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Gap Analysis for Operating IPv6-only MPLS Networks
draft-ietf-mpls-ipv6-only-gap-02

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7439.
Authors Wesley George , Carlos Pignataro
Last updated 2014-10-28 (Latest revision 2014-08-25)
Replaces draft-george-mpls-ipv6-only-gap
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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Stream WG state Submitted to IESG for Publication
Document shepherd Loa Andersson
Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2014-08-31
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Responsible AD Adrian Farrel
Send notices to mpls-chairs@tools.ietf.org, draft-ietf-mpls-ipv6-only-gap@tools.ietf.org
IANA IANA review state IANA OK - No Actions Needed
draft-ietf-mpls-ipv6-only-gap-02
MPLS                                                      W. George, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                         Time Warner Cable
Intended status: Informational                         C. Pignataro, Ed.
Expires: February 26, 2015                                         Cisco
                                                         August 25, 2014

           Gap Analysis for Operating IPv6-only MPLS Networks
                    draft-ietf-mpls-ipv6-only-gap-02

Abstract

   This document reviews the Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
   protocol suite in the context of IPv6 and identifies gaps that must
   be addressed in order to allow MPLS-related protocols and
   applications to be used with IPv6-only networks.  This document is
   not intended to highlight a particular vendor's implementation (or
   lack thereof) in the context of IPv6-only MPLS functionality, but
   rather to focus on gaps in the standards defining the MPLS suite.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on February 26, 2015.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must

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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Use Case  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Gap Analysis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  MPLS Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.2.  MPLS Control Plane  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.2.1.  LDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.2.2.  Multipoint LDP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.2.3.  RSVP- TE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
         3.2.3.1.  IGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
         3.2.3.2.  RSVP-TE-P2MP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
         3.2.3.3.  RSVP-TE Fast Reroute (FRR)  . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       3.2.4.  Controller, PCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       3.2.5.  BGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.2.6.  GMPLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.3.  MPLS Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.3.1.  L2VPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
         3.3.1.1.  EVPN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       3.3.2.  L3VPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
         3.3.2.1.  6PE/4PE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
         3.3.2.2.  6VPE/4VPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
         3.3.2.3.  BGP Encapsulation SAFI  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
         3.3.2.4.  MVPN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       3.3.3.  MPLS-TP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.4.  MPLS OAM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       3.4.1.  Extended ICMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       3.4.2.  LSP Ping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.4.3.  BFD OAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       3.4.4.  Pseudowire OAM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       3.4.5.  MPLS-TP OAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     3.5.  MIBs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   4.  Gap Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   5.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   6.  Contributing Authors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   9.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25

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1.  Introduction

   IPv6 is an integral part of modern network deployments.  At the time
   when this document was written, the majority of these IPv6
   deployments were using dual-stack implementations, where IPv4 and
   IPv6 are supported equally on many or all of the network nodes, and
   single-stack primarily referred to IPv4-only devices.  Dual-stack
   deployments provide a useful margin for protocols and features that
   are not currently capable of operating solely over IPv6, because they
   can continue using IPv4 as necessary.  However, as IPv6 deployment
   and usage becomes more pervasive, and IPv4 exhaustion begins driving
   changes in address consumption behaviors, there is an increasing
   likelihood that many networks will need to start operating some or
   all of their network nodes either as primarily IPv6 (most functions
   use IPv6, a few legacy features use IPv4), or as IPv6-only (no IPv4
   provisioned on the device).  This transition toward IPv6-only
   operation exposes any gaps where features, protocols, or
   implementations are still reliant on IPv4 for proper function.  To
   that end, and in the spirit of RFC 6540's [RFC6540] recommendation
   that implementations need to stop requiring IPv4 for proper and
   complete function, this document reviews the Multi-Protocol Label
   Switching (MPLS) protocol suite in the context of IPv6 and identifies
   gaps that must be addressed in order to allow MPLS-related protocols
   and applications to be used with IPv6-only networks and networks that
   are primarily IPv6 (hereafter referred to as IPv6-primary).  This
   document is not intended to highlight a particular vendor's
   implementation (or lack thereof) in the context of IPv6-only MPLS
   functionality, but rather to focus on gaps in the standards defining
   the MPLS suite.

2.  Use Case

   This section discusses some drivers for ensuring that MPLS completely
   supports IPv6-only operation.  It is not intended to be a
   comprehensive discussion of all potential use cases, but rather a
   discussion of one use case to provide context and justification to
   undertake such a gap analysis.

   IP convergence is continuing to drive new classes of devices to begin
   communicating via IP.  Examples of such devices could include set top
   boxes for IP Video distribution, cell tower electronics (macro or
   micro cells), infrastructure Wi-Fi Access Points, and devices for
   machine to machine (M2M) or Internet of Things applications.  In some
   cases, these classes of devices represent a very large deployment
   base, on the order of thousands or even millions of devices network-
   wide.  The scale of these networks, coupled with the increasingly
   overlapping use of RFC 1918 [RFC1918] address space within the
   average network, and the lack of globally-routable IPv4 space

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   available for long-term growth begins to drive the need for many of
   the endpoints in this network to be managed solely via IPv6.  Even if
   these devices are carrying some IPv4 user data, it is often
   encapsulated in another protocol such that the communication between
   the endpoint and its upstream devices can be IPv6-only without
   impacting support for IPv4 on user data.  As the number of devices to
   manage increases, the operator is compelled to move to IPv6.
   Depending on the MPLS features required, it is plausible to assume
   that the (existing) MPLS network will need to be extended to these
   IPv6-only devices.

   Additionally, as the impact of IPv4 exhaustion becomes more acute,
   more and more aggressive IPv4 address reclamation measures will be
   justified.  Many networks are likely to focus on preserving their
   remaining IPv4 addresses for revenue-generating customers so that
   legacy support for IPv4 can be maintained as long as necessary.  As a
   result, it may be appropriate for some or all of the network
   infrastructure, including MPLS Label Switch Routers (LSRs) and Label
   Edge Routers (LERs), to have its IPv4 addresses reclaimed and
   transition toward IPv6-only operation.

3.  Gap Analysis

   This gap analysis aims to answer the question, "what fails when one
   attempts to use MPLS features on a network of IPv6-only devices?"
   The baseline assumption for this analysis is that some endpoints as
   well as Label Switch Routers (Provider Edge (PE) and Provider (P)
   routers) only have IPv6 transport available, and need to support the
   full suite of MPLS features defined as of the time of this document's
   writing at parity with the support on an IPv4 network.  This is
   necessary whether they are enabled via Label Distribution Protocol
   (LDP) RFC 5036 [RFC5036], Resource Reservation Protocol Extensions
   for MPLS Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) RFC 3209 [RFC3209], or Border
   Gateway Protocol (BGP) RFC 3107 [RFC3107], and whether they are
   encapsulated in MPLS RFC 3032 [RFC3032], IP RFC 4023 [RFC4023],
   Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) RFC 4023 [RFC4023], or Layer 2
   Tunneling Protocol Version 3 (L2TPv3) RFC 4817 [RFC4817].  It is
   important when evaluating these gaps to distinguish between user data
   and control plane data, because while this document is focused on
   IPv6-only operation, it is quite likely that some amount of the user
   payload data being carried in the IPv6-only MPLS network will still
   be IPv4.

   A note about terminology: Gaps identified by this document are
   characterized as "Major" or "Minor".  Major gaps refer to significant
   changes necessary in one or more standards to address the gap due to
   existing standards language having either missing functionality for
   IPv6-only operation or explicit language requiring the use of IPv4

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   with no IPv6 alternatives defined.  Minor gaps refer to changes
   necessary primarily to clarify existing standards language.  Usually
   these changes are needed in order to explicitly codify IPv6 support
   in places where it is either implicit or omitted today, but the
   omission is unlikely to prevent IPv6-only operation.

3.1.  MPLS Data Plane

   MPLS labeled packets can be transmitted over a variety of data links
   RFC 3032 [RFC3032], and MPLS labeled packets can also be encapsulated
   over IP.  The encapsulations of MPLS in IP and GRE as well as MPLS
   over L2TPv3 support IPv6.  See Section 3 of RFC 4023 [RFC4023] and
   Section 2 of RFC 4817 [RFC4817] respectively.

   Gap: None.

3.2.  MPLS Control Plane

3.2.1.  LDP

   Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) RFC 5036 [RFC5036] defines a set of
   procedures for distribution of labels between label switch routers
   that can use the labels for forwarding traffic.  While LDP was
   designed to use an IPv4 or dual-stack IP network, it has a number of
   deficiencies that prohibit it from working in an IPv6-only network.
   LDP-IPv6 [I-D.ietf-mpls-ldp-ipv6] highlights some of the deficiencies
   when LDP is enabled in IPv6 only or dual-stack networks, and
   specifies appropriate protocol changes.  These deficiencies are
   related to LSP mapping, LDP identifiers, LDP discovery, LDP session
   establishment, next hop address and LDP Time To Live (TTL) security
   RFC 5082 [RFC5082] and RFC 6720 [RFC6720].

   Gap: Major, update to RFC 5036 in progress via LDP-IPv6
   [I-D.ietf-mpls-ldp-ipv6] that should close this gap.

3.2.2.  Multipoint LDP

   Multipoint LDP (mLDP) is a set of extensions to LDP for setting up
   Point to Multipoint (P2MP) and Multipoint to Multipoint (MP2MP) LSPs.
   These extensions are specified in RFC 6388 [RFC6388].  In terms of
   IPv6-only gap analysis, mLDP has two identified areas of interest:

   1.  LDP Control plane: Since mLDP uses the LDP control plane to
       discover and establish sessions with the peer, it shares the same
       gaps as LDP (Section 3.2.1) with regards to control plane
       (discovery, transport, and session establishment) in an IPv6-only
       network.

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   2.  Multipoint (MP) FEC Root address: mLDP defines its own MP
       Forwarding Equivalence Classes (FECs) and rules, different from
       LDP, to map MP LSPs. mLDP MP FEC contains a Root Address field
       which is an IP address in IP networks.  The current specification
       allows specifying Root address according to Address Family
       Identifier (AFI) and hence covers both IPv4 or IPv6 root
       addresses, requiring no extension to support IPv6-only MP LSPs.
       The root address is used by each LSR participating in an MP LSP
       setup such that root address reachability is resolved by doing a
       table lookup against the root address to find corresponding
       upstream neighbor(s).  This will pose a problem if an MP LSP
       traverses IPv4-only and IPv6-only nodes in a dual-stack network
       on the way to the root node.

   For example, consider following setup, where R1/R6 are IPv4-only, R3/
   R4 are IPv6-only, and R2/R5 are dual-stack LSRs:

   ( IPv4-only )  (  IPv6-only   )  ( IPv4-only )
          R1 -- R2 -- R3 -- R4 -- R5 -- R6
          Leaf                          Root

   Assume R1 to be a leaf node for an P2MP LSP rooted at R6 (root node).
   R1 uses R6's IPv4 address as the Root address in MP FEC.  As the MP
   LSP signaling proceeds from R1 to R6, the MP LSP setup will fail on
   the first IPv6-only transit/branch LSRs (R3) when trying to find IPv4
   root address reachability.  RFC 6512 [RFC6512] defines a recursive-
   FEC solution and procedures for mLDP when the backbone (transit/
   branch) LSRs have no route to the root.  The proposed solution is
   defined for a BGP-free core in an VPN environment, but a similar
   concept can be used/extended to solve the above issue of IPv6-only
   backbone receiving an MP FEC element with an IPv4 address.  The
   solution will require a border LSR (the one which is sitting on
   border of an IPv4/IPv6 island(s) (R2 and R5) to translate an IPv4
   root address to equivalent IPv6 address (and vice vera) through
   procedures similar to RFC6512.

   Gap: Major, update in progress for LDP via LDP-IPv6
   [I-D.ietf-mpls-ldp-ipv6], may need additional updates to RFC6512.

3.2.3.  RSVP- TE

   Resource Reservation Protocol Extensions for MPLS Traffic Engineering
   (RSVP-TE) RFC 3209 [RFC3209] defines a set of procedures and
   enhancements to establish label-switched tunnels that can be
   automatically routed away from network failures, congestion, and
   bottlenecks.  RSVP-TE allows establishing an LSP for an IPv4 or IPv6
   prefix, thanks to its LSP_TUNNEL_IPv6 object and subobjects.

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   Gap: None

3.2.3.1.  IGP

   RFC3630 [RFC3630] specifies a method of adding traffic engineering
   capabilities to OSPF Version 2.  New TLVs and sub-TLVs were added in
   RFC5329 [RFC5329] to extend TE capabilities to IPv6 networks in OSPF
   Version 3.

   RFC5305 [RFC5305] specifies a method of adding traffic engineering
   capabilities to IS-IS.  New TLVs and sub-TLVs were added in RFC6119
   [RFC6119] to extend TE capabilities to IPv6 networks.

   Gap: None

3.2.3.2.  RSVP-TE-P2MP

   RFC4875 [RFC4875] describes extensions to RSVP-TE for the setup of
   point-to-multipoint (P2MP) LSPs in MPLS and Generalized MPLS (GMPLS)
   with support for both IPv4 and IPv6.

   Gap: None

3.2.3.3.  RSVP-TE Fast Reroute (FRR)

   RFC4090 [RFC4090] specifies FRR mechanisms to establish backup LSP
   tunnels for local repair supporting both IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
   Further RFC5286 [RFC5286] describes the use of loop-free alternates
   to provide local protection for unicast traffic in pure IP and MPLS
   networks in the event of a single failure, whether link, node, or
   shared risk link group (SRLG) for both IPv4 and IPv6.

   Gap: None

3.2.4.  Controller, PCE

   The Path Computation Element (PCE) defined in RFC4655 [RFC4655] is an
   entity that is capable of computing a network path or route based on
   a network graph, and applying computational constraints.  A Path
   Computation Client (PCC) may make requests to a PCE for paths to be
   computed.  The PCE communication protocol (PCEP) is designed as a
   communication protocol between PCCs and PCEs for path computations
   and is defined in RFC5440 [RFC5440].

   The PCEP specification RFC5440 [RFC5440] is defined for both IPv4 and
   IPv6 with support for PCE discovery via an IGP (OSPF RFC5088
   [RFC5088], or ISIS RFC5089 [RFC5089]) using both IPv4 and IPv6
   addresses.  Note that PCEP uses identical encoding of subobjects as

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   in the Resource Reservation Protocol Traffic Engineering Extensions
   (RSVP-TE) defined in RFC3209 [RFC3209] which supports both IPv4 and
   IPv6.

   The extensions of PCEP to support confidentiality RFC5520 [RFC5520],
   Route Exclusion RFC5521, [RFC5521] Monitoring RFC5886 [RFC5886], and
   P2MP RFC6006 [RFC6006] have support for both IPv4 and IPv6.

   Gap: None.

3.2.5.  BGP

   RFC3107 [RFC3107] specifies a set of BGP protocol procedures for
   distributing the labels (for prefixes corresponding to any address-
   family) between label switch routers so that they can use the labels
   for forwarding the traffic.  RFC3107 allows BGP to distribute the
   label for IPv4 or IPv6 prefix in an IPv6 only network.

   Gap: None.

3.2.6.  GMPLS

   RFC4558 [RFC4558] specifies Node-ID Based RSVP Hello Messages with
   capability for both IPv4 and IPv6.  RFC4990 [RFC4990] clarifies the
   use of IPv6 addresses in GMPLS networks including handling in the MIB
   modules.

   Section 5.3, second paragraph of RFC6370 [RFC6370] describes the
   mapping from an MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) LSP_ID to RSVP-TE
   with an assumption that Node_IDs are derived from valid IPv4
   addresses.  This assumption fails in an IPv6-only network, given that
   there wouldn't be any IPv4 addresses.

   Gap: Minor; Section 5.3. of RFC6370 needs to be updated.

3.3.  MPLS Applications

3.3.1.  L2VPN

   L2VPN RFC 4664 [RFC4664] specifies two fundamentally different kinds
   of Layer 2 VPN services that a service provider could offer to a
   customer: Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS) and Virtual Private LAN
   Service (VPLS).  RFC 4447 [RFC4447] and RFC 4762 [RFC4762] specify
   the LDP protocol changes to instantiate VPWS and VPLS services
   respectively in an MPLS network using LDP as the signaling protocol.
   This is complemented by RFC 6074 [RFC6074], which specifies a set of
   procedures for instantiating L2VPNs (e.g.  VPWS, VPLS) using BGP as
   discovery protocol and LDP as well as L2TPv3 as signaling protocol.

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   RFC 4761 [RFC4761] and RFC 6624 [RFC6624] specify BGP protocol
   changes to instantiate VPLS and VPWS services in an MPLS network,
   using BGP for both discovery and signaling.

   In an IPv6-only MPLS network, use of L2VPN represents connection of
   Layer 2 islands over an IPv6 MPLS core, and very few changes are
   necessary to support operation over an IPv6-only network.  The L2VPN
   signaling protocol is either BGP or LDP in an MPLS network, and both
   can run directly over IPv6 core infrastructure, as well as IPv6 edge
   devices.  RFC 6074 [RFC6074] is the only RFC that appears to have a
   gap for IPv6-only operation.  In its discovery procedures (section
   3.2.2 and section 6), it suggests encoding PE IP address in the VSI-
   ID, which is encoded in Network Layer Reachability Information
   (NLRI), and should not exceed 12 bytes (to differentiate its AFI/SAFI
   (Subsequent Address Family Identifier) encoding from RFC4761).  This
   means that PE IP address can NOT be an IPv6 address.  Also, in its
   signaling procedures (section 3.2.3), it suggests encoding PE_addr in
   Source Attachment Individual Identifier (SAII) and Target Attachment
   Individual Identifier (TAII), which are limited to 32-bit (AII
   Type=1) at the moment.

   RFC 6073 [RFC6073] defines the new LDP Pseudowire (PW) Switching
   Point PE TLV, which supports IPv4 and IPv6.

   Gap: Minor.  RFC6074 needs to be updated.

3.3.1.1.  EVPN

   Ethernet VPN (EVPN) [I-D.ietf-l2vpn-evpn] defines a method for using
   BGP MPLS-based Ethernet VPNs.  Because it can use functions in LDP
   and mLDP, as well as RFC 7117 [RFC7117] Multicast VPLS, it inherits
   gaps previously identified in LDP (Section 3.2.1) and RFC 6074
   [RFC6074].  Once those gaps are resolved, it should function properly
   on IPv6-only networks as defined.

3.3.2.  L3VPN

   RFC 4364 [RFC4364] defines a method by which a Service Provider may
   use an IP backbone to provide IP Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) for
   its customers.  The following use cases arise in the context of this
   gap analysis:

   1.  Connecting IPv6 islands over IPv6-only MPLS network

   2.  Connecting IPv4 islands over IPv6-only MPLS network

   Both use cases require mapping an IP packet to an IPv6-signaled LSP.
   RFC4364 defines Layer 3 Virtual Private Networks (L3VPNs) for IPv4

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   only and has references to 32-bit BGP next hop addresses.  RFC 4659
   [RFC4659] adds support for IPv6 on L3VPNs including 128-bit BGP next
   hop addresses, and discusses operation whether IPv6 is the payload or
   the underlying transport address family.  However, RFC4659 does not
   formally update RFC4364, and thus an implementer may miss this
   additional set of standards unless it is explicitly identified
   independently of the base functionality defined in RFC4364.  An
   erratum has been filed to correct this metadata problem.  Further,
   section 1 of RFC4659 explicitly identifies use case #2 as out of
   scope for the document.

   The authors do not believe that there are any additional issues
   encountered when using L2TPv3, RSVP, or GRE (instead of MPLS) as
   transport on an IPv6-only network.

   Gap: Major.  RFC4659 needs to be updated to explicitly cover use case
   #2.  (Discussed in further detail below)

3.3.2.1.  6PE/4PE

   RFC 4798 [RFC4798] defines IPv6 Provider Edge (6PE), which defines
   how to interconnect IPv6 islands over a MPLS-enabled IPv4 cloud.
   However, use case 2 is doing the opposite, and thus could also be
   referred to as IPv4 Provider Edge (4PE).  The method to support this
   use case is not defined explicitly.  To support it, IPv4 edge devices
   need to be able to map IPv4 traffic to MPLS IPv6 core LSP's.  Also,
   the core switches may not understand IPv4 at all, but in some cases
   they may need to be able to exchange Labeled IPv4 routes from one AS
   to a neighboring AS.

   Gap: Major.  RFC4798 covers only the "6PE" case.  Use case #2 is
   currently not specified in an RFC.

3.3.2.2.  6VPE/4VPE

   RFC 4659 [RFC4659] defines IPv6 Virtual Private Network Extension
   (6VPE), a method by which a Service Provider may use its packet-
   switched backbone to provide Virtual Private Network (VPN) services
   for its IPv6 customers.  It allows the core network to be MPLS IPv4
   or MPLS IPv6, thus addressing use case 1 above.  RFC4364 should work
   as defined for use case 2 above, which could also be referred to as
   IPv4 Virtual Private Extension (4VPE), but the RFC explicitly does
   not discuss this use and defines it as out of scope.

   Gap: Minor.  RFC4659 needs to be updated to explicitly cover use case
   #2

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3.3.2.3.  BGP Encapsulation SAFI

   RFC 5512 [RFC5512] defines the BGP Encapsulation SAFI and the BGP
   Tunnel Encapsulation Attribute, which can be used to signal tunneling
   over a single-Address Family IP core.  This mechanism supports
   transport of MPLS (and other protocols) over Tunnels in an IP core
   (including an IPv6-only core).  In this context, load-balancing can
   be provided as specified in RFC 5640 [RFC5640].

   Gap: None.

3.3.2.4.  MVPN

   RFC 6513 [RFC6513] defines the procedure to provide multicast service
   over an MPLS VPN backbone for downstream customers.  It is sometimes
   referred to as Next Generation Multicast VPN (NG-MVPN) The procedure
   involves the below set of protocols:

3.3.2.4.1.  PE-CE Multicast Routing Protocol

   RFC 6513 [RFC6513] explains the use of Protocol Independent Multicast
   (PIM) as Provider Edge-Customer Edge (PE-CE) protocol while
   Section 11.1.2 of RFC 6514 [RFC6514] explains the use of mLDP as PE-
   CE protocol.

   The MCAST-VPN NLRI route-type format defined in RFC 6514 [RFC6514] is
   not sufficiently covering all scenarios when mLDP is used as PE-CE
   protocol.  The issue is explained in section 2 of
   [I-D.ietf-l3vpn-mvpn-mldp-nlri] along with new route-type that
   encodes the mLDP FEC in NLRI.

   Further [I-D.ietf-l3vpn-mvpn-pe-ce] defines the use of BGP as PE-CE
   protocol.

   Gap: None.

3.3.2.4.2.  P-Tunnel Instantiation

   RFC 6513 [RFC6513] explains the use of the below tunnels:

   o  RSVP-TE P2MP LSP

   o  PIM Tree

   o  mLDP P2MP LSP

   o  mLDP MP2MP LSP

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   o  Ingress Replication

   Gap: Gaps in RSVP-TE P2MP LSP (Section 3.2.3.2) and mLDP
   (Section 3.2.2) P2MP and MP2MP LSP are covered in previous sections.
   There are no MPLS-specific gaps for PIM Tree or Ingress Replication
   and any protocol-specific gaps not related to MPLS are outside the
   scope of this document.

3.3.2.4.3.  PE-PE Multicast Routing Protocol

   Section 3.1 of RFC 6513 [RFC6513] explains the use of PIM as PE-PE
   protocol while RFC 6514 [RFC6514] explains the use of BGP as PE-PE
   protocol.

   PE-PE multicast routing is not specific to P-tunnel or to MPLS.  It
   can be PIM or BGP with label based or PIM tree based P-Tunnels.
   Enabling PIM as a PE-PE multicast protocol is equivalent to running
   it on a non-MPLS IPv6 network, so there are not any MPLS-specific
   considerations, and any gaps are applicable for non-MPLS networks as
   well.  Similarly, BGP only includes the PMSI tunnel attribute as a
   part of the NLRI which is inherited from P-tunnel instantiation and
   considered to be an opaque value.  So any gaps in the Control plane
   (PIM or BGP) will not be specific to MPLS.

   Gap: Any gaps in PIM or BGP as PE-PE Multicast Routing protocol are
   not unique to MPLS, and therefore are outside the scope of this
   document.  It is included for completeness.

3.3.3.  MPLS-TP

   MPLS-TP does not require IP (see section 2 of RFC 5921 [RFC5921]) and
   should not be affected by operation on an IPv6-only network.
   Therefore this is considered out of scope for this document, but is
   included for completeness.

   Gap: None.

3.4.  MPLS OAM

   For MPLS LSPs, there are primarily three Operations, Administration,
   and Maintenance (OAM) mechanisms: Extended ICMP RFC 4884 [RFC4884]
   RFC 4950 [RFC4950], LSP Ping RFC 4379 [RFC4379], and Bidirectional
   Forwarding Detection (BFD) for MPLS LSPs RFC 5884 [RFC5884].  For
   MPLS Pseudowires, there is also Virtual Circuit Connectivity
   Verification (VCCV) RFC 5085 [RFC5085] RFC 5885 [RFC5885].  Most of
   these mechanisms work in pure IPv6 environments, but there are some
   problems encountered in mixed environments due to address-family
   mismatches.  The next subsections cover these gaps in detail.

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   Gap: Major.  RFC4379 needs to be updated to better support multipath
   IPv6.  Additionally, there is potential for dropped messages in
   Extended ICMP and LSP ping due to IP version mismatches.  It is
   important to note that this is a more generic problem with tunneling
   when IP address family mismatches exist, and is not specific to MPLS,
   so while MPLS will be affected, it will be difficult to fix this
   problem specifically for MPLS, rather than fixing the more generic
   problem.

3.4.1.  Extended ICMP

   Extended ICMP to support Multi-part messages is defined in RFC 4884
   [RFC4884].  This extensibility is defined generally for both ICMPv4
   and ICMPv6.  The specific ICMP extensions for MPLS are defined in RFC
   4950 [RFC4950].  ICMP Multi-part with MPLS extensions works for IPv4
   and IPv6.  However, the mechanisms described in RFC 4884 and 4950 may
   fail when tunneling IPv4 traffic over an LSP that is supported by an
   IPv6-only infrastructure.

   Assume the following:

   o  the path between two IPv4 only hosts contains an MPLS LSP

   o  the two routers that terminate the LSP run dual stack

   o  the LSP interior routers run IPv6 only

   o  the LSP is signaled over IPv6

   Now assume that one of the hosts sends an IPv4 packet to the other.
   However, the packet's TTL expires on an LSP interior router.
   According to RFC 3032 [RFC3032], the interior router should examine
   the IPv4 payload, format an ICMPv4 message, and send it (over the
   tunnel upon which the original packet arrived) to the egress LSP.  In
   this case, however, the LSP interior router is not IPv4-aware.  It
   cannot parse the original IPv4 datagram, nor can it send an IPv4
   message.  So, no ICMP message is delivered to the source.  Some
   specific ICMP extensions, in particular ICMP Extensions for Interface
   and Next-Hop Identification RFC 5837 [RFC5837] restrict the address
   family of address information included in an Interface Information
   Object to the same one as the ICMP (see Section 4.5 of RFC 5837).
   While these extensions are not MPLS specific, they can be used with
   MPLS packets carrying IP datagrams.  This has no implications for
   IPv6-only environments.

   Gap: Major.  IP version mismatches may cause dropped messages.
   However, as noted in the previous section, this problem is not
   specific to MPLS.

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3.4.2.  LSP Ping

   The LSP Ping mechanism defined in RFC 4379 [RFC4379] is specified to
   work with IPv6.  Specifically, the Target FEC Stacks include both
   IPv4 and IPv6 versions of all FECs (see Section 3.2 of RFC 4379).
   The only exceptions are the Pseudowire FECs, which are later
   specified for IPv6 in RFC 6829 [RFC6829].  The multipath information
   also includes IPv6 encodings (see Section 3.3.1 of RFC 4379).

   LSP Ping packets are UDP packets over either IPv4 or IPv6 (see
   Section 4.3 of RFC 4379).  However, for IPv6 the destination IP
   address is a (randomly chosen) IPv6 address from the range
   0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:127/104.  That is, using an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address.
   This is a transitional mechanism that should not bleed into IPv6-only
   networks, as [I-D.itojun-v6ops-v4mapped-harmful] explains.  The issue
   is that the MPLS LSP Ping mechanism needs a range of loopback IP
   addresses to be used as destination addresses to exercise Equal Cost
   Multiple Path (ECMP), but the IPv6 address architecture specifies a
   single address (::1/128) for loopback.  A mechanism to achieve this
   was proposed in [I-D.smith-v6ops-larger-ipv6-loopback-prefix].

   Additionally, RFC 4379 does not define the value to be used in the
   IPv6 Router Alert option (RAO).  For IPv4 RAO, a value of zero is
   used.  However, there is no equivalent value for IPv6 RAO.  This gap
   needs to be fixed to be able to use LSP Ping in IPv6 networks.
   Further details on this gap are captured, along with a proposed
   solution, in [I-D.raza-mpls-oam-ipv6-rao].

   Another gap is that the mechanisms described in RFC 4379 may fail
   when tunneling IPv4 traffic over an LSP that is supported by
   IPv6-only infrastructure.

   Assume the following:

   o  LSP Ping is operating in traceroute mode over an MPLS LSP

   o  the two routers that terminate the LSP run dual stack

   o  the LSP interior routers run IPv6 only

   o  the LSP is signaled over IPv6

   Packets will expire at LSP interior routers.  According to RFC 4379,
   the interior router must parse the IPv4 Echo Request, and then, send
   an IPv4 Echo Reply.  However, the LSP interior router is not
   IPv4-aware.  It cannot parse the IPv4 Echo Request, nor can it send
   an IPv4 Echo Reply.  So, no reply is sent.

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   The mechanism described in RFC 4379 also does not sufficiently
   explain the behaviour in certain IPv6-specific scenarios.  For
   example, RFC 4379 defines the K value as 28 octets when Address
   Family is set to IPv6 Unnumbered, but it doesn't describe how to
   carry a 32 bit LSR Router ID in the 128 bit Downstream IP Address
   Field.

   Gap: Major.  LSP ping uses IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, IP version
   mismatches may cause dropped messages, unclear mapping from LSR
   Router ID to Downstream IP Address.

3.4.3.  BFD OAM

   The BFD specification for MPLS LSPs RFC 5884 [RFC5884] is defined for
   IPv4 as well as IPv6 versions of MPLS FECs (see Section 3.1 of RFC
   5884).  Additionally the BFD packet is encapsulated over UDP and
   specified to run over both IPv4 and IPv6 (see Section 7 of RFC 5884).

   Gap: None.

3.4.4.  Pseudowire OAM

   The OAM specifications for MPLS Pseudowires define usage for both
   IPv4 and IPv6.  Specifically, VCCV RFC 5085 [RFC5085] can carry IPv4
   or IPv6 OAM packets (see Section 5.1.1 and 5.2.1 of RFC 5085), and
   VCCV for BFD RFC 5885 [RFC5885] also defines an IPv6 encapsulation
   (see Section 3.2 of RFC 5885).

   Additionally, for LSP Ping for Pseudowires, the Pseudowire FECs are
   specified for IPv6 in RFC 6829 [RFC6829].

   Gap: None.

3.4.5.  MPLS-TP OAM

   As with MPLS-TP, MPLS-TP OAM RFC 6371 [RFC6371] is not dependent on
   IP or existing MPLS OAM functions, and should not be affected by
   operation on an IPv6-only network.  Therefore, this is out of scope
   for this document, but is included for completeness.

   Gap: None.

3.5.  MIBs

   RFC3811 [RFC3811] defines the textual conventions for MPLS.  These
   lack support for IPv6 in defining MplsExtendedTunnelId and
   MplsLsrIdentifier.  These textual conventions are used in the MPLS TE
   Management Information Base (MIB) specification RFC3812 [RFC3812],

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   GMPLS TE MIB specification RFC4802 [RFC4802] and Fast ReRoute (FRR)
   extension RFC6445 [RFC6445]. 3811bis [I-D.manral-mpls-rfc3811bis]
   tries to resolve this gap by marking this textual convention as
   obsolete.

   The other MIB specifications for LSR RFC3813 [RFC3813], LDP RFC3815
   [RFC3815] and TE RFC4220 [RFC4220] have support for both IPv4 and
   IPv6.

   Gap: Major.  Work underway to update RFC3811 via 3811bis
   [I-D.manral-mpls-rfc3811bis], may also need to update RFC3812,
   RFC4802, and RFC6445, which depend on it.

4.  Gap Summary

   This draft has reviewed a wide variety of MPLS features and protocols
   to determine their suitability for use on IPv6-only or IPv6-primary
   networks.  While some parts of the MPLS suite will function properly
   without additional changes, gaps have been identified in others,
   which will need to be addressed with follow-on work.  This section
   will summarize those gaps, along with pointers to any work in
   progress to address them.  Note that because the referenced drafts
   are works in progress and do not have consensus at the time of this
   document's publication, there could be other solutions proposed at a
   future time, and the pointers in this document should not be
   considered normative in any way.  Additionally, work in progress on
   new features that use MPLS protocols will need to ensure that those
   protocols support operation on IPv6-only or IPv6-primary networks, or
   explicitly identify any dependencies on existing gaps that, once
   resolved, will allow proper IPv6-only operation.

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               Identifed gaps in MPLS for IPv6-only networks

   +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+
   |   Item  |           Gap            |         Addressed in         |
   +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+
   |   LDP   |     LSP mapping, LDP     |           LDP-IPv6           |
   | S.3.2.1 |     identifiers, LDP     |   [I-D.ietf-mpls-ldp-ipv6]   |
   |         |  discovery, LDP session  |                              |
   |         | establishment, next hop  |                              |
   |         |   address and LDP TTL    |                              |
   |         |         security         |                              |
   +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+
   |   mLDP  | inherits gaps from LDP,  |      inherits LDP-IPv6       |
   | S.3.2.2 |    RFC6512 [RFC6512]     |  [I-D.ietf-mpls-ldp-ipv6],   |
   |         |                          |     additional fixes TBD     |
   +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+
   |  GMPLS  |  RFC6370 [RFC6370] Node  |             TBD              |
   | S.3.2.6 |      ID derivation       |                              |
   +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+
   |  L2VPN  |    RFC 6074 [RFC6074]    |             TBD              |
   | S.3.3.1 |   discovery, signaling   |                              |
   +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+
   |  L3VPN  |    RFC 4659 [RFC4659]    |             TBD              |
   | S.3.3.2 |    define method for     |                              |
   |         |         4PE/4VPE         |                              |
   +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+
   |   OAM   |  RFC 4379 [RFC4379] no   |    IPv6 RAO for MPLS OAM     |
   |  S.3.4  | IPv6 multipath support,  | [I-D.raza-mpls-oam-ipv6-rao] |
   |         |  no IPv6 RAO, possible   |                              |
   |         |  dropped messages in IP  |                              |
   |         |     version mismatch     |                              |
   +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+
   |   MIBs  |  RFC 3811 [RFC3811] no   |           3811bis            |
   |  S.3.5  | IPv6 textual convention  | [I-D.manral-mpls-rfc3811bis] |
   +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+

                       Table 1: IPv6-only MPLS Gaps

5.  Acknowledgements

   The authors wish to thank Alvaro Retana, Andrew Yourtchenko, Loa
   Andersson, David Allan, Mach Chen, Mustapha Aissaoui, and Mark Tinka
   for their detailed reviews, as well as Brian Haberman, Joel Jaeggli,
   Adrian Farrell, and Nobo Akiya for their comments.

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6.  Contributing Authors

   The following people have contributed text to this draft:

      Rajiv Asati
      Cisco Systems
      7025 Kit Creek Road
      Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
      US

      Email: rajiva@cisco.com

      Kamran Raza
      Cisco Systems
      2000 Innovation Drive
      Ottawa, ON K2K-3E8
      CA

      Email: skraza@cisco.com

      Ronald Bonica
      Juniper Networks
      2251 Corporate Park Drive
      Herndon, VA 20171
      US

      Email: rbonica@juniper.net

      Rajiv Papneja
      Huawei Technologies
      2330 Central Expressway
      Santa Clara, CA 95050
      US

      Email: rajiv.papneja@huawei.com

      Dhruv Dhody
      Huawei Technologies
      Leela Palace
      Bangalore, Karnataka 560008
      IN

      Email: dhruv.ietf@gmail.com

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      Vishwas Manral
      Ionos Networks
      Sunnyvale, CA 94089
      US

      Email: vishwas@ionosnetworks.com

      Nagendra Kumar
      Cisco Systems, Inc.
      7200 Kit Creek Road
      Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
      US

      Email: naikumar@cisco.com

7.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no request to IANA.

8.  Security Considerations

   Changing the address family used for MPLS network operation does not
   fundamentally alter the security considerations currently extant in
   any of the specifics of the protocol or its features, however,
   follow-on work recommended by this gap analysis will need to address
   any effects of the use of IPv6 in their modifications may have on
   security.

9.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-l2vpn-evpn]
              Sajassi, A., Aggarwal, R., Bitar, N., Isaac, A., and J.
              Uttaro, "BGP MPLS Based Ethernet VPN", draft-ietf-l2vpn-
              evpn-07 (work in progress), May 2014.

   [I-D.ietf-l3vpn-mvpn-mldp-nlri]
              Wijnands, I., Rosen, E., and U. Joorde, "Encoding mLDP
              FECs in the NLRI of BGP MCAST-VPN Routes", draft-ietf-
              l3vpn-mvpn-mldp-nlri-05 (work in progress), May 2014.

   [I-D.ietf-l3vpn-mvpn-pe-ce]
              Patel, K., Rekhter, Y., and E. Rosen, "BGP as an MVPN PE-
              CE Protocol", draft-ietf-l3vpn-mvpn-pe-ce-01 (work in
              progress), March 2014.

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   [I-D.ietf-mpls-ldp-ipv6]
              Asati, R., Manral, V., Papneja, R., and C. Pignataro,
              "Updates to LDP for IPv6", draft-ietf-mpls-ldp-ipv6-13
              (work in progress), July 2014.

   [I-D.itojun-v6ops-v4mapped-harmful]
              Metz, C. and J. Hagino, "IPv4-Mapped Addresses on the Wire
              Considered Harmful", draft-itojun-v6ops-v4mapped-
              harmful-02 (work in progress), October 2003.

   [I-D.manral-mpls-rfc3811bis]
              Manral, V., Tsou, T., Will, W., and F. Fondelli,
              "Definitions of Textual Conventions (TCs) for
              Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Management", draft-
              manral-mpls-rfc3811bis-03 (work in progress), June 2013.

   [I-D.raza-mpls-oam-ipv6-rao]
              Raza, K., Akiya, N., and C. Pignataro, "IPv6 Router Alert
              Option for MPLS OAM", draft-raza-mpls-oam-ipv6-rao-00
              (work in progress), July 2014.

   [I-D.smith-v6ops-larger-ipv6-loopback-prefix]
              Smith, M., "A Larger Loopback Prefix for IPv6", draft-
              smith-v6ops-larger-ipv6-loopback-prefix-04 (work in
              progress), February 2013.

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
              E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", BCP
              5, RFC 1918, February 1996.

   [RFC3032]  Rosen, E., Tappan, D., Fedorkow, G., Rekhter, Y.,
              Farinacci, D., Li, T., and A. Conta, "MPLS Label Stack
              Encoding", RFC 3032, January 2001.

   [RFC3107]  Rekhter, Y. and E. Rosen, "Carrying Label Information in
              BGP-4", RFC 3107, May 2001.

   [RFC3209]  Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V.,
              and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP
              Tunnels", RFC 3209, December 2001.

   [RFC3630]  Katz, D., Kompella, K., and D. Yeung, "Traffic Engineering
              (TE) Extensions to OSPF Version 2", RFC 3630, September
              2003.

   [RFC3811]  Nadeau, T. and J. Cucchiara, "Definitions of Textual
              Conventions (TCs) for Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
              Management", RFC 3811, June 2004.

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   [RFC3812]  Srinivasan, C., Viswanathan, A., and T. Nadeau,
              "Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Traffic Engineering
              (TE) Management Information Base (MIB)", RFC 3812, June
              2004.

   [RFC3813]  Srinivasan, C., Viswanathan, A., and T. Nadeau,
              "Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label Switching
              Router (LSR) Management Information Base (MIB)", RFC 3813,
              June 2004.

   [RFC3815]  Cucchiara, J., Sjostrand, H., and J. Luciani, "Definitions
              of Managed Objects for the Multiprotocol Label Switching
              (MPLS), Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)", RFC 3815, June
              2004.

   [RFC4023]  Worster, T., Rekhter, Y., and E. Rosen, "Encapsulating
              MPLS in IP or Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC
              4023, March 2005.

   [RFC4090]  Pan, P., Swallow, G., and A. Atlas, "Fast Reroute
              Extensions to RSVP-TE for LSP Tunnels", RFC 4090, May
              2005.

   [RFC4220]  Dubuc, M., Nadeau, T., and J. Lang, "Traffic Engineering
              Link Management Information Base", RFC 4220, November
              2005.

   [RFC4364]  Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
              Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4364, February 2006.

   [RFC4379]  Kompella, K. and G. Swallow, "Detecting Multi-Protocol
              Label Switched (MPLS) Data Plane Failures", RFC 4379,
              February 2006.

   [RFC4447]  Martini, L., Rosen, E., El-Aawar, N., Smith, T., and G.
              Heron, "Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance Using the Label
              Distribution Protocol (LDP)", RFC 4447, April 2006.

   [RFC4558]  Ali, Z., Rahman, R., Prairie, D., and D. Papadimitriou,
              "Node-ID Based Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Hello:
              A Clarification Statement", RFC 4558, June 2006.

   [RFC4655]  Farrel, A., Vasseur, J., and J. Ash, "A Path Computation
              Element (PCE)-Based Architecture", RFC 4655, August 2006.

   [RFC4659]  De Clercq, J., Ooms, D., Carugi, M., and F. Le Faucheur,
              "BGP-MPLS IP Virtual Private Network (VPN) Extension for
              IPv6 VPN", RFC 4659, September 2006.

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   [RFC4664]  Andersson, L. and E. Rosen, "Framework for Layer 2 Virtual
              Private Networks (L2VPNs)", RFC 4664, September 2006.

   [RFC4761]  Kompella, K. and Y. Rekhter, "Virtual Private LAN Service
              (VPLS) Using BGP for Auto-Discovery and Signaling", RFC
              4761, January 2007.

   [RFC4762]  Lasserre, M. and V. Kompella, "Virtual Private LAN Service
              (VPLS) Using Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) Signaling",
              RFC 4762, January 2007.

   [RFC4798]  De Clercq, J., Ooms, D., Prevost, S., and F. Le Faucheur,
              "Connecting IPv6 Islands over IPv4 MPLS Using IPv6
              Provider Edge Routers (6PE)", RFC 4798, February 2007.

   [RFC4802]  Nadeau, T. and A. Farrel, "Generalized Multiprotocol Label
              Switching (GMPLS) Traffic Engineering Management
              Information Base", RFC 4802, February 2007.

   [RFC4817]  Townsley, M., Pignataro, C., Wainner, S., Seely, T., and
              J. Young, "Encapsulation of MPLS over Layer 2 Tunneling
              Protocol Version 3", RFC 4817, March 2007.

   [RFC4875]  Aggarwal, R., Papadimitriou, D., and S. Yasukawa,
              "Extensions to Resource Reservation Protocol - Traffic
              Engineering (RSVP-TE) for Point-to-Multipoint TE Label
              Switched Paths (LSPs)", RFC 4875, May 2007.

   [RFC4884]  Bonica, R., Gan, D., Tappan, D., and C. Pignataro,
              "Extended ICMP to Support Multi-Part Messages", RFC 4884,
              April 2007.

   [RFC4950]  Bonica, R., Gan, D., Tappan, D., and C. Pignataro, "ICMP
              Extensions for Multiprotocol Label Switching", RFC 4950,
              August 2007.

   [RFC4990]  Shiomoto, K., Papneja, R., and R. Rabbat, "Use of
              Addresses in Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching
              (GMPLS) Networks", RFC 4990, September 2007.

   [RFC5036]  Andersson, L., Minei, I., and B. Thomas, "LDP
              Specification", RFC 5036, October 2007.

   [RFC5082]  Gill, V., Heasley, J., Meyer, D., Savola, P., and C.
              Pignataro, "The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism
              (GTSM)", RFC 5082, October 2007.

George & Pignataro      Expires February 26, 2015              [Page 22]
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   [RFC5085]  Nadeau, T. and C. Pignataro, "Pseudowire Virtual Circuit
              Connectivity Verification (VCCV): A Control Channel for
              Pseudowires", RFC 5085, December 2007.

   [RFC5088]  Le Roux, JL., Vasseur, JP., Ikejiri, Y., and R. Zhang,
              "OSPF Protocol Extensions for Path Computation Element
              (PCE) Discovery", RFC 5088, January 2008.

   [RFC5089]  Le Roux, JL., Vasseur, JP., Ikejiri, Y., and R. Zhang,
              "IS-IS Protocol Extensions for Path Computation Element
              (PCE) Discovery", RFC 5089, January 2008.

   [RFC5286]  Atlas, A. and A. Zinin, "Basic Specification for IP Fast
              Reroute: Loop-Free Alternates", RFC 5286, September 2008.

   [RFC5305]  Li, T. and H. Smit, "IS-IS Extensions for Traffic
              Engineering", RFC 5305, October 2008.

   [RFC5329]  Ishiguro, K., Manral, V., Davey, A., and A. Lindem,
              "Traffic Engineering Extensions to OSPF Version 3", RFC
              5329, September 2008.

   [RFC5440]  Vasseur, JP. and JL. Le Roux, "Path Computation Element
              (PCE) Communication Protocol (PCEP)", RFC 5440, March
              2009.

   [RFC5512]  Mohapatra, P. and E. Rosen, "The BGP Encapsulation
              Subsequent Address Family Identifier (SAFI) and the BGP
              Tunnel Encapsulation Attribute", RFC 5512, April 2009.

   [RFC5520]  Bradford, R., Vasseur, JP., and A. Farrel, "Preserving
              Topology Confidentiality in Inter-Domain Path Computation
              Using a Path-Key-Based Mechanism", RFC 5520, April 2009.

   [RFC5521]  Oki, E., Takeda, T., and A. Farrel, "Extensions to the
              Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP) for
              Route Exclusions", RFC 5521, April 2009.

   [RFC5640]  Filsfils, C., Mohapatra, P., and C. Pignataro, "Load-
              Balancing for Mesh Softwires", RFC 5640, August 2009.

   [RFC5837]  Atlas, A., Bonica, R., Pignataro, C., Shen, N., and JR.
              Rivers, "Extending ICMP for Interface and Next-Hop
              Identification", RFC 5837, April 2010.

   [RFC5884]  Aggarwal, R., Kompella, K., Nadeau, T., and G. Swallow,
              "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) for MPLS Label
              Switched Paths (LSPs)", RFC 5884, June 2010.

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   [RFC5885]  Nadeau, T. and C. Pignataro, "Bidirectional Forwarding
              Detection (BFD) for the Pseudowire Virtual Circuit
              Connectivity Verification (VCCV)", RFC 5885, June 2010.

   [RFC5886]  Vasseur, JP., Le Roux, JL., and Y. Ikejiri, "A Set of
              Monitoring Tools for Path Computation Element (PCE)-Based
              Architecture", RFC 5886, June 2010.

   [RFC5921]  Bocci, M., Bryant, S., Frost, D., Levrau, L., and L.
              Berger, "A Framework for MPLS in Transport Networks", RFC
              5921, July 2010.

   [RFC6006]  Zhao, Q., King, D., Verhaeghe, F., Takeda, T., Ali, Z.,
              and J. Meuric, "Extensions to the Path Computation Element
              Communication Protocol (PCEP) for Point-to-Multipoint
              Traffic Engineering Label Switched Paths", RFC 6006,
              September 2010.

   [RFC6073]  Martini, L., Metz, C., Nadeau, T., Bocci, M., and M.
              Aissaoui, "Segmented Pseudowire", RFC 6073, January 2011.

   [RFC6074]  Rosen, E., Davie, B., Radoaca, V., and W. Luo,
              "Provisioning, Auto-Discovery, and Signaling in Layer 2
              Virtual Private Networks (L2VPNs)", RFC 6074, January
              2011.

   [RFC6119]  Harrison, J., Berger, J., and M. Bartlett, "IPv6 Traffic
              Engineering in IS-IS", RFC 6119, February 2011.

   [RFC6370]  Bocci, M., Swallow, G., and E. Gray, "MPLS Transport
              Profile (MPLS-TP) Identifiers", RFC 6370, September 2011.

   [RFC6371]  Busi, I. and D. Allan, "Operations, Administration, and
              Maintenance Framework for MPLS-Based Transport Networks",
              RFC 6371, September 2011.

   [RFC6388]  Wijnands, IJ., Minei, I., Kompella, K., and B. Thomas,
              "Label Distribution Protocol Extensions for Point-to-
              Multipoint and Multipoint-to-Multipoint Label Switched
              Paths", RFC 6388, November 2011.

   [RFC6445]  Nadeau, T., Koushik, A., and R. Cetin, "Multiprotocol
              Label Switching (MPLS) Traffic Engineering Management
              Information Base for Fast Reroute", RFC 6445, November
              2011.

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   [RFC6512]  Wijnands, IJ., Rosen, E., Napierala, M., and N. Leymann,
              "Using Multipoint LDP When the Backbone Has No Route to
              the Root", RFC 6512, February 2012.

   [RFC6513]  Rosen, E. and R. Aggarwal, "Multicast in MPLS/BGP IP
              VPNs", RFC 6513, February 2012.

   [RFC6514]  Aggarwal, R., Rosen, E., Morin, T., and Y. Rekhter, "BGP
              Encodings and Procedures for Multicast in MPLS/BGP IP
              VPNs", RFC 6514, February 2012.

   [RFC6540]  George, W., Donley, C., Liljenstolpe, C., and L. Howard,
              "IPv6 Support Required for All IP-Capable Nodes", BCP 177,
              RFC 6540, April 2012.

   [RFC6624]  Kompella, K., Kothari, B., and R. Cherukuri, "Layer 2
              Virtual Private Networks Using BGP for Auto-Discovery and
              Signaling", RFC 6624, May 2012.

   [RFC6720]  Pignataro, C. and R. Asati, "The Generalized TTL Security
              Mechanism (GTSM) for the Label Distribution Protocol
              (LDP)", RFC 6720, August 2012.

   [RFC6829]  Chen, M., Pan, P., Pignataro, C., and R. Asati, "Label
              Switched Path (LSP) Ping for Pseudowire Forwarding
              Equivalence Classes (FECs) Advertised over IPv6", RFC
              6829, January 2013.

   [RFC7117]  Aggarwal, R., Kamite, Y., Fang, L., Rekhter, Y., and C.
              Kodeboniya, "Multicast in Virtual Private LAN Service
              (VPLS)", RFC 7117, February 2014.

Authors' Addresses

   Wesley George (editor)
   Time Warner Cable
   13820 Sunrise Valley Drive
   Herndon, VA  20111
   US

   Phone: +1-703-561-2540
   Email: wesley.george@twcable.com

George & Pignataro      Expires February 26, 2015              [Page 25]
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   Carlos Pignataro (editor)
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   7200-12 Kit Creek Road
   Research Triangle Park, NC  27709
   US

   Phone: +1-919-392-7428
   Email: cpignata@cisco.com

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