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Using Transport Layer Security (TLS) to Secure QUIC
draft-ietf-quic-tls-00

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9001.
Authors Martin Thomson , (Unknown)
Last updated 2016-11-28
Replaces draft-thomson-quic-tls
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draft-ietf-quic-tls-00
QUIC                                                     M. Thomson, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                   Mozilla
Intended status: Standards Track                      S. Turner, Ed, Ed.
Expires: June 1, 2017                                              sn3rd
                                                       November 28, 2016

          Using Transport Layer Security (TLS) to Secure QUIC
                         draft-ietf-quic-tls-00

Abstract

   This document describes how Transport Layer Security (TLS) can be
   used to secure QUIC.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 1, 2017.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Notational Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.1.  Handshake Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  TLS in Stream 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.1.  Handshake and Setup Sequence  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  QUIC Packet Protection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.1.  Key Phases  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       4.1.1.  Retransmission of TLS Handshake Messages  . . . . . .  10
       4.1.2.  Distinguishing 0-RTT and 1-RTT Packets  . . . . . . .  10
     4.2.  QUIC Key Expansion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.2.1.  0-RTT Secret  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       4.2.2.  1-RTT Secrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       4.2.3.  Packet Protection Key and IV  . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.3.  QUIC AEAD Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.4.  Key Update  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.5.  Packet Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   5.  Pre-handshake QUIC Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.1.  Unprotected Frames Prior to Handshake Completion  . . . .  17
       5.1.1.  STREAM Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       5.1.2.  ACK Frames  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       5.1.3.  WINDOW_UPDATE Frames  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       5.1.4.  Denial of Service with Unprotected Packets  . . . . .  18
     5.2.  Use of 0-RTT Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     5.3.  Protected Frames Prior to Handshake Completion  . . . . .  19
   6.  QUIC-Specific Additions to the TLS Handshake  . . . . . . . .  20
     6.1.  Protocol and Version Negotiation  . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     6.2.  QUIC Extension  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     6.3.  Source Address Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     6.4.  Priming 0-RTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     7.1.  Packet Reflection Attack Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     7.2.  Peer Denial of Service  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   Appendix A.  Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   Appendix B.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25

1.  Introduction

   QUIC [QUIC-TRANSPORT] provides a multiplexed transport.  When used
   for HTTP [RFC7230] semantics [QUIC-HTTP] it provides several key

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   advantages over HTTP/1.1 [RFC7230] or HTTP/2 [RFC7540] over TCP
   [RFC0793].

   This document describes how QUIC can be secured using Transport Layer
   Security (TLS) version 1.3 [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].  TLS 1.3 provides
   critical latency improvements for connection establishment over
   previous versions.  Absent packet loss, most new connections can be
   established and secured within a single round trip; on subsequent
   connections between the same client and server, the client can often
   send application data immediately, that is, zero round trip setup.

   This document describes how the standardized TLS 1.3 can act a
   security component of QUIC.  The same design could work for TLS 1.2,
   though few of the benefits QUIC provides would be realized due to the
   handshake latency in versions of TLS prior to 1.3.

1.1.  Notational Conventions

   The words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "SHOULD", and "MAY" are used in this
   document.  It's not shouting; when they are capitalized, they have
   the special meaning defined in [RFC2119].

2.  Protocol Overview

   QUIC [QUIC-TRANSPORT] can be separated into several modules:

   1.  The basic frame envelope describes the common packet layout.
       This layer includes connection identification, version
       negotiation, and includes markers that allow the framing and
       public reset to be identified.

   2.  The public reset is an unprotected packet that allows an
       intermediary (an entity that is not part of the security context)
       to request the termination of a QUIC connection.

   3.  Version negotiation frames are used to agree on a common version
       of QUIC to use.

   4.  Framing comprises most of the QUIC protocol.  Framing provides a
       number of different types of frame, each with a specific purpose.
       Framing supports frames for both congestion management and stream
       multiplexing.  Framing additionally provides a liveness testing
       capability (the PING frame).

   5.  Encryption provides confidentiality and integrity protection for
       frames.  All frames are protected based on keying material
       derived from the TLS connection running on stream 1.  Prior to
       this, data is protected with the 0-RTT keys.

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   6.  Multiplexed streams are the primary payload of QUIC.  These
       provide reliable, in-order delivery of data and are used to carry
       the encryption handshake and transport parameters (stream 1),
       HTTP header fields (stream 3), and HTTP requests and responses.
       Frames for managing multiplexing include those for creating and
       destroying streams as well as flow control and priority frames.

   7.  Congestion management includes packet acknowledgment and other
       signal required to ensure effective use of available link
       capacity.

   8.  A complete TLS connection is run on stream 1.  This includes the
       entire TLS record layer.  As the TLS connection reaches certain
       states, keying material is provided to the QUIC encryption layer
       for protecting the remainder of the QUIC traffic.

   9.  The HTTP mapping [QUIC-HTTP] provides an adaptation to HTTP
       semantics that is based on HTTP/2.

   The relative relationship of these components are pictorally
   represented in Figure 1.

      +-----+------+
      | TLS | HTTP |
      +-----+------+------------+
      |  Streams   | Congestion |
      +------------+------------+
      |         Frames          +--------+---------+
      +   +---------------------+ Public | Version |
      |   |     Encryption      | Reset  |  Nego.  |
      +---+---------------------+--------+---------+
      |                   Envelope                 |
      +--------------------------------------------+
      |                     UDP                    |
      +--------------------------------------------+

                         Figure 1: QUIC Structure

   This document defines the cryptographic parts of QUIC.  This includes
   the handshake messages that are exchanged on stream 1, plus the
   record protection that is used to encrypt and authenticate all other
   frames.

2.1.  Handshake Overview

   TLS 1.3 provides two basic handshake modes of interest to QUIC:

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   o  A full handshake in which the client is able to send application
      data after one round trip and the server immediately after
      receiving the first message from the client.

   o  A 0-RTT handshake in which the client uses information about the
      server to send immediately.  This data can be replayed by an
      attacker so it MUST NOT carry a self-contained trigger for any
      non-idempotent action.

   A simplified TLS 1.3 handshake with 0-RTT application data is shown
   in Figure 2, see [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] for more options and details.

       Client                                             Server

       ClientHello
      (0-RTT Application Data)
      (end_of_early_data)        -------->
                                                     ServerHello
                                            {EncryptedExtensions}
                                            {ServerConfiguration}
                                                    {Certificate}
                                              {CertificateVerify}
                                                       {Finished}
                                <--------      [Application Data]
      {Finished}                -------->

      [Application Data]        <------->      [Application Data]

                    Figure 2: TLS Handshake with 0-RTT

   Two additional variations on this basic handshake exchange are
   relevant to this document:

   o  The server can respond to a ClientHello with a HelloRetryRequest,
      which adds an additional round trip prior to the basic exchange.
      This is needed if the server wishes to request a different key
      exchange key from the client.  HelloRetryRequest is also used to
      verify that the client is correctly able to receive packets on the
      address it claims to have (see Section 6.3).

   o  A pre-shared key mode can be used for subsequent handshakes to
      avoid public key operations.  This is the basis for 0-RTT data,
      even if the remainder of the connection is protected by a new
      Diffie-Hellman exchange.

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3.  TLS in Stream 1

   QUIC completes its cryptographic handshake on stream 1, which means
   that the negotiation of keying material happens after the QUIC
   protocol has started.  This simplifies the use of TLS since QUIC is
   able to ensure that the TLS handshake packets are delivered reliably
   and in order.

   QUIC Stream 1 carries a complete TLS connection.  This includes the
   TLS record layer in its entirety.  QUIC provides for reliable and in-
   order delivery of the TLS handshake messages on this stream.

   Prior to the completion of the TLS handshake, QUIC frames can be
   exchanged.  However, these frames are not authenticated or
   confidentiality protected.  Section 5 covers some of the implications
   of this design and limitations on QUIC operation during this phase.

   Once the TLS handshake completes, QUIC frames are protected using
   QUIC record protection, see Section 4.  If 0-RTT is possible, QUIC
   frames sent by the client can be protected with 0-RTT keys; these
   packets are subject to replay.

3.1.  Handshake and Setup Sequence

   The integration of QUIC with a TLS handshake is shown in more detail
   in Figure 3.  QUIC "STREAM" frames on stream 1 carry the TLS
   handshake.  QUIC performs loss recovery [QUIC-RECOVERY] for this
   stream and ensures that TLS handshake messages are delivered in the
   correct order.

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       Client                                             Server

   @A QUIC STREAM Frame(s) <1>:
        ClientHello
          + QUIC Setup Parameters
                               -------->
                           0-RTT Key => @B

   @B QUIC STREAM Frame(s) <any stream>:
      Replayable QUIC Frames
                               -------->

                                         QUIC STREAM Frame <1>: @A
                                                  ServerHello
                                         {Handshake Messages}
                               <--------
                           1-RTT Key => @C

                                              QUIC Frames <any> @C
                               <--------
   @A QUIC STREAM Frame(s) <1>:
        (end_of_early_data)
        {Finished}
                               -------->

   @C QUIC Frames <any>        <------->      QUIC Frames <any> @C

                     Figure 3: QUIC over TLS Handshake

   In Figure 3, symbols mean:

   o  "<" and ">" enclose stream numbers.

   o  "@" indicates the key phase that is currently used for protecting
      QUIC packets.

   o  "(" and ")" enclose messages that are protected with TLS 0-RTT
      handshake or application keys.

   o  "{" and "}" enclose messages that are protected by the TLS
      Handshake keys.

   If 0-RTT is not possible, then the client does not send frames
   protected by the 0-RTT key (@B).  In that case, the only key
   transition on the client is from cleartext (@A) to 1-RTT protection
   (@C).

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   The server sends TLS handshake messages without protection (@A).  The
   server transitions from no protection (@A) to full 1-RTT protection
   (@C) after it sends the last of its handshake messages.

   Some TLS handshake messages are protected by the TLS handshake record
   protection.  However, keys derived at this stage are not exported for
   use in QUIC.  QUIC frames from the server are sent in the clear until
   the final transition to 1-RTT keys.

   The client transitions from @A to @B when sending 0-RTT data, but it
   transitions back to @A when sending its second flight of TLS
   handshake messages.  This introduces a potential for confusion
   between packets with 0-RTT protection (@B) and those with 1-RTT
   protection (@C) at the server if there is loss or reordering of the
   handshake packets.  See Section 4.1.2 for details on how this is
   addressed.

4.  QUIC Packet Protection

   QUIC provides a packet protection layer that is responsible for
   authenticated encryption of packets.  The packet protection layer
   uses keys provided by the TLS connection and authenticated encryption
   to provide confidentiality and integrity protection for the content
   of packets (see Section 4.3).

   Different keys are used for QUIC packet protection and TLS record
   protection.  Having separate QUIC and TLS record protection means
   that TLS records can be protected by two different keys.  This
   redundancy is limited to a only a few TLS records, and is maintained
   for the sake of simplicity.

   Keying material for new keys is exported from TLS using TLS
   exporters.  These exported values are used to produce the keying
   material used to protect packets (see Section 4.2).

4.1.  Key Phases

   At several stages during the handshake, new keying material can be
   exported from TLS and used for QUIC packet protection.  At each
   transition during the handshake a new secret is exported from TLS and
   keying material is derived from that secret.

   Every time that a new set of keys is used for protecting outbound
   packets, the KEY_PHASE bit in the public flags is toggled.  The
   KEY_PHASE bit starts out with a value of 0 and is set to 1 when the
   first encrypted packets are sent.  Once the connection is fully
   enabled, the KEY_PHASE bit can toggle between 0 and 1 as keys are
   updated (see Section 4.4).

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   The KEY_PHASE bit on the public flags is the most significant bit
   (0x80).

   The KEY_PHASE bit allows a recipient to detect a change in keying
   material without necessarily needing to receive the first packet that
   triggered the change.  An endpoint that notices a changed KEY_PHASE
   bit can update keys and decrypt the packet that contains the changed
   bit.  This isn't possible during the handshake, because the entire
   first flight of TLS handshake messages is used as input to key
   derivation.

   The following transitions are possible:

   o  When using 0-RTT, the client transitions to using 0-RTT keys after
      sending the ClientHello.  The KEY_PHASE bit on 0-RTT packets sent
      by the client is set to 1.

   o  The server sends messages in the clear until the TLS handshake
      completes.  The KEY_PHASE bit on packets sent by the server is set
      to 0 when the handshake is in progress.  Note that TLS handshake
      messages will still be protected by TLS record protection based on
      the TLS handshake traffic keys.

   o  The server transitions to using 1-RTT keys after sending its
      Finished message.  This causes the KEY_PHASE bit on packets sent
      by the server to be set to 1.

   o  The client transitions back to cleartext when sending its second
      flight of TLS handshake messages.  KEY_PHASE on the client's
      second flight of handshake messages is set back to 0.  This
      includes a TLS end_of_early_data alert, which is protected with
      TLS (not QUIC) 0-RTT keys.

   o  The client transitions to sending with 1-RTT keys and a KEY_PHASE
      of 1 after sending its Finished message.

   o  Once the handshake is complete and all TLS handshake messages have
      been sent and acknowledged, either endpoint can send packets with
      a new set of keys.  This is signaled by toggling the value of the
      KEY_PHASE bit, see Section 4.4.

   At each transition point, both keying material (see Section 4.2) and
   the AEAD function used by TLS is interchanged with the values that
   are currently in use for protecting outbound packets.  Once a change
   of keys has been made, packets with higher sequence numbers MUST use
   the new keying material until a newer set of keys (and AEAD) are
   used.  The exception to this is that retransmissions of TLS handshake

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   packets MUST use the keys that they were originally protected with
   (see Section 4.1.1).

4.1.1.  Retransmission of TLS Handshake Messages

   TLS handshake messages need to be retransmitted with the same level
   of cryptographic protection that was originally used to protect them.
   Newer keys cannot be used to protect QUIC packets that carry TLS
   messages.

   A client would be unable to decrypt retransmissions of a server's
   handshake messages that are protected using the 1-RTT keys, since the
   calculation of the 1-RTT keys depends on the contents of the
   handshake messages.

   This restriction means the creation of an exception to the
   requirement to always use new keys for sending once they are
   available.  A server MUST mark the retransmitted handshake messages
   with the same KEY_PHASE as the original messages to allow a recipient
   to distinguish retransmitted messages.

   This rule also prevents a key update from being initiated while there
   are any outstanding handshake messages, see Section 4.4.

4.1.2.  Distinguishing 0-RTT and 1-RTT Packets

   Loss or reordering of the client's second flight of TLS handshake
   messages can cause 0-RTT packet and 1-RTT packets to become
   indistinguishable from each other when they arrive at the server.
   Both 0-RTT packets use a KEY_PHASE of 1.

   A server does not need to receive the client's second flight of TLS
   handshake messages in order to derive the secrets needed to decrypt
   1-RTT messages.  Thus, a server is able to decrypt 1-RTT messages
   that arrive prior to receiving the client's Finished message.  Of
   course, any decision that might be made based on client
   authentication needs to be delayed until the client's authentication
   messages have been received and validated.

   A server can distinguish between 0-RTT and 1-RTT packets by
   TBDTBDTBD.

4.2.  QUIC Key Expansion

   QUIC uses a system of packet protection secrets, keys and IVs that
   are modelled on the system used in TLS [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].  The
   secrets that QUIC uses as the basis of its key schedule are obtained
   using TLS exporters (see Section 7.3.3 of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]).

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   QUIC uses the Pseudo-Random Function (PRF) hash function negotiated
   by TLS for key derivation.  For example, if TLS is using the
   TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, the SHA-256 hash function is used.

4.2.1.  0-RTT Secret

   0-RTT keys are those keys that are used in resumed connections prior
   to the completion of the TLS handshake.  Data sent using 0-RTT keys
   might be replayed and so has some restrictions on its use, see
   Section 5.2.  0-RTT keys are used after sending or receiving a
   ClientHello.

   The secret is exported from TLS using the exporter label "EXPORTER-
   QUIC 0-RTT Secret" and an empty context.  The size of the secret MUST
   be the size of the hash output for the PRF hash function negotiated
   by TLS.  This uses the TLS early_exporter_secret.  The QUIC 0-RTT
   secret is only used for protection of packets sent by the client.

      client_0rtt_secret
          = TLS-Exporter("EXPORTER-QUIC 0-RTT Secret"
                         "", Hash.length)

4.2.2.  1-RTT Secrets

   1-RTT keys are used by both client and server after the TLS handshake
   completes.  There are two secrets used at any time: one is used to
   derive packet protection keys for packets sent by the client, the
   other for protecting packets sent by the server.

   The initial client packet protection secret is exported from TLS
   using the exporter label "EXPORTER-QUIC client 1-RTT Secret"; the
   initial server packet protection secret uses the exporter label
   "EXPORTER-QUIC server 1-RTT Secret".  Both exporters use an empty
   context.  The size of the secret MUST be the size of the hash output
   for the PRF hash function negotiated by TLS.

      client_pp_secret_0
          = TLS-Exporter("EXPORTER-QUIC client 1-RTT Secret"
                         "", Hash.length)
      server_pp_secret_0
          = TLS-Exporter("EXPORTER-QUIC server 1-RTT Secret"
                         "", Hash.length)

   After a key update (see Section 4.4), these secrets are updated using
   the HKDF-Expand-Label function defined in Section 7.1 of
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13], using the PRF hash function negotiated by TLS.
   The replacement secret is derived using the existing Secret, a Label
   of "QUIC client 1-RTT Secret" for the client and "QUIC server 1-RTT

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   Secret", an empty HashValue, and the same output Length as the hash
   function selected by TLS for its PRF.

      client_pp_secret_<N+1>
          = HKDF-Expand-Label(client_pp_secret_<N>,
                              "QUIC client 1-RTT Secret",
                              "", Hash.length)
      server_pp_secret_<N+1>
          = HKDF-Expand-Label(server_pp_secret_<N>,
                              "QUIC server 1-RTT Secret",
                              "", Hash.length)

   For example, the client secret is updated using HKDF-Expand [RFC5869]
   with an info parameter that includes the PRF hash length encoded on
   two octets, the string "TLS 1.3, QUIC client 1-RTT secret" and a zero
   octet.  This equates to a single use of HMAC [RFC2104] with the
   negotiated PRF hash function:

      info = Hash.length / 256 || Hash.length % 256 ||
             "TLS 1.3, QUIC client 1-RTT secret" || 0x00
      client_pp_secret_<N+1>
          = HMAC-Hash(client_pp_secret_<N>, info || 0x01)

4.2.3.  Packet Protection Key and IV

   The complete key expansion uses an identical process for key
   expansion as defined in Section 7.3 of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13], using
   different values for the input secret.  QUIC uses the AEAD function
   negotiated by TLS.

   The key and IV used to protect the 0-RTT packets sent by a client use
   the QUIC 0-RTT secret.  This uses the HKDF-Expand-Label with the PRF
   hash function negotiated by TLS.  The length of the output is
   determined by the requirements of the AEAD function selected by TLS.

      client_0rtt_key = HKDF-Expand-Label(client_0rtt_secret,
                                          "key", "", key_length)
      client_0rtt_iv = HKDF-Expand-Label(client_0rtt_secret,
                                         "iv", "", iv_length)

   Similarly, the key and IV used to protect 1-RTT packets sent by both
   client and server use the current packet protection secret.

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      client_pp_key_<N> = HKDF-Expand-Label(client_pp_secret_<N>,
                                            "key", "", key_length)
      client_pp_iv_<N> = HKDF-Expand-Label(client_pp_secret_<N>,
                                           "iv", "", iv_length)
      server_pp_key_<N> = HKDF-Expand-Label(server_pp_secret_<N>,
                                            "key", "", key_length)
      server_pp_iv_<N> = HKDF-Expand-Label(server_pp_secret_<N>,
                                           "iv", "", iv_length)

   The QUIC record protection initially starts without keying material.
   When the TLS state machine reports that the ClientHello has been
   sent, the 0-RTT keys can be generated and installed for writing.
   When the TLS state machine reports completion of the handshake, the
   1-RTT keys can be generated and installed for writing.

4.3.  QUIC AEAD Usage

   The Authentication Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) [RFC5116]
   function used for QUIC packet protection is AEAD that is negotiated
   for use with the TLS connection.  For example, if TLS is using the
   TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, the AEAD_AES_128_GCM function is used.

   Regular QUIC packets are protected by an AEAD [RFC5116].  Version
   negotiation and public reset packets are not protected.

   Once TLS has provided a key, the contents of regular QUIC packets
   immediately after any TLS messages have been sent are protected by
   the AEAD selected by TLS.

   The key, K, for the AEAD is either the Client Write Key or the Server
   Write Key, derived as defined in Section 4.2.

   The nonce, N, for the AEAD is formed by combining either the Client
   Write IV or Server Write IV with packet numbers.  The 64 bits of the
   reconstructed QUIC packet number in network byte order is left-padded
   with zeros to the N_MAX parameter of the AEAD (see Section 4 of
   [RFC5116]).  The exclusive OR of the padded packet number and the IV
   forms the AEAD nonce.

   The associated data, A, for the AEAD is an empty sequence.

   The input plaintext, P, for the AEAD is the contents of the QUIC
   frame following the packet number, as described in [QUIC-TRANSPORT].

   The output ciphertext, C, of the AEAD is transmitted in place of P.

   Prior to TLS providing keys, no record protection is performed and
   the plaintext, P, is transmitted unmodified.

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4.4.  Key Update

   Once the TLS handshake is complete, the KEY_PHASE bit allows for
   refreshes of keying material by either peer.  Endpoints start using
   updated keys immediately without additional signaling; the change in
   the KEY_PHASE bit indicates that a new key is in use.

   An endpoint MUST NOT initiate more than one key update at a time.  A
   new key cannot be used until the endpoint has received and
   successfully decrypted a packet with a matching KEY_PHASE.

   A receiving endpoint detects an update when the KEY_PHASE bit doesn't
   match what it is expecting.  It creates a new secret (see
   Section 4.2) and the corresponding read key and IV.  If the packet
   can be decrypted and authenticated using these values, then a write
   keys and IV are generated and the active keys are replaced.  The next
   packet sent by the endpoint will then use the new keys.

   An endpoint doesn't need to send packets immediately when it detects
   that its peer has updated keys.  The next packets that it sends will
   simply use the new keys.  If an endpoint detects a second update
   before it has sent any packets with updated keys it indicates that
   its peer has updated keys twice without awaiting a reciprocal update.
   An endpoint MUST treat consecutive key updates as a fatal error and
   abort the connection.

   An endpoint SHOULD retain old keys for a short period to allow it to
   decrypt packets with smaller packet numbers than the packet that
   triggered the key update.  This allows an endpoint to consume packets
   that are reordered around the transition between keys.  Packets with
   higher packet numbers always use the updated keys and MUST NOT be
   decrypted with old keys.

   Keys and their corresponding secrets SHOULD be discarded when an
   endpoints has received all packets with sequence numbers lower than
   the lowest sequence number used for the new key, or when it
   determines that the length of the delay to affected packets is
   excessive.

   This ensures that once the handshake is complete, there are at most
   two keys to distinguish between at any one time, for which the
   KEY_PHASE bit is sufficient.

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      Initiating Peer                    Responding Peer

   @M QUIC Frames
                       New Keys -> @N
   @N QUIC Frames
                         -------->
                                             QUIC Frames @M
                       New Keys -> @N
                                             QUIC Frames @N
                         <--------

                           Figure 4: Key Update

   As shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4, there is never a situation where
   there are more than two different sets of keying material that might
   be received by a peer.  Once both sending and receiving keys have
   been updated,

   A server cannot initiate a key update until it has received the
   client's Finished message.  Otherwise, packets protected by the
   updated keys could be confused for retransmissions of handshake
   messages.  A client cannot initiate a key update until all of its
   handshake messages have been acknowledged by the server.

4.5.  Packet Numbers

   QUIC has a single, contiguous packet number space.  In comparison,
   TLS restarts its sequence number each time that record protection
   keys are changed.  The sequence number restart in TLS ensures that a
   compromise of the current traffic keys does not allow an attacker to
   truncate the data that is sent after a key update by sending
   additional packets under the old key (causing new packets to be
   discarded).

   QUIC does not assume a reliable transport and is therefore required
   to handle attacks where packets are dropped in other ways.

   The packet number is not reset and it is not permitted to go higher
   than its maximum value of 2^64-1.  This establishes a hard limit on
   the number of packets that can be sent.  Before this limit is
   reached, some AEAD functions have limits for how many packets can be
   encrypted under the same key and IV (see for example [AEBounds]).  An
   endpoint MUST initiate a key update (Section 4.4) prior to exceeding
   any limit set for the AEAD that is in use.

   TLS maintains a separate sequence number that is used for record
   protection on the connection that is hosted on stream 1.  This
   sequence number is reset according to the rules in the TLS protocol.

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5.  Pre-handshake QUIC Messages

   Implementations MUST NOT exchange data on any stream other than
   stream 1 prior to the completion of the TLS handshake.  However, QUIC
   requires the use of several types of frame for managing loss
   detection and recovery.  In addition, it might be useful to use the
   data acquired during the exchange of unauthenticated messages for
   congestion management.

   This section generally only applies to TLS handshake messages from
   both peers and acknowledgments of the packets carrying those
   messages.  In many cases, the need for servers to provide
   acknowledgments is minimal, since the messages that clients send are
   small and implicitly acknowledged by the server's responses.

   The actions that a peer takes as a result of receiving an
   unauthenticated packet needs to be limited.  In particular, state
   established by these packets cannot be retained once record
   protection commences.

   There are several approaches possible for dealing with
   unauthenticated packets prior to handshake completion:

   o  discard and ignore them

   o  use them, but reset any state that is established once the
      handshake completes

   o  use them and authenticate them afterwards; failing the handshake
      if they can't be authenticated

   o  save them and use them when they can be properly authenticated

   o  treat them as a fatal error

   Different strategies are appropriate for different types of data.
   This document proposes that all strategies are possible depending on
   the type of message.

   o  Transport parameters and options are made usable and authenticated
      as part of the TLS handshake (see Section 6.2).

   o  Most unprotected messages are treated as fatal errors when
      received except for the small number necessary to permit the
      handshake to complete (see Section 5.1).

   o  Protected packets can either be discarded or saved and later used
      (see Section 5.3).

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5.1.  Unprotected Frames Prior to Handshake Completion

   This section describes the handling of messages that are sent and
   received prior to the completion of the TLS handshake.

   Sending and receiving unprotected messages is hazardous.  Unless
   expressly permitted, receipt of an unprotected message of any kind
   MUST be treated as a fatal error.

5.1.1.  STREAM Frames

   "STREAM" frames for stream 1 are permitted.  These carry the TLS
   handshake messages.

   Receiving unprotected "STREAM" frames for other streams MUST be
   treated as a fatal error.

5.1.2.  ACK Frames

   "ACK" frames are permitted prior to the handshake being complete.
   Information learned from "ACK" frames cannot be entirely relied upon,
   since an attacker is able to inject these packets.  Timing and packet
   retransmission information from "ACK" frames is critical to the
   functioning of the protocol, but these frames might be spoofed or
   altered.

   Endpoints MUST NOT use an unprotected "ACK" frame to acknowledge data
   that was protected by 0-RTT or 1-RTT keys.  An endpoint MUST ignore
   an unprotected "ACK" frame if it claims to acknowledge data that was
   protected data.  Such an acknowledgement can only serve as a denial
   of service, since an endpoint that can read protected data is always
   permitted to send protected data.

   An endpoint SHOULD use data from unprotected or 0-RTT-protected "ACK"
   frames only during the initial handshake and while they have
   insufficient information from 1-RTT-protected "ACK" frames.  Once
   sufficient information has been obtained from protected messages,
   information obtained from less reliable sources can be discarded.

5.1.3.  WINDOW_UPDATE Frames

   "WINDOW_UPDATE" frames MUST NOT be sent unprotected.

   Though data is exchanged on stream 1, the initial flow control window
   is is sufficiently large to allow the TLS handshake to complete.
   This limits the maximum size of the TLS handshake and would prevent a
   server or client from using an abnormally large certificate chain.

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   Stream 1 is exempt from the connection-level flow control window.

5.1.4.  Denial of Service with Unprotected Packets

   Accepting unprotected - specifically unauthenticated - packets
   presents a denial of service risk to endpoints.  An attacker that is
   able to inject unprotected packets can cause a recipient to drop even
   protected packets with a matching sequence number.  The spurious
   packet shadows the genuine packet, causing the genuine packet to be
   ignored as redundant.

   Once the TLS handshake is complete, both peers MUST ignore
   unprotected packets.  The handshake is complete when the server
   receives a client's Finished message and when a client receives an
   acknowledgement that their Finished message was received.  From that
   point onward, unprotected messages can be safely dropped.  Note that
   the client could retransmit its Finished message to the server, so
   the server cannot reject such a message.

   Since only TLS handshake packets and acknowledgments are sent in the
   clear, an attacker is able to force implementations to rely on
   retransmission for packets that are lost or shadowed.  Thus, an
   attacker that intends to deny service to an endpoint has to drop or
   shadow protected packets in order to ensure that their victim
   continues to accept unprotected packets.  The ability to shadow
   packets means that an attacker does not need to be on path.

   ISSUE:  This would not be an issue if QUIC had a randomized starting
      sequence number.  If we choose to randomize, we fix this problem
      and reduce the denial of service exposure to on-path attackers.
      The only possible problem is in authenticating the initial value,
      so that peers can be sure that they haven't missed an initial
      message.

   In addition to denying endpoints messages, an attacker to generate
   packets that cause no state change in a recipient.  See Section 7.2
   for a discussion of these risks.

   To avoid receiving TLS packets that contain no useful data, a TLS
   implementation MUST reject empty TLS handshake records and any record
   that is not permitted by the TLS state machine.  Any TLS application
   data or alerts - other than a single end_of_early_data at the
   appropriate time - that is received prior to the end of the handshake
   MUST be treated as a fatal error.

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5.2.  Use of 0-RTT Keys

   If 0-RTT keys are available, the lack of replay protection means that
   restrictions on their use are necessary to avoid replay attacks on
   the protocol.

   A client MUST only use 0-RTT keys to protect data that is idempotent.
   A client MAY wish to apply additional restrictions on what data it
   sends prior to the completion of the TLS handshake.  A client
   otherwise treats 0-RTT keys as equivalent to 1-RTT keys.

   A client that receives an indication that its 0-RTT data has been
   accepted by a server can send 0-RTT data until it receives all of the
   server's handshake messages.  A client SHOULD stop sending 0-RTT data
   if it receives an indication that 0-RTT data has been rejected.  In
   addition to a ServerHello without an early_data extension, an
   unprotected handshake message with a KEY_PHASE bit set to 0 indicates
   that 0-RTT data has been rejected.

   A client SHOULD send its end_of_early_data alert only after it has
   received all of the server's handshake messages.  Alternatively
   phrased, a client is encouraged to use 0-RTT keys until 1-RTT keys
   become available.  This prevents stalling of the connection and
   allows the client to send continuously.

   A server MUST NOT use 0-RTT keys to protect anything other than TLS
   handshake messages.  Servers therefore treat packets protected with
   0-RTT keys as equivalent to unprotected packets in determining what
   is permissible to send.  A server protects handshake messages using
   the 0-RTT key if it decides to accept a 0-RTT key.  A server MUST
   still include the early_data extension in its ServerHello message.

   This restriction prevents a server from responding to a request using
   frames protected by the 0-RTT keys.  This ensures that all
   application data from the server are always protected with keys that
   have forward secrecy.  However, this results in head-of-line blocking
   at the client because server responses cannot be decrypted until all
   the server's handshake messages are received by the client.

5.3.  Protected Frames Prior to Handshake Completion

   Due to reordering and loss, protected packets might be received by an
   endpoint before the final handshake messages are received.  If these
   can be decrypted successfully, such packets MAY be stored and used
   once the handshake is complete.

   Unless expressly permitted below, encrypted packets MUST NOT be used
   prior to completing the TLS handshake, in particular the receipt of a

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   valid Finished message and any authentication of the peer.  If
   packets are processed prior to completion of the handshake, an
   attacker might use the willingness of an implementation to use these
   packets to mount attacks.

   TLS handshake messages are covered by record protection during the
   handshake, once key agreement has completed.  This means that
   protected messages need to be decrypted to determine if they are TLS
   handshake messages or not.  Similarly, "ACK" and "WINDOW_UPDATE"
   frames might be needed to successfully complete the TLS handshake.

   Any timestamps present in "ACK" frames MUST be ignored rather than
   causing a fatal error.  Timestamps on protected frames MAY be saved
   and used once the TLS handshake completes successfully.

   An endpoint MAY save the last protected "WINDOW_UPDATE" frame it
   receives for each stream and apply the values once the TLS handshake
   completes.  Failing to do this might result in temporary stalling of
   affected streams.

6.  QUIC-Specific Additions to the TLS Handshake

   QUIC uses the TLS handshake for more than just negotiation of
   cryptographic parameters.  The TLS handshake validates protocol
   version selection, provides preliminary values for QUIC transport
   parameters, and allows a server to perform return routeability checks
   on clients.

6.1.  Protocol and Version Negotiation

   The QUIC version negotiation mechanism is used to negotiate the
   version of QUIC that is used prior to the completion of the
   handshake.  However, this packet is not authenticated, enabling an
   active attacker to force a version downgrade.

   To ensure that a QUIC version downgrade is not forced by an attacker,
   version information is copied into the TLS handshake, which provides
   integrity protection for the QUIC negotiation.  This does not prevent
   version downgrade during the handshake, though it means that such a
   downgrade causes a handshake failure.

   Protocols that use the QUIC transport MUST use Application Layer
   Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) [RFC7301].  The ALPN identifier for the
   protocol MUST be specific to the QUIC version that it operates over.
   When constructing a ClientHello, clients MUST include a list of all
   the ALPN identifiers that they support, regardless of whether the
   QUIC version that they have currently selected supports that
   protocol.

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   Servers SHOULD select an application protocol based solely on the
   information in the ClientHello, not using the QUIC version that the
   client has selected.  If the protocol that is selected is not
   supported with the QUIC version that is in use, the server MAY send a
   QUIC version negotiation packet to select a compatible version.

   If the server cannot select a combination of ALPN identifier and QUIC
   version it MUST abort the connection.  A client MUST abort a
   connection if the server picks an incompatible version of QUIC
   version and ALPN.

6.2.  QUIC Extension

   QUIC defines an extension for use with TLS.  That extension defines
   transport-related parameters.  This provides integrity protection for
   these values.  Including these in the TLS handshake also make the
   values that a client sets available to a server one-round trip
   earlier than parameters that are carried in QUIC frames.  This
   document does not define that extension.

6.3.  Source Address Validation

   QUIC implementations describe a source address token.  This is an
   opaque blob that a server might provide to clients when they first
   use a given source address.  The client returns this token in
   subsequent messages as a return routeability check.  That is, the
   client returns this token to prove that it is able to receive packets
   at the source address that it claims.  This prevents the server from
   being used in packet reflection attacks (see Section 7.1).

   A source address token is opaque and consumed only by the server.
   Therefore it can be included in the TLS 1.3 pre-shared key identifier
   for 0-RTT handshakes.  Servers that use 0-RTT are advised to provide
   new pre-shared key identifiers after every handshake to avoid
   linkability of connections by passive observers.  Clients MUST use a
   new pre-shared key identifier for every connection that they
   initiate; if no pre-shared key identifier is available, then
   resumption is not possible.

   A server that is under load might include a source address token in
   the cookie extension of a HelloRetryRequest.

6.4.  Priming 0-RTT

   QUIC uses TLS without modification.  Therefore, it is possible to use
   a pre-shared key that was obtained in a TLS connection over TCP to
   enable 0-RTT in QUIC.  Similarly, QUIC can provide a pre-shared key
   that can be used to enable 0-RTT in TCP.

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   All the restrictions on the use of 0-RTT apply, with the exception of
   the ALPN label, which MUST only change to a label that is explicitly
   designated as being compatible.  The client indicates which ALPN
   label it has chosen by placing that ALPN label first in the ALPN
   extension.

   The certificate that the server uses MUST be considered valid for
   both connections, which will use different protocol stacks and could
   use different port numbers.  For instance, HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2
   operate over TLS and TCP, whereas QUIC operates over UDP.

   Source address validation is not completely portable between
   different protocol stacks.  Even if the source IP address remains
   constant, the port number is likely to be different.  Packet
   reflection attacks are still possible in this situation, though the
   set of hosts that can initiate these attacks is greatly reduced.  A
   server might choose to avoid source address validation for such a
   connection, or allow an increase to the amount of data that it sends
   toward the client without source validation.

7.  Security Considerations

   There are likely to be some real clangers here eventually, but the
   current set of issues is well captured in the relevant sections of
   the main text.

   Never assume that because it isn't in the security considerations
   section it doesn't affect security.  Most of this document does.

7.1.  Packet Reflection Attack Mitigation

   A small ClientHello that results in a large block of handshake
   messages from a server can be used in packet reflection attacks to
   amplify the traffic generated by an attacker.

   Certificate caching [RFC7924] can reduce the size of the server's
   handshake messages significantly.

   A client SHOULD also pad [RFC7685] its ClientHello to at least 1024
   octets.  A server is less likely to generate a packet reflection
   attack if the data it sends is a small multiple of the data it
   receives.  A server SHOULD use a HelloRetryRequest if the size of the
   handshake messages it sends is likely to exceed the size of the
   ClientHello.

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7.2.  Peer Denial of Service

   QUIC, TLS and HTTP/2 all contain a messages that have legitimate uses
   in some contexts, but that can be abused to cause a peer to expend
   processing resources without having any observable impact on the
   state of the connection.  If processing is disproportionately large
   in comparison to the observable effects on bandwidth or state, then
   this could allow a malicious peer to exhaust processing capacity
   without consequence.

   QUIC prohibits the sending of empty "STREAM" frames unless they are
   marked with the FIN bit.  This prevents "STREAM" frames from being
   sent that only waste effort.

   TLS records SHOULD always contain at least one octet of a handshake
   messages or alert.  Records containing only padding are permitted
   during the handshake, but an excessive number might be used to
   generate unnecessary work.  Once the TLS handshake is complete,
   endpoints SHOULD NOT send TLS application data records unless it is
   to hide the length of QUIC records.  QUIC packet protection does not
   include any allowance for padding; padded TLS application data
   records can be used to mask the length of QUIC frames.

   While there are legitimate uses for some redundant packets,
   implementations SHOULD track redundant packets and treat excessive
   volumes of any non-productive packets as indicative of an attack.

8.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no IANA actions.  Yet.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]
              Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", draft-ietf-tls-tls13-18 (work in progress),
              October 2016.

   [QUIC-RECOVERY]
              Iyengar, J., Ed. and I. Swett, Ed., "QUIC Loss Detection
              and Congestion Control", November 2016.

   [QUIC-TRANSPORT]
              Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based
              Multiplexed and Secure Transport", November 2016.

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   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2104>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC5116]  McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated
              Encryption", RFC 5116, DOI 10.17487/RFC5116, January 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5116>.

   [RFC5869]  Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand
              Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5869>.

   [RFC7230]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
              RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.

   [RFC7301]  Friedl, S., Popov, A., Langley, A., and E. Stephan,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol
              Negotiation Extension", RFC 7301, DOI 10.17487/RFC7301,
              July 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7301>.

   [RFC7685]  Langley, A., "A Transport Layer Security (TLS) ClientHello
              Padding Extension", RFC 7685, DOI 10.17487/RFC7685,
              October 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7685>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [AEBounds]
              Luykx, A. and K. Paterson, "Limits on Authenticated
              Encryption Use in TLS", March 2016,
              <http://www.isg.rhul.ac.uk/~kp/TLS-AEbounds.pdf>.

   [QUIC-HTTP]
              Bishop, M., Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over
              QUIC", November 2016.

   [RFC0793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
              RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.

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   [RFC7540]  Belshe, M., Peon, R., and M. Thomson, Ed., "Hypertext
              Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)", RFC 7540,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7540, May 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7540>.

   [RFC7924]  Santesson, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Cached Information Extension", RFC 7924,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7924, July 2016,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7924>.

Appendix A.  Contributors

   Ryan Hamilton was originally an author of this specification.

Appendix B.  Acknowledgments

   This document has benefited from input from Christian Huitema, Jana
   Iyengar, Adam Langley, Roberto Peon, Eric Rescorla, Ian Swett, and
   many others.

Authors' Addresses

   Martin Thomson (editor)
   Mozilla

   Email: martin.thomson@gmail.com

   Sean Turner (editor)
   sn3rd

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