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Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF based Management
draft-ietf-netconf-zerotouch-15

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8572.
Authors Kent Watsen , Mikael Abrahamsson , Ian Farrer
Last updated 2017-08-15
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draft-ietf-netconf-zerotouch-15
NETCONF Working Group                                          K. Watsen
Internet-Draft                                          Juniper Networks
Intended status: Standards Track                          M. Abrahamsson
Expires: February 16, 2018                                     T-Systems
                                                               I. Farrer
                                                     Deutsche Telekom AG
                                                         August 15, 2017

    Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF based Management
                    draft-ietf-netconf-zerotouch-15

Abstract

   This draft presents a secure technique for establishing a NETCONF or
   RESTCONF connection between a newly deployed device, configured with
   just its factory default settings, and its deployment specific
   network management system (NMS).

Editorial Note (To be removed by RFC Editor)

   This draft contains many placeholder values that need to be replaced
   with finalized values at the time of publication.  This note
   summarizes all of the substitutions that are needed.  Please note
   that no other RFC Editor instructions are specified anywhere else in
   this document.

   Artwork in the IANA Considerations section contains placeholder
   values for DHCP options pending IANA assignment.  Please apply the
   following replacements:

   o  "OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT" --> the option code assigned for
      the "DHCPv4 Zero Touch Option" option

   o  "OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT" --> the option code assigned for
      the "DHCPv6 Zero Touch Option" option

   Artwork in this document contains shorthand references to drafts in
   progress.  Please apply the following replacements:

   o  "XXXX" --> the assigned RFC value for this draft

   Artwork in this document contains placeholder values for the date of
   publication of this draft.  Please apply the following replacement:

   o  "2017-08-15" --> the publication date of this draft

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   Please update the following references to reflect their final RFC
   assignments:

   o  I-D.ieft-netconf-netconf-client-server

   The following one Appendix section is to be removed prior to
   publication:

   o  Appendix A.  Change Log

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on February 16, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.1.  Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.3.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     1.4.  Tree Diagram Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   2.  Types of Bootstrapping Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.1.  Redirect Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.2.  Onboarding Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   3.  Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.1.  Zero Touch Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.2.  Owner Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.3.  Ownership Voucher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.4.  Artifact Groupings  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   4.  Sources of Bootstrapping Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.1.  Removable Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.2.  DNS Server  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.3.  DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     4.4.  Bootstrap Server  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   5.  Device Details  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.1.  Factory Default State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.2.  Boot Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     5.3.  Processing a Source of Bootstrapping Data . . . . . . . .  19
     5.4.  Validating Signed Data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     5.5.  Processing Redirect Information . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     5.6.  Processing Onboarding Information . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   6.  The Zero Touch Information Artifact . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     6.1.  Tree Diagram  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.2.  Example Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.3.  YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   7.  The Zero Touch Bootstrap Server API . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     7.1.  Tree Diagram  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     7.2.  Example Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     7.3.  YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
   8.  DHCP Zero Touch Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     8.1.  DHCPv4 Zero Touch Option  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     8.2.  DHCPv6 Zero Touch Option  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
     8.3.  Common Field Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
   9.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
     9.1.  Immutable storage for trust anchors . . . . . . . . . . .  46
     9.2.  Clock Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
     9.3.  Blindly authenticating a bootstrap server . . . . . . . .  47
     9.4.  Entropy loss over time  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
     9.5.  Serial Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
     9.6.  Sequencing Sources of Bootstrapping Data  . . . . . . . .  48
   10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
     10.1.  The BOOTP Manufacturer Extensions and DHCP Options

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            Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
     10.2.  The IETF XML Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
     10.3.  The YANG Module Names Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
   11. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
   12. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     12.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     12.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
   Appendix A.  Workflow Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
     A.1.  Enrollment and Ordering Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
     A.2.  Owner Stages the Network for Bootstrap  . . . . . . . . .  55
     A.3.  Device Powers On  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
   Appendix B.  Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
     B.1.  ID to 00  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
     B.2.  00 to 01  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
     B.3.  01 to 02  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
     B.4.  02 to 03  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
     B.5.  03 to 04  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
     B.6.  04 to 05  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
     B.7.  05 to 06  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     B.8.  06 to 07  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     B.9.  07 to 08  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     B.10. 08 to 09  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     B.11. 09 to 10  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     B.12. 10 to 11  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
     B.13. 11 to 12  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
     B.14. 12 to 13  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
     B.15. 13 to 14  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
     B.16. 14 to 15  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64

1.  Introduction

   A fundamental business requirement for any network operator is to
   reduce costs where possible.  For network operators, deploying
   devices to many locations can be a significant cost, as sending
   trained specialists to each site for installations is both cost
   prohibitive and does not scale.

   This document defines a bootstrapping strategy enabling devices to
   securely obtain bootstrapping data with no installer action beyond
   physical placement and connecting network and power cables.  The
   ultimate goal of this document is to enable a secure NETCONF
   [RFC6241] or RESTCONF [RFC8040] connection to a deployment specific
   network management system (NMS).

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1.1.  Use Cases

   o  Device connecting to a remotely administered network

         This use-case involves scenarios, such as a remote branch
         office or convenience store, whereby a device connects as an
         access gateway to an ISP's network.  Assuming it is not
         possible to customize the ISP's network to provide any
         bootstrapping support, and with no other nearby device to
         leverage, the device has no recourse but to reach out to an
         Internet-based bootstrap server to bootstrap from.

   o  Device connecting to a locally administered network

         This use-case covers all other scenarios and differs only in
         that the device may additionally leverage nearby devices, which
         may direct it to use a local service to bootstrap from.  If no
         such information is available, or the device is unable to use
         the information provided, it can then reach out to the network
         just as it would for the remotely administered network use-
         case.

1.2.  Terminology

   This document uses the following terms (sorted by name):

   Artifact:  The term "artifact" is used throughout to represent any of
       the three artifacts defined in Section 3 (Zero Touch Information,
       Ownership Voucher, and Owner Certificate).  These artifacts
       collectively provide all the bootstrapping data a device may use.

   Bootstrapping Data:  The term "bootstrapping data" is used throughout
       this document to refer to the collection of data that a device
       may obtain during the bootstrapping process.  Specifically, it
       refers to the three artifacts defined in Section 3.

   Bootstrap Server:  The term "bootstrap server" is used within this
       document to mean any RESTCONF server implementing the YANG module
       defined in Section 7.3.

   Device:  The term "device" is used throughout this document to refer
       to the network element that needs to be bootstrapped.  See
       Section 5 for more information about devices.

   Initial Secure Device Identifier (IDevID):  The term "IDevID" is
       defined in [Std-802.1AR-2009] as the globally unique secure
       device identifier (DevID) installed on the device by the
       manufacturer.  This identifier is used in this document to enable

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       a Bootstrap Server to securely identify and authenticate a
       device.

   Manufacturer:  The term "manufacturer" is used herein to refer to the
       manufacturer of a device or a delegate of the manufacturer.

   Network Management System (NMS):  The acronym "NMS" is used
       throughout this document to refer to the deployment specific
       management system that the bootstrapping process is responsible
       for introducing devices to.  From a device's perspective, when
       the bootstrapping process has completed, the NMS is a NETCONF or
       RESTCONF client.

   Onboarding Information:  The term "onboarding information" is used
       herein to refer to one of the two types of 'zero touch
       information' (see term) defined in this document, the other being
       'redirect information'.  Specifically, onboarding information is
       defined by the 'onboarding-information' YANG-data struture in
       Section 6.3.

   Owner:  The term "owner" is used throughout this document to refer to
       the person or organization that purchased or otherwise owns a
       device.

   Owner Certificate:  The term "owner certificate" is used in this
       document to represent an X.509 certificate that binds an owner
       identity to a public key, which a device can use to validate a
       signature over the zero touch information artifacts.  The owner
       certificate is one of the three bootstrapping artifacts described
       in Section 3.

   Ownership Voucher:  The term "ownership voucher" is used in this
       document to represent the voucher artifact defined in
       [I-D.ietf-anima-voucher].  The ownership voucher is used to
       assign a device to an owner.  The ownership voucher is one of the
       three bootstrapping artifacts described in Section 3.

   Redirect Information:  The term "redirect information" is used herein
       to refer to one of the two types of 'zero touch information' (see
       term) defined in this document, the other being 'onboarding
       information'.  Specifically, redirect information is defined by
       the 'redirect-information' YANG-data structure in Section 6.3.

   Redirect Server:  The term "redirect server" is used to refer to a
       bootstrap server that only returns redirect information.  A
       redirect server is particularly useful when hosted by a
       manufacturer, as an Internet-based resource to redirect devices
       to deployment-specific bootstrap servers.

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   Signed Data:  The term "signed data" is used throughout to mean
       either redirect information or onboarding information that has
       been signed, specifically by a private key possessed by a
       device's owner.

   Unsigned Data:  The term "unsigned data" is used throughout to mean
       either redirect information or onboarding information that has
       not been signed.

   Zero Touch Information:  The term "zero touch information" is used
       generally herein to refer either redirect information or
       onboarding information.  Zero touch information is one of the
       three bootstrapping artifacts described in Section 3.

1.3.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

1.4.  Tree Diagram Notation

   A simplified graphical representation of the data models is used in
   this document.  The meaning of the symbols in these diagrams is as
   follows:

   o  Brackets "[" and "]" enclose list keys.

   o  Braces "{" and "}" enclose feature names, and indicate that the
      named feature must be present for the subtree to be present.

   o  Abbreviations before data node names: "rw" (read-write) represents
      configuration data and "ro" (read-only) represents state data.

   o  Symbols after data node names: "?" means an optional node, "!"
      means a presence container, and "*" denotes a list and leaf-list.

   o  Parentheses enclose choice and case nodes, and case nodes are also
      marked with a colon (":").

   o  Ellipsis ("...") stands for contents of subtrees that are not
      shown.

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2.  Types of Bootstrapping Information

   This document defines two types of information that devices access
   during the bootstrapping process.  These information types are
   described in this section.  Examples are provided in Section 6.2

2.1.  Redirect Information

   Redirect information redirects a device to another bootstrap server.
   Redirect information encodes a list of bootstrap servers, each
   defined by its hostname or IP address, an optional port, and an
   optional trust anchor certificate.

   Redirect information is YANG modeled data formally defined by the
   "redirect-information" container in the YANG module presented in
   Section 6.3.  This container has the tree diagram shown below.
   Please see Section 1.4 for tree diagram notation.

     +--:(redirect-information)
        +--ro redirect-information
           +--ro bootstrap-server* [address]
              +--ro address         inet:host
              +--ro port?           inet:port-number
              +--ro trust-anchor?   binary

   Redirect information MAY be trusted or untrusted.  The redirect
   information is trusted whenever it is obtained via a secure
   connection to a trusted bootstrap server, or whenever it is signed by
   the device's owner.  In all other cases, the redirect information is
   untrusted.

   Trusted redirect information is useful for enabling a device to
   establish a secure connection to a bootstrap server, which is
   possible when the redirect information includes the bootstrap
   server's trust anchor certificate.  When a device is able to
   establish a secure connection to a bootstrap server, the data is
   implicitly trusted, and does not need to be signed.

   Untrusted redirect information is useful for directing a device to a
   bootstrap server where signed data has been staged for it to obtain.
   When the redirect information is untrusted, the device MUST discard
   any potentially included trust anchor certificates and SHOULD
   establish a provisional connection (by blindly accepting the TLS
   certificate) to any of the specified bootstrap servers.  In this
   case, the device MUST NOT trust the bootstrap server, and data
   provided by the bootstrap server MUST be signed for it to be of any
   use to the device.

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   How devices process redirect information is described more formally
   in Section 5.5.

2.2.  Onboarding Information

   Bootstrap information provides all the data necessary for a device to
   bootstrap itself, in order to be considered ready to be managed
   (e.g., by an NMS).  As defined in this document, this data includes
   information about a boot image the device MUST be running, an initial
   configuration the device MUST commit, and optional scripts that, if
   specified, the device MUST successfully execute.

   Bootstrap information is YANG modeled data formally defined by the
   "onboarding-information" container in the YANG module presented in
   Section 6.3.  This container has the tree diagram shown below.
   Please see Section 1.4 for tree diagram notation.

     +--:(onboarding-information)
        +--ro onboarding-information
           +--ro boot-image
           |  +--ro name       string
           |  +--ro (hash-algorithm)
           |  |  +--:(sha256)
           |  |     +--ro sha256?    string
           |  +--ro uri*       inet:uri
           +--ro configuration-handling       enumeration
           +--ro pre-configuration-script?    script
           +--ro configuration?
           +--ro post-configuration-script?   script

   Bootstrap information MUST be trusted for it to be of any use to a
   device.  There is no option for a device to process untrusted
   onboarding information.

   Bootstrap information is trusted whenever it is obtained via a secure
   connection to a trusted bootstrap server, or whenever it is signed by
   the device's owner.  In all other cases, the onboarding information
   is untrusted.

   How devices process onboarding information is described more formally
   in Section 5.6.

3.  Artifacts

   This document defines three artifacts that can be made available to
   devices while they are bootstrapping.  Each source of bootstrapping
   information specifies a means for providing each of the artifacts
   defined in this section (see Section 4).

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3.1.  Zero Touch Information

   The zero touch information artifact encodes the essential
   bootstrapping data for the device.  This artifact is used to encode
   the redirect information and onboarding information types discussed
   in Section 2.

   The zero touch information artifact is a PKCS#7 SignedData structure,
   as specified by Section 9.1 of [RFC2315], encoded using ASN.1
   distinguished encoding rules (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690.  The
   PKCS#7 structure MUST contain JSON-encoded content conforming to the
   YANG module specified in Section 6.3.

   In order for the zero touch information artifact to be trusted when
   conveyed over an untrusted transport, the PKCS#7 structure MUST also
   contain a 'signerInfo' structure, as described in Section 9.1 of
   [RFC2315], containing a signature generated over the content using
   the private key associated with the owner certificate (Section 3.2).

3.2.  Owner Certificate

   The owner certificate artifact is a certificate that is used to
   identify an 'owner' (e.g., an organization), as known to a trusted
   certificate authority.  The owner certificate is signed by a trusted
   certificate authority (CA), whose certificate is placed into the
   ownership voucher (Section 3.3).

   The owner certificate is used by a device to verify the signature
   attached to the zero touch information artifact (Section 3.1) that
   the device SHOULD have also received, as described in Section 3.4.
   In particular, the device verifies signature using the public key in
   the owner certificate over the content contained within the zero
   touch information artifact.

   In order to validate the owner certificate, a device MUST verify that
   the owner certificate's certificate-chain includes the certificate
   specified by the ownership voucher (Section 3.3) that the device
   SHOULD have also received, as described in Section 3.4, and the
   device MUST verify that owner certificate contains an identifier
   matching the one specified in the voucher and, for devices that
   verify certificate revocation status, the device MUST also verify
   that the certificate has neither expired nor been revoked.

   The owner certificate artifact is formally an unsigned PKCS #7
   SignedData structure as specified by Section 9.1 in [RFC2315],
   encoded using ASN.1 distinguished encoding rules (DER), as specified
   in ITU-T X.690.

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   The owner certificate PKCS#7 structure MUST contain the owner
   certificate itself, as well as all intermediate certificates leading
   up to the trust anchor certificate specified in the ownership
   voucher.  The owner certificate artifact MAY optionally include the
   trust anchor certificate.

   Additionally, in order to support devices deployed on private
   networks, the owner certificate PKCS#7 structure MAY also contain
   suitably fresh CRLs [RFC5280] and/or OCSP Responses [RFC6960].
   Having these revocation objects stapled to the owner certificate
   precludes the need for the device to have to download them
   dynamically using the CRL distribution point or an OCSP responder
   specified in the associated certificates.

3.3.  Ownership Voucher

   The ownership voucher artifact is used to securely identify a
   device's owner, as it is known to the manufacturer.  The ownership
   voucher is signed by the device's manufacturer or delegate.

   More specifically, the ownership voucher is used to verify the owner
   certificate (Section 3.2) that the device SHOULD have also received,
   as described in Section 3.4.  In particular, the device verifies that
   the owner certificate has a chain of trust leading to the trusted
   certificate included in the ownership voucher, even if it is itself
   (e.g., self-signed certificate).

   In order to validate the ownership voucher, a device MUST perform a
   number of checks.  The device MUST verify that the voucher specifies
   the device's serial number.  The device MUST verify that the
   ownership voucher has a chain of trust to a trusted certificate known
   to the device (Section 5.1).  If the ownership voucher contains an
   expiration date, the device MUST also verify that the ownership
   voucher has not expired.

   The ownership voucher artifact, including its encoding, is formally
   defined in [I-D.ietf-anima-voucher].

3.4.  Artifact Groupings

   This section lists all the possible bootstrapping artifacts, but only
   certain groupings of these artifacts make sense to return in the
   various bootstrapping situations described in this document.  These
   groupings are:

      Unsigned Information:  This grouping is useful for cases when
         transport level security can be used to convey trust (e.g.,

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         HTTPS), or when the information can be processed in a
         provisional manner (i.e.  unsigned redirect information).

      Signed Information, without revocations:  The grouping is useful
         when signed information is needed, because it's obtained from
         an untrusted source, and it cannot be processed provisionally,
         and yet either revocations are not needed or they can be
         obtained dynamically.

      Signed Information, with revocations:  The grouping is useful when
         signed information is needed, because it's obtained from an
         untrusted source, and it cannot be processed provisionally, and
         revocations are needed and cannot be obtained dynamically.

   The artifacts associated with these groupings are described below:

                           Zero Touch       Ownership       Owner
   Grouping                Information      Voucher         Certificate
   --------------------    -------------    ------------    -----------
   Unsigned Information    Yes, no sig      No              No

   Signed Information,     Yes, with sig    Yes, without    Yes, without
   without revocations                      revocations     revocations

   Signed Information,     Yes, with sig    Yes, with       Yes, with
   with revocations                         revocations     revocations

4.  Sources of Bootstrapping Data

   This section defines some sources for zero touch bootstrapping data
   that a device can access.  The list of sources defined here is not
   meant to be exhaustive.  It is left to future documents to define
   additional sources for obtaining zero touch bootstrapping data.

   For each source defined in this section, details are given for how
   each of the three artifacts listed in Section 3 is provided.

4.1.  Removable Storage

   A directly attached removable storage device (e.g., a USB flash
   drive) MAY be used as a source of zero touch bootstrapping data.

   To use a removable storage device as a source of bootstrapping data,
   a device need only detect if the removable storage device is plugged
   in and mount its filesystem.

   Use of a removable storage device is compelling, as it doesn't
   require any external infrastructure to work.  It is notable that the

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   raw boot image file can be located on the removable storage device,
   enabling a removable storage device to be a fully self-standing
   bootstrapping solution.

   A removable storage device is an untrusted source of bootstrapping
   data.  This means that the information stored on the removable
   storage device either MUST be signed, or it MUST be information that
   can be processed provisionally (e.g., unsigned redirect information).

   From an artifact perspective, since a removable storage device
   presents itself as a filesystem, the bootstrapping artifacts need to
   be presented as files.  The three artifacts defined in Section 3 are
   mapped to files below.

   Artifact to File Mapping:

      Zero Touch Information:  Mapped to a file containing the binary
         artifact described in Section 3.1 (e.g., zerotouch-
         information.pkcs7).

      Owner Certificate:  Mapped to a file containing the binary
         artifact described in Section 3.2 (e.g., owner-
         certificate.pkcs7).

      Ownership Voucher:  Mapped to a file containing the binary
         artifact described in Section 3.3 (e.g., ownership-
         voucher.pkcs7).

   The format of the removable storage device's filesystem and the
   naming of the files are outside the scope of this document.  However,
   in order to facilitate interoperability, it is RECOMMENDED devices
   support open and/or standards based filesystems.  It is also
   RECOMMENDED that devices assume a file naming convention that enables
   more than one instance of bootstrapping data to exist on a removable
   storage device.  The file naming convention SHOULD be unique to the
   manufacturer, in order to enable bootstrapping data from multiple
   manufacturers to exist on a removable storage device.

4.2.  DNS Server

   A DNS server MAY be used as a source of zero touch bootstrapping
   data.

   Using a DNS server may be a compelling option for deployments having
   existing DNS infrastructure, as it enables a touchless bootstrapping
   option that does not entail utilizing an Internet based resource
   hosted by a 3rd-party.

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   To use a DNS server as a source of bootstrapping data, a device MAY
   perform a multicast DNS [RFC6762] query searching for the service
   "_zerotouch._tcp.local.".  Alternatively the device MAY perform DNS-
   SD [RFC6763] via normal DNS operation, using the domain returned to
   it from the DHCP server; for example, searching for the service
   "_zerotouch._tcp.example.com".

   Unsigned DNS records (e.g., not using DNSSEC as described in
   [RFC6698]) are an untrusted source of bootstrapping data.  This means
   that the information stored in the DNS records either MUST be signed,
   or it MUST be information that can be processed provisionally (e.g.,
   unsigned redirect information).

   From an artifact perspective, since a DNS server presents resource
   records (Section 3.2.1 of [RFC1035]), the bootstrapping artifacts
   need to be presented as resource records.  The three artifacts
   defined in Section 3 are mapped to resource records below.

   Artifact to Resource Record Mapping:

      Zero Touch Information:  Mapped to a TXT record called "zt-info"
         containing the base64-encoding of the binary artifact described
         in Section 3.1.

      Owner Certificate:  Mapped to a TXT record called "zt-cert"
         containing the base64-encoding of the binary artifact described
         in Section 3.2.

      Ownership Voucher:  Mapped to a TXT record called "zt-voucher"
         containing the base64-encoding of the binary artifact described
         in Section 3.3.

   TXT records have an upper size limit of 65535 bytes (Section 3.2.1 in
   RFC1035), since 'RDLENGTH' is a 16-bit field.  Please see
   Section 3.1.3 in RFC4408 for how a TXT record can achieve this size.
   Due to this size limitation, some zero touch information artifacts
   may not fit.  In particular, onboarding information could hit this
   upper bound, depending on the size of the included configuration and
   scripts.

   When onboarding information (not redirect information) is provided,
   it is notable that the URL for the boot-image the device can download
   would have to point to another server (e.g., http://, ftp://, etc.),
   as DNS servers do not themselves distribute files.

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4.3.  DHCP Server

   A DHCP server MAY be used as a source of zero touch bootstrapping
   data.

   Using a DHCP server may be a compelling option for deployments having
   existing DHCP infrastructure, as it enables a touchless bootstrapping
   option that does not entail utilizing an Internet based resource
   hosted by a 3rd-party.

   A DHCP server is an untrusted source of bootstrapping data.  Thus the
   information stored on the DHCP server either MUST be signed, or it
   MUST be information that can be processed provisionally (e.g.,
   unsigned redirect information).

   However, unlike other sources of bootstrapping data described in this
   document, the DHCP protocol (especially DHCP for IPv4) is limited in
   the amount of data that can be conveyed, to the extent that signed
   data cannot be communicated.  This means only unsigned redirect
   information can be conveyed.  Since the redirect information is
   unsigned, it SHOULD NOT include the optional trust anchor
   certificate, as the device would have to discard it anyway.

   From an artifact perspective, the three artifacts defined in
   Section 3 are mapped to the DHCP fields specified in Section 8 as
   follows:

      Zero Touch Information:  This artifact is not supported directly.
         Instead, the essence of redirect information (not onboarding
         information) is mapped to the DHCP fields described in
         Section 8.

      Owner Certificate:  Not supported.  There is not enough space in
         the DHCP packet to hold an owner certificate artifact.

      Ownership Voucher:  Not supported.  There is not enough space in
         the DHCP packet to hold an ownership voucher artifact.

4.4.  Bootstrap Server

   A bootstrap server MAY be used as a source of zero touch
   bootstrapping data.  A bootstrap server is defined as a RESTCONF
   [RFC8040] server implementing the YANG module provided in Section 7.

   Unlike any other source of bootstrap data described in this document,
   a bootstrap server is not only a source of data, but it can also
   receive data from devices using the YANG-defined 'update-progress'
   action defined in the YANG module (Section 7.3).  The data sent from

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   devices both enables visibility into the bootstrapping process (e.g.,
   warnings and errors) as well as provides potentially useful
   completion status information (e.g., the device's SSH host-keys).

   To use a bootstrap server as a source of bootstrapping data, a device
   MUST use the RESTCONF protocol to access the YANG container node
   /device, passing its own serial number in the URL as the key to the
   'device' list.

   Using a bootstrap server as a source of bootstrapping data is a
   compelling option as it MAY use transport-level security, in lieu of
   signed data, which may be easier to deploy in some situations.
   Additionally, the bootstrap server is able to receive progress
   updates from devices, which may be critical to some deployments
   (e.g., the passing of the device's SSH host keys).

   A bootstrap server may be trusted or an untrusted source of
   bootstrapping data, depending on how the device learned about the
   bootstrap server's trust anchor from a trusted source.  When a
   bootstrap server is trusted, the information returned from it MAY be
   signed.  However, when the server is untrusted, in order for its
   information to be of any use to the device, the bootstrap information
   MUST either be signed or be information that can be processed
   provisionally (e.g., unsigned redirect information).

   When a device is able to trust a bootstrap server, it MUST send its
   IDevID certificate in the form of a TLS client certificate, and it
   MUST send progress updates to the bootstrap server.  When a device is
   not able to trust a bootstrap server, it MUST NOT send its IDevID
   certificate in the form of a TLS client certificate, and it MUST NOT
   send any progress updates to the bootstrap server.

   From an artifact perspective, since a bootstrap server presents data
   as a YANG-modeled data, the bootstrapping artifacts need to be mapped
   to nodes in the YANG module.  The three artifacts defined in
   Section 3 are mapped to bootstrap server nodes defined in Section 7.3
   below.

   Artifact to Bootstrap Server Node Mapping:

      Zero Touch Information:  Mapped to the leaf node /device/
         zerotouch-information.

      Owner Certificate:  Mapped to the leaf node /device/owner-
         certificate.

      Ownership Voucher:  Mapped to the leaf node /device/ownership-
         voucher.

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   While RESTCONF servers typically support a nested hierarchy of
   resources, zero touch bootstrap servers only need to support the
   paths /device and /device/update-progress.  The device processing
   instructions provided in Section 5.3 only uses these two URLs.

5.  Device Details

   Devices supporting the bootstrapping strategy described in this
   document MUST have the preconfigured factory default state and
   bootstrapping logic described in the following sections.

5.1.  Factory Default State

   +--------------------------------------------------------------+
   |                           <device>                           |
   |                                                              |
   | +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
   | |                   <read-only storage>                    | |
   | |                                                          | |
   | | 1. IDevID cert & associated intermediate certificate(s)  | |
   | | 2. list of trusted Internet based bootstrap servers      | |
   | | 3. list of trust anchor certs for bootstrap servers      | |
   | | 4. trust anchor cert for verifying ownership vouchers    | |
   | +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
   |                                                              |
   |                  +----------------------+                    |
   |                  |   <secure storage>   |                    |
   |                  |                      |                    |
   |                  |  5. private key      |                    |
   |                  +----------------------+                    |
   |                                                              |
   +--------------------------------------------------------------+

   Each numbered item below corresponds to a numbered item in the
   diagram above.

   1.  Devices MUST be manufactured with an initial device identifier
       (IDevID), as defined in [Std-802.1AR-2009].  The IDevID is an
       X.509 certificate, encoding e.g., the device's serial number and
       hardware manufacturer.  The device MUST also possess any
       intermediate certificates between the IDevID certificate and the
       manufacturer's IDevID trust anchor certificate, which is provided
       to prospective owners separately (e.g., Appendix A.1).

   2.  Devices that support loading bootstrapping data from an Internet-
       based bootstrap server (see Section 4.4) MUST be manufactured
       with

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       *  A configured list of trusted bootstrap servers.  Consistent
          with redirect information (Section 2.1, each bootstrap server
          MAY be identified by its hostname or IP address, and an
          optional port.

       *  A configured list of trust anchor certificates that can be
          used for X.509 certificate path validation ([RFC6125],
          Section 6) on the bootstrap server's TLS server certificate.

   3.  Devices that support loading signed data (see Section 1.2) MUST
       be manufactured with the manufacturer's trust anchor certificate
       for validating ownership vouchers.

   4.  Devices MUST be manufactured with a private key that corresponds
       to the public key encoded in the device's IDevID certificate.
       This private key SHOULD be securely stored, ideally by a
       cryptographic processor (e.g., a TPM).

5.2.  Boot Sequence

   A device claiming to support the bootstrapping strategy defined in
   this document MUST support the boot sequence described in this
   section.

    Power On
        |
        v                        No
 1. Running default config?   -------->  Boot normally
        |
        | Yes
        v
 2. For each supported source of bootstrapping data,
    try to load bootstrapping data from the source
        |
        |
        v                               Yes
 3. Able to bootstrap from any source?  -----> Run with new configuration
        |
        | No
        v
 4. Loop and/or wait for manual provisioning.

   Each numbered item below corresponds to a numbered item in the
   diagram above.

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   1.  When the device powers on, it first checks to see if it is
       running the factory default configuration.  If it is running a
       modified configuration, then it boots normally.

   2.  The device iterates over its list of sources for bootstrapping
       data (Section 4).  Details for how to processes a source of
       bootstrapping data are provided in Section 5.3.

   3.  If the device is able to bootstrap itself from any of the sources
       of bootstrapping data, it runs with the new bootstrapped
       configuration.

   4.  Otherwise the device MAY loop back through the list of
       bootstrapping sources again and/or wait for manual provisioning.

5.3.  Processing a Source of Bootstrapping Data

   This section describes a recursive algorithm that devices can use to,
   ultimately, obtain onboarding information.  The algorithm is
   recursive only because sources of bootstrapping data MAY return
   redirect information, which causes the algorithm to run again, for
   the newly discovered sources of information.  To be clear, an
   expression that captures all possible combinations is "(redirect
   information)* onboarding information".  That is, zero or more
   redirect information responses, followed by one bootstrap information
   response.

   An important aspect of the algorithm is knowing when data needs to be
   signed or not.  The following figure provides a summary of options:

                                    Untrusted Source  Trusted Source
       Kind of Bootstrapping Data     Can Provide?     Can Provide?

       Unsigned Redirect Info     :       Yes+             Yes
       Signed Redirect Info       :       Yes              Yes*
       Unsigned Onboarding Info   :        No              Yes
       Signed Onboarding Info     :       Yes              Yes*

       The '+' above denotes that the source redirected to MUST
       return signed data, or more unsigned redirect information.

       The '*' above denotes that, while possible, it is generally
       unnecessary for a trusted source to return signed data.  In
       fact, it's only needed when the '+' case occurs.

   As an example, imagine a device initially obtains unsigned redirect
   information, which redirects it to an [untrusted] bootstrap server

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   where it obtains more unsigned redirect information, which redirects
   it to another [untrusted] bootstrap server where it obtains signed
   redirect information, which redirects it to a [trusted] bootstrap
   server where it obtains redirect information (signed or unsigned
   doesn't matter, its trusted either way), but without an included
   trust anchor certificate, which is unexpected but possible, so the
   device can't trust the server it's redirected to, and so on, until
   finally the device obtains some onboarding information.

   To support this behavior, this recursive algorithm uses a
   conceptually global-scoped algorithm variable called "trust-state".
   The trust-state variable is initialized to FALSE.  The ultimate goal
   of this algorithm is for the device to process onboarding information
   (Section 2.2) while the trust-state variable is TRUE.

   If the data source is a bootstrap server, the only source of
   bootstrapping data defined in this document that can be trusted via
   transport level security, and the device is able to authenticate the
   server using X.509 certificate path validation ([RFC6125], Section 6)
   to one of the device's preconfigured trust anchors, or to a trust
   anchor that it learned from a previous step, then the device MUST set
   trust-state to TRUE.

   If trust-state is TRUE, when connecting to the bootstrap server, the
   device MUST use its IDevID certificate for client certificate based
   authentication and MUST post progress updates using the bootstrap
   server's "update-progress" action.  Otherwise, if trust-state is
   FALSE, when connecting to the bootstrap server, the device MUST NOT
   use its IDevID certificate for a client certificate based
   authentication and MUST NOT post progress updates using the bootstrap
   server's "update-progress" action.

   When accessing a bootstrap server, the device SHOULD only access its
   top-level resource, to obtain all the data staged for it in a single
   GET request.

   For any source of bootstrapping data (e.g., Section 4), if the data
   is signed and the device is able to validate the signed data using
   the algorithm described in Section 5.4, then the device MUST set
   trust-state to TRUE, else the device MUST set trust-state to FALSE.
   Note, this is worded to cover the special case when signed data is
   returned even from a trusted bootstrap server.

   If the data is onboarding information (not redirect information), and
   trust-state is FALSE, the device MUST exit the recursive algorithm
   (as this is not allowed, per the figure above), returning to the
   state machine described in Section 5.2.  Otherwise, the device MUST
   attempt to process the onboarding information as described in

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   Section 5.6.  In either case, success or failure, the device MUST
   exit the recursive algorithm, returning to the state machine
   described in Section 5.2, the only difference being in how it
   responds to the "Able to bootstrap from any source?" conditional
   described in the figure in the section.

   If the data is redirect information, the device MUST process the
   redirect information as described in Section 5.5.  This is the
   recursion step, it will cause to device to reenter this algorithm,
   but this time the data source will most definitely be a bootstrap
   server, as that is all redirect information is able to redirect a
   device to.

5.4.  Validating Signed Data

   Whenever a device is presented signed data from an untrusted source,
   it MUST validate the signed data as described in this section.  If
   the signed data is provided by a trusted source, a redundant trust
   case, the device MAY skip verifying the signature.

   Whenever there is signed data, the device MUST also be provided an
   ownership voucher and an owner certificate.  Depending on
   circumstances, the device MAY also be provided certificate
   revocations.  How all the needed artifacts are provided for each
   source of bootstrapping data is defined in Section 4.

   The device MUST first authenticate the ownership voucher by
   validating the signature on it to one of its preconfigured trust
   anchors (see Section 5.1) and verify that the ownership voucher
   contains the device's serial number.  If the ownership voucher
   contains an expiration timestamp, the device MUST also verify that
   the ownership voucher has not expired.  If the authentication of the
   ownership voucher is successful, the device extracts from it
   information that can be used to verify the owner certificate in the
   next step.

   Next the device MUST authenticate the owner certificate by performing
   X.509 certificate path verification to the trusted certificate
   provided in the voucher.  If the device insists on verifying
   revocation status, it MUST also verify that none of the certificates
   in the chain of certificates have been revoked or expired.  If the
   authentication of the owner certificate is successful, the device
   extracts the owner's public key from the owner certificate for use in
   the next step.

   Finally the device MUST verify the signature over information
   artifact was generated by the private key matching the public key
   extracted from the owner certificate in the previous step.

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   If any of these steps fail, then the device MUST mark the data as
   invalid and not perform any of the subsequent steps.

5.5.  Processing Redirect Information

   In order to process redirect information (Section 2.1), the device
   MUST follow the steps presented in this section.

   Processing redirect information is straightforward.  The device
   sequentially steps through the list of provided bootstrap servers
   until it can find one it can bootstrap from.

   If a hostname is provided, and the hostname's DNS resolution is to
   more than one IP address, the device MUST attempt to connect to all
   of the DNS resolved addresses at least once, before moving on to the
   next bootstrap server.  If the device is able to obtain bootstrapping
   data from any of the DNS resolved addresses, it MUST immediately
   process that data, without attempting to connect to any of the other
   DNS resolved addresses.

   If the redirect information is trusted (e.g., trust-state is TRUE),
   and the bootstrap server entry contains a trust anchor certificate,
   then the device MUST authenticate the bootstrap server using X.509
   certificate path validation ([RFC6125], Section 6) to the specified
   trust anchor.  If the device is unable to authenticate the bootstrap
   server to the specified trust anchor, the device MUST NOT attempt a
   provisional connection to the bootstrap server (i.e., by blindly
   accepting its server certificate).

   If the redirect information is untrusted (e.g., trust-state is
   FALSE), the device MUST discard any trust anchors provided by the
   redirect information and establish a provisional connection to the
   bootstrap server (i.e., by blindly accepting its TLS server
   certificate).

5.6.  Processing Onboarding Information

   In order to process onboarding information (Section 2.2), the device
   MUST follow the steps presented in this section.

   When processing onboarding information, the device MUST first process
   the boot image information, then execute the pre-configuration script
   (if any), then commit the initial configuration, and then execute the
   post-configuration script (if any), in that order.  If the device
   encounters an error at any step, it MUST NOT proceed to the next
   step.

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   First the device MUST determine if the image it is running satisfies
   the specified boot image criteria (e.g., name and/or fingerprint
   match).  If it does not, the device MUST download (using the supplied
   URI), verify, and install the specified boot image, and then reboot.
   To verify the boot image, the device MUST check that the boot image
   file matches the fingerprint (e.g., sha256) supplied by the
   bootstrapping information.  Upon rebooting, the device MUST still be
   in its factory default state, causing the bootstrapping process to
   run again, which will eventually come to this very point, but this
   time the device's running image will satisfy the specified criteria,
   and thus the device will move to processing the next step.

   Next, for devices that support executing scripts, if a pre-
   configuration script has been specified, the device MUST execute the
   script and check its exit status code to determine if had any
   warnings or errors.  In the case of errors, the device MUST reset
   itself in such a way that forces a reinstallation of the boot image,
   thereby wiping out any bad state the script may have left behind.

   Next the device commits the provided initial configuration.  Assuming
   no errors, the device moves to processing the next step.

   Again, for devices that support executing scripts, if a post-
   configuration script has been specified, the device MUST execute the
   script and check its exit status code to determine if it had any
   warnings or errors.  In the case of errors, the device MUST reset
   itself in such a way that forces a reinstallation of the boot image,
   thereby wiping out any bad state the script may have left behind.

   At this point, the device has completely processed the bootstrapping
   data and is ready to be managed.  If the device obtained the
   bootstrap information from a trusted bootstrap server, the device
   MUST post the 'bootstrap-complete' progress update now, using the
   bootstrap server's 'update-progress' action.

   At this point the device is configured and no longer running its
   factory default configuration.  Notably, if the onboarding
   information configured the device it initiate a call home connection,
   the device would proceed to do so now.

6.  The Zero Touch Information Artifact

   This section defines a YANG [RFC6020] module that is used to define
   the data model for the zero touch information artifact described in
   Section 3.1.  Examples illustrating this artifact in use are provided
   in Section 6.2.

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6.1.  Tree Diagram

   The following tree diagram provides an overview of the data model for
   the zero touch information artifact.  The syntax used for this tree
   diagram is described in Section 1.4.

   module: ietf-zerotouch-information
     yang-data:
     zerotouch-information
         +---- (information-type)
            +--:(redirect-information)
            |  +---- redirect-information
            |     +---- bootstrap-server* [address]
            |        +---- address         inet:host
            |        +---- port?           inet:port-number
            |        +---- trust-anchor?   binary
            +--:(onboarding-information)
               +---- onboarding-information
                  +---- boot-image
                  |  +---- name      string
                  |  +---- (hash-algorithm)
                  |  |  +--:(sha256)
                  |  |     +---- sha256?   string
                  |  +---- uri*      inet:uri
                  +---- configuration-handling?      enumeration
                  +---- pre-configuration-script?    script
                  +---- configuration?               <anydata>
                  +---- post-configuration-script?   script

6.2.  Example Usage

   This section presents examples for how the zero touch information
   artifact (Section 3.1) can be encoded into a document that can be
   distributed outside the bootstrap server's RESTCONF API.

   The following example illustrates how redirect information can be
   encoded into an artifact.

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   <redirect-information
     xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-information">
     <bootstrap-server>
       <address>phs1.example.com</address>
       <port>8443</port>
       <trust-anchor>base64encodedvalue==</trust-anchor>
     </bootstrap-server>
     <bootstrap-server>
       <address>phs2.example.com</address>
       <port>8443</port>
       <trust-anchor>base64encodedvalue==</trust-anchor>
     </bootstrap-server>
     <bootstrap-server>
       <address>phs3.example.com</address>
       <port>8443</port>
       <trust-anchor>base64encodedvalue==</trust-anchor>
     </bootstrap-server>
   </redirect-information>

   The following example illustrates how onboarding information can be
   encoded into an artifact.  This example uses data models from
   [RFC7317] and [I-D.ietf-netconf-netconf-client-server].

   <onboarding-information
     xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-information">
     <boot-image>
       <name>boot-image-v3.2R1.6.img</name>
       <sha256>base64encodedvalue==</sha256>
       <uri>file:///some/path/to/raw/file </uri>
     </boot-image>
     <configuration-handling>merge</configuration-handling>
     <configuration>
       <!-- from ietf-system.yang -->
       <system xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-system">
         <authentication>
           <user>
             <name>admin</name>
             <authorized-key>
               <name>admin's rsa ssh host-key</name>
               <algorithm>ssh-rsa</algorithm>
               <key-data>base64encodedvalue==</key-data>
             </authorized-key>
           </user>
         </authentication>
       </system>
       <!-- from ietf-netconf-server.yang -->
       <netconf-server
         xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-server">

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         <call-home>
           <netconf-client>
             <name>config-mgr</name>
             <ssh>
               <endpoints>
                 <endpoint>
                   <name>east-data-center</name>
                   <address>east.config-mgr.example.com</address>
                 </endpoint>
                 <endpoint>
                   <name>west-data-center</name>
                   <address>west.config-mgr.example.com</address>
                 </endpoint>
               </endpoints>
               <host-keys>
                 <host-key>
                   <name>certificate</name>
                   <certificate>builtin-idevid-cert</certificate>
                 </host-key>
               </host-keys>
               <client-cert-auth>
                 <trusted-ca-certs>
                   deployment-specific-ca-certs
                 </trusted-ca-certs>
                 <trusted-client-certs>
                   explicitly-trusted-client-certs
                 </trusted-client-certs>
               </client-cert-auth>
             </ssh>
             <connection-type>
               <periodic>
                 <idle-timeout>300</idle-timeout>
                 <reconnect-timeout>60</reconnect-timeout>
               </periodic>
             </connection-type>
             <reconnect-strategy>
               <start-with>last-connected</start-with>
               <max-attempts>3</max-attempts>
             </reconnect-strategy>
           </netconf-client>
         </call-home>
       </netconf-server>
     </configuration>
   </onboarding-information>

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6.3.  YANG Module

   The zero touch information artifact is normatively defined by the
   YANG module defined in this section.

   Note: the module defined herein uses data types defined in [RFC5280],
   [RFC6234], and [RFC6991].

<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-zerotouch-information@2017-08-15.yang"
module ietf-zerotouch-information {
  yang-version "1.1";

  namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-information";
  prefix    "zti";

  import ietf-inet-types {
    prefix inet;
    reference "RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types";
  }

  import ietf-restconf {
    prefix rc;
    description
      "This import statement is only present to access
       the yang-data extension defined in RFC 8040.";
    reference "RFC 8040: RESTCONF Protocol";
  }

  organization
   "IETF NETCONF (Network Configuration) Working Group";

  contact
   "WG Web:   http://tools.ietf.org/wg/netconf
    WG List:  <mailto:netconf@ietf.org>
    Author:   Kent Watsen <mailto:kwatsen@juniper.net>";

  description
   "This module defines the data model for the Zero Touch Information
    artifact defined by RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF
    or RESTCONF based Management.

    Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
    authors of the code. All rights reserved.

    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
    modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to the license
    terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License set forth in Section
    4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents

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    (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

    This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see the RFC
    itself for full legal notices.";

  revision "2017-08-15" {
    description
     "Initial version";
    reference
     "RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF based
      Management";
  }

  rc:yang-data zerotouch-information {

    choice information-type {
      mandatory true;
      description
        "This choice statement ensures the response only contains
         redirect-information or onboarding-information.  Note that
         this is the only mandatory true node, as the other nodes
         are not needed when the device trusts the bootstrap server,
         in which case the data does not need to be signed.";

      container redirect-information {
        description
          "Redirect information is described in Section 2.1 in
           RFC XXXX.  Its purpose is to redirect a device to
           another bootstrap server.";
        reference
          "RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF
           based Management";

        list bootstrap-server {
          key address;
          description
            "A bootstrap server entry.";

          leaf address {
            type inet:host;
            mandatory true;
            description
             "The IP address or hostname of the bootstrap server the
              device should redirect to.";
          }
          leaf port {
            type inet:port-number;
            default 443;

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            description
             "The port number the bootstrap server listens on.  If no
              port is specified, the IANA-assigned port for 'https'
              (443) is used.";
          }
          leaf trust-anchor {
            type binary;
            description
              "An X.509 v3 certificate structure as specified by RFC
               5280, Section 4, encoded using ASN.1 distinguished
               encoding rules (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690.  A
               certificate that  device can use as the trust anchor
               to authenticate the bootstrap server the device is
               being redirected to.";
            reference
              "RFC 5280:
                 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
                 and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile.
               ITU-T X.690:
                  Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
                  Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
                  Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
                  Encoding Rules (DER).";
          }
        }
      }

      container onboarding-information {
        description
          "Bootstrap information is described in Section 2.2 in
           RFC XXXX.  Its purpose is to provide the device
           everything it needs to bootstrap itself.";
        reference
          "RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF
           based Management";

        container boot-image {
          description
            "Specifies criteria for the boot image the device MUST
             be running.";

          leaf name {
            type string;
            mandatory true;
            description
              "The name of a software image that the device MUST
               be running in order to process the remaining nodes.";
          }

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          choice hash-algorithm {
             mandatory true;
             description
               "Identifies the hash algorithm used.";
             leaf sha256 {
                type string;
                description
                  "The hex-encoded SHA-256 hash over the boot
                   image file.  This is used by the device to
                   verify a downloaded boot image file.";
                reference
                  "RFC 6234: US Secure Hash Algorithms.";
             }
          }
          leaf-list uri {
            type inet:uri;
            min-elements 1;
            description
              "An ordered list of URIs to where the boot-image file MAY
               be obtained.  Deployments MUST know in which URI schemes
               (http, ftp, etc.) a device supports.  If a secure scheme
               (e.g., https) is provided, a device MAY establish a
               provisional connection to the server, by blindly
               accepting the server's credentials (e.g., its TLS
               certificate)";
          }
        }

        leaf configuration-handling {
          type enumeration {
            enum merge {
              description
               "Merge configuration into existing running configuration.";
            }
            enum replace {
              description
                "Replace existing running configuration with the passed
                 configuration.";
            }
          }
          description
            "This enumeration indicates how the server should process
             the provided configuration.  When not specified, the device
             MAY determine how to process the configuration using other
             means (e.g., vendor-specific metadata).";
        }

        leaf pre-configuration-script {

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          type script;
          description
            "A script that, when present, is executed before the
             configuration has been processed.";
        }

        anydata configuration {
          must "../configuration-handling";
          description
            "Any configuration data model known to the device.  It may
             contain manufacturer-specific and/or standards-based data
             models.";
        }

        leaf post-configuration-script {
          type script;
          description
            "A script that, when present, is executed after the
             configuration has been processed.";
        }
      }
    }
  }

  typedef script {
    type binary;
    description
      "A device specific script that enables the execution of commands
       to perform actions not possible thru configuration alone.

       No attempt is made to standardize the contents, running context,
       or programming language of the script.  The contents of the
       script are considered specific to the vendor, product line,
       and/or model of the device.

       If a script is erroneously provided to a device that does not
       support the execution of scripts, the device SHOULD send a
       'script-warning' notification message, but otherwise continue
       processing the bootstrapping data as if the script had not
       been present.

       The script returns exit status code '0' on success and non-zero
       on error, with accompanying stderr/stdout for logging purposes.
       In the case of an error, the exit status code will specify what
       the device should do.

       If the exit status code is greater than zero, then the device
       should assume that the script had a soft error, which the

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       script believes does not affect manageability.  If the device
       obtained the bootstrap information from a bootstrap server,
       it SHOULD send a 'script-warning' notification message.

       If the exit status code is less than zero, the device should
       assume the script had a hard error, which the script believes
       will affect manageability.  In this case, the device SHOULD
       send a 'script-error' notification message followed by a
       reset that will force a new boot-image install (wiping out
       anything the script may have done) and restart the entire
       bootstrapping process again.";
  }

}
<CODE ENDS>

7.  The Zero Touch Bootstrap Server API

   This section defines a YANG [RFC6020] module that is used to define
   the RESTCONF [RFC8040] API used by the bootstrap server defined in
   Section 4.4.  Examples illustrating this API in use are provided in
   Section 7.2.

7.1.  Tree Diagram

   The following tree diagram provides an overview for the bootstrap
   server RESTCONF API.  The syntax used for this tree diagram is
   described in Section 1.4.

   module: ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server
       +--ro device* [unique-id]
          +--ro unique-id                string
          +--ro zerotouch-information    pkcs7
          +--ro owner-certificate?       pkcs7
          +--ro ownership-voucher?       pkcs7
          +---x update-progress
             +---w input
                +---w update-type      enumeration
                +---w message?         string
                +---w ssh-host-keys
                |  +---w ssh-host-key*
                |     +---w format      enumeration
                |     +---w key-data    string
                +---w trust-anchors
                   +---w trust-anchor*
                      +---w protocol*      enumeration
                      +---w certificate    pkcs7

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   In the above diagram, notice that all of the protocol accessible
   nodes are read-only, to assert that devices can only pull data from
   the bootstrap server.

   Also notice that the module defines an action statement, which
   devices use to provide progress updates to the bootstrap server.

7.2.  Example Usage

   This section presents some examples illustrating the bootstrap
   server's API.  Two examples are provided, one illustrating a device
   fetching bootstrapping data from the server, and the other
   illustrating a data posting a progress updates to the server.

   The following example illustrates a device using the API to fetch its
   bootstrapping data from the bootstrap server.  In this example, the
   device receives a signed response; an unsigned response would look
   similar except the last two fields (owner-certificate and ownership-
   voucher) would be absent in the response.

 REQUEST
 -------
 ['\' line wrapping added for formatting only]

 GET https://example.com/restconf/data/ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server:\
 device=123456 HTTP/1.1
 HOST: example.com
 Accept: application/yang.data+xml

 RESPONSE
 --------

 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 Date: Sat, 31 Oct 2015 17:02:40 GMT
 Server: example-server
 Content-Type: application/yang.data+xml

 <device
   xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server">
   <unique-id>123456789</unique-id>
   <zerotouch-information>base64encodedvalue==</zerotouch-information>
   <owner-certificate>base64encodedvalue==</owner-certificate>
   <ownership-voucher>base64encodedvalue==</ownership-voucher>
 </device>

   The following example illustrates a device using the API to post a
   progress update to a bootstrap server.  Illustrated below is the

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   'bootstrap-complete' message, but the device may send other progress
   updates to the server while bootstrapping (e.g., to provide status
   updates).  In this message, the device is sending both its SSH host
   keys and TLS server certificate, which the bootstrap server may, for
   example, pass to an NMS, as discussed in Appendix A.3.

   Note that devices that are able to present an IDevID certificate
   [Std-802.1AR-2009] when establishing SSH or TLS connections do not
   need to include its DevID certificate in the bootstrap-complete
   message.  It is unnecessary to send the DevID certificate in this
   case because the IDevID certificate does not need to be pinned by an
   NMS in order to be trusted.

   Note that the bootstrap server MUST NOT process a progress update
   from a device without first authenticating the device.  This is in
   contrast to when a device is fetching data from the server, a read-
   only operation, in which case device authentication is not strictly
   required (e.g., when sending signed information).

REQUEST
-------
['\' line wrapping added for formatting only]

POST https://example.com/restconf/data/ietf-zerotouch:\
device=123456/update-progress HTTP/1.1
HOST: example.com
Content-Type: application/yang.data+xml

<rpc message-id="101" xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
  <action xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:1">
    <device xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server">
      <unique-id>123456789</unique-id>
      <update-progress>
        <update-type>bootstrap-complete</update-type>
        <message>example message</message>
        <ssh-host-keys>
          <ssh-host-key>
            <format>ssh-rsa</format>
            <key-data>base64encodedvalue==</key-data>
          </ssh-host-key>
          <ssh-host-key>
            <format>ssh-dss</format>
            <key-data>base64encodedvalue==</key-data>
          </ssh-host-key>
        </ssh-host-keys>
        <trust-anchors>
          <trust-anchor>
            <protocol>netconf-ssh</protocol>

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            <protocol>netconf-tls</protocol>
            <protocol>restconf-tls</protocol>
            <protocol>netconf-ch-ssh</protocol>
            <protocol>netconf-ch-tls</protocol>
            <protocol>restconf-ch-tls</protocol>
            <certificate>base64encodedvalue==</certificate>
          </trust-anchor>
        </trust-anchors>
      </update-progress>
    </device>
  </action>
</rpc>

RESPONSE
--------

HTTP/1.1 204 No Content
Date: Sat, 31 Oct 2015 17:02:40 GMT
Server: example-server

7.3.  YANG Module

   The bootstrap server's device-facing API is normatively defined by
   the YANG module defined in this section.

   Note: the module defined herein uses data types defined in [RFC2315],
   [RFC5280], and [I-D.ietf-anima-voucher].

<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server@2017-08-15.yang"
module ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server {
  yang-version "1.1";

  namespace
    "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server";
  prefix    "ztbs";

  organization
   "IETF NETCONF (Network Configuration) Working Group";

  contact
   "WG Web:   <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/netconf/>
    WG List:  <mailto:netconf@ietf.org>
    Author:   Kent Watsen
              <mailto:kwatsen@juniper.net>";

  description
   "This module defines an interface for bootstrap servers, as defined

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    by RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF based
    Management.

    Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
    authors of the code. All rights reserved.

    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
    modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to the license
    terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License set forth in Section
    4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
    (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

    This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see the RFC
    itself for full legal notices.";

  revision "2017-08-15" {
    description
     "Initial version";
    reference
     "RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF based
      Management";
  }

  // typedefs

  typedef pkcs7 {
    type binary;
    description
      "A PKCS #7 SignedData structure, as specified by Section 9.1
       in RFC 2315, encoded using ASN.1 distinguished encoding rules
       (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690.";
     reference
       "RFC 2315:
          PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Version 1.5.
        ITU-T X.690:
          Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
          Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
          Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
          Encoding Rules (DER).";
  }

  // protocol accessible nodes

  list device {
    key unique-id;
    config false;

    description

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      "A device's record entry.  This is the only RESTCONF resource
       that a device will GET, as described in Section 8.2 in RFC XXXX.
       Getting just this top-level node provides a device with all the
       data it needs in a single request.";
    reference
      "RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or
       RESTCONF based Management";

    leaf unique-id {
      type string;
      description
        "A unique identifier for the device (e.g., serial number).
         Each device accesses its bootstrapping record by its unique
         identifier.";
    }

    leaf zerotouch-information {
      type pkcs7;
      mandatory true;
      description
        "A 'zerotouch-information' artifact, as described in Section
         4.1 of RFC XXXX.  When conveyed over an untrusted transport, in
         order to be processed by a device, this PKCS#7 SignedData
         structure  MUST contain a 'signerInfo' structure, described
         in Section 9.1 of RFC 2315, containing a signature generated
         using the owner's private key.";
      reference
        "RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or
            RESTCONF based Management.
         RFC 2315:
            PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Version 1.5";
    }

    leaf owner-certificate {
      type pkcs7;
      description
        "An unsigned PKCS #7 SignedData structure, as specified by
         Section 9.1 in RFC 2315, encoded using ASN.1 distinguished
         encoding rules (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690.

         This structure MUST contain the owner certificate and all
         intermediate certificates leading up to at least the trust
         anchor certificate specified in the ownership voucher.
         Additionally, if needed by the device, this structure MAY
         also contain suitably fresh CRL and or OCSP Responses.

         X.509 certificates and CRLs are described in RFC 5280.
         OCSP Responses are described in RFC 6960.";

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      reference
       "RFC 2315:
          PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Version 1.5.
        RFC 5280:
          Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
          and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile.
        RFC 6960:
          X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online
          Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP.
        ITU-T X.690:
          Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
          Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
          Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
          Encoding Rules (DER).";
    }

    leaf ownership-voucher {
      type pkcs7;
      must "../owner-certificate" {
        description
          "An owner certificate must be present whenever an ownership
           voucher is presented.";
      }
      description
        "A 'voucher' artifact, as described in Section 5 of
         I-D.ietf-anima-voucher.  The voucher informs the device
         who it's 'owner' is.  The voucher encodes the device's
         serial number, so that the device can be ensured that
         the voucher applies to it.  The voucher is signed by
         the device's manufacturer or delagate.";
      reference
        "I-D.etf-anima-voucher:
           Voucher and Voucher Revocation Profiles for Bootstrapping
           Protocols";
    }

    action update-progress {
      input {
        leaf update-type {
          type enumeration {
            enum bootstrap-initiated {
              description
                "Indicates that the device has just accessed the
                 bootstrap server.  The 'message' field below MAY
                 contain any additional information that the
                 manufacturer thinks might be useful.";
            }
            enum parsing-warning {

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              description
                "Indicates that the device had a non-fatal error when
                 parsing the response from the bootstrap server.  The
                 'message' field below SHOULD indicate the specific
                 warning that occurred.";
            }
            enum parsing-error {
              description
                "Indicates that the device encountered a fatal error
                 when parsing the response from the bootstrap server.
                 For instance, this could be due to malformed encoding,
                 the device expecting signed data when only unsigned
                 data is provided, because the ownership voucher didn't
                 include the device's unique identifier, or because the
                 signature didn't match.  The 'message' field below
                 SHOULD indicate the specific error.  This update type
                 also indicates that the device has abandoned trying to
                 bootstrap off this bootstrap server.";
            }
            enum boot-image-warning {
              description
                "Indicates that the device encountered a non-fatal
                 error condition when trying to install a boot-image.
                 A possible reason might include a need to reformat a
                 partition causing loss of data.  The 'message' field
                 below SHOULD indicate any warning messages that were
                 generated.";
            }
            enum boot-image-error {
              description
                "Indicates that the device encountered an error when
                 trying to install a boot-image, which could be for
                 reasons such as a file server being unreachable,
                 file not found, signature mismatch, etc.  The
                 'message' field SHOULD indicate the specific error
                 that occurred.  This update type also indicates
                 that the device has abandoned trying to bootstrap
                 off this bootstrap server.";
            }
            enum pre-script-warning {
              description
                "Indicates that the device obtained a greater than
                 zero exit status code from the script when it was
                 executed.  The 'message' field below SHOULD indicate
                 both the resulting exit status code, as well as
                 capture any stdout/stderr messages the script may
                 have produced.";
            }

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            enum pre-script-error {
              description
                "Indicates that the device obtained a less than zero
                 exit status code from the script when it was executed.
                 The 'message' field below SHOULD indicate both the
                 resulting exit status code, as well as capture any
                 stdout/stderr messages the script may have produced.
                 This update type also indicates that the device has
                 abandoned trying to bootstrap off this bootstrap
                 server.";
            }
            enum config-warning {
              description
                "Indicates that the device obtained warning messages
                 when it committed the initial configuration.  The
                 'message' field below SHOULD indicate any warning
                 messages that were generated.";
            }
            enum config-error {
              description
                "Indicates that the device obtained error messages
                 when it committed the initial configuration.  The
                 'message' field below SHOULD indicate the error
                 messages that were generated.  This update type
                 also indicates that the device has abandoned trying
                 to bootstrap off this bootstrap server.";
            }
            enum post-script-warning {
              description
                "Indicates that the device obtained a greater than
                 zero exit status code from the script when it was
                 executed.  The 'message' field below SHOULD indicate
                 both the resulting exit status code, as well as
                 capture any stdout/stderr messages the script may
                 have produced.";
            }
            enum post-script-error {
              description
                "Indicates that the device obtained a less than zero
                 exit status code from the script when it was executed.
                 The 'message' field below SHOULD indicate both the
                 resulting exit status code, as well as capture any
                 stdout/stderr messages the script may have produced.
                 This update type also indicates that the device has
                 abandoned trying to bootstrap off this bootstrap
                 server.";
            }
            enum bootstrap-complete {

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              description
                "Indicates that the device successfully processed the
                 all the bootstrapping data and that it is ready to be
                 managed.  The 'message' field below MAY contain any
                 additional information that the manufacturer thinks
                 might be useful.  After sending this update type,
                 the device is not expected to access the bootstrap
                 server again.";
            }
            enum informational {
              description
                "Indicates any additional information not captured by
                 any of the other update type. For instance, a
                 message indicating that the device is about to reboot
                 after having installed a boot-image could be provided.
                 The 'message' field below SHOULD contain information
                 that the manufacturer thinks might be useful.";
            }
          }
          mandatory true;
          description
            "The type of update provided.";
        }
        leaf message {
          type string;
          description
            "An optional human-readable value.";
        }
        container ssh-host-keys {
          when "../update-type = 'bootstrap-complete'" {
            description
              "SSH host keys are only sent when the update type
               is 'bootstrap-complete'.";
          }
          description
            "A list of SSH host keys an NMS may use to authenticate
             a NETCONF connection to the device with.";
          list ssh-host-key {
            description
              "An SSH host-key";
            leaf format {
              type enumeration {
                enum ssh-dss { description "ssh-dss"; }
                enum ssh-rsa { description "ssh-rsa"; }
              }
              mandatory true;
              description
                "The format of the SSH host key.";

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            }
            leaf key-data {
              type string;
              mandatory true;
              description
                "The key data for the SSH host key";
            }
          }
        }
        container trust-anchors {
          when "../update-type = 'bootstrap-complete'" {
            description
              "Trust anchors are only sent when the update type
               is 'bootstrap-complete'.";
          }
          description
            "A list of trust anchor certificates an NMS may use to
             authenticate a NETCONF or RESTCONF connection to the
             device with.";
          list trust-anchor {
            description
              "A list of trust anchor certificates an NMS may use to
               authenticate a NETCONF or RESTCONF connection to the
               device with.";
            leaf-list protocol {
              type enumeration {
                enum netconf-ssh     { description "netconf-ssh"; }
                enum netconf-tls     { description "netconf-tls"; }
                enum restconf-tls    { description "restconf-tls"; }
                enum netconf-ch-ssh  { description "netconf-ch-ssh"; }
                enum netconf-ch-tls  { description "netconf-ch-tls"; }
                enum restconf-ch-tls { description "restconf-ch-tls"; }
              }
              min-elements 1;
              description
                "The protocols that this trust anchor secures.";
            }
            leaf certificate {
              type pkcs7;
              mandatory true;
              description
                "An X.509 v3 certificate structure, as specified by
                 Section 4 in RFC5280, encoded using ASN.1 distinguished
                 encoding rules (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690.";
              reference
                "RFC 5280:
                   Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
                   and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile.

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                 ITU-T X.690:
                    Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
                    Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
                    Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
                    Encoding Rules (DER).";
            }
          }
        }
      }
    } // end action

  } // end device

}
<CODE ENDS>

8.  DHCP Zero Touch Options

   This section defines two DHCP options, one for DHCPv4 and one for
   DHCPv6.  These two options are semantically the same, though
   syntactically different.

8.1.  DHCPv4 Zero Touch Option

   The DHCPv4 Zero Touch Option is used to provision the client with one
   or more URIs for bootstrap servers that can be contacted to attempt
   further configuration.

      DHCPv4 Zero Touch Redirect Option

       0                             1
       0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5
      +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
      |   option-code (TBD)   |     option-length     |
      +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
      .                                               .
      .    bootstrap-server-list (variable length)    .
      .                                               .
      +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

      o option-code: OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT (TBD)
      o option-length: The option length in octets
      o bootstrap-server-list: A list of servers for the
         client to attempt contacting, in order to obtain
         further bootstrapping data, in the format shown
         in [common-field-encoding].

   DHCPv4 Client Behavior

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   Clients MAY request the OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT by including its
   option code in the Parameter Request List (55) in DHCP request
   messages.

   On receipt of a DHCPv4 Reply message which contains the
   OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT, the client performs the following
   steps:

   1.  Check the contents of the DHCPv4 message for at least one valid
       URI. If there is more than one valid URI in the list, a candidate
       list of possible URIs is created.

   2.  Attempt to connect to the one of the URIs in the candidate list.
       The order in which these are processed by the client is
       implementation specific and not defined here.

   3.  If a successful connection to the Zero Touch bootstrap server,
       then the client stops processing entries in the list and proceeds
       according to Appendix A.3, step(3).

   4.  If the Zero Touch bootstrap server does not respond, provides
       an invalid response, or the transaction otherwise fails, the
       client SHOULD attempt to contact another server from the
       candidate list.

   Any invalid URI entries received in the uri-data field are ignored by
   the client.  If OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT does not contain at
   least one valid URI entry in the uri-data field, then the client MUST
   discard the option.

   DHCPv4 Server Behavior

   The DHCPv4 server MAY include a single instance of Option
   OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT in DHCP messages it sends.  Servers MUST
   NOT send more than one instance of the OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT
   option.

8.2.  DHCPv6 Zero Touch Option

   The DHCPv6 Zero Touch Option is used to provision the client with one
   or more URIs for bootstrap servers that can be contacted to attempt
   further configuration.

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      DHCPv6 Zero Touch Redirect Option

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |       option-code (TBD)      |          option-length         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      .           bootstrap-server-list (variable length)             .
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

      o option-code: OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT (TBD)
      o option-length: The option length in octets
      o bootstrap-server-list: A list of servers for the client to
        attempt contacting, in order to obtain further bootstrapping
        data, in the format shown in [common-field-encoding].

   DHCPv6 Client Behavior

   Clients MAY request the OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT option, as
   defined in [RFC3315], Sections 17.1.1, 18.1.1, 18.1.3, 18.1.4,
   18.1.5, and 22.7.   As a convenience to the reader, we mention here
   that the client includes requested option codes in the Option Request
   Option.

   On receipt of a DHCPv6 reply message which contains the
   OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT, the client performs the following
   steps:

   1.  Check the contents of the DHCPv6 message for at least one valid
       URI.  If there is more than one valid URI in the list, a
       candidate list of possible URIs is created.

   2.  Attempt to connect to the one of the URIs in the candidate list.
       The order in which these are processed by the client is
       implementation specific and not defined here.

   3.  If a successful connection to the Netconf Zero Touch Bootstrap
       server, then the client stops processing entries in the list and
       proceeds according to Appendix A.3, step(3).

   4.  If the Zero Touch bootstrap server does not respond, provides
       and invalid response or the transaction otherwise fails, the
       client SHOULD attempt to contact another server from the
       candidate list.

   Any invalid URI entries received in the uri-data field are ignored by
   the client.  If OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT does not contain at

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   least one valid URI entry in the uri-data field, then the client MUST
   discard the option.

   DHCPv6 Server Behavior

   Sections 17.2.2 and 18.2 of [RFC3315] govern server operation
   in regard to option assignment.  As a convenience to the reader,
   we mention here that the server will send a particular option code
   only if configured with specific values for that option code and if
   the client requested it.

   Option OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT is a singleton.  Servers MUST NOT
   send more than one instance of the OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT
   option.

8.3.  Common Field Encoding

   Both of the DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 options defined in this section encode
   a list of bootstrap server URIs.  The 'URI' structure is an option
   that can contain multiple URIs (see [RFC7227], Section 5.7).

   bootstrap-server-list:

   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |       uri-length              |          URI                  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   o uri-length: variable, in octets.

   o URI: URI of Netconf zerotouch bootstrap server, using the HTTPS URI
     scheme defined in Section 2.7.2 of RFC7230.

9.  Security Considerations

9.1.  Immutable storage for trust anchors

   Devices MUST ensure that all their trust anchor certificates,
   including those for connecting to bootstrap servers and verifying
   ownership vouchers, are protected from external modification.

   It may be necessary to update these certificates over time (e.g., the
   manufacturer wants to delegate trust to a new CA).  It is therefore
   expected that devices MAY update these trust anchors when needed
   through a verifiable process, such as a software upgrade using signed
   software images.

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9.2.  Clock Sensitivity

   The solution in this document relies on TLS certificates, owner
   certificates, and ownership vouchers, all of which require an
   accurate clock in order to be processed correctly (e.g., to test
   validity dates and revocation status).  Implementations MUST ensure
   devices have an accurate clock when shipped from manufacturing
   facilities, and take steps to prevent clock tampering.

   If it is not possible to ensure clock accuracy, it is RECOMMENDED
   that implementations disable the aspects of the solution having clock
   sensitivity.  In particular, such implementations should assume that
   TLS certificates and owner certificates are not revokable.  In real-
   world terms, this means that manufacturers SHOULD only issue a single
   ownership voucher for the lifetime of some devices.

   It is important to note that implementations SHOULD NOT rely on NTP
   for time, as it is not a secure protocol.

9.3.  Blindly authenticating a bootstrap server

   This document allows a device to blindly authenticate a bootstrap
   server's TLS certificate.  It does so to allow for cases where the
   redirect information may be obtained in an unsecured manner, which is
   desirable to support in some cases.

   To compensate for this, this document requires that devices, when
   connected to an untrusted bootstrap server, do not send their IDevID
   certificate for client authentication, and they do not POST any
   progress updates, and they assert that data downloaded from the
   server is signed.

9.4.  Entropy loss over time

   Section 7.2.7.2 of the IEEE Std 802.1AR-2009 standard says that
   IDevID certificate should never expire (i.e. having the notAfter
   value 99991231235959Z).  Given the long-lived nature of these
   certificates, it is paramount to use a strong key length (e.g.,
   512-bit ECC).

9.5.  Serial Numbers

   This draft uses the device's serial number both in the IDevID
   certificate as well as in the bootstrap server API.  Serial numbers
   are are ubiquitous and prominently contained in invoices and on
   labels affixed to devices and their packaging.  That said, serial
   numbers many times encode revealing information, such as the device's
   model number, manufacture date, and/or sequence number.  Knowledge of

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   this information may provide an adversary with details needed to
   launch an attack.

9.6.  Sequencing Sources of Bootstrapping Data

   For devices supporting more than one source for bootstrapping data,
   no particular sequencing order has to be observed for security
   reasons, as the solution for each source is considered equally
   secure.  However, from a privacy perspective, it is RECOMMENDED that
   devices access local sources before accessing remote sources.

10.  IANA Considerations

10.1.  The BOOTP Manufacturer Extensions and DHCP Options Registry

   IANA is kindly requested to allocate a new option code from the
   "BOOTP Manufacturer Extensions and DHCP Options" registry maintained
   at http://www.iana.org/assignments/bootp-dhcp-parameters:

         TBD for OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT

   And a new option code from the "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
   for IPv6 (DHCPv6)" registry maintained at
   http://www.iana.org/assignments/dhcpv6-parameters:

        TBD for OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT

10.2.  The IETF XML Registry

   This document registers two URIs in the IETF XML registry [RFC3688].
   Following the format in [RFC3688], the following registrations are
   requested:

      URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-information
      Registrant Contact: The NETCONF WG of the IETF.
      XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.

      URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server
      Registrant Contact: The NETCONF WG of the IETF.
      XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.

10.3.  The YANG Module Names Registry

   This document registers two YANG modules in the YANG Module Names
   registry [RFC6020].  Following the format defined in [RFC6020], the
   the following registrations are requested:

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   name:         ietf-zerotouch-information
   namespace:    urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-information
   prefix:       zt
   reference:    RFC XXXX

   name:         ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server
   namespace:    urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server
   prefix:       zt
   reference:    RFC XXXX

11.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank for following for lively discussions
   on list and in the halls (ordered by last name): David Harrington,
   Michael Behringer, Dean Bogdanovic, Martin Bjorklund, Joe Clarke,
   Toerless Eckert, Stephen Farrell, Stephen Hanna, Wes Hardaker, Russ
   Mundy, Reinaldo Penno, Randy Presuhn, Max Pritikin, Michael
   Richardson, Phil Shafer, Juergen Schoenwaelder.

   Special thanks goes to Steve Hanna, Russ Mundy, and Wes Hardaker for
   brainstorming the original I-D's solution during the IETF 87 meeting
   in Berlin.

12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-anima-voucher]
              Watsen, K., Richardson, M., Pritikin, M., and T. Eckert,
              "Voucher Profile for Bootstrapping Protocols", draft-ietf-
              anima-voucher-04 (work in progress), July 2017.

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
              November 1987, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2315]  Kaliski, B., "PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax
              Version 1.5", RFC 2315, DOI 10.17487/RFC2315, March 1998,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2315>.

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   [RFC3315]  Droms, R., Ed., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins,
              C., and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
              for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, DOI 10.17487/RFC3315, July
              2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3315>.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

   [RFC6020]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
              the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.

   [RFC6125]  Saint-Andre, P. and J. Hodges, "Representation and
              Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity
              within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509
              (PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer
              Security (TLS)", RFC 6125, DOI 10.17487/RFC6125, March
              2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6125>.

   [RFC6234]  Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6234>.

   [RFC6762]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6762, February 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6762>.

   [RFC6763]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service
              Discovery", RFC 6763, DOI 10.17487/RFC6763, February 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6763>.

   [RFC6991]  Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types",
              RFC 6991, DOI 10.17487/RFC6991, July 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6991>.

   [RFC7227]  Hankins, D., Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Jiang, S., and
              S. Krishnan, "Guidelines for Creating New DHCPv6 Options",
              BCP 187, RFC 7227, DOI 10.17487/RFC7227, May 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7227>.

   [RFC7468]  Josefsson, S. and S. Leonard, "Textual Encodings of PKIX,
              PKCS, and CMS Structures", RFC 7468, DOI 10.17487/RFC7468,
              April 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7468>.

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   [RFC8040]  Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
              Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [Std-802.1AR-2009]
              IEEE SA-Standards Board, "IEEE Standard for Local and
              metropolitan area networks - Secure Device Identity",
              December 2009, <http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/
              standard/802.1AR-2009.html>.

12.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-netconf-netconf-client-server]
              Watsen, K., Wu, G., and J. Schoenwaelder, "NETCONF Client
              and Server Models", draft-ietf-netconf-netconf-client-
              server-04 (work in progress), July 2017.

   [RFC2939]  Droms, R., "Procedures and IANA Guidelines for Definition
              of New DHCP Options and Message Types", BCP 43, RFC 2939,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2939, September 2000,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2939>.

   [RFC3688]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.

   [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
              and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
              (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.

   [RFC6698]  Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication
              of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, DOI 10.17487/RFC6698, August
              2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6698>.

   [RFC6960]  Santesson, S., Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A.,
              Galperin, S., and C. Adams, "X.509 Internet Public Key
              Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP",
              RFC 6960, DOI 10.17487/RFC6960, June 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6960>.

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   [RFC7317]  Bierman, A. and M. Bjorklund, "A YANG Data Model for
              System Management", RFC 7317, DOI 10.17487/RFC7317, August
              2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7317>.

   [RFC8071]  Watsen, K., "NETCONF Call Home and RESTCONF Call Home",
              RFC 8071, DOI 10.17487/RFC8071, February 2017,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8071>.

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Appendix A.  Workflow Overview

   The zero touch solution presented in this document is conceptualized
   to be composed of the non-normative workflows described in this
   section.  Implementations details are expected to vary.  Each diagram
   is followed by a detailed description of the steps presented in the
   diagram, with further explanation on how implementations may vary.

A.1.  Enrollment and Ordering Devices

   The following diagram illustrates key interactions that may occur
   from when a prospective owner enrolls in a manufacturer's zero touch
   program to when the manufacturer ships devices for an order placed by
   the prospective owner.

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                                  +-----------+
   +------------+                 |Prospective|                    +---+
   |Manufacturer|                 |   Owner   |                    |NMS|
   +------------+                 +-----------+                    +---+
         |                              |                            |
         |                              |                            |
         |  1. initiate enrollment      |                            |
         #<-----------------------------|                            |
         #                              |                            |
         #                              |                            |
         #     IDevID trust anchor      |                            |
         #----------------------------->#  set IDevID trust anchor   |
         #                              #--------------------------->|
         #                              |                            |
         #     bootstrap server         |                            |
         #     account credentials      |                            |
         #----------------------------->#  set credentials           |
         |                              #--------------------------->|
         |                              |                            |
         |                              |                            |
         |  2. set owner certificate trust anchor                    |
         |<----------------------------------------------------------|
         |                              |                            |
         |                              |                            |
         |  3. place device order       |                            |
         |<-----------------------------#  model devices             |
         |                              #--------------------------->|
         |                              |                            |
         |  4. ship devices and send    |                            |
         |     device identifiers and   |                            |
         |     ownership vouchers       |                            |
         |----------------------------->#  set device identifiers    |
         |                              #  and ownership vouchers    |
         |                              #--------------------------->|
         |                              |                            |

   Each numbered item below corresponds to a numbered item in the
   diagram above.

   1.  A prospective owner of a manufacturer's devices, or an existing
       owner that wishes to start using zero touch for future device
       orders, initiates an enrollment process with the manufacturer or
       delegate.  This process includes the following:

       *  Regardless how the prospective owner intends to bootstrap
          their devices, they will always obtain from the manufacturer
          or delegate the trust anchor certificate for its device's
          IDevID certificates.  This certificate will need to be

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          installed on the prospective owner's NMS so that the NMS can
          subsequently authenticate the devices' IDevID certificates.

       *  If the manufacturer hosts an Internet based bootstrap server
          (e.g., a redirect server) such as described in Section 4.4,
          then credentials necessary to configure the bootstrap server
          would be provided to the prospective owner.  If the bootstrap
          server is configurable through an API (outside the scope of
          this document), then the credentials might be installed on the
          prospective owner's NMS so that the NMS can subsequently
          configure the manufacturer-hosted bootstrap server directly.

   2.  If the manufacturer's devices are able to validate signed data
       (Section 5.4), and assuming that the prospective owner's NMS is
       able to prepare and sign the bootstrapping data itself, the
       prospective owner's NMS might set a trust anchor certificate onto
       the manufacturer's bootstrap server, using the credentials
       provided in the previous step.  This certificate is the trust
       anchor certificate that the prospective owner would like the
       manufacturer to place into the ownership vouchers it generates,
       thereby enabling devices to trust the owner's owner certificate.
       How this trust anchor certifiate is used to enable devices to
       validate signed bootstrapping data is described in Section 5.4.

   3.  Some time later, the prospective owner places an order with the
       manufacturer or delegate, perhaps with a special flag checked for
       zero touch handling.  At this time, or perhaps before placing the
       order, the owner may model the devices in their NMS, creating
       virtual objects for the devices with no real-world device
       associations.  For instance the model can be used to simulate the
       device's location in the network and the configuration it should
       have when fully operational.

   4.  When the manufacturer or delegate fulfills the order, shipping
       the devices to their intended locations, they may notify the
       owner of the devices's serial numbers and shipping destinations,
       which the owner may use to stage the network for when the devices
       power on.  Additionally, the manufacturer may send one or more
       ownership vouchers, cryptographically assigning ownership of
       those devices to the owner.  The owner may set this information
       on their NMS, perhaps binding specific modeled devices to the
       serial numbers and ownership vouchers.

A.2.  Owner Stages the Network for Bootstrap

   The following diagram illustrates how an owner might stage the
   network for bootstrapping devices.

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                  +----------+ +------------+
                  |Deployment| |Manufacturer| +------+ +------+
                  | Specific | |   Hosted   | | Local| | Local| +---------+
            +---+ |Bootstrap | | Bootstrap  | |  DNS | | DHCP | |Removable|
            |NMS| |  Server  | |   Server   | |Server| |Server| | Storage |
            +---+ +----------+ +------------+ +------+ +------+ +---------+
              |        |             |            |        |         |
     activate |        |             |            |        |         |
     modeled  |        |             |            |        |         |
  1. device   |        |             |            |        |         |
  ----------->|        |             |            |        |         |
              | 2. (optional)        |            |        |         |
              |    configure         |            |        |         |
              |    bootstrap         |            |        |         |
              |    server            |            |        |         |
              |------->|             |            |        |         |
              |        |             |            |        |         |
              | 3. (optional) configure           |        |         |
              |    bootstrap server  |            |        |         |
              |--------------------->|            |        |         |
              |        |             |            |        |         |
              |        |             |            |        |         |
              | 4. (optional) configure DNS server|        |         |
              |---------------------------------->|        |         |
              |        |             |            |        |         |
              |        |             |            |        |         |
              | 5. (optional) configure DHCP server        |         |
              |------------------------------------------->|         |
              |        |             |            |        |         |
              |        |             |            |        |         |
              | 6. (optional) store bootstrapping artifacts on media |
              |----------------------------------------------------->|
              |        |             |            |        |         |
              |        |             |            |        |         |

   Each numbered item below corresponds to a numbered item in the
   diagram above.

   1.  Having previously modeled the devices, including setting their
       fully operational configurations and associating both device
       serial numbers and ownership vouchers, the owner might "activate"
       one or more modeled devices.  That is, the owner tells the NMS to
       perform the steps necessary to prepare for when the real-world
       devices power up and initiate the bootstrapping process.  Note
       that, in some deployments, this step might be combined with the
       last step from the previous workflow.  Here it is depicted that
       an NMS performs the steps, but they may be performed manually or
       through some other mechanism.

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   2.  If it is desired to use a deployment specific bootstrap server,
       it must`be configured to provide the bootstrapping information
       for the specific devices.  Configuring the bootstrap server may
       occur via a programmatic API not defined by this document.
       Illustrated here as an external component, the bootstrap server
       may be implemented as an internal component of the NMS itself.

   3.  If it is desired to use a manufacturer (or delegate) hosted
       bootstrap server, it must be configured to provide the
       bootstrapping information for the specific devices.  The
       configuration must be either redirect or onboarding information.
       That is, either the manufacturer hosted bootstrap server will
       redirect the device to another bootstrap server, or provide the
       device with its bootstrapping information itself.  The types of
       bootstrapping information the manufacturer hosted bootstrap
       server supports may vary by implementation; some implementations
       may only support redirect information, or only support onboarding
       information, or support both redirect and onboarding information.
       Configuring the bootstrap server may occur via a programmatic API
       not defined by this document.

   4.  If it is desired to use a DNS server to supply bootstrapping
       information, a DNS server needs to be configured.  If multicast
       DNS-SD is desired, then the server must reside on the local
       network, otherwise the DNS server may reside on a remote network.
       Please see Section 4.2 for more information about how to
       configure DNS servers.  Configuring the DNS server may occur via
       a programmatic API not defined by this document.

   5.  If it is desired to use a DHCP server to supply bootstrapping
       data, a DHCP server needs to be configured.  The DHCP server may
       be accessed directly or via a DHCP relay.  Please see Section 4.3
       for more information about how to configure DHCP servers.
       Configuring the DHCP server may occur via a programmatic API not
       defined by this document.

   6.  If it is desired to use a removable storage device (e.g., USB
       flash drive) to supply bootstrapping information, the information
       would need to be placed onto it.  Please see Section 4.1 for more
       information about how to configure a removable storage device.

A.3.  Device Powers On

   The following diagram illustrates the sequence of activities that
   occur when a device powers on.

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                                                     +----------+
                                      +-----------+  |Deployment|
                                      | Source of |  | Specific |
  +------+                            | Bootstrap |  |Bootstrap |  +---+
  |Device|                            |   Data    |  |  Server  |  |NMS|
  +------+                            +-----------+  +----------+  +---+
     |                                      |              |         |
     |                                      |              |         |
     | 1. if running a modified (not        |              |         |
     |    factory default) configuration,   |              |         |
     |    then exit.                        |              |         |
     |                                      |              |         |
     | 2. for each source supported, check  |              |         |
     |------------------------------------->|              |         |
     |                                      |              |         |
     | 3. if onboarding-information found,  |              |         |
     |    initialize self and, only if      |              |         |
     |    source is a bootstrap server,     |              |         |
     |    send progress updates             |              |         |
     |------------------------------------->#              |         |
     |                                      # webhook      |         |
     |                                      #----------------------->|
     |                                                     |         |
     | 4. else if redirect-information found, for          |         |
     |    each bootstrap server specified, check           |         |
     |-+-------------------------------------------------->|         |
     | |                                                   |         |
     | |  if more redirect-information is found, recurse   |         |
     | |  (not depicted), else if onboarding-information   |         |
     | |  found, initialize self and post progress updates |         |
     | +-------------------------------------------------->#         |
     |                                                     # webhook |
     |                                                     #-------->|
     |
     | 5. retry sources and/or wait for manual provisioning.
     |

   The interactions in the above diagram are described below.

   1.  Upon power being applied, the device's bootstrapping logic first
       checks to see if it is running in its factory default state.  If
       it is in a modified state, then the bootstrapping logic exits and
       none of the following interactions occur.

   2.  For each source of bootstrapping data the device supports,
       preferably in order of closeness to the device (e.g., removable
       storage before Internet based servers), the device checks to see
       if there is any bootstrapping data for it there.

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   3.  If onboarding information is found, the device initializes itself
       accordingly (e.g., installing a boot-image and committing an
       initial configuration).  If the source is a bootstrap server, and
       the bootstrap server can be trusted (i.e., TLS-level
       authentication), the device also sends progress updates to the
       bootstrap server.

       *  The contents of the initial configuration should configure an
          administrator account on the device (e.g., username, ssh-rsa
          key, etc.) and should configure the device either to listen
          for NETCONF or RESTCONF connections or to initiate call home
          connections [RFC8071].

       *  If the bootstrap server supports forwarding device progress
          updates to external systems (e.g., via a webhook), a
          "bootstrap-complete" progress update (Section 7.3) informs the
          external system to know when it can, for instance, initiate a
          connection to the device (assuming it knows the device's
          address and the device was configured to listen for
          connections).  To support this further, the bootstrap-complete
          progress update may also relay the device's SSH host keys and/
          or TLS certificates, with which the external system can use to
          authenticate subsequent connections to the device.

       If the device successfully completes the bootstrapping process
       (i.e., no longer running its factory default configuration), it
       exits the bootstrapping logic without considering any additional
       sources of bootstrapping data.

   4.  Otherwise, if redirect information is found, the device iterates
       through the list of specified bootstrap servers, checking to see
       if there is any bootstrapping data for it on them.  If the
       bootstrap server returns more redirect information, then the
       device processes it recursively.  Otherwise, if the bootstrap
       server returns onboarding information, the device processes it
       following the description provided in (3) above.

   5.  After having tried all supported sources of bootstrapping data,
       the device may retry again all the sources and/or provide
       manageability interfaces for manual configuration (e.g., CLI,
       HTTP, NETCONF, etc.).  If manual configuration is allowed, and
       such configuration is provided, the device must immediately cease
       trying to obtain bootstrapping data, as it would then no longer
       be in running its factory default configuration.

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Appendix B.  Change Log

B.1.  ID to 00

   o  Major structural update; the essence is the same.  Most every
      section was rewritten to some degree.

   o  Added a Use Cases section

   o  Added diagrams for "Actors and Roles" and "NMS Precondition"
      sections, and greatly improved the "Device Boot Sequence" diagram

   o  Removed support for physical presence or any ability for
      configlets to not be signed.

   o  Defined the Zero Touch Information DHCP option

   o  Added an ability for devices to also download images from
      configuration servers

   o  Added an ability for configlets to be encrypted

   o  Now configuration servers only have to support HTTP/S - no other
      schemes possible

B.2.  00 to 01

   o  Added boot-image and validate-owner annotations to the "Actors and
      Roles" diagram.

   o  Fixed 2nd paragraph in section 7.1 to reflect current use of
      anyxml.

   o  Added encrypted and signed-encrypted examples

   o  Replaced YANG module with XSD schema

   o  Added IANA request for the Zero Touch Information DHCP Option

   o  Added IANA request for media types for boot-image and
      configuration

B.3.  01 to 02

   o  Replaced the need for a configuration signer with the ability for
      each NMS to be able to sign its own configurations, using
      manufacturer signed ownership vouchers and owner certificates.

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   o  Renamed configuration server to bootstrap server, a more
      representative name given the information devices download from
      it.

   o  Replaced the concept of a configlet by defining a southbound
      interface for the bootstrap server using YANG.

   o  Removed the IANA request for the boot-image and configuration
      media types

B.4.  02 to 03

   o  Minor update, mostly just to add an Editor's Note to show how this
      draft might integrate with the draft-pritikin-anima-bootstrapping-
      keyinfra.

B.5.  03 to 04

   o  Major update formally introducing unsigned data and support for
      Internet-based redirect servers.

   o  Added many terms to Terminology section.

   o  Added all new "Guiding Principles" section.

   o  Added all new "Sources for Bootstrapping Data" section.

   o  Rewrote the "Interactions" section and renamed it "Workflow
      Overview".

B.6.  04 to 05

   o  Semi-major update, refactoring the document into more logical
      parts

   o  Created new section for information types

   o  Added support for DNS servers

   o  Now allows provisional TLS connections

   o  Bootstrapping data now supports scripts

   o  Device Details section overhauled

   o  Security Considerations expanded

   o  Filled in enumerations for notification types

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B.7.  05 to 06

   o  Minor update

   o  Added many Normative and Informative references.

   o  Added new section Other Considerations.

B.8.  06 to 07

   o  Minor update

   o  Added an Editorial Note section for RFC Editor.

   o  Updated the IANA Considerations section.

B.9.  07 to 08

   o  Minor update

   o  Updated to reflect review from Michael Richardson.

B.10.  08 to 09

   o  Added in missing "Signature" artifact example.

   o  Added recommendation for manufacturers to use interoperable
      formats and file naming conventions for removable storage devices.

   o  Added configuration-handling leaf to guide if config should be
      merged, replaced, or processed like an edit-config/yang-patch
      document.

   o  Added a pre-configuration script, in addition to the post-
      configuration script from -05 (issue #15).

B.11.  09 to 10

   o  Factored ownership vocher and voucher revocation to a separate
      document: draft-kwatsen-netconf-voucher. (issue #11)

   o  Removed <configuration-handling> options 'edit-config' and yang-
      patch'. (issue #12)

   o  Defined how a signature over signed-data returned from a bootstrap
      server is processed. (issue #13)

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   o  Added recommendation for removable storage devices to use open/
      standard file systems when possible.  (issue #14)

   o  Replaced notifications "script-[warning/error]" with "[pre/post]-
      script-[warning/error]". (goes with issue #15)

   o  switched owner-certificate to be encoded using the pkcs#7 format.
      (issue #16)

   o  Replaced md5/sha1 with sha256 inside a choice statement, for
      future extensibility. (issue #17)

   o  A ton of editorial changes, as I went thru the entire draft with a
      fine-toothed comb.

B.12.  10 to 11

   o  fixed yang validation issues found by IETFYANGPageCompilation.
      note: these issues were NOT found by pyang --ietf or by the
      submission-time validator...

   o  fixed a typo in the yang module, someone the config false
      statement was removed.

B.13.  11 to 12

   o  fixed typo that prevented Appendix B from loading the examples
      correctly.

   o  fixed more yang validation issues found by
      IETFYANGPageCompilation.  note: again, these issues were NOT found
      by pyang --ietf or by the submission-time validator...

   o  updated a few of the notification enumerations to be more
      consistent with the other enumerations (following the warning/
      error pattern).

   o  updated the information-type artifact to state how it's encoded,
      matching the language that was in Appendix B.

B.14.  12 to 13

   o  defined a standalone artifact to encode the old information-type
      into a PKCS#7 structure.

   o  standalone information artifact hardcodes JSON encoding (to match
      the voucher draft).

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   o  combined the information and signature PKCS#7 structures into a
      single PKCS#7 structure.

   o  moved the certificate-revocations into the owner-certificate's
      PKCS#7 structure.

   o  eliminated support for voucher-revocations, to reflect the
      voucher-draft's switch from revocations to renewals.

B.15.  13 to 14

   o  Renamed "bootstrap information" to "onboarding information".

   o  Rewrote DHCP sections to address the packet-size limitation issue,
      as discussed in Chicago.

   o  Added Ian as an author for his text-contributions to the DHCP
      sections.

   o  Removed the Guiding Principles section.

B.16.  14 to 15

   o  Renamed action 'notification' to 'update-progress' and, likewise
      'notification-type' to 'update-type'.

   o  Updated examples to use "base64encodedvalue==" for binary values.

   o  Greatly simplified the 'Artifact Groupings' section, and moved it
      as a subsection to the 'Artifacts' section.

   o  Moved the 'Workflow Overview' section to the Appendix.

   o  Renamed 'bootstrap information' to 'update information'.

   o  Removed 'Other Considerations' section.

   o  Tons of editorial updates.

Authors' Addresses

   Kent Watsen
   Juniper Networks

   EMail: kwatsen@juniper.net

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   Mikael Abrahamsson
   T-Systems

   EMail: mikael.abrahamsson@t-systems.se

   Ian Farrer
   Deutsche Telekom AG

   EMail: ian.farrer@telekom.de

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