553, 6554 and IPv6-in-IPv6
draft-ietf-roll-useofrplinfo-09

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9008.
Authors Ines Robles , Michael Richardson , Pascal Thubert
Last updated 2016-11-11 (Latest revision 2016-10-21)
Replaces draft-robles-roll-useofrplinfo
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Formats
Reviews
Additional resources Mailing list discussion
Stream WG state In WG Last Call
Associated WG milestone
Mar 2020
Initial Submission of a proposal with uses cases for RPI, RH3 and IPv6-in-IPv6 encapsulation to the IESG
Document shepherd Ralph Droms
IESG IESG state Became RFC 9008 (Proposed Standard)
Consensus boilerplate Yes
Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD (None)
Send notices to "Ralph Droms" <rdroms@cisco.com>
draft-ietf-roll-useofrplinfo-09
ROLL Working Group                                             M. Robles
Internet-Draft                                                  Ericsson
Updates: 6550 (if approved)                                M. Richardson
Intended status: Standards Track                                     SSW
Expires: April 24, 2017                                       P. Thubert
                                                                   Cisco
                                                        October 21, 2016

              When to use RFC 6553, 6554 and IPv6-in-IPv6
                    draft-ietf-roll-useofrplinfo-09

Abstract

   This document looks at different data flows through LLN (Low-Power
   and Lossy Networks) where RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power
   and Lossy Networks) is used to establish routing.  The document
   enumerates the cases where RFC 6553, RFC 6554 and IPv6-in-IPv6
   encapsulation is required.  This analysis provides the basis on which
   to design efficient compression of these headers.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 24, 2017.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect

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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology and Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.1.  hop-by-hop IPv6-in-IPv6 headers . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Sample/reference topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Use cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   5.  Storing mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     5.1.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to root . . . . . . .   9
     5.2.  Example of Flow from root to RPL-aware-leaf . . . . . . .  10
     5.3.  Example of Flow from root to not-RPL-aware-leaf . . . . .  11
     5.4.  Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to root . . . . .  11
     5.5.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to Internet . . . . .  12
     5.6.  Example of Flow from Internet to RPL-aware-leaf . . . . .  12
     5.7.  Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to Internet . . .  13
     5.8.  Example of Flow from Internet to non-RPL-aware-leaf . . .  14
     5.9.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to RPL-aware-leaf . .  15
     5.10. Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to non-RPL-aware-leaf  16
     5.11. Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to RPL-aware-leaf  17
     5.12. Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to not-RPL-aware-
           leaf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   6.  Non Storing mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     6.1.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to root . . . . . . .  20
     6.2.  Example of Flow from root to RPL-aware-leaf . . . . . . .  20
     6.3.  Example of Flow from root to not-RPL-aware-leaf . . . . .  21
     6.4.  Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to root . . . . .  22
     6.5.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to Internet . . . . .  23
     6.6.  Example of Flow from Internet to RPL-aware-leaf . . . . .  23
     6.7.  Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to Internet . . .  24
     6.8.  Example of Flow from Internet to non-RPL-aware-leaf . . .  25
     6.9.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to RPL-aware-leaf . .  26
     6.10. Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to not-RPL-aware-leaf  27
     6.11. Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to RPL-aware-leaf  28
     6.12. Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to not-RPL-aware-
           leaf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
   7.  Observations about the cases  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     7.1.  Storing mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     7.2.  Non-Storing mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   8.  6LoRH Compression cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
   11. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
   12. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32

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     12.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     12.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34

1.  Introduction

   RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks)
   [RFC6550] is a routing protocol for constrained networks.  RFC 6553
   [RFC6553] defines the "RPL option" (RPI), carried within the IPv6
   Hop-by-Hop header to quickly identify inconsistencies (loops) in the
   routing topology.  RFC 6554 [RFC6554] defines the "RPL Source Route
   Header" (RH3), an IPv6 Extension Header to deliver datagrams within a
   RPL routing domain, particularly in non-storing mode.

   These various items are referred to as RPL artifacts, and they are
   seen on all of the data-plane traffic that occurs in RPL routed
   networks; they do not in general appear on the RPL control plane
   traffic at all which is mostly hop-by-hop traffic (one exception
   being DAO messages in non-storing mode).

   It has become clear from attempts to do multi-vendor
   interoperability, and from a desire to compress as many of the above
   artifacts as possible that not all implementors agree when artifacts
   are necessary, or when they can be safely omitted, or removed.

   An interim meeting went through the 24 cases defined here to discover
   if there were any shortcuts, and this document is the result of that
   discussion.  This document should not be defining anything new, but
   it may clarify what is correct and incorrect behaviour.

   The related document A Routing Header Dispatch for 6LoWPAN (6LoRH)
   [I-D.ietf-roll-routing-dispatch] defines a method to compress RPL
   Option information and Routing Header type 3 [RFC6554], an efficient
   IP-in-IP technique, and use cases proposed for the
   [Second6TischPlugtest] involving 6loRH.

   The related document updates [RFC6550].  In general, any packet that
   leaves the RPL domain of an LLN (or leaves the LLN entirely) will NOT
   be discarded, when it has the [RFC6553] RPL Option Header known as
   the RPI or [RFC6554] SRH3 Extension Header (S)RH3.  Due to changes to
   [I-D.ietf-6man-rfc2460bis] the RPI Hop-by-Hop option MAY be left in
   place even if the end host does not understand it.

2.  Terminology and Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

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   Terminology defined in [RFC7102] applies to this document: LBR, LLN,
   RPL, RPL Domain and ROLL.

   RPL-node: It is device which implements RPL, thus we can say that the
   device is RPL-capable or RPL-aware.  Please note that the device can
   be found inside the LLN or outside LLN.  In this document a RPL-node
   which is a leaf is called RPL-aware-leaf.

   RPL-not-capable: It is device which do not implement RPL, thus we can
   say that the device is not-RPL-aware.  Please note that the device
   can be found inside the LLN.  In this document a not-RPL-node which
   is a leaf is called not-RPL-aware-leaf.

2.1.  hop-by-hop IPv6-in-IPv6 headers

   The term "hop-by-hop IPv6-in-IPv6" header refers to: adding a header
   that originates from a node to an adjacent node, using the addresses
   (usually the GUA or ULA, but could use the link-local addresses) of
   each node.  If the packet must traverse multiple hops, then it must
   be decapsulated at each hop, and then re-encapsulated again in a
   similar fashion.

3.  Sample/reference topology

   A RPL network is composed of a 6LBR (6LoWPAN Border Router), Backbone
   Router (6BBR), 6LR (6LoWPAN Router) and 6LN (6LoWPAN Node) as leaf
   logically organized in a DODAG structure (Destination Oriented
   Directed Acyclic Graph).

   RPL defines the RPL Control messages (control plane), a new ICMPv6
   [RFC4443]  message with Type 155.  DIS (DODAG Information
   Solicitation), DIO (DODAG Information Object) and DAO (Destination
   Advertisement Object) messages are all RPL Control messages but with
   different Code values.  A RPL Stack is showed in Figure 1.

   RPL supports two modes of Downward traffic: in storing mode (RPL-SM),
   it is fully stateful or an in non-storing (RPL-NSM), it is fully
   source routed.  A RPL Instance is either fully storing or fully non-
   storing, i.e. a RPL Instance with a combination of storing and non-
   storing nodes is not supported with the current specifications at the
   time of writing this document.

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   +--------------+
   | Upper Layers |
   |              |
   +--------------+
   |   RPL        |
   |              |
   +--------------+
   |   ICMPv6     |
   |              |
   +--------------+
   |   IPv6       |
   |              |
   +--------------+
   |   6LoWPAN    |
   |              |
   +--------------+
   |   PHY-MAC    |
   |              |
   +--------------+

                           Figure 1: RPL Stack.

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                                    +---------+
                                +---+Internet |
                                |   +---------+
                                |
                           +----+--+
                           | DODAG |  node:01
                 +---------+ Root  +----------+
                 |         | 6LBR  |          |
                 |         +----+--+          |
                 |              |             |
                 |              |             |
                ...            ...           ...
                 |              |             |
           +-----+-+         +--+---+      +--+---+
           |6LR    |         |      |      |      |
     +-----+       |         |      |      |      |
     |     |   11  |         |   12 |      |   13 +------+
     |     +-----+-+         +-+----+      +-+----+      |
     |           |             |             |           |
     |           |             |             |           |
     | 21        | 22          | 23          | 24        | 25
   +-+---+     +-+---+      +--+--+       +- --+     +---+-+
   |Leaf |     |     |      |     |       |Leaf|     |Leaf |
   | 6LN |     |     |      |     |       | 6LN|     | 6LN |
   +-----+     +-----+      +-----+       +----+     +-----+

                    Figure 2: A reference RPL Topology.

   In Figure 2 is showed the reference RPL Topology for this document.
   The numbers in or above the nodes are there so that they may be
   referenced in subsequent sections.  In the figure, a 6LN can be a
   router or a host.  The 6LN leafs marked as (21) is a RPL host that
   does not have forwarding capability and (25) is a RPL router.  The
   leaf marked 6LN (24) is a device which does not speak RPL at all
   (not-RPL-aware), but uses Router-Advertisements, 6LowPAN DAR/DAC and
   efficient-ND only to participate in the network [RFC6775].  In the
   document this leaf (24) is often named IPv6 node.  The 6LBR in the
   figure is the root of the Global DODAG.

   This document is in part motivated by the work that is ongoing at the
   6TiSCH working group.  The 6TiSCH architecture
   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture] draft explains the network
   architecture of a 6TiSCH network.

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4.  Use cases

   In data plane context a combination of RFC6553, RFC6554 and IPv6-in-
   IPv6 encapsulation is going to be analyzed for the following traffic
   flows.

   This version of the document assumes the changes in
   [I-D.ietf-6man-rfc2460bis] are passed (at the time to write this
   specification, the draft is on version 05).

      RPL-aware-leaf to root

      root to RPL-aware-leaf

      not-RPL-aware-leaf to root

      root to not-RPL-aware-leaf

      RPL-aware-leaf to Internet

      Internet to RPL-aware-leaf

      not-RPL-aware-leaf to Internet

      Internet to not-RPL-aware-leaf

      RPL-aware-leaf to RPL-aware-leaf (storing and non-storing)

      RPL-aware-leaf to not-RPL-aware-leaf (non-storing)

      not-RPL-aware-leaf to RPL-aware-leaf (storing and non-storing)

      not-RPL-aware-leaf to not-RPL-aware-leaf (non-storing)

   This document assumes the rule that a Header cannot be inserted or
   removed on the fly inside an IPv6 packet that is being routed.  This
   is a fundamental precept of the IPv6 architecture as outlined in
   [RFC2460].  Extensions may not be added or removed except by the
   sender or the receiver.

   But, options in the Hop-by-Hop option which are marked with option
   type 01 ([RFC2460] section 4.2 and [I-D.ietf-6man-rfc2460bis]) SHOULD
   be ignored when received by a host or router which does not
   understand that option.

   This means that in general, any packet that leaves the RPL domain of
   an LLN (or leaves the LLN entirely) will NOT be discarded, when it

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   has the [RFC6553] RPL Option Header known as the RPI or [RFC6554]
   SRH3 Extension Header (S)RH3.

   The recent change to the second of these rules it means that the RPI
   Hop-by-Hop option MAY be left in place even if the end host does not
   understand it.

   NOTE: There is some possible security risk when the RPI information
   is released to the Internet.  At this point this is a theoretical
   situation.  It is clear that the RPI option would waste some network
   bandwidth when it escapes.

   An intermediate router that needs to add an extension header (SHR3 or
   RPI Option) must encapsulate the packet in an (additional) outer IP
   header.  The new header can be placed is placed after this new outer
   IP header.

   A corollory is that an SHR3 or RPI Option can only be removed by an
   intermediate router if it is placed in an encapsulating IPv6 Header,
   which is addressed to the intermediate router.  When it does so, the
   whole encapsulating header must be removed.  (A replacement may be
   added).  This sometimes can result in outer IP headers being
   addressed to the next hop router using link-local addresses.

   Both RPI and RH3 headers may be modified in very specific ways by
   routers on the path of the packet without the need to add to remove
   an encapsulating header.  Both headers were designed with this
   modification in mind, and both the RPL RH and the RPL option are
   marked mutable but recoverable: so an IPsec AH security header can be
   applied across these headers, but it can not secure the values which
   mutate.

   RPI should be present in every single RPL data packet.  There is one
   exception in non-storing mode: when a packet is going down from the
   root.  In a downward non-storing mode, the entire route is written,
   so there can be no loops by construction, nor any confusion about
   which forwarding table to use (as the root has already made all
   routing decisions).  There still may be cases (such as in 6tisch)
   where the instanceID portion of the RPI header may still be needed to
   pick an appropriate priority or channel at each hop.

   In the tables present in this document, the term "RPL aware leaf" is
   has been shortened to "Raf", and "not-RPL aware leaf" has been
   shortened to "~Raf" to make the table fit in available space.

   The earlier examples are more extensive to make sure that the process
   is clear, while later examples are more consise.

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5.  Storing mode

   In storing mode (fully stateful), the sender cannot determine whether
   the destination is RPL-capable and thus would need an IP-in-IP
   header.  The IP-in-IP header needs to be addressed on a hop-by-hop
   basis so that the last 6LR can remove the RPI header.  Additionally,
   The sender can determine if the destination is inside the LLN by
   looking if the destination address is matched by the DIO's PIO
   option.

   The following table summarizes what headers are needed in the
   following scenarios, and indicates when the IP-in-IP header must be
   inserted on a hop-by-hop basis, and when it can target the
   destination node directly.  There are three possible situations: hop-
   by-hop necessary (indicated by "hop"), or destination address
   possible (indicated by "dst").  In all cases hop by hop can be used.
   In cases where no IP-in-IP header is needed, the column is left
   blank.

   The leaf can be a router 6LR or a host, both indicated as 6LN.

       +--------------+-------+-------+-----------+---------------+
       | Use Case     | RPI   | RH3   | IP-in-IP  | IP-in-IP dst  |
       +--------------+-------+-------+-----------+---------------+
       | Raf to root  | Yes   | No    | No        | --            |
       | root to Raf  | Yes   | No    | No        | --            |
       | root to ~Raf | Yes   | No    | No        | --            |
       | ~Raf to root | Yes   | No    | Yes       | root          |
       | Raf to Int   | Yes   | No    | No        | --            |
       | Int to Raf   | Yes   | No    | Yes       | raf           |
       | ~Raf to Int  | Yes   | No    | Yes       | root          |
       | Int to ~Raf  | Yes   | No    | Yes       | hop           |
       | Raf to Raf   | Yes   | No    | No        | --            |
       | Raf to ~Raf  | Yes   | No    | No        | --            |
       | ~Raf to Raf  | Yes   | No    | Yes       | dst           |
       | ~Raf to ~Raf | Yes   | No    | Yes       | hop           |
       +--------------+-------+-------+-----------+---------------+

        Table 1: Headers needed in Storing mode: RPI, RH3, IP-in-IP
                               encapsulation

5.1.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to root

   In storing mode, RFC 6553 (RPI) is used to send RPL Information
   instanceID and rank information.

   As stated in Section 16.2 of [RFC6550]  a RPL-aware-leaf node does
   not generally issue DIO messages; a leaf node accepts DIO messages

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   from upstream.  (When the inconsistency in routing occurs, a leaf
   node will generate a DIO with an infinite rank, to fix it).  It may
   issue DAO and DIS messages though it generally ignores DAO and DIS
   messages.

   In this case the flow comprises:

   RPL-aware-leaf (6LN) --> 6LR1,... --> 6LRN --> root (6LBR)

   As it was mentioned In this document 6LRs, 6LBR are always full-
   fledge RPL routers.

   The 6LN inserts the RPI header, and sends the packet to 6LR which
   decrements the rank in RPI and sends the packet up.  When the packet
   arrives at 6LBR, the RPI is removed and the packet is processed.

   No IP-in-IP header is required.

   The RPI header can be removed by the 6LBR because the packet is
   addressed to the 6LBR.  The 6LN must know that it is communicating
   with the 6LBR to make use of this scenario.  The 6LN can know the
   address of the 6LBR because it knows the address of the root via the
   DODAGID in the DIO messages.

                 +-------------------+-----+------+------+
                 | Header            | 6LN | 6LR  | 6LBR |
                 +-------------------+-----+------+------+
                 | Inserted headers  | RPI | --   | --   |
                 | Removed headers   | --  | --   | RPI  |
                 | Re-added headers  | --  | --   | --   |
                 | Modified headers  | --  | RPI  | --   |
                 | Untouched headers | --  | --   | --   |
                 +-------------------+-----+------+------+

    Storing: Summary of the use of headers from RPL-aware-leaf to root

5.2.  Example of Flow from root to RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   root (6LBR) --> 6LR1,... --> 6LRN --> RPL-aware-leaf (6LN)

   In this case the 6LBR inserts RPI header and sends the packet down,
   the 6LR is going to increment the rank in RPI (examines instanceID
   for multiple tables), the packet is processed in 6LN and RPI removed.

   No IP-in-IP header is required.

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                +-------------------+------+-------+------+
                | Header            | 6LBR | 6LR   | 6LN  |
                +-------------------+------+-------+------+
                | Inserted headers  | RPI  | --    | --   |
                | Removed headers   | --   | --    | RPI  |
                | Re-added headers  | --   | --    | --   |
                | Modified headers  | --   | RPI   | --   |
                | Untouched headers | --   | --    | --   |
                +-------------------+------+-------+------+

    Storing: Summary of the use of headers from root to RPL-aware-leaf

5.3.  Example of Flow from root to not-RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   root (6LBR) --> 6LR1,... --> 6LRN --> not-RPL-aware-leaf (IPv6)

   As the RPI extension can be ignored by the not-RPL-aware leaf, this
   situation is identical to the previous scenario.

         +-------------------+------+-----------+----------------+
         | Header            | 6LBR | 6LR(1..N) | 6LN            |
         +-------------------+------+-----------+----------------+
         | Inserted headers  | RPI  | --        | --             |
         | Removed headers   | --   | --        | --             |
         | Re-added headers  | --   | --        | --             |
         | Modified headers  | --   | RPI       | --             |
         | Untouched headers | --   | --        | RPI (Ignored)  |
         +-------------------+------+-----------+----------------+

    Storing: Summary of the use of headers from root to not-RPL-aware-
                                   leaf

5.4.  Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to root

   In this case the flow comprises:

   not-RPL-aware-leaf (IPv6) --> 6LR1,... --> 6LRN --> root (6LBR)

   When the packet arrives from IPv6 node to 6LR, the 6LR1 will insert
   an RPI header, encapsuladed in a IPv6-in-IPv6 header.  The IPv6-in-
   IPv6 header can be addressed to the next hop, or to the root.  The
   root removes the header and processes the packet.

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   +------------+------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
   | Header     | IPv6 | 6LR1          | 6LRN          | 6LBR          |
   +------------+------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
   | Inserted   | --   | IP-in-IP(RPI) | --            | --            |
   | headers    |      |               |               |               |
   | Removed    | --   | --            | --            | IP-in-IP(RPI) |
   | headers    |      |               |               |               |
   | Re-added   | --   | --            | --            | --            |
   | headers    |      |               |               |               |
   | Modified   | --   | --            | IP-in-IP(RPI) | --            |
   | headers    |      |               |               |               |
   | Untouched  | --   | --            | --            | --            |
   | headers    |      |               |               |               |
   +------------+------+---------------+---------------+---------------+

     Storing: Summary of the use of headers from not-RPL-aware-leaf to
                                   root

5.5.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to Internet

   RPL information from RFC 6553 MAY go out to Internet as it will be
   ignored by nodes which have not been configured to be RPI aware.

   In this case the flow comprises:

   RPL-aware-leaf (6LN) --> 6LR1,... --> 6LRN --> root (6LBR) -->
   Internet

   No IP-in-IP header is required.

     +-------------------+------+-----------+------+----------------+
     | Header            | 6LN  | 6LR(1..N) | 6LBR | Internet       |
     +-------------------+------+-----------+------+----------------+
     | Inserted headers  | RPI  | --        | --   | --             |
     | Removed headers   | --   | --        | --   | --             |
     | Re-added headers  | --   | --        | --   | --             |
     | Modified headers  | --   | RPI       | --   | --             |
     | Untouched headers | --   | --        | --   | RPI (Ignored)  |
     +-------------------+------+-----------+------+----------------+

       Storing: Summary of the use of headers from RPL-aware-leaf to
                                 Internet

5.6.  Example of Flow from Internet to RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

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   Internet --> root (6LBR) --> 6LR1,... --> 6LRN --> RPL-aware-leaf
   (6LN)

   When the packet arrives from Internet to 6LBR the RPI header is added
   in a outer IPv6-in-IPv6 header and sent to 6LR, which modifies the
   rank in the RPI.  When the packet arrives at 6LN the RPI header is
   removed and the packet processed.

   +----------+---------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
   | Header   | Interne | 6LBR         | 6LR(1...N)    | 6LN           |
   |          | t       |              |               |               |
   +----------+---------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
   | Inserted | --      | IP-in-       | --            | --            |
   | headers  |         | IP(RPI)      |               |               |
   | Removed  | --      | --           | --            | IP-in-IP(RPI) |
   | headers  |         |              |               |               |
   | Re-added | --      | --           | --            | --            |
   | headers  |         |              |               |               |
   | Modified | --      | --           | IP-in-IP(RPI) | --            |
   | headers  |         |              |               |               |
   | Untouche | --      | --           | --            | --            |
   | d        |         |              |               |               |
   | headers  |         |              |               |               |
   +----------+---------+--------------+---------------+---------------+

    Storing: Summary of the use of headers from Internet to RPL-aware-
                                   leaf

5.7.  Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to Internet

   In this case the flow comprises:

   not-RPL-aware-leaf (IPv6) --> 6LR1,... --> 6LRN --> root (6LBR) -->
   Internet

   The 6LR1 node will add an IP-in-IP(RPI) header addressed either to
   the root, or hop-by-hop such that the root can remove the RPI header
   before passing upwards.

   The originating node will ideally leave the IPv6 flow label as zero
   so that it can be better compressed through the LLN, and the 6LBR
   will set the flow label to a non-zero value when sending to the
   Internet.

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   +---------+-----+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------+
   | Header  | IPv | 6LR1        | 6LBN        | 6LBR        | Interne |
   |         | 6   |             |             |             | t       |
   +---------+-----+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------+
   | Inserte | --  | IP-in-      | --          | --          | --      |
   | d       |     | IP(RPI)     |             |             |         |
   | headers |     |             |             |             |         |
   | Removed | --  | --          | --          | IP-in-      | --      |
   | headers |     |             |             | IP(RPI)     |         |
   | Re-     | --  | --          | --          | --          | --      |
   | added   |     |             |             |             |         |
   | headers |     |             |             |             |         |
   | Modifie | --  | --          | IP-in-      | --          | --      |
   | d       |     |             | IP(RPI)     |             |         |
   | headers |     |             |             |             |         |
   | Untouch | --  | --          | --          | --          | --      |
   | ed      |     |             |             |             |         |
   | headers |     |             |             |             |         |
   +---------+-----+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------+

     Storing: Summary of the use of headers from not-RPL-aware-leaf to
                                 Internet

5.8.  Example of Flow from Internet to non-RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   Internet --> root (6LBR) --> 6LR1,... --> 6LRN --> not-RPL-aware-leaf
   (IPv6)

   The 6LBR will have to add an RPI header within an IP-in-IP header.
   The IP-in-IP can be addressed to the not-RPL-aware-leaf, leaving the
   RPI inside.

   The 6LBR MAY set the flow label on the inner IP-in-IP header to zero
   in order to aid in compression, as the packet will not emerge again
   from the LLN.

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   +-----------+----------+---------------+---------------+------------+
   | Header    | Internet | 6LBR          | 6LR(1...N)    | IPv6       |
   +-----------+----------+---------------+---------------+------------+
   | Inserted  | --       | IP-in-IP(RPI) | --            | --         |
   | headers   |          |               |               |            |
   | Removed   | --       | --            | IP-in-IP(RPI) | --         |
   | headers   |          |               |               |            |
   | Re-added  | --       | --            | --            | --         |
   | headers   |          |               |               |            |
   | Modified  | --       | --            | IP-in-IP(RPI) | --         |
   | headers   |          |               |               |            |
   | Untouched | --       | --            | --            | RPI        |
   | headers   |          |               |               | (Ignored)  |
   +-----------+----------+---------------+---------------+------------+

     Storing: Summary of the use of headers from Internet to non-RPL-
                                aware-leaf

5.9.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to RPL-aware-leaf

   In [RFC6550] RPL allows a simple one-hop optimization for both
   storing and non-storing networks.  A node may send a packet destined
   to a one-hop neighbor directly to that node.  Section 9 in [RFC6550].

   In this case the flow comprises:

   6LN --> 6LR1 --> common parent (6LRx) --> 6LRN --> 6LN

   This case is assumed in the same RPL Domain.  In the common parent,
   the direction of RPI is changed (from increasing to decreasing the
   rank).

   While the 6LR nodes will update the RPI, no node needs to add or
   remove the RPI, so no IP-in-IP headers are necessary.  This may be
   done regardless of where the destination is, as the included RPI will
   be ignored by the receiver.

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   +------------+-------+---------------+---------------+------+-------+
   | Header     | 6LN   | 6LR1          | 6LRx (common  | 6LRN | 6LN   |
   |            | src   |               | parent)       |      | dst   |
   +------------+-------+---------------+---------------+------+-------+
   | Inserted   | RPI   | --            | --            | --   | --    |
   | headers    |       |               |               |      |       |
   | Removed    | --    | --            | --            | --   | RPI   |
   | headers    |       |               |               |      |       |
   | Re-added   | --    | --            | --            | --   | --    |
   | headers    |       |               |               |      |       |
   | Modified   | --    | RPI           | RPI           | --   | --    |
   | headers    |       | (decreasing   | (increasing   |      |       |
   |            |       | rank)         | rank)         |      |       |
   | Untouched  | --    | --            | --            | --   | --    |
   | headers    |       |               |               |      |       |
   +------------+-------+---------------+---------------+------+-------+

     Storing: Summary of the use of headers for RPL-aware-leaf to RPL-
                                aware-leaf

5.10.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to non-RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   6LN --> 6LR1 --> common parent (6LRx) --> 6LRN --> not-RPL-aware 6LN
   (IPv6)

   This situation is identical to the previous situation Section 5.9

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   +-----------+-----+-------------+-------------+------+--------------+
   | Header    | 6LN | 6LR1        | 6LRx        | 6LRN | IPv6         |
   |           | src |             | (common     |      |              |
   |           |     |             | parent)     |      |              |
   +-----------+-----+-------------+-------------+------+--------------+
   | Inserted  | RPI | --          | --          | --   | --           |
   | headers   |     |             |             |      |              |
   | Removed   | --  | --          | --          | --   | RPI          |
   | headers   |     |             |             |      |              |
   | Re-added  | --  | --          | --          | --   | --           |
   | headers   |     |             |             |      |              |
   | Modified  | --  | RPI         | RPI         | --   | --           |
   | headers   |     | (decreasing | (increasing |      |              |
   |           |     | rank)       | rank)       |      |              |
   | Untouched | --  | --          | --          | --   | RPI(Ignored) |
   | headers   |     |             |             |      |              |
   +-----------+-----+-------------+-------------+------+--------------+

     Storing: Summary of the use of headers for RPL-aware-leaf to RPL-
                                aware-leaf

5.11.  Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   not-RPL-aware 6LN (IPv6) --> 6LR1 --> common parent (6LRx) --> 6LRN
   --> 6LN

   The 6LR1 receives the packet from the the IPv6 node and inserts and
   the RPI header encapsulated in IPv6-in-IPv6 header.  The IP-in-IP
   header is addressed to the destination 6LN.

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   +--------+------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
   | Header | IPv6 | 6LR1       | common     | 6LRn       | 6LN        |
   |        |      |            | parent     |            |            |
   |        |      |            | (6LRx)     |            |            |
   +--------+------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
   | Insert | --   | IP-in-     | --         | --         | --         |
   | ed hea |      | IP(RPI)    |            |            |            |
   | ders   |      |            |            |            |            |
   | Remove | --   | --         | --         | --         | IP-in-     |
   | d head |      |            |            |            | IP(RPI)    |
   | ers    |      |            |            |            |            |
   | Re-    | --   | --         | --         | --         | --         |
   | added  |      |            |            |            |            |
   | header |      |            |            |            |            |
   | s      |      |            |            |            |            |
   | Modifi | --   | --         | IP-in-     | IP-in-     | --         |
   | ed hea |      |            | IP(RPI)    | IP(RPI)    |            |
   | ders   |      |            |            |            |            |
   | Untouc | --   | --         | --         | --         | --         |
   | hed he |      |            |            |            |            |
   | aders  |      |            |            |            |            |
   +--------+------+------------+------------+------------+------------+

     Storing: Summary of the use of headers from not-RPL-aware-leaf to
                              RPL-aware-leaf

5.12.  Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to not-RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   not-RPL-aware 6LN (IPv6 src)--> 6LR1 --> 6LR2 --> root (6LBR) -->
   6LRn --> not-RPL-aware 6LN (IPv6 dst)

   This flow is identical to Section 5.11

   The 6LR receives the packet from the the IPv6 node and inserts the
   RPI header (RPIa) encapsulated in IPv6-in-IPv6 header.  The IPv6-in-
   IPv6 header is addressed to the 6LBR.  The 6LBR remove the IPv6-in-
   IPv6 header and insert another one (RPIb) with destination to 6LRn
   node.

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   +-------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----+
   | Heade | IPv | 6LR1      | 6LR2      | 6LBR      | 6LRn      | IPv |
   | r     | 6   |           |           |           |           | 6   |
   |       | src |           |           |           |           | dst |
   +-------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----+
   | Inser | --  | IP-in-    | --        | IP-in-    | --        | --  |
   | ted h |     | IP(RPIa)  |           | IP(RPIb)  |           |     |
   | eader |     |           |           |           |           |     |
   | s     |     |           |           |           |           |     |
   | Remov | --  | --        | --        | --        | --        | --  |
   | ed he |     |           |           |           |           |     |
   | aders |     |           |           |           |           |     |
   | Re-   | --  | --        | --        | --        | IP-in-    | --  |
   | added |     |           |           |           | IP(RPIb)  |     |
   | heade |     |           |           |           |           |     |
   | rs    |     |           |           |           |           |     |
   | Modif | --  | --        | IP-in-    | --        | IP-in-    | --  |
   | ied h |     |           | IP(RPIa)  |           | IP(RPIb)  |     |
   | eader |     |           |           |           |           |     |
   | s     |     |           |           |           |           |     |
   | Untou | --  | --        | --        | --        | --        | --  |
   | ched  |     |           |           |           |           |     |
   | heade |     |           |           |           |           |     |
   | rs    |     |           |           |           |           |     |
   +-------+-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----+

     Storing: Summary of the use of headers from not-RPL-aware-leaf to
                            non-RPL-aware-leaf

6.  Non Storing mode

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        +--------------+------+------+-----------+---------------+
        | Use Case     | RPI  | RH3  | IP-in-IP  | IP-in-IP dst  |
        +--------------+------+------+-----------+---------------+
        | Raf to root  | Yes  | No   | No        | --            |
        | root to Raf  | Opt  | Yes  | No        | --            |
        | root to ~Raf | No   | Yes  | Yes       | 6LR           |
        | ~Raf to root | Yes  | No   | Yes       | root          |
        | Raf to Int   | Yes  | No   | Yes       | root          |
        | Int to Raf   | Opt  | Yes  | Yes       | dst           |
        | ~Raf to Int  | Yes  | No   | Yes       | root          |
        | Int to ~Raf  | Opt  | Yes  | Yes       | 6LR           |
        | Raf to Raf   | Yes  | Yes  | Yes       | root/dst      |
        | Raf to ~Raf  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes       | root/6LR      |
        | ~Raf to Raf  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes       | root/6LN      |
        | ~Raf to ~Raf | Yes  | Yes  | Yes       | root/6LR      |
        +--------------+------+------+-----------+---------------+

      Table 2: Headers needed in Non-Storing mode: RPI, RH3, IP-in-IP
                               encapsulation

6.1.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to root

   In non-storing mode the leaf node uses default routing to send
   traffic to the root.  The RPI header must be included to avoid/detect
   loops.

   RPL-aware-leaf (6LN) --> 6LR --> root (6LBR)

   This situation is the same case as storing mode.

                 +-------------------+-----+------+------+
                 | Header            | 6LN | 6LR  | 6LBR |
                 +-------------------+-----+------+------+
                 | Inserted headers  | RPI | --   | --   |
                 | Removed headers   | --  | --   | RPI  |
                 | Re-added headers  | --  | --   | --   |
                 | Modified headers  | --  | RPI  | --   |
                 | Untouched headers | --  | --   | --   |
                 +-------------------+-----+------+------+

     Non Storing: Summary of the use of headers from RPL-aware-leaf to
                                   root

6.2.  Example of Flow from root to RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   root (6LBR)--> 6LR --> RPL-aware-leaf (6LN)

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   The 6LBR will insert an RH3, and may optionally insert an RPI header.
   No IP-in-IP header is necessary as the traffic originates with an RPL
   aware node, the 6LBR.  The destination is known to RPL-aware because,
   the root knows the whole topology in non-storing mode.

         +-------------------+-----------------+------+----------+
         | Header            | 6LBR            | 6LR  | 6LN      |
         +-------------------+-----------------+------+----------+
         | Inserted headers  | (opt: RPI), RH3 | --   | --       |
         | Removed headers   | --              | --   | RH3,RPI  |
         | Re-added headers  | --              | --   | --       |
         | Modified headers  | --              | RH3  | --       |
         | Untouched headers | --              | --   | --       |
         +-------------------+-----------------+------+----------+

    Non Storing: Summary of the use of headers from root to RPL-aware-
                                   leaf

6.3.  Example of Flow from root to not-RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   root (6LBR)--> 6LR1...-->6LRn --> not-RPL-aware-leaf (IPv6)

   In 6LBR the RH3 is added, modified in each intermediate 6LR (6LR1 and
   so on) and it is fully consumed in the last 6LR (6LRn), but left
   there.  If RPI is left present, the IPv6 node which does not
   understand it will ignore it (following 2460bis), thus encapsulation
   is not necesary.  Due the complete knowledge of the topology at the
   root, the 6LBR is able to address the IP-in-IP header to the last
   6LR.

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   +----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------+------+
   | Header         | 6LBR         | 6LR1         | 6LRn        | IPv6 |
   +----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------+------+
   | Inserted       | (opt: RPI),  | --           | --          | --   |
   | headers        | RH3          |              |             |      |
   | Removed        | --           | RH3          | --          | --   |
   | headers        |              |              |             |      |
   | Re-added       | --           | --           | --          | --   |
   | headers        |              |              |             |      |
   | Modified       | --           | (opt: RPI),  | (opt: RPI), | --   |
   | headers        |              | RH3          | RH3         |      |
   | Untouched      | --           | --           | --          | RPI  |
   | headers        |              |              |             |      |
   +----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------+------+

     Non Storing: Summary of the use of headers from root to not-RPL-
                                aware-leaf

6.4.  Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to root

   In this case the flow comprises:

   IPv6-node --> 6LR1 ...--> 6LRn --> root (6LBR)

   In this case the RPI is added by the first 6LR (6LR1), encapsulated
   in an IP-in-IP header, and is modified in the followings 6LRs.  The
   RPI and entire packet is consumed by the root.

   +------------+------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
   | Header     | IPv6 | 6LR1          | 6LR2          | 6LBR          |
   +------------+------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
   | Inserted   | --   | IP-in-IP(RPI) | --            | --            |
   | headers    |      |               |               |               |
   | Removed    | --   | --            | --            | IP-in-IP(RPI) |
   | headers    |      |               |               |               |
   | Re-added   | --   | --            | --            | --            |
   | headers    |      |               |               |               |
   | Modified   | --   | IP-in-IP(RPI) | IP-in-IP(RPI) | --            |
   | headers    |      |               |               |               |
   | Untouched  | --   | --            | --            | --            |
   | headers    |      |               |               |               |
   +------------+------+---------------+---------------+---------------+

   Non Storing: Summary of the use of headers from not-RPL-aware-leaf to
                                   root

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6.5.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to Internet

   In this case the flow comprises:

   RPL-aware-leaf (6LN) --> 6LR1 ...--> 6LRn --> root (6LBR) -->
   Internet

   This case is identical to storing-mode case.

   The IPv6 flow label should be set to zero to aid in compression, and
   the 6LBR will set it to a non-zero value when sending towards the
   Internet.

     +-------------------+------+-----------+------+----------------+
     | Header            | 6LN  | 6LR(1..N) | 6LBR | Internet       |
     +-------------------+------+-----------+------+----------------+
     | Inserted headers  | RPI  | --        | --   | --             |
     | Removed headers   | --   | --        | --   | --             |
     | Re-added headers  | --   | --        | --   | --             |
     | Modified headers  | --   | RPI       | --   | --             |
     | Untouched headers | --   | --        | --   | RPI (Ignored)  |
     +-------------------+------+-----------+------+----------------+

     Non Storing: Summary of the use of headers from RPL-aware-leaf to
                                 Internet

6.6.  Example of Flow from Internet to RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   Internet --> root (6LBR) --> 6LR1...--> 6LRn --> RPL-aware-leaf (6LN)

   The 6LBR must add an RH3 header.  As the 6LBR will know the path and
   address of the target node, it can address the IP-in-IP header to
   that node.  The 6LBR will zero the flow label upon entry in order to
   aid compression.

   The RPI may be added or not, it is optional.

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   +--------+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | Header | Inter | 6LBR           | 6LR            | 6LN            |
   |        | net   |                |                |                |
   +--------+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   | Insert | --    | IP-in-IP(RH3,o | --             | --             |
   | ed hea |       | pt:RPI)        |                |                |
   | ders   |       |                |                |                |
   | Remove | --    | --             | --             | IP-in-IP(RH3,o |
   | d head |       |                |                | pt:RPI)        |
   | ers    |       |                |                |                |
   | Re-    | --    | --             | --             | --             |
   | added  |       |                |                |                |
   | header |       |                |                |                |
   | s      |       |                |                |                |
   | Modifi | --    | --             | IP-in-IP(RH3,o | --             |
   | ed hea |       |                | pt:RPI)        |                |
   | ders   |       |                |                |                |
   | Untouc | --    | --             | --             | --             |
   | hed he |       |                |                |                |
   | aders  |       |                |                |                |
   +--------+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

     Non Storing: Summary of the use of headers from Internet to RPL-
                                aware-leaf

6.7.  Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to Internet

   In this case the flow comprises:

   not-RPL-aware-leaf (IPv6) --> 6LR1..--> 6LRn --> root (6LBR) -->
   Internet

   In this case the flow label is recommended to be zero in the IPv6
   node.  As RPL headers are added in the IPv6 node, the first 6LN will
   add an RPI header inside a new IP-in-IP header.  The IP-in-IP header
   will be addressed to the root.  This case is identical to the
   storing-mode case (Section 5.7).

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   +---------+-----+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------+
   | Header  | IPv | 6LR1        | 6LRn        | 6LBR        | Interne |
   |         | 6   |             |             |             | t       |
   +---------+-----+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------+
   | Inserte | --  | IP-in-      | --          | --          | --      |
   | d       |     | IP(RPI)     |             |             |         |
   | headers |     |             |             |             |         |
   | Removed | --  | --          | --          | IP-in-      | --      |
   | headers |     |             |             | IP(RPI)     |         |
   | Re-     | --  | --          | --          | --          | --      |
   | added   |     |             |             |             |         |
   | headers |     |             |             |             |         |
   | Modifie | --  | --          | IP-in-      | --          | --      |
   | d       |     |             | IP(RPI)     |             |         |
   | headers |     |             |             |             |         |
   | Untouch | --  | --          | --          | --          | --      |
   | ed      |     |             |             |             |         |
   | headers |     |             |             |             |         |
   +---------+-----+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------+

   Non Storing: Summary of the use of headers from not-RPL-aware-leaf to
                                 Internet

6.8.  Example of Flow from Internet to non-RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   Internet --> root (6LBR) --> 6LR1...--> 6LRn --> not-RPL-aware-leaf
   (IPv6)

   The 6LBR must add an RH3 header inside an IP-in-IP header.  The 6LBR
   will know the path, and will recognize that the final node is not an
   RPL capable node as it will have received the connectivity DAO from
   the nearest 6LR.  The 6LBR can therefore make the IP-in-IP header
   destination be the last 6LR.  The 6LBR will set to zero the flow
   label upon entry in order to aid compression.

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   +--------+-------+-----------------+------------+------------+------+
   | Header | Inter | 6LBR            | 6LR1       | 6LRn       | IPv6 |
   |        | net   |                 |            |            |      |
   +--------+-------+-----------------+------------+------------+------+
   | Insert | --    | IP-in-          | --         | --         | --   |
   | ed hea |       | IP(RH3,opt:RPI) |            |            |      |
   | ders   |       |                 |            |            |      |
   | Remove | --    | --              | --         | IP-in-     | --   |
   | d head |       |                 |            | IP(RH3,    |      |
   | ers    |       |                 |            | RPI)       |      |
   | Re-    | --    | --              | --         | --         | --   |
   | added  |       |                 |            |            |      |
   | header |       |                 |            |            |      |
   | s      |       |                 |            |            |      |
   | Modifi | --    | --              | IP-in-     | IP-in-     | --   |
   | ed hea |       |                 | IP(RH3,    | IP(RH3,    |      |
   | ders   |       |                 | RPI)       | RPI)       |      |
   | Untouc | --    | --              | --         | --         | RPI  |
   | hed he |       |                 |            |            |      |
   | aders  |       |                 |            |            |      |
   +--------+-------+-----------------+------------+------------+------+

    NonStoring: Summary of the use of headers from Internet to non-RPL-
                                aware-leaf

6.9.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   6LN --> 6LR1 --> root (6LBR) --> 6LRN --> 6LN

   This case involves only nodes in same RPL Domain.  The originating
   node will add an RPI header to the original packet, and send the
   packet upwards.

   The originating node SHOULD put the RPI into an IP-in-IP header
   addressed to the root, so that the 6LBR can remove that header.  If
   it does not, then additional resources are wasted on the way down to
   carry the useless RPI option.

   The 6LBR will need to insert an RH3 header, which requires that it
   add an IP-in-IP header.  It SHOULD be able to remove the RPI, as it
   was contained in an IP-in-IP header addressed to it.  Otherwise,
   there MAY be an RPI header buried inside the inner IP header, which
   should get ignored.

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   Networks that use the RPL P2P extension [RFC6997] are essentially
   non-storing DODAGs and fall into this scenario or scenario
   Section 6.2, with the originating node acting as 6LBR.

   +---------+-------------+------+--------------+------+--------------+
   | Header  | 6LN src     | 6LR1 | 6LBR         | 6LRN | 6LN dst      |
   +---------+-------------+------+--------------+------+--------------+
   | Inserte | IP-in-      | --   | IP-in-IP(RH3 | --   | --           |
   | d       | IP(RPI1)    |      | to 6LN, opt  |      |              |
   | headers |             |      | RPI2)        |      |              |
   | Removed | --          | --   | IP-in-       | --   | IP-in-       |
   | headers |             |      | IP(RPI1)     |      | IP(RH3, opt  |
   |         |             |      |              |      | RPI2)        |
   | Re-     | --          | --   | --           | --   | --           |
   | added   |             |      |              |      |              |
   | headers |             |      |              |      |              |
   | Modifie | --          | --   | --           | --   | --           |
   | d       |             |      |              |      |              |
   | headers |             |      |              |      |              |
   | Untouch | --          | --   | --           | --   | --           |
   | ed      |             |      |              |      |              |
   | headers |             |      |              |      |              |
   +---------+-------------+------+--------------+------+--------------+

   Non Storing: Summary of the use of headers for RPL-aware-leaf to RPL-
                                aware-leaf

6.10.  Example of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to not-RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   6LN --> 6LR1 --> root (6LBR) --> 6LRn --> not-RPL-aware (IPv6)

   As in the previous case, the 6LN will insert an RPI (RPI1) header
   which MUST be in an IP-in-IP header addressed to the root so that the
   6LBR can remove this RPI.  The 6LBR will then insert an RH3 inside a
   new IP-in-IP header addressed to the 6LN destination node.  The RPI
   is optional from 6LBR to 6LRn (RPI2).

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   +--------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------+
   | Header | 6LN        | 6LR1       | 6LBR       | 6LRn       | IPv6 |
   +--------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------+
   | Insert | IP-in-     | --         | IP-in-     | --         | --   |
   | ed hea | IP(RPI1)   |            | IP(RH3,    |            |      |
   | ders   |            |            | opt RPI2)  |            |      |
   | Remove | --         | --         | IP-in-     | IP-in-     | --   |
   | d head |            |            | IP(RPI1)   | IP(RH3,    |      |
   | ers    |            |            |            | opt RPI2)  |      |
   | Re-    | --         | --         | --         | --         | --   |
   | added  |            |            |            |            |      |
   | header |            |            |            |            |      |
   | s      |            |            |            |            |      |
   | Modifi | --         | IP-in-     | --         | IP-in-     | --   |
   | ed hea |            | IP(RPI1)   |            | IP(RH3,    |      |
   | ders   |            |            |            | opt RPI2)  |      |
   | Untouc | --         | --         | --         | --         | opt  |
   | hed he |            |            |            |            | RPI2 |
   | aders  |            |            |            |            |      |
   +--------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------+

     Non Storing: Summary of the use of headers from RPL-aware-leaf to
                            not-RPL-aware-leaf

6.11.  Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   not-RPL-aware 6LN (IPv6) --> 6LR1 --> root (6LBR) --> 6LRn --> 6LN

   This scenario is mostly identical to the previous one.  The RPI is
   added by the first 6LR (6LR1) inside an IP-in-IP header addressed to
   the root.  The 6LBR will remove this RPI, and add it's own IP-in-IP
   header containing an RH3 header and optional RPI (RPI2).

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   +--------+-----+------------+-------------+------------+------------+
   | Header | IPv | 6LR1       | 6LBR        | 6LRn       | 6LN        |
   |        | 6   |            |             |            |            |
   +--------+-----+------------+-------------+------------+------------+
   | Insert | --  | IP-in-     | IP-in-      | --         | --         |
   | ed hea |     | IP(RPI1)   | IP(RH3, opt |            |            |
   | ders   |     |            | RPI2)       |            |            |
   | Remove | --  | --         | IP-in-      | --         | IP-in-     |
   | d head |     |            | IP(RPI1)    |            | IP(RH3,    |
   | ers    |     |            |             |            | opt RPI2)  |
   | Re-    | --  | --         | --          | --         | --         |
   | added  |     |            |             |            |            |
   | header |     |            |             |            |            |
   | s      |     |            |             |            |            |
   | Modifi | --  | --         | --          | IP-in-     | --         |
   | ed hea |     |            |             | IP(RH3,    |            |
   | ders   |     |            |             | opt RPI2)  |            |
   | Untouc | --  | --         | --          | --         | --         |
   | hed he |     |            |             |            |            |
   | aders  |     |            |             |            |            |
   +--------+-----+------------+-------------+------------+------------+

   Non Storing: Summary of the use of headers from not-RPL-aware-leaf to
                              RPL-aware-leaf

6.12.  Example of Flow from not-RPL-aware-leaf to not-RPL-aware-leaf

   In this case the flow comprises:

   not-RPL-aware 6LN (IPv6 src)--> 6LR1 --> root (6LBR) --> 6LRn -->
   not-RPL-aware (IPv6 dst)

   This scenario is the combination of the previous two cases.

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   +---------+-----+--------------+--------------+--------------+------+
   | Header  | IPv | 6LR1         | 6LBR         | 6LRn         | IPv6 |
   |         | 6   |              |              |              | dst  |
   |         | src |              |              |              |      |
   +---------+-----+--------------+--------------+--------------+------+
   | Inserte | --  | IP-in-       | IP-in-       | --           | --   |
   | d       |     | IP(RPI1)     | IP(RH3)      |              |      |
   | headers |     |              |              |              |      |
   | Removed | --  | --           | IP-in-       | IP-in-       | --   |
   | headers |     |              | IP(RPI1)     | IP(RH3, opt  |      |
   |         |     |              |              | RPI2)        |      |
   | Re-     | --  | --           | --           | --           | --   |
   | added   |     |              |              |              |      |
   | headers |     |              |              |              |      |
   | Modifie | --  | --           | --           | --           | --   |
   | d       |     |              |              |              |      |
   | headers |     |              |              |              |      |
   | Untouch | --  | --           | --           | --           | --   |
   | ed      |     |              |              |              |      |
   | headers |     |              |              |              |      |
   +---------+-----+--------------+--------------+--------------+------+

   Non Storing: Summary of the use of headers from not-RPL-aware-leaf to
                            not-RPL-aware-leaf

7.  Observations about the cases

7.1.  Storing mode

   [I-D.ietf-roll-routing-dispatch] shows that this hop-by-hop IP-in-IP
   header can be compressed down to {TBD} bytes.

   There are potential significant advantages to having a single code
   path that always processes IP-in-IP headers with no options.

   Thanks to the relaxation of the RFC2406 rule about discarding unknown
   Hop-by-Hop options, there is no longer any uncertainty about when to
   use an IPIP header in the storing mode case.  The RPI header SHOULD
   always be added when 6LRs originate packets (without IPIP headers),
   and IPIP headers should always be added (addressed to the root when
   on the way up, to the end-host when on the way down) when a 6LR finds
   it needs to insert an RPI header.  (XXX - this is a problem for
   storing mode optimization)

   In order to support the above two cases with full generality, the
   different situations (always do IP-in-IP vs never use IP-in-IP)
   should be signaled in the RPL protocol itself.

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7.2.  Non-Storing mode

   In the non-storing case, dealing with non-RPL aware leaf nodes is
   much easier as the 6LBR (DODAG root) has complete knowledge about the
   connectivity of all DODAG nodes, and all traffic flows through the
   root node.

   The 6LBR can recognize non-RPL aware leaf nodes because it will
   receive a DAO about that node from the 6LN immediately above that
   node.  This means that the non-storing mode case can avoid ever using
   hop-by-hop IP-in-IP headers.

   [I-D.ietf-roll-routing-dispatch] shows how the destination=root, and
   destination=6LN IP-in-IP header can be compressed down to {TBD}
   bytes.

   Unlike in the storing mode case, there is no need for all nodes to
   know about the existence of non-RPL aware nodes.  Only the 6LBR needs
   to change when there are non-RPL aware nodes.  Further, in the non-
   storing case, the 6LBR is informed by the DAOs when there are non-RPL
   aware nodes.

8.  6LoRH Compression cases

   The [I-D.ietf-roll-routing-dispatch] proposes a compression method
   for RPI, RH3 and IPv6-in-IPv6.

   In Storing Mode, for the examples of Flow from RPL-aware-leaf to non-
   RPL-aware-leaf and non-RPL-aware-leaf to non-RPL-aware-leaf comprise
   an IP-in-IP and RPI compression headers.  The type of this case is
   critical since IP-in-IP is encapsulating a RPI header.

   +--+-----+---+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
   |1 | 0|0 |TSE| 6LoRH Type 6 | Hop Limit | RPI - 6LoRH | LOWPAN IPHC |
   +--+-----+---+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+

                    Figure 3: Critical IP-in-IP (RPI).

9.  IANA Considerations

   There are no IANA considerations related to this document.

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10.  Security Considerations

   The security considerations covering of [RFC6553] and [RFC6554] apply
   when the packets get into RPL Domain.

11.  Acknowledgments

   This work is partially funded by the FP7 Marie Curie Initial Training
   Network (ITN) METRICS project (grant agreement No.  607728).

   The authors would like to acknowledge the review, feedback, and
   comments of Robert Cragie, Simon Duquennoy, Cenk Guendogan, Peter van
   der Stok, Xavier Vilajosana and Thomas Watteyne.

12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-6man-rfc2460bis]
              Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
              (IPv6) Specification", draft-ietf-6man-rfc2460bis-07 (work
              in progress), October 2016.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2460]  Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
              (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, DOI 10.17487/RFC2460,
              December 1998, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2460>.

   [RFC6550]  Winter, T., Ed., Thubert, P., Ed., Brandt, A., Hui, J.,
              Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur,
              JP., and R. Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for
              Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6550,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6550, March 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6550>.

   [RFC6553]  Hui, J. and JP. Vasseur, "The Routing Protocol for Low-
              Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) Option for Carrying RPL
              Information in Data-Plane Datagrams", RFC 6553,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6553, March 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6553>.

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   [RFC6554]  Hui, J., Vasseur, JP., Culler, D., and V. Manral, "An IPv6
              Routing Header for Source Routes with the Routing Protocol
              for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)", RFC 6554,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6554, March 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6554>.

12.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture]
              Thubert, P., "An Architecture for IPv6 over the TSCH mode
              of IEEE 802.15.4", draft-ietf-6tisch-architecture-10 (work
              in progress), June 2016.

   [I-D.ietf-roll-routing-dispatch]
              Thubert, P., Bormann, C., Toutain, L., and R. Cragie,
              "6LoWPAN Routing Header", draft-ietf-roll-routing-
              dispatch-02 (work in progress), October 2016.

   [RFC4443]  Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet
              Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet
              Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 4443,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4443, March 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4443>.

   [RFC6775]  Shelby, Z., Ed., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C.
              Bormann, "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over
              Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)",
              RFC 6775, DOI 10.17487/RFC6775, November 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6775>.

   [RFC6997]  Goyal, M., Ed., Baccelli, E., Philipp, M., Brandt, A., and
              J. Martocci, "Reactive Discovery of Point-to-Point Routes
              in Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6997,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6997, August 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6997>.

   [RFC7102]  Vasseur, JP., "Terms Used in Routing for Low-Power and
              Lossy Networks", RFC 7102, DOI 10.17487/RFC7102, January
              2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7102>.

   [Second6TischPlugtest]
              "2nd 6Tisch Plugtest", <http://www.ietf.org/mail-
              archive/web/6tisch/current/pdfgDMQcdCkRz.pdf>.

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Authors' Addresses

   Maria Ines Robles
   Ericsson
   Hirsalantie 11
   Jorvas  02420
   Finland

   Email: maria.ines.robles@ericsson.com

   Michael C. Richardson
   Sandelman Software Works
   470 Dawson Avenue
   Ottawa, ON  K1Z 5V7
   CA

   Email: mcr+ietf@sandelman.ca
   URI:   http://www.sandelman.ca/mcr/

   Pascal Thubert
   Cisco Systems, Inc
   Village d'Entreprises Green Side 400, Avenue de Roumanille
   Batiment T3, Biot - Sophia Antipolis    06410
   France

   Email: pthubert@cisco.com

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