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SDP Media Capabilities Negotiation
draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-media-capabilities-13

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 6871.
Authors Robert Gilman , Roni Even , Flemming Andreasen
Last updated 2012-03-12
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Document shepherd Miguel Angel García
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draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-media-capabilities-13
MMUSIC                                                         R. Gilman
Internet-Draft                                               Independent
Intended status: Standards Track                                 R. Even
Expires: September 13, 2012                             Gesher Erove Ltd
                                                            F. Andreasen
                                                           Cisco Systems
                                                          March 12, 2012

                   SDP Media Capabilities Negotiation
              draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-media-capabilities-13

Abstract

   Session Description Protocol (SDP) capability negotiation provides a
   general framework for indicating and negotiating capabilities in SDP.
   The base framework defines only capabilities for negotiating
   transport protocols and attributes.  In this document, we extend the
   framework by defining media capabilities that can be used to
   negotiate media types and their associated parameters.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 13, 2012.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect

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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

   This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
   Contributions published or made publicly available before November
   10, 2008.  The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
   material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
   modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
   Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
   the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
   outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
   not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
   it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
   than English.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  SDP Media Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.1.  Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.2.  Solution Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.3.  New Capability Attributes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       3.3.1.  The Media Format Capability Attributes . . . . . . . . 13
       3.3.2.  The Media Format Parameter Capability Attribute  . . . 15
       3.3.3.  The Media-Specific Capability Attribute  . . . . . . . 18
       3.3.4.  New Configuration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
       3.3.5.  The Latent Configuration Attribute . . . . . . . . . . 21
       3.3.6.  Enhanced Potential Configuration Attribute . . . . . . 24
       3.3.7.  Substitution of Media Payload Type Numbers in
               Capability Attribute Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . 27
       3.3.8.  The Session Capability Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     3.4.  Offer/Answer Model Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       3.4.1.  Generating the Initial Offer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
       3.4.2.  Generating the Answer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
       3.4.3.  Offerer Processing of the Answer . . . . . . . . . . . 40
       3.4.4.  Modifying the Session  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
   4.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
     4.1.  Alternative Codecs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
     4.2.  Alternative Combinations of Codecs (Session
           Configurations)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
     4.3.  Latent Media Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
   5.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     5.1.  New SDP Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     5.2.  New SDP Option Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
     5.3.  New SDP Capability Negotiation Parameters  . . . . . . . . 49
   6.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
   7.  Changes from previous versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
     7.1.  Changes from version 12  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
     7.2.  Changes from version 11  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
     7.3.  Changes from version 10  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
     7.4.  Changes from version 09  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     7.5.  Changes from version 08  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     7.6.  Changes from version 04  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     7.7.  Changes from version 03  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
     7.8.  Changes from version 02  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
     7.9.  Changes from version 01  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
     7.10. Changes from version 00  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
   8.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
   9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
     9.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
     9.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

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1.  Introduction

   Session Description Protocol (SDP) capability negotiation [RFC5939]
   provides a general framework for indicating and negotiating
   capabilities in SDP[RFC4566].  The base framework defines only
   capabilities for negotiating transport protocols and attributes.

   The [RFC5939] document lists some of the issues with the current SDP
   capability negotiation process.  An additional real life case is to
   be able to offer one media stream (e.g. audio) but list the
   capability to support another media stream (e.g. video) without
   actually offering it concurrently.

   In this document, we extend the framework by defining media
   capabilities that can be used to indicate and negotiate media types
   and their associated format parameters.  This document also adds the
   ability to declare support for media streams, the use of which can be
   offered and negotiated later, and the ability to specify session
   configurations as combinations of media stream configurations.  The
   definitions of new attributes for media capability negotiation are
   chosen to make the translation from these attributes to
   "conventional" SDP [RFC4566] media attributes as straightforward as
   possible in order to simplify implementation.  This goal is intended
   to reduce processing in two ways: each proposed configuration in an
   offer may be easily translated into a conventional SDP media stream
   record for processing by the receiver; and the construction of an
   answer based on a selected proposed configuration is straightforward.

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2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [RFC2119] and
   indicate requirement levels for compliant RTP implementations.

   "Base Attributes": Conventional SDP attributes appearing in the base
   configuration of a media block.

   "Base Configuration": The media configuration represented by a media
   block exclusive of all the capability negotiation attributes defined
   in this document, the base capability negotiation document[RFC5939],
   or any other capability negotiation document.  In an offer SDP, the
   base configuration corresponds to the actual configuration as defined
   in [RFC5939].

   "Conventional Attribute": Any SDP attribute other than those defined
   by the series of capability negotiation specifications.

   "Conventional SDP": An SDP record devoid of capability negotiation
   attributes.

   "Media Capability": A media encoding, typically a media subtype such
   as PCMU, H263-1998, or T38.

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3.   SDP Media Capabilities

   The SDP capability negotiation [RFC5939] discusses the use of any SDP
   [RFC4566] attribute (a=) under the attribute capability "acap".  The
   limitations of using acap for fmtp and rtpmap in a potential
   configuration are described in [RFC5939]; for example they can be
   used only at the media level since they are media level attributes.
   The [RFC5939] does not provide a way to exchange media-level
   capabilities prior to the actual offer of the associated media
   stream.  This section provides an overview of extensions providing an
   SDP Media Capability negotiation solution offering more robust
   capabilities negotiation.  This is followed by definitions of new SDP
   attributes for the solution and its associated updated offer/answer
   procedures [RFC3264]

3.1.  Requirements

   The capability negotiation extensions requirements considered herein
   are as follows.

   REQ-01:   Support the specification of alternative (combinations of)
      media formats (codecs) in a single media block.

   REQ-02:   Support the specification of alternative media format
      parameters for each media format.

   REQ-03:   Retain backward compatibility with conventional SDP.
      Ensure that each and every offered configuration can be easily
      translated into a corresponding SDP media block expressed with
      conventional SDP lines.

   REQ-04:   Ensure the scheme operates within the offer/answer model in
      such a way that media formats and parameters can be agreed upon
      with a single exchange.

   REQ-05:   Provide the ability to express offers in such a way that
      the offerer can receive media as soon as the offer is sent.  (Note
      that the offerer may not be able to render received media prior to
      exchange of keying material.)

   REQ-06:   Provide the ability to offer latent media configurations
      for future negotiation.

   REQ-07:   Provide reasonable efficiency in the expression of
      alternative media formats and/or format parameters, especially in
      those cases in which many combinations of options are offered.

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   REQ-08:   Retain the extensibility of the base capability negotiation
      mechanism.

   REQ-09:   Provide the ability to specify acceptable combinations of
      media streams and media formats.  For example, offer a PCMU audio
      stream with an H264 video stream, or a G729 audio stream with an
      H263 video stream.  This ability would give the offerer a means to
      limit processing requirements for simultaneous streams.  This
      would also permit an offer to include the choice of an audio/T38
      stream or an image/T38 stream, but not both.

   Other possible extensions have been discussed, but have not been
   treated in this document.  They may be considered in the future.
   Three such extensions are:

   FUT-01:   Provide the ability to mix, or change, media types within a
      single media block.  Conventional SDP does not support this
      capability explicitly; the usual technique is to define a media
      subtype that represents the actual format within the nominal media
      type.  For example, T.38 FAX as an alternative to audio/PCMU
      within an audio stream is identified as audio/T38; a separate FAX
      stream would use image/T38.

   FUT-02:   Provide the ability to support multiple transport protocols
      within an active media stream without reconfiguration.  This is
      not explicitly supported by conventional SDP.

   FUT-03:   Provide capability negotiation attributes for all media-
      level SDP line types in the same manner as already done for the
      attribute type, with the exception of the media line type itself.
      The media line type is handled in a special way to permit compact
      expression of media coding/format options.  The line types are
      bandwidth ("b="), information ("i="), connection data ("c="), and,
      possibly, the deprecated encryption key ("k=").

3.2.  Solution Overview

   The solution consists of new capability attributes corresponding to
   conventional SDP line types, new parameters for the pcfg, acfg, and
   the new lcfg attributes extending the base attributes from [RFC5939],
   and a use of the pcfg attribute to return capability information in
   the SDP answer.

   Several new attributes are defined in a manner that can be related to
   the capabilities specified in a media line, and its corresponding
   rtpmap and fmtp attributes.

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   o  A new media attribute ("a=rmcap") defines RTP-based media
      capabilities in the form of a media subtype (e.g.  "PCMU"), and
      its encoding parameters (e.g. "/8000/2").  Each resulting media
      format type/subtype capability has an associated handle called a
      media capability number.  The encoding parameters are as specified
      for the rtpmap attribute defined in [RFC4566], without the payload
      type number part.

   o  A new media attribute ("a=omcap") defines other (non RTP-based)
      media capabilities in the form of a media subtype only (e.g.
      "T38").  Each resulting media format type/subtype capability has
      an associated handle called a media capability number.

   o  A new attribute ("a=mfcap") specifies media format parameters
      associated with one or more media capabilities.  The mfcap
      attribute is used primarily to associate the formatting
      capabilities normally carried in the fmtp attribute.  Note that
      media format parameters can be used with RTP and non-RTP based
      media formats.

   o  A new attribute ("a=mscap") that specifies media parameters
      associated with one or more media capabilities.  The mscap
      attribute is used to associate capabilities with attributes other
      than fmtp or rtpmap, for example, the rtcp-fb attribute defined in
      [RFC4585].

   o  A new attribute ("a=lcfg") specifies latent media stream
      configurations when no corresponding media line ("m=") is offered.
      An example is the offer of latent configurations for video even
      though no video is currently offered.  If the peer indicates
      support for one or more offered latent configurations, the
      corresponding media stream(s) may be added via a new offer/answer
      exchange.

   o  A new attribute ("a=sescap") is used to specify an acceptable
      combination of simultaneous media streams and their configurations
      as a list of potential and/or latent configurations.

   New parameters are defined for the potential configuration (pcfg),
   latent configuration (lcfg), and accepted configuration (acfg)
   attributes to associate the new attributes with particular
   configurations.

   o  A new parameter type ("m=") is added to the potential
      configuration ("a=pcfg:") attribute and the actual configuration
      ("a=acfg:") attribute defined in [RFC5939], and to the new latent
      configuration ("a=lcfg:") attribute.  This permits specification
      of media capabilities (including their associated parameters) and

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      combinations thereof for the configuration.  For example, the
      "a=pcfg:" line might specify PCMU and telephone events [RFC4733]
      or G.729B and telephone events as acceptable configurations.  The
      "a=acfg:" line in the answer would specify the configuration
      chosen.

   o  A new parameter type ("pt=") is added to the potential
      configuration, actual configuration, and latent configuration
      attributes.  This parameter associates RTP payload type numbers
      with the referenced RTP-based media capabilities, and is
      appropriate only when the transport protocol uses RTP.

   o  A new parameter type ("mt=") is used to specify the media type for
      latent configurations.

   Special processing rules are defined for capability attribute
   arguments in order to reduce the need to replicate essentially-
   identical attribute lines for the base configuration and potential
   configurations.

   o  A substitution rule is defined for any capability attribute to
      permit the replacement of the (escaped) media capability number
      with the media format identifier (e.g., the payload type number in
      audio/video profiles).

   o  Replacement rules are defined for the conventional SDP equivalents
      of the mfcap and mscap capability attributes.  This reduces the
      necessity to use the deletion qualifier in the a=pcfg parameter in
      order to ignore rtpmap, fmtp, and certain other attributes in the
      base configuration.

   o  An argument concatenation rule is defined for mfcap attributes
      which refer to the same media capability number.  This makes it
      convenient to combine format options concisely by associating
      multiple mfcap lines with multiple media capabilities.

   This document extends the base protocol extensions to the offer/
   answer model that allow for capabilities and potential configurations
   to be included in an offer.  Media capabilities constitute
   capabilities that can be used in potential and latent configurations.
   Whereas potential configurations constitute alternative offers that
   may be accepted by the answerer instead of the actual
   configuration(s) included in the "m=" line(s) and associated
   parameters, latent configurations merely inform the other side of
   possible configurations supported by the entity.  Those latent
   configurations may be used to guide subsequent offer/answer
   exchanges, but they are not part of the current offer/answer
   exchange.

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   The mechanism is illustrated by the offer/answer exchange below,
   where Alice sends an offer to Bob:

                   Alice                            Bob
                  | (1) Offer (SRTP and RTP)         |
                  |--------------------------------->|
                  |                                  |
                  | (2) Answer (RTP)                 |
                  |<---------------------------------|
                  |                                  |

   Alice's offer includes RTP and SRTP as alternatives.  RTP is the
   default, but SRTP is the preferred one (long lines are folded to fit
   the margins):

             v=0
             o=- 25678 753849 IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             s=
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             t=0 0
             a=creq:med-v0
             m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 18
             a=tcap:1 RTP/SAVP RTP/AVP
             a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000/1
             a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000/1
             a=fmtp:18 annexb=yes
             a=rmcap:1,4 g729/8000/1
             a=rmcap:2 PCMU/8000/1
             a=rmcap:5 telephone-event/8000
             a=mfcap:1 annexb=no
             a=mfcap:4 annexb=yes
             a=mfcap:5 0-11
             a=acap:1 crypto:1 AES_CM_128_HMAC_SHA1_32 \
             inline:NzB4d1BINUAvLEw6UzF3WSJ+PSdFcGdUJShpX1Zj|2^20|1:32
             a=pcfg:1 m=4,5|1,5 t=1 a=1 pt=1:100,4:101,5:102
             a=pcfg:2 m=2 t=1 a=1 pt=2:103
             a=pcfg:3 m=4 t=2 pt=4:18

   The required base and extensions are provided by the "a=creq"
   attribute defined in [RFC5939], with the option tag "med-v0", which
   indicates that the extension framework defined here, must be
   supported.  The Base level support is implied since it is required
   for the extensions.

   The "m=" line indicates that Alice is offering to use plain RTP with
   PCMU or G.729B. The media line implicitly defines the default
   transport protocol (RTP/AVP in this case) and the default actual

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   configuration.

   The "a=tcap:1" line, specified in the base protocol, defines
   transport protocol capabilities, in this case Secure RTP (SAVP
   profile) as the first option and RTP (AVP profile) as the second
   option.

   The "a=rmcap:1,4" line defines two G.729 RTP-based media format
   capabilities, numbered 1 and 4, and their encoding rate.  The
   capabilities are of media type "audio" and subtype G729.  Note that
   the media subtype is explicitly specified here, rather than RTP
   payload type numbers.  This permits the assignment of payload type
   numbers in the media stream configuration specification.  In this
   example, two G.729 subtype capabilities are defined.  This permits
   the declaration of two sets of formatting parameters for G.729.

   The "a=rmcap:2" line defines a G.711 mu-law capability, numbered 2.

   The "a=rmcap:5" line defines an audio telephone-event capability,
   numbered 5.

   The "a=mfcap:1" line specifies the fmtp formatting parameters for
   capability 1 (offerer will not accept G.729 Annex B packets).

   The "a=mfcap:4" line specifies the fmtp formatting parameters for
   capability 4 (offerer will accept G.729 Annex B packets).

   The "a=mfcap:5" line specifies the fmtp formatting parameters for
   capability 5 (the DTMF touchtones 0-9,*,#).

   The "a=acap:1" line specified in the base protocol provides the
   "crypto" attribute which provides the keying material for SRTP using
   SDP security descriptions.

   The "a=pcfg:" attributes provide the potential configurations
   included in the offer by reference to the media capabilities,
   transport capabilities, attribute capabilities and specified payload
   type number mappings.  Three explicit alternatives are provided; the
   lowest-numbered one is the preferred one.  The "a=pcfg:1 ..." line
   specifies media capabilities 4 and 5, i.e., G.729B and DTMF, or media
   capability 1 and 5, i.e., G.729 and DTMF.  Furthermore, it specifies
   transport protocol capability 1 (i.e. the RTP/SAVP profile - secure
   RTP), and the attribute capability 1, i.e. the crypto attribute
   provided.  Lastly, it specifies a payload type number mapping for
   (RTP-based) media capabilities 1, 4, and 5, thereby permitting the
   offerer to distinguish between encrypted media and unencrypted media
   received prior to receipt of the answer.

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   Use of unique payload type numbers in alternative configurations is
   not required; codecs such as AMR-WB [RFC4867] have the potential for
   so many combinations of options that it may be impractical to define
   unique payload type numbers for all supported combinations.  If
   unique payload type numbers cannot be specified, then the offerer
   will be obliged to wait for the SDP answer before rendering received
   media.  For SRTP using SDES inline keying [RFC4568], the offerer will
   still need to receive the answer before being able to decrypt the
   stream.

   The second alternative ("a=pcfg:2 ...") specifies media capability 2,
   i.e., PCMU, under the RTP/SAVP profile, with the same SRTP key
   material.

   The third alternative ("a=pcfg:3 ...") offers G.729B unsecured; its
   only purpose in this example is to show a preference for G.729B over
   PCMU.

   The media line, with any qualifying attributes such as fmtp or
   rtpmap, is itself considered a valid configuration; it is assumed to
   be the lowest preference.

   Bob receives the SDP offer from Alice.  Bob supports G.729B, PCMU,
   and telephone events over RTP, but not SRTP, hence he accepts the
   potential configuration 3 for RTP provided by Alice.  Bob generates
   the following answer:

             v=0
             o=- 24351 621814 IN IP4 192.0.2.2
             s=
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.2
             t=0 0
             a=csup:med-v0
             m=audio 4567 RTP/AVP 18
             a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000
             a=fmtp:18 annexb=yes
             a=acfg:3 m=4 t=2 pt=4:18

   Bob includes the "a=csup" and "a=acfg" attributes in the answer to
   inform Alice that he can support the med-v0 level of capability
   negotiations.  Note that in this particular example, the answerer
   supported the capability extensions defined here, however had he not,
   he would simply have processed the offer based on the offered PCMU
   and G.729 codecs under the RTP/AVP profile only.  Consequently, the
   answer would have omitted the "a=csup" attribute line and chosen one
   or both of the PCMU and G.729 codecs instead.  The answer carries the
   accepted configuration in the "m=" line along with corresponding
   rtpmap and/or fmtp parameters, as appropriate.

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   Note that per the base protocol, after the above, Alice MAY generate
   a new offer with an actual configuration ("m=" line, etc.)
   corresponding to the actual configuration referenced in Bob's answer
   (not shown here).

3.3.  New Capability Attributes

   In this section, we present the new attributes associated with
   indicating the media capabilities for use by the SDP Capability
   negotiation.  The approach taken is to keep things similar to the
   existing media capabilities defined by the existing media
   descriptions ("m=" lines) and the associated "rtpmap" and "fmtp"
   attributes.  We use media subtypes and "media capability numbers" to
   link the relevant media capability parameters.  This permits the
   capabilities to be defined at the session level and be used for
   multiple streams, if desired.  For RTP-based media formats, payload
   types are then specified at the media level (see Section 3.3.4.2).

   A media capability merely indicates possible support for the media
   type and media format(s) in question.  In order to actually use a
   media capability in an offer/answer exchange, it MUST be referenced
   in a potential configuration.

   Media capabilities can be provided at the session-level and/or the
   media-level.  Media capabilities provided at the session level may be
   referenced in any pcfg or lcfg attribute at the media level
   (consistent with the media type), whereas media capabilities provided
   at the media level may be referenced only by the pcfg or lcfg
   attribute within that media stream only.  In either case, the scope
   of the <med-cap-num> is the entire session description.  This enables
   each media capability to be uniquely referenced across the entire
   session description (e.g. in a potential configuration).

3.3.1.  The Media Format Capability Attributes

   Media subtypes can be expressed as media format capabilities by use
   of the "a=rmcap" and "a=omcap" attributes.  The "a=rmcap" attribute
   MUST be used for RTP-based media whereas the "a=omcap" attribute MUST
   be used for non-RTP-based (other) media formats.  The two attributes
   are defined as follows:

   a=rmcap:<media-cap-num-list> <encoding-name>/<clock-rate>
                                [/<encoding-parms>]

   a=omcap:<media-cap-num-list> <format-name>

   where <media-cap-num-list> is a (list of) media capability number(s)
   used to number a media format capability, the <encoding name> or

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   <format name> is the media subtype, e.g., H263-1998, PCMU, or T38,
   <clock rate> is the encoding rate, and <encoding parms> are the media
   encoding parameters for the media subtype.  All media format
   capabilities in the list are assigned to the same media type/subtype.
   Each occurrence of the rmcap and omcap attribute MUST use unique
   values in their <media-cap-num-list>; the media capability numbers
   are shared between the two attributes and the numbers MUST be unique
   across the entire SDP session.  In short, the rmcap and omcap
   attributes define media capabilities and associate them with a media
   capability number in the same manner as the rtpmap attribute defines
   them and associates them with a payload type number.  Additionally,
   the attributes allow multiple capability numbers to be defined for
   the media format in question.  This permits the media format to be
   associated with different media parameters in different
   configurations.

   In ABNF, we have:

    media-capability-line = rtp-mcap / non-rtp-mcap

    rtp-mcap           = "a=rmcap:" media-cap-num-list
                            1*WSP encoding-name "/" clock-rate
                            ["/" encoding-parms]
    non-rtp-mcap       = "a=omcap:" media-cap-num-list 1*WSP format-name
    media-cap-num-list = media-cap-num-element
                         *["," media-cap-num-element]
    media-cap-num-element = media-cap-num
                                 / media-cap-num-range
    media-cap-num-range = media-cap-num "-" media-cap-num
    media-cap-num      = 1*10(DIGIT)
    encoding-name      = token ; defined in RFC4566
    clock-rate         = 1*10(DIGIT)
    encoding-parms     = token
    format-name        = token ;defined in RFC4566

   The encoding-name, clock-rate and encoding-params are as defined to
   appear in an rtpmap attribute for each media type/subtype.  Thus, it
   is easy to convert an rmcap attribute line into one or more rtpmap
   attribute lines, once a payload type number is assigned to a media-
   cap-num (see Section 3.3.5).

   The format-name is a media format description for non-RTP based media
   as defined for the <fmt> part of the media description ("m=" line) in
   [RFC4566].  In simple terms, it is the name of the media format, e.g.
   "t38".  This form can also be used in cases such as BFCP [RFC4585]
   where the fmt list in the m-line is effectively ignored (BFCP uses
   "*").

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   The "rmcap" and "omcap" attributes can be provided at the session-
   level and/or the media-level.  There can be more than one rmcap plus
   one omcap attribute at the session or media level (i.e more than one
   of each at the session-level and more than one of each in each media
   description).  Each media-cap-num MUST be unique within the entire
   SDP record; it is used to identify that media capability in
   potential, latent and actual configurations, and in other attribute
   lines as explained below.  Note that the media-cap-num values are
   shared between the rmcap and omcap attributes, and hence the
   uniqueness requirement applies to the union of them.  When the media
   capabilities are used in a potential, latent or actual configuration,
   the media formats referred by those configurations apply at the media
   level, irrespective of whether the media capabilities themselves were
   specified at the session or media level.  In other words, the media
   capability applies to the specific media description associated with
   the configuration which invokes it.

   For example:

        v=0
        o=- 24351 621814 IN IP4 192.0.2.2
        s=
        c=IN IP4 192.0.2.2
        t=0 0
        a=rmcap:1 L16/8000/1
        a=rmcap:2 L16/16000/2
        a=rmcap:3,4 H263-1998/90000
        m=audio 54320 RTP/AVP 0
        a=pcfg:1 m=1|2, pt=1:99,2:98
        m=video 66544 RTP/AVP 100
        a=rtpmap:100 H264/90000
        a=pcfg:10 m=3 pt=3:101

3.3.2.  The Media Format Parameter Capability Attribute

   This attribute is used to associate media format specific format
   parameters with one or more media capabilities.  The form of the
   attribute is:

        a=mfcap:<media-caps> <list of parameters>

   where <media-caps> permits the list of parameters to be associated
   with one or more media capabilities and the format parameters are
   specific to the type of media format.  The mfcap lines map to a
   single traditional SDP fmtp attribute line (one for each entry in
   <media-caps>) of the form

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        a=fmtp:<fmt> <list of parameters>

   where <fmt> is the media format description defined in RFC 4566
   [RFC4566], as appropriate for the particular media stream.  The mfcap
   attribute MUST be used to encode attributes for media capabilities,
   which would conventionally appear in an fmtp attribute.  The existing
   acap attribute MUST NOT be used to encode fmtp attributes.

   The mfcap attribute adheres to [RFC4566] attribute production rules
   with

      media-format-capability = "a=mfcap:" media-cap-num-list 1*WSP
                                           fmt-specific-param-list
      fmt-specific-param-list = text ; defined in RFC4566

   Note that media format parameters can be used with RTP-based and non-
   RTP based media formats.

3.3.2.1.  Media Format Parameter Concatenation Rule

   The appearance of media subtypes with a large number of formatting
   options (e.g., AMR-WB [RFC4867]) coupled with the restriction that
   only a single fmtp attribute can appear per media format, suggests
   that it is useful to create a combining rule for mfcap parameters
   which are associated with the same media capability number.
   Therefore, different mfcap lines MAY include the same media-cap-num
   in their media-cap-num-list.  When a particular media capability is
   selected for processing, the parameters from each mfcap line which
   references the particular capability number in its media-cap-num-list
   are concatenated together via ";", in the order the mfcap attributes
   appear in the SDP record, to form the equivalent of a single fmtp
   attribute line.  This permits one to define a separate mfcap line for
   a single parameter and value that is to be applied to each media
   capability designated in the media-cap-num-list.  This provides a
   compact method to specify multiple combinations of format parameters
   when using codecs with multiple format options.  Note that order-
   dependent parameters SHOULD be placed in a single mfcap line to avoid
   possible problems with line rearrangement by a middlebox.

   Format parameters are not parsed by SDP; their content is specific to
   the media type/subtype.  When format parameters for a specific media
   capability are combined from multiple a=mfcap lines which reference
   that media capability, the format-specific parameters are
   concatenated together and separated by ";" for construction of the
   corresponding format attribute (a=fmtp).  The resulting format
   attribute will look something like the following (without line
   breaks):

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        a=fmtp:<fmt> <fmt-specific-param-list1>;
                     <fmt-specific-param-list2>;
                     ...

   where <fmt> depends on the transport protocol in the manner defined
   in RFC4566.  SDP cannot assess the legality of the resulting
   parameter list in the "a=fmtp" line; the user must take care to
   ensure that legal parameter lists are generated.

   The "mfcap" attribute can be provided at the session-level and the
   media-level.  There can be more than one mfcap attribute at the
   session or media level.  The unique media-cap-num is used to
   associate the parameters with a media capability.

   As a simple example, a G.729 capability is, by default, considered to
   support comfort noise as defined by Annex B.  Capabilities for G.729
   with and without comfort noise support may thus be defined by:

        a=rmcap:1,2 audio G729/8000
        a=mfcap:2 annexb:no

   Media format capability 1 supports G.729 with Annex B, whereas media
   format capability 2 supports G.729 without Annex B.

   Example for H.263 video:

        a=rmcap:1 video H263-1998/90000
        a=rmcap:2 video H263-2000/90000
        a=mfcap:1 CIF=4;QCIF=2;F=1;K=1
        a=mfcap:2 profile=2;level=2.2

   Finally, for six format combinations of the Adaptive MultiRate codec:

        a=rmcap:1-3 AMR/8000/1
        a=rmcap:4-6 AMR-WB/16000/1
        a=mfcap:1,2,3,4 mode-change-capability=1
        a=mfcap:5,6 mode-change-capability=2
        a=mfcap:1,2,3,5 max-red=220
        a=mfcap:3,4,5,6 octet-align=1
        a=mfcap:1,3,5 mode-set=0,2,4,7
        a=mfcap:2,4,6 mode-set=0,3,5,6

   So that AMR codec #1, when specified in a pcfg attribute within an
   audio stream block (and assigned payload type number 98) as in

        a=pcfg:1 m=1 pt=1:98

   is essentially equivalent to the following

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             m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 98
             a=rtpmap:98 AMR/8000/1
             a=fmtp:98 mode-change-capability=1; \
             max-red=220; mode-set=0,2,4,7

   and AMR codec #4 with payload type number 99,depicted by the
   potential configuration:

             a=pcfg:4 m=4, pt=4:99

   is equivalent to the following:

             m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 99
             a=rtpmap:99 AMR-WB/16000/1
             a=fmtp:99 mode-change-capability=1; octet-align=1; \
             mode-set=0,3,5,6

   and so on for the other four combinations.  SDP could thus convert
   the media capabilities specifications into one or more alternative
   media stream specifications, one of which can be chosen for the
   answer.

3.3.3.  The Media-Specific Capability Attribute

   Media-specific attributes, beyond the rtpmap and fmtp attributes, may
   be associated with media capability numbers via a new media-specific
   attribute, mscap, of the following form:

         a=mscap:<media caps star> <att field> <att value>

   where <media caps star> is a (list of) media capability number(s),
   <att field> is the attribute name, and <att value> is the value field
   for the named attribute.  Note that the media capability numbers
   refer to media capabilities specified elsewhere in the SDP ("rmcap"
   and/or "omcap").  The media capability numbers may include a wildcard
   ("*"), which will be used instead of any payload type mappings.  In
   ABNF, we have:

          media-specific-capability = "a=mscap:"
                                       media-caps-star
                                       1*WSP att-field ; from RFC4566
                                       1*WSP att-value ; from RFC4566
          media-caps-star           =  media-cap-star-element
                                         *["," media-cap-star-element]
          media-cap-star-element    = media-cap-num [wildcard]
                                      / media-cap-num-range [wildcard]
          wildcard                  = "*"

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   Given an association between a media capability and a payload type
   number as specified by the pt= parameters in an lcfg or pcfg
   attribute line, a mscap line may be translated easily into a
   conventional SDP attribute line of the form

        a=<att field>":"<fmt> <att value> ; <fmt> defined in [RFC4566]

   A resulting attribute that is not a legal SDP attribute as specified
   by RFC4566 MUST be ignored by the receiver.

   If a media capability number (or range) contains a wildcard character
   at the end, any payload type mapping specified for that media
   specific capability (or range of capabilities) will use the wildcard
   character in the resulting SDP instead of the payload type specified
   in the payload type mapping ("pt" parameter) in the configuration
   attribute.

   A single mscap line may refer to multiple media capabilities; this is
   equivalent to multiple mscap lines, each with the same attribute
   values (but different media capability numbers), one line per media
   capability.

   Multiple mscap lines may refer to the same media capability, but,
   unlike the mfcap attribute, no concatenation operation is defined.
   Hence, multiple mscap lines applied to the same media capability is
   equivalent to multiple lines of the specified attribute in a
   conventional media record.

   Here is an example with the rtcp-fb attribute, modified from an
   example in [RFC5104] (with the session-level and audio media
   omitted).  If the offer contains a media block like the following
   (note the wildcard character),

             m=video 51372 RTP/AVP 98
             a=rtpmap:98 H263-1998/90000
             a=tcap:1 RTP/AVPF
             a=rmcap:1 H263-1998/90000
             a=mscap:1 rtcp-fb ccm tstr
             a=mscap:1 rtcp-fb ccm fir
             a=mscap:1* rtcp-fb ccm tmmbr smaxpr=120
             a=pcfg:1 t=1 m=1 pt=1:98

   and if the proposed configuration is chosen, then the equivalent
   media block would look like

             m=video 51372 RTP/AVPF 98
             a=rtpmap:98 H263-1998/90000
             a=rtcp-fb:98 ccm tstr

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             a=rtcp-fb:98 ccm fir
             a=rtcp-fb:* ccm tmmbr smaxpr=120

3.3.4.  New Configuration Parameters

   Along with the new attributes for media capabilities, new extension
   parameters are defined for use in the potential configuration, the
   actual configuration, and/or the new latent configuration defined in
   Section 3.3.5.

3.3.4.1.  The Media Configuration Parameter (m=)

   The media configuration parameter is used to specify the media
   encoding(s) and related parameters for a potential, actual, or latent
   configuration.  Adhering to the ABNF for extension-config-list in
   [RFC5939] with

             ext-cap-name = "m"
             ext-cap-list = media-cap-num-list
                            [*(BAR media-cap-num-list)]

   we have

              media-config-list = ["+"]"m=" media-cap-num-list
                                  [*(BAR media-cap-num-list)]
                                    ; BAR is defined in RFC5939
              ; media-cap-num-list is defined above

   Alternative media configurations are separated by a vertical bar
   ("|").  The alternatives are ordered by preference, most-preferred
   first.  When media capabilities are not included in a potential
   configuration at the media level, the media type and media format
   from the associated "m=" line will be used.  The use of the plus sign
   ("+") is described in RFC5939.

3.3.4.2.  The Payload Type Number Mapping Parameter (pt=)

   The payload type number mapping parameter is used to specify the
   payload type number to be associated with each media type in a
   potential, actual, or latent configuration.  We define the payload
   type number mapping parameter, payload-number-config-list, in
   accordance with the extension-config-list format defined in
   [RFC5939].  In ABNF:

            payload-number-config-list = ["+"]"pt=" media-map-list
            media-map-list = media-map *["," media-map]
            media-map = media-cap-num ":" payload-type-number
                          ; media-cap-num is defined in 3.3.1

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            payload-type-number = 1*3(DIGIT) ; RTP payload type number

   The example in Section 3.3.7 shows how the parameters from the rmcap
   line are mapped to payload type numbers from the pcfg "pt" parameter.
   The use of the plus sign ("+") is desribed in RFC5939.

   A latent configuration represents a future capability, hence the pt=
   parameter is not directly meaningful in the lcfg attribute because no
   actual media session is being offered or accepted; it is permitted in
   order to tie any payload type number parameters within attributes to
   the proper media format.  A primary example is the case of format
   parameters for the Redundant Audio Data (RED) payload, which are
   payload type numbers.  Specific payload type numbers used in a latent
   configuration MAY be interpreted as suggestions to be used in any
   future offer based on the latent configuration, but they are not
   binding; the offerer and/or answerer may use any payload type numbers
   each deems appropriate.  The use of explicit payload type numbers for
   latent configurations can be avoided by use of the parameter
   substitution rule of Section 3.3.7.  Future extensions are also
   permitted.

3.3.4.3.  The Media Type Parameter

   When a latent configuration is specified (always at the media level),
   indicating the ability to support an additional media stream, it is
   necessary to specify the media type (audio, video, etc.) as well as
   the format and transport type.  The media type parameter is defined
   in ABNF as

            media-type = ["+"] "mt=" media; media defined in RFC4566

   At present, the media-type parameter is used only in the latent
   configuration attribute, and the use of the "+" prefix to specify
   that the entire attribute line is to be ignored if the mt= parameter
   is not understood, is unnecessary.  However, if the media-type
   parameter is later added to an existing capability attribute such as
   pcfg, then the "+" would be useful.  The media format(s) and
   transport type(s) are specified using the media configuration
   parameter ("+m=") defined above, and the transport parameter ("t=")
   defined in [RFC5939], respectively.

3.3.5.  The Latent Configuration Attribute

   One of the goals of this work is to permit the exchange of
   supportable media configurations in addition to those offered or
   accepted for immediate use.  Such configurations are referred to as
   "latent configurations".  For example, a party may offer to establish
   a session with an audio stream, and, at the same time, announce its

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   ability to support a video stream as part of the same session.  The
   offerer can supply its video capabilities by offering one or more
   latent video configurations along with the media stream for audio;
   the responding party may indicate its ability and willingness to
   support such a video session by returning a corresponding latent
   configuration.

   Latent configurations returned in SDP answers MUST match offered
   latent configurations (or parameter subsets thereof).  Therefore, it
   is appropriate for the offering party to announce most, if not all,
   of its capabilities in the initial offer.  This choice has been made
   in order to keep the size of the answer more compact by not requiring
   acap, rmcap, tcap, etc. lines in the answer.

   Latent configurations may be announced by use of the latent
   configuration attribute, which is defined in a manner very similar to
   the potential configuration attribute.  The latent configuration
   attribute combines the properties of a media line and a potential
   configuration.  The media type (mt=) and the transport protocol(s)
   (t=) MUST be specified since the latent configuration is independent
   of any media line present.  In most cases, the media configuration
   (m=) parameter MUST be present as well (see Section 4 for examples).
   The lcfg attribute is a media level attribute.

   Each media line in an SDP description represents an offered
   simultaneous media stream, whereas each latent configuration
   represents an additional stream which may be negotiated in a future
   offer/answer exchange.  Session capability attributes may be used to
   determine whether a latent configuration may be used to form an offer
   for an additional simultaneous stream or to reconfigure an existing
   stream in a subsequent offer/answer exchange.

   The latent configuration attribute is of the form:

        a=lcfg:<config-number> <latent-cfg-list>

   which adheres to the [RFC4566] "attribute" production with att-field
   and att-value defined as:

        att-field  = "lcfg"
        att-value  = config-number 1*WSP lcfg-cfg-list
        config-number   = 1*10(DIGIT)  ; defined in RFC5234
        lcfg-cfg-list = media-type 1*WSP pot-cfg-list
                                    ; as defined in RFC5939
                                    ; and extended herein

   The media-type (mt=) parameter identifies the media type (audio,
   video, etc.) to be associated with the latent media stream, and MUST

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   be present.  The pot-cfg-list MUST contain a transport-protocol-
   config-list (t=) parameter and a media-config-list (m=) parameter.
   The pot-cfg-list MUST NOT contain more than one instance of each type
   of parameter list.  As specified in [RFC5939], the use of the "+"
   prefix with a parameter indicates that the entire configuration MUST
   be ignored if the parameter is not understood; otherwise, the
   parameter itself may be ignored.

   Media stream payload numbers are not assigned by a latent
   configuration.  Assignment will take place if and when the
   corresponding stream is actually offered via an m-line in a later
   exchange.  The payload-number-config-list is included as a parameter
   to the lcfg attribute in case it is necessary to tie payload numbers
   in attribute capabilities to specific media capabilities.

   If an lcfg attribute invokes an acap attribute that appears at the
   session level, then that attribute will be expected to appear at the
   session level of a subsequent offer when and if a corresponding media
   stream is offered.  Otherwise, acap attributes which appear at the
   media level represent media-level attributes.  Note, however, that
   rmcap, omcap, mfcap, mscap, and tcap attributes may appear at the
   session level because they always result in media-level attributes or
   m-line parameters.

   The configuration numbers for latent configurations do not imply a
   preference; the offerer will imply a preference when actually
   offering potential configurations derived from latent configurations
   negotiated earlier.  Note however that the offerer of latent
   configurations MAY specify preferences for combinations of potential
   and latent configurations by use of the sescap attribute defined in
   Section 3.3.8.  For example, if an SDP offer contains, say, an audio
   stream with pcfg:1, and two latent video configurations, lcfg:2, and
   lcfg:3, then a session with one audio stream and one video stream
   could be specified by including "a=sescap:1 1,2|3".  One audio stream
   and two video streams could be specified by including "a=sescap:2
   1,2,3" in the offer.  In order to permit combinations of latent and
   potential configurations in session capabilities, latent
   configuration numbers MUST be different from those used for potential
   configurations.  This restriction is especially important if the
   offerer does not require cmed-v0 capability and the recipient of the
   offer doesn't support it.  If the lcfg attribute is not recognized,
   the capability attributes intended to be associated with it may be
   confused with those associated with a potential configuration of some
   other media stream.

   If a cryptographic attribute, such as the SDES "a=crypto:" attribute
   [RFC4568], is referenced by a latent configuration through an acap
   attribute, any keying material required in the conventional

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   attribute, such as the SDES key/salt string, MUST be included in
   order to satisfy formatting rules for the attribute.  The actual
   value(s) of the keying material SHOULD be meaningless, and the
   receiver of the lcfg attribute MUST ignore the values.

3.3.6.  Enhanced Potential Configuration Attribute

   The present work requires new extensions (parameters) for the pcfg
   attribute defined in the base protocol [RFC5939].  The parameters and
   their definitions are "borrowed" from the definitions provided for
   the latent configuration attribute in Section 3.3.5.  The expanded
   ABNF definition of the pcfg attribute is

        a=pcfg: <config-number> [<pot-cfg-list>]

   where

        config-number = 1*DIGIT ;defined in [RFC5234]
        pot-cfg-list  = pot-config *(1*WSP pot-config)
        pot-config    =  attribute-config-list / ;def in [RFC5939]
             transport-protocol-config-list / ;defined in [RFC5939]
             extension-config-list / ;[RFC5939]
             media-config-list / ; Section 3.3.4.1
             payload-number-config-list ; Section 3.3.4.2

   Except for the extension-config-list, the pot-cfg-list MUST NOT
   contain more than one instance of each parameter list.

3.3.6.1.  Returning Capabilities in the Answer

   Potential and/or latent configuration attributes may be returned
   within an answer SDP to indicate the ability of the answerer to
   support alternative configurations of the corresponding stream(s).
   For example, an offer may include multiple potential configurations
   for a media stream and/or latent configurations for additional
   streams; the corresponding answer will indicate (via an acfg
   attribute) the configuration accepted and used to construct the base
   configuration for each active media stream in the reply, but the
   reply MAY also contain potential and/or latent configuration
   attributes, with parameters, to indicate which other offered
   configurations would be acceptable.  This information is useful if it
   becomes desirable to reconfigure a media stream, e.g., to reduce
   resource consumption.

   When potential and/or latent configurations are returned in an
   answer, all numbering MUST refer to the configuration and capability
   attribute numbering of the offer.  The offered capability attributes
   need not be returned in the answer.  The answer MAY include

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   additional capability attributes and/or configuratons (with distinct
   numbering).  The parameter values of any returned pcfg or lcfg
   attributes MUST be a subset of those included in the offered
   configurations and/or those added by the answerer; values may be
   omitted only if they were indicated as alternative sets, or optional,
   in the original offer.  The parameter set indicated in the returned
   acfg attribute need not be repeated in a returned pcfg attribute.
   The answerer may return more than one pcfg attribute with the same
   configuration number if it is necessary to describe selected
   combinations of optional or alternative parameters.

   Similarly, one or more session capability attributes (a=sescap) may
   be returned to indicate which of the offered session capabilities is/
   are supportable by the answerer (see Section 3.3.8.)

   Note that, although the answerer MAY return capabilities beyond those
   included by the offerer, these capabilities MUST NOT be used to form
   any base level media description in the answer.  For this reason, it
   is advisable for the offerer to include most, if not all, potential
   and latent configurations it can support in the initial offer, unless
   the size of the resulting SDP is a concern.  Either party MAY later
   announce additional capabilities by renegotiating the session in a
   second offer/answer exchange.

3.3.6.2.  Payload Type Number Mapping

   When media capabilities defined in rmcap attributes are used in
   potential configuration lines, the transport protocol uses RTP and it
   is necessary to assign payload type numbers.  In some cases, it is
   desirable to assign different payload type numbers to the same media
   capability when used in different potential configurations.  One
   example is when configurations for AVP and SAVP are offered: the
   offerer would like the answerer to use different payload type numbers
   for encrypted and unencrypted media so that it (the offerer) can
   decide whether or not to render early media which arrives before the
   answer is received.  This association of distinct payload type
   number(s) with different transport protocols requires a separate pcfg
   line for each protocol.  Clearly, this technique cannot be used if
   the number of potential configurations exceeds the number of possible
   payload type numbers.

3.3.6.3.  Processing of Media-Format-Related Conventional Attributes for
          Potential Configurations

   In cases in which media capabilities negotiation is employed, SDP
   records are likely to contain conventional attributes such as rtpmap,
   fmtp, and other media-format-related lines, as well as capability
   attributes such as rmcap, omcap, mfcap, and mscap which map into

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   those conventional attributes when invoked by a potential
   configuration.  In such cases, it MAY be appropriate to employ the
   delete-attributes option [RFC5939] in the attribute configuration
   list parameter in order to avoid the generation of conflicting fmtp
   attributes for a particular configuration.  Any media-specific
   attributes in the media block which refer to media formats not used
   by the potential configuration MUST be ignored.

   For example:

             v=0
             o=- 25678 753849 IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             s=
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             t=0 0
             a=creq:med-v0
             m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 18 100
             a=rtpmap:100 telephone-events
             a=fmtp:100 0-11
             a=rmcap:1 PCMU/8000
             a=rmcap:2 g729/8000
             a=rmcap:3 telephone-events/8000
             a=mfcap:3 0-15
             a=pcfg:1 m=2,3|1,3 a=-m pt=1:0,2:18,3:100
             a=pcfg:2

   In this example, PCMU is media capability 1, G729 is media capability
   2, and telephone-event is media capability 3.  The a=pcfg:1 line
   specifies that the preferred configuration is G.729 with extended
   dtmf events, second is G.711 mu-law with extended dtmf events, and
   the base media-level attributes are to be deleted.  Intermixing of
   G.729, G.711, and "commercial" dtmf events is least preferred (the
   base configuration provided by the "m=" line, which is, by default,
   the least preferred configuration).  The rtpmap and fmtp attributes
   of the base configuration are replaced by the rmcap and mfcap
   attributes when invoked by the proposed configuration.

   If the preferred configuration is selected, the SDP answer will look
   like

             v=0
             o=- 25678 753849 IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             s=
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             t=0 0
             a=csup:med-v0
             m=audio 6543 RTP/AVP 18 100
             a=rtpmap:100 telephone-events/8000

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             a=fmtp:100 0-15
             a=acfg:1 m=2,3 pt=1:0,2:18,3:100

3.3.7.  Substitution of Media Payload Type Numbers in Capability
        Attribute Parameters

   In some cases, for example, when an RFC 2198 redundancy audio subtype
   (RED) capability is defined in an mfcap attribute, the parameters to
   an attribute may contain payload type numbers.  Two options are
   available for specifying such payload type numbers.  They may be
   expressed explicitly, in which case they are bound to actual payload
   types by means of the payload type number parameter (pt=) in the
   appropriate potential or latent configuration.  For example, the
   following SDP fragment defines a potential configuration with
   redundant G.711 mu-law:

             m=audio 45678 RTP/AVP 0
             a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
             a=rmcap:1 PCMU/8000
             a=rmcap:2 RED/8000
             a=mfcap:2 0/0
             a=pcfg:1 m=2,1 pt=2:98,1:0

   The potential configuration is then equivalent to

             m=audio 45678 RTP/AVP 98 0
             a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
             a=rtpmap:98 RED/8000
             a=fmtp:98 0/0

   A more general mechanism is provided via the parameter substitution
   rule.  When an mfcap, mscap, or acap attribute is processed, its
   arguments will be scanned for a payload type number escape sequences
   of the following form (in ABNF):

             ptn-esc = "%m=" media-cap-num "%" ; defined in 3.3.1

   If the sequence is found, the sequence is replaced by the payload
   type number assigned to the media capability number, as specified by
   the pt= parameter in the selected potential configuration; only
   actual payload type numbers are supported - wildcards are excluded.
   The sequence "%%" (null digit string) is replaced by a single percent
   sign and processing continues with the next character, if any.

   For example, the above offer sequence could have been written as

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             m=audio 45678 RTP/AVP 0
             a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
             a=rmcap:1 PCMU/8000
             a=rmcap:2 RED/8000
             a=mfcap:2 %m=1%/%m=1%
             a=pcfg:1 m=2,1 pt=2:98,1:0

   and the equivalent SDP is the same as above.

3.3.8.  The Session Capability Attribute

   The session capability attribute provides a means for the offerer
   and/or the answerer to specify combinations of specific media stream
   configurations which it is willing and able to support.  Each session
   capability in an offer or answer MAY be expressed as a list of
   required potential configurations, and MAY include a list of optional
   potential and/or latent configurations.

   The choices of session capabilities may be based on processing load,
   total bandwidth, or any other criteria of importance to the
   communicating parties.  If the answerer supports media capabilities
   negotiation, and session configurations are offered, it MUST accept
   one of the offered configurations, or it MUST refuse the session.
   Therefore, if the offer includes any session capabilities, it SHOULD
   include all the session capabilities the offerer is willing to
   support.

   The session capability attribute is a session-level attribute
   described by:

           "a=sescap:" <session num> <list of configs>

   which corresponds to the standard value attribute definition with

           att-field        = "sescap"
           att-value        = session-num 1*WSP list-of-configs
                              [1*WSP optional-configs]
           session-num      = 1*10(DIGIT)  ; defined in RFC5234
           list-of-configs  = alt-config *["," alt-config]
           optional-configs = "[" list-of-configs "]"
           alt-config       = config-number *["|" config-number]
                               ; config-number defined in RFC5939

   The session-num identifies the session; a lower-number session is
   preferred over a higher-numbered session.  Each alt-config list
   specifies alternative media configurations within the session;
   preference is based on config-num as specified in [RFC5939].  Note
   that the session preference order, when present, takes precedence

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   over the individual media stream configuration preference order.

   Use of session capability attributes requires that configuration
   numbers assigned to potential and latent configurations MUST be
   unique across the entire session; [RFC5939] requires only that pcfg
   configuration numbers be unique within a media description.

   As an example, consider an endpoint that is capable of supporting an
   audio stream with either one H.264 video stream or two H.263 video
   streams with a floor control stream.  The SDP offer might look like
   the following (offering audio, two H.263 video streams and BFCP)- the
   empty lines are added for readability only (not part of valid SDP):

             v=0
             o=- 25678 753849 IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             s=
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             t=0 0
             a=creq:med-v0
             a=sescap:2 1,2,3,5
             a=sescap:1 1,4

             m=audio 54322 RTP/AVP 0
             a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
             a=pcfg:1

             m=video 22344 RTP/AVP 102
             a=rtpmap:102 H263-1998/90000
             a=fmtp:102 CIF=4;QCIF=2;F=1;K=1
             i=main video stream
             a=label:11
             a=pcfg:2
             a=rmcap:1 H264/90000
             a=mfcap:1 profile-level-id=42A01E; packetization-mode=2
             a=acap:1 label:13
             a=pcfg:4 m=1 a=1 pt=1:104

             m=video 33444 RTP/AVP 103
             a=rtpmap:103 H263-1998/90000
             a=fmtp:103 CIF=4;QCIF=2;F=1;K=1
             i=secondary video (slides)
             a=label:12
             a=pcfg:3

             m=application 33002 TCP/BFCP *
             a=setup:passive
             a=connection:new
             a=floorid:1 m-stream:11 12

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             a=floor-control:s-only
             a=confid:4321
             a=userid:1234
             a=pcfg:5

   If the answerer understands MediaCapNeg, but cannot support the
   Binary Floor Control Protocol, then it would respond with (invalid
   empty lines in SDP included again for readability):

             v=0
             o=- 25678 753849 IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             s=
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.22
             t=0 0
             a=csup:med-v0
             a=sescap:1 1,4

             m=audio 23456 RTP/AVP 0
             a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
             a=acfg:1

             m=video 41234 RTP/AVP 104
             a=rtpmap:100 H264/90000
             a=fmtp:104 profile-level-id=42A01E; packetization-mode=2
             a=acfg:4 m=1 a=1 pt=1:104

             m=video 0 RTP/AVP 103
             a=acfg:3

             m=application 0 TCP/BFCP *
             a=acfg:5

   An endpoint that doesn't support Media capabilities negotiation, but
   does support H.263 video, would respond with one or two H.263 video
   streams.  In the latter case, the answerer may issue a second offer
   to reconfigure the session to one audio and one video channel using
   H.264 or H.263.

   Session capabilities can include latent capabilities as well.  Here's
   a similar example in which the offerer wishes to initially establish
   an audio stream, and prefers to later establish two video streams
   with chair control.  If the answerer doesn't understand Media CapNeg,
   or cannot support the dual video streams or flow control, then it may
   support a single H.264 video stream.  Note that establishment of the
   most favored configuration will require two offer/answer exchanges.

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             v=0
             o=- 25678 753849 IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             s=
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             t=0 0
             a=creq:med-v0
             a=sescap:1 1,3,4,5
             a=sescap:2 1,2
             a=sescap:3 1
             a=rmcap:1 H263-1998/90000
             a=mfcap:1 CIF=4;QCIF=2;F=1;K=1
             a=tcap:1 RTP/AVP TCP/BFCP
             m=audio 54322 RTP/AVP 0
             a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
             a=label:11
             a=pcfg:1
             m=video 22344 RTP/AVP 102
             a=rtpmap:102 H264/90000
             a=fmtp:102 profile-level-id=42A01E; packetization-mode=2
             a=label:11
             a=content:main
             a=pcfg:2
             a=lcfg:3 mt=video t=1 m=1 a=31,32
             a=acap:31 label:12
             a=acap:32 content:main
             a=lcfg:4 mt=video t=1 m=1 a=41,42
             a=acap:41 label:13
             a=acap:42 content:slides
             a=lcfg:5 mt=application m=51 t=51
             a=tcap:51 TCP/BFCP
             a=rmcap:51 *
             a=acap:51 setup:passive
             a=acap:52 connection:new
             a=acap:53 floorid:1 m-stream:12 13
             a=acap:54 floor-control:s-only
             a=acap:55 confid:4321
             a=acap:56 userid:1234

   In this example, the default offer, as seen by endpoints which do not
   understand capabilities negotiation, proposes a PCMU audio stream and
   an H.264 video stream.  Note that the offered lcfg lines for the
   video streams don't carry pt= parameters because they're not needed
   (payload type numbers will be assigned in the offer/answer exchange
   that establishes the streams).  Note also that the three rmcap,
   mfcap, and tcap attributes used by lcfg:3 and lcfg:4 are included at
   the session level so they may be referenced by both latent
   configurations.  As per Section 3.3, the media attributes generated
   from the rmcap, mfcap, and tcap attributes are always media-level

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   attributes.  If the answerer supports Media CapNeg, and supports the
   most desired configuration, it would return the following SDP:

             v=0
             o=- 25678 753849 IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             s=
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.22
             t=0 0
             a=csup:med-v0
             a=sescap:1 1,3,4,5
             a=sescap:2 1,2
             a=sescap:3 1
             m=audio 23456 RTP/AVP 0
             a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
             a=acfg:1
             m=video 0 RTP/AVP 102
             a=pcfg:2
             a=lcfg:3 mt=video t=1 m=1 a=31,32
             a=lcfg:4 mt=video t=1 m=1 a=41,42
             a=lcfg:5 mt=application t=2

   This exchange supports immediate establishment of an audio stream for
   preliminary conversation.  This exchange would presumably be followed
   at the appropriate time with a "reconfiguration" offer/answer
   exchange to add the video and chair control streams.

3.4.  Offer/Answer Model Extensions

   In this section, we define extensions to the offer/answer model
   defined in RFC 3264 [RFC3264] and RFC 5939 [RFC5939] to allow for
   media capabilities and parameters, latent configurations and
   acceptable combinations of media stream configurations to be used
   with the SDP Capability Negotiation framework.  Note that the
   procedures defined in this section extend the offer/answer procedures
   defined in [RFC5939] Section 6; those procedures form a baseline set
   of capability negotiation offer/answer procedures that MUST be
   followed, subject to the extensions defined here.

   The [RFC5939] provides a relatively compact means to offer the
   equivalent of an ordered list of alternative configurations for
   offered media streams (as would be described by separate m= lines and
   associated attributes).  The attributes acap, mscap, mfcap and rmcap
   are designed to map somewhat straightforwardly into equivalent m=
   lines and conventional attributes when invoked by a pcfg, lcfg, or
   acfg attribute with appropriate parameters.  The a=pcfg: lines, along
   with the m= line itself, represent offered media configurations.  The
   a=lcfg: lines represent alternative capabilities for future use.

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3.4.1.  Generating the Initial Offer

   The Media Capabilities negotiation extensions defined in this
   document cover the following categories of features:

   o  Media Capabilities and associated parameters (rmcap, omcap, mfcap,
      and mscap attributes)

   o  Potential configurations using those media capabilities and
      associated parameters

   o  Latent media streams (lcfg attribute)

   o  Acceptable combinations of media stream configurations (sescap
      attribute).

   The high-level description of the operation is as follows:

   When an endpoint generates an initial offer and wants to use the
   functionality described in the current document, it should identify
   and define the media formats and associated parameters it can support
   via the rmcap, omcap, mfcap and mscap attributes.  The SDP media
   line(s) ("m=") should be made up with the actual configuration to be
   used if the other party does not understand capability negotiations
   (by default, this is the least preferred configuration).  Typically,
   the media line configuration will contain the minimum acceptable
   configuration from the offerer's point of view.

   Preferred configurations for each media stream are identified
   following the media line.  The present offer may also include latent
   configuration (lcfg) attributes, at the media level, describing media
   streams and/or configurations the offerer is not now offering, but
   which it is willing to support in a future offer/answer exchange.  A
   simple example might be the inclusion of a latent video configuration
   in an offer for an audio stream.

   Lastly, if the offerer wishes to impose restrictions on the
   combinations of potential configurations to be used, it will include
   session capability (sescap) attributes indicating those.

   If the offerer requires the answerer to understand the media
   capability extensions, the offerer MUST include a creq attribute
   containing the value "med-v0".  If media capability negotiation is
   required only for specific media descriptions, the "med-v0" value
   MUST be provided only in creq attributes within those media
   descriptions, as described in [RFC5939].

   Below, we provide a more detailed description of how to construct the

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   offer SDP.

3.4.1.1.  Offer with Media Capabilities

   For each RTP-based media format the offerer wants to include as a
   media capability, the offer MUST include an "rmcap" attribute for the
   media format as defined in Section 3.3.1.

   For each non RTP-based media format the offer wants to include as a
   media capability, the offer MUST include an "omcap" attribute for the
   media format as defined in Section 3.3.1.

   Since the media format capability number space is shared between the
   rmcap and omcap attributes, each media capability number provided
   (including ranges) MUST be unique in the entire SDP.

   If an "fmtp" parameter value is needed for a media format (whether
   RTP-based or not) in a media capability, then the offer MUST include
   one or more "mfcap" parameters with the relevant fmtp parameter
   values for that media format as defined in Section 3.3.2.  When
   multiple "mfcap" parameters are provided for a given media
   capability, they MUST be provided in accordance with the
   concatenation rules in Section 3.3.2.1.

   For each of the media capabilities above, the offer MAY include one
   or more "mscap" parameters with attributes needed for those specific
   media formats as defined in Section 3.3.3.  Such attributes will be
   instantiated at the media-level, and hence session-level only
   attributes MUST NOT be used in the "mscap" parameter.  The "mscap"
   parameter MUST NOT include an "rtpmap" or "fmtp" attribute (rmcap and
   mfcap are used instead).

   If the offerer wants to limit the relevance (and use of) a media
   capability or parameter to a particular media stream, the media
   capability or parameter MUST be provided within the corresponding
   media description.  Otherwise, the media capabilities and parameters
   MUST be provided at the session level.  Note however, that the
   attribute or parameter embedded in these will always be instantiated
   at the media-level.

      This is due to those parameters being effectively media-level
      parameters.  If session-level attributes are needed, the "acap"
      attribute defined in [RFC5939] can be used, however it does not
      provide for media format-specific instantiation.

   Inclusion of the above does not constitute an offer to use the
   capabilities; a potential configuration is needed for that.  If the
   offerer wants to offer one or more of the media capabilities above,

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   they MUST be included as part of a potential configuration (pcfg)
   attribute as defined in Section 3.3.4.  Each potential configuration
   MUST include a config-number that is unique in the entire SDP (note
   that this differs from [RFC5939], which only requires uniqueness
   within a media description).  Also, the config-number MUST NOT
   overlap with any config-number used by a latent configuration in the
   SDP.  As described in [RFC5939], lower config-numbers indicate a
   higher preference; the ordering still applies within a given media
   description only though.

   For a media capability to be included in a potential configuration,
   there MUST be an "m=" parameter in the pcfg attribute referencing the
   media capability number in question.  When one or more media
   capabilities are included in an offered potential configuration
   (pcfg), they completely replace the list of media formats offered in
   the actual configuration (m= line).  Any parameters included for
   those formats remain in the SDP though (e.g., rtpmap, fmtp, etc.).
   For non-RTP based media formats, the format-name (from the "omcap"
   media capability) is simply added to the "m=" line as a media format
   (e.g. t38).  For RTP-based media, payload type mappings MUST be
   provided by use of the "pt" parameter in the potential configuration
   (see Section 3.3.4.2); payload type escaping may be used in mfcap,
   mscap, and acap attributes as defined in Section 3.3.7.

   Note that the "mt" parameter MUST NOT be used with the pcfg
   attribute; the media type in a potential configuration cannot be
   changed from that of the encompassing media description.

3.4.1.2.  Offer with Latent Configuration

   If the offerer wishes to offer one or more latent configurations for
   future use, the offer MUST include a latent configuration attribute
   (lcfg) for each as defined in Section 3.3.5.

   Each lcfg attribute

   o  MUST be specified at the media level

   o  MUST include a config-number that is unique in the entire SDP
      (incl. for any potential configuration attributes).  Note that
      config-numbers in latent configurations do not indicate any
      preference order

   o  MUST include a media type ("mt")

   o  MUST reference a valid transport capability ("t")

   Each lcfg attribute MAY include additional capability references,

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   which may refer to capabilities anywhere in the session description,
   subject to any restrictions normally associated with such
   capabilities.  For example, a media-level attribute capability must
   be present at the media-level in some media description in the SDP.
   Note that this differs from the potential configuration attribute,
   which cannot validly refer to media-level capabilities in another
   media description (per [RFC5939], Section 3.5.1).

      Potential configurations constitute an actual offer and hence may
      instantiate a referenced capability.  Latent configurations are
      not actual offers and hence cannot instantiate a referenced
      capability; it is therefore safe for those to refer to
      capabilities in another media description.

3.4.1.3.  Offer with Configuration Combination Restrictions

   If the offerer wants to indicate restrictions or preferences among
   combinations of potential and/or latent configuration, a session
   capability (sescap) attribute MUST be provided at the session-level
   for each such combination as described in Section 3.3.8.  Each sescap
   attribute MUST include a session-num that is unique in the entire
   SDP; the lower the session-num the more preferred that combination
   is.  Furthermore, sescap preference order takes precedence over any
   order specified in individual pcfg attributes.

      For example, if we have pcfg-1 and pcfg-2, and sescap-1 references
      pcfg-2, whereas sescap-2 references pcfg-1, then pcfg-2 will be
      the most preferred potential configuration.  Without the sescap,
      pcfg-1 would be the most preferred.

3.4.2.  Generating the Answer

   When receiving an offer, the answerer MUST check the offer for creq
   attributes containing the value "med-v0"; answerers compliant with
   this specification will support this value in accordance with the
   procedures specified in [RFC5939].

   The SDP may contain

   o  Media capabilities and associated parameters (rmcap, omcap, mfcap,
      and mscap attributes)

   o  Potential configurations using those media capabilities and
      associated parameters

   o  Latent media streams (lcfg attribute)

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   o  Acceptable combinations of media stream configurations (sescap
      attribute)

   The high-level description of the operation is as follows:

   When the answering party receives the offer and if it supports the
   required capability negotiation extensions, it should select the
   most-preferred configuration it can support for each media stream,
   and build its answer accordingly.  The configuration selected for
   each accepted media stream is placed into the answer as a media line
   with associated parameters and attributes.  If a proposed
   configuration is chosen, the answer must include the supported
   extension attribute and each media stream for which a proposed
   configuration was chosen must contain an actual configuration (acfg)
   attribute to indicate just which pcfg attribute was used to build the
   answer.  The answer should also include any potential or latent
   configurations the answerer can support, especially any
   configurations compatible with other potential or latent
   configurations received in the offer.  The answerer should make note
   of those configurations it might wish to offer in the future.

   Below we provide a more detailed description of how the answerer
   processes the offer SDP and generates an answer SDP.

3.4.2.1.  Processing Media Capabilities and Potential Configurations

   The answerer MUST first determine if it needs to perform media
   capability negotiation by examining the SDP for valid and preferred
   potential configuration attributes that include media configuration
   parameters (i.e. an "m" parameter in the pcfg attribute).

   Such a potential configuration is valid if:

   1.  It is valid according to the rules defined in [RFC5939]

   2.  It contains a config-number that is unique in the entire SDP and
       does not overlap with any latent configuration config-numbers

   3.  All media format capabilities (rmcap or omcap), media format
       parameter capabilities (mfcap), and media-specific capabilities
       (mscap) referenced by the potential configuration ("m" parameter)
       are valid themselves (as defined in Section 3.3.1, 3.3.2, and
       3.3.3) and each of them is provided either at the session level
       or within this particular media description.

   4.  All RTP-based media capabilities (rmcap) have a corresponding
       payload type ("pt") parameter in the potential configuration that
       results in mapping to a valid payload type that is unique within

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       the resulting SDP.

   5.  Any concatenation (see Section 3.3.2.1) and substitution (see
       Section 3.3.7) applied to any capability (mfcap, mscap, or acap)
       referenced by this potential configuration results in a valid
       SDP.

   Note that, since SDP does not interpret the value of fmtp parameters,
   any resulting fmtp parameter value will be considered valid.

   Secondly, the answerer MUST determine the order in which potential
   configurations are to be negotiated.  In the absence of any Session
   Capability ("sescap") attributes, this simply follows the rules of
   [RFC5939], with a lower config-number within a media description
   being preferred over a higher one.  If a valid "sescap" attribute is
   present, the preference order provided in the "sescap" attribute MUST
   take precedence.  A "sescap" attribute is considered valid if:

   1.  It adheres to the rules provided in Section 3.3.8.

   2.  All the configurations referenced by the "sescap" attribute are
       valid themselves (note that this can include the actual,
       potential and latent configurations).

   The answerer MUST now process the offer each media stream based on
   the most preferred valid potential configuration in accordance with
   the procedures specified in [RFC5939], Section 3.6.2, and further
   extended below:

   o  If one or more media format capabilities are included in the
      potential configuration, then they replace all media formats
      provided in the "m=" line for that media description.  For non-RTP
      based media formats (omcap), the format-name is added.  For RTP-
      based media formats (rmcap), the payload-type specified in the
      payload-type mapping ("pt") is added and a corresponding "rtpmap"
      attribute is added to the media description.

   o  If one or more media format parameter capabilities are included in
      the potential configuration, then the corresponding "fmtp"
      attributes are added to the media description.  Note that this
      inclusion is done indirectly via the media format capability.

   o  If one or more media-specific capabilities are included in the
      potential configuration, then the corresponding attributes are
      added to the media description.  Note that this inclusion is done
      indirectly via the media format capability.

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   o  When checking to see if the answerer supports a given potential
      configuration that includes one or more media format capabilities,
      the answerer MUST support at least one of the media formats
      offered.  If he does not, the answerer MUST proceed to the next
      potential configuration based on the preference order that
      applies.

   o  If Session Capability ("sescap") preference ordering is included,
      then the potential configuration selection process MUST adhere to
      the ordering provided.  Note that this may involve coordinated
      selection of potential configurations between media descriptions.
      The answerer MUST accept one of the offered "sescap" combinations
      (i.e. all the required potential configurations specified) or it
      MUST reject the entire session.

   Once the answerer has selected a valid and supported offered
   potential configuration for all of the media streams (or has fallen
   back to the actual configuration plus any added session attributes),
   the answerer MUST generate a valid answer SDP as described in
   [RFC5939], Section 3.6.2, and further extended below:

   o  Additional answer capabilities and potential configurations MAY be
      returned in accordance with Section 3.3.6.1.  Capability numbers
      and configuration numbers for those MUST be distinct from the ones
      used in the offer SDP.

   o  Latent configuration processing and answer generation MUST be
      performed, as specified below.

   o  Session capability specification for the potential and latent
      configurations in the answer MAY be included (see Section 3.3.8).

3.4.2.2.  Latent Configuration Processing

   The answerer MUST determine if it needs to perform any latent
   configuration processing by examining the SDP for valid latent
   configuration attributes (lcfg).  An lcfg attribute is considered
   valid if:

   o  It adheres to the description in Section 3.3.5.

   o  It includes a config-number that is unique in the entire SDP and
      does not overlap with any potential configuration config-number

   o  It includes a valid media type ("mt=")

   o  It references a valid transport capability ("t=")

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   o  All other capabilities referenced by it are valid.

   For each such valid latent configuration in the offer, the answerer
   checks to see if it could support the latent configuration in a
   subsequent offer/answer exchange.  If so, it includes the latent
   configuration with the same configuration number in the answer,
   similar to the way potential configurations are processed and the
   selected one returned in an actual configuration attribute (see
   [RFC5939]).  If the answerer supports only a (non-mandatory) subset
   of the parameters offered in a latent configuration, the answer
   latent configuration will include only those parameters supported
   (similar to "acfg" processing).  Note that latent configurations do
   not constitute an actual offer at this point in time; they merely
   indicate additional configurations that could be supported.

   If a Session Capability ("sescap") attribute is included and it
   references a latent configuration, then the answerer processing of
   that latent configuration must be done within the constraints
   specified by that Session Capability, i.e. it must be possible to
   support it at the same time as any required (i.e. non-optional)
   potential configurations in the session capability.  The answerer may
   in turn add his own "sescap" indications in the answer as well.

3.4.3.  Offerer Processing of the Answer

   The offerer MUST process the answer in accordance with [RFC5939]
   Section 3.6.3, and further explained below.

   When the offerer processes the answer SDP based on a valid actual
   configuration attribute in the answer, and that valid configuration
   includes one or more media capabilities, the processing MUST
   furthermore be done as if the offer was sent using those media
   capabilities instead of the actual configuration.  In particular, the
   media formats in the "m=" line, and any associated payload type
   mappings (rtpmap), fmtp parameters (mfcap) and media-specific
   attributes (mscap) MUST be used.  Note that this may involve use of
   concatenation and substitution rules (see Section 3.3.2.1 and 3.3.7).
   The actual configuration attribute may also be used to infer the lack
   of acceptability of higher-preference configurations that were not
   chosen, subject to any constraints provided by a Session Capability
   attribute ("sescap") in the offer.  Note that the base specification
   [RFC5939] requires the answerer to choose the highest preference
   configuration it can support, subject to local policies.

   When the offerer receives the answer, it SHOULD furthermore make note
   of any capabilities and/or latent configurations included for future
   use, and any constraints on how those may be combined.

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3.4.4.  Modifying the Session

   If, at a later time, one of the parties wishes to modify the
   operating parameters of a session, e.g., by adding a new media
   stream, or by changing the properties used on an existing stream, it
   may do so via the mechanisms defined for offer/answer [RFC3264].  If
   the initiating party has remembered the codecs, potential
   configurations, latent configurations and session capabilities
   provided by the other party in the earlier negotiation, it may use
   this knowledge to maximize the likelihood of a successful
   modification of the session.  Alternatively, the initiator may
   perform a new capabilities exchange as part of the reconfiguration.
   In such a case, the new capabilities will replace the previously-
   negotiated capabilities.  This may be useful if conditions change on
   the endpoint.

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4.  Examples

   In this section, we provide examples showing how to use the Media
   Capabilities with the SDP Capability Negotiation.

4.1.  Alternative Codecs

   This example provide a choice of one of six variations of the
   adaptive multirate codec.  In this example, the default configuration
   as specified by the media line is the same as the most preferred
   configuration.  Each configuration uses a different payload type
   number so the offerer can interpret early media.

             v=0
             o=- 25678 753849 IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             s=
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             t=0 0
             a=creq:med-v0
             m=audio 54322 RTP/AVP 96
             a=rtpmap:96 AMR-WB/16000/1
             a=fmtp:96 mode-change-capability=1; max-red=220; \
             mode-set=0,2,4,7
             a=rmcap:1,3,5 audio AMR-WB/16000/1
             a=rmcap:2,4,6 audio AMR/8000/1
             a=mfcap:1,2,3,4 mode-change-capability=1
             a=mfcap:5,6 mode-change-capability=2
             a=mfcap:1,2,3,5 max-red=220
             a=mfcap:3,4,5,6 octet-align=1
             a=mfcap:1,3,5 mode-set=0,2,4,7
             a=mfcap:2,4,6 mode-set=0,3,5,6
             a=pcfg:1 m=1 pt=1:96
             a=pcfg:2 m=2 pt=2:97
             a=pcfg:3 m=3 pt=3:98
             a=pcfg:4 m=4 pt=4:99
             a=pcfg:5 m=5 pt=5:100
             a=pcfg:6 m=6 pt=6:101

   In the above example, media capability 1 could have been excluded
   from the first rmcap declaration and from the corresponding mfcap
   attributes, and the pcfg:1 attribute line could have been simply
   "pcfg:1".

   The next example offers a video stream with three options of H.264
   and 4 transports.  It also includes an audio stream with different
   audio qualities: four variations of AMR, or AC3.  The offer looks
   something like:

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             v=0
             o=- 25678 753849 IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             s=An SDP Media NEG example
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             t=0 0
             a=creq:med-v0
             a=ice-pwd:speEc3QGZiNWpVLFJhQX
             m=video 49170 RTP/AVP 100
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.56
             a=maxprate:1000
             a=rtcp:51540
             a=sendonly
             a=candidate 12345 1 UDP 9 192.0.2.56 49170 host
             a=candidate 23456 2 UDP 9 192.0.2.56 51540 host
             a=candidate 34567 1 UDP 7 198.51.100.1 41345 srflx raddr \
             192.0.2.56 rport 49170
             a=candidate 45678 2 UDP 7 198.51.100.1 52567 srflx raddr \
             192.0.2.56 rport 51540
             a=candidate 56789 1 UDP 3 192.0.2.100 49000 relay raddr \
             192.0.2.56 rport 49170
             a=candidate 67890 2 UDP 3 192.0.2.100 49001 relay raddr \
             192.0.2.56 rport 51540
             b=AS:10000
             b=TIAS:10000000
             b=RR:4000
             b=RS:3000
             a=rtpmap:100 H264/90000
             a=fmtp:100 profile-level-id=42A01E; packetization-mode=2; \
             sprop-parameter-sets=Z0IACpZTBYmI,aMljiA==; \
             sprop-interleaving-depth=45; sprop-deint-buf-req=64000; \
             sprop-init-buf-time=102478; deint-buf-cap=128000
             a=tcap:1 RTP/SAVPF RTP/SAVP RTP/AVPF
             a=rmcap:1-3,7-9 H264/90000
             a=rmcap:4-6 rtx/90000
             a=mfcap:1-9 profile-level-id=42A01E
             a=mfcap:1-9 aMljiA==
             a=mfcap:1,4,7 packetization-mode=0
             a=mfcap:2,5,8 packetization-mode=1
             a=mfcap:3,6,9 packetization-mode=2
             a=mfcap:1-9 sprop-parameter-sets=Z0IACpZTBYmI
             a=mfcap:1,7 sprop-interleaving-depth=45; \
             sprop-deint-buf-req=64000; sprop-init-buf-time=102478; \
             deint-buf-cap=128000
             a=mfcap:4 apt=100
             a=mfcap:5 apt=99
             a=mfcap:6 apt=98
             a=mfcap:4-6 rtx-time=3000
             a=mscap:1-6 rtcp-fb nack

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             a=acap:1 crypto:1 AES_CM_128_HMAC_SHA1_80 \
             inline:d0RmdmcmVCspeEc3QGZiNWpVLFJhQX1cfHAwJSoj|220|1:32
             a=pcfg:1 t=1 m=1,4 a=1 pt=1:100,4:97
             a=pcfg:2 t=1 m=2,5 a=1 pt=2:99,4:96
             a=pcfg:3 t=1 m=3,6 a=1 pt=3:98,6:95
             a=pcfg:4 t=2 m=7 a=1 pt=7:100
             a=pcfg:5 t=2 m=8 a=1 pt=8:99
             a=pcfg:6 t=2 m=9 a=1 pt=9:98
             a=pcfg:7 t=3 m=1,3 pt=1:100,4:97
             a=pcfg:8 t=3 m=2,4 pt=2:99,4:96
             a=pcfg:9 t=3 m=3,6 pt=3:98,6:95
             m=audio 49176 RTP/AVP 101 100 99 98
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.56
             a=ptime:60
             a=maxptime:200
             a=rtcp:51534
             a=sendonly
             a=candidate 12345 1 UDP 9 192.0.2.56 49176 host
             a=candidate 23456 2 UDP 9 192.0.2.56 51534 host
             a=candidate 34567 1 UDP 7 198.51.100.1 41348 srflx \
             raddr 192.0.2.56 rport 49176
             a=candidate 45678 2 UDP 7 198.51.100.1 52569 srflx \
             raddr 192.0.2.56 rport 51534
             a=candidate 56789 1 UDP 3 192.0.2.100 49002 relay \
             raddr 192.0.2.56 rport 49176
             a=candidate 67890 2 UDP 3 192.0.2.100 49003 relay \
             raddr 192.0.2.56 rport 51534
             b=AS:512
             b=TIAS:512000
             b=RR:4000
             b=RS:3000
             a=maxprate:120
             a=rtpmap:98 AMR-WB/16000
             a=fmtp:98 octet-align=1; mode-change-capability=2
             a=rtpmap:99 AMR-WB/16000
             a=fmtp:99 octet-align=1; crc=1; mode-change-capability=2
             a=rtpmap:100 AMR-WB/16000/2
             a=fmtp:100 octet-align=1; interleaving=30
             a=rtpmap:101 AMR-WB+/72000/2
             a=fmtp:101 interleaving=50; int-delay=160000;
             a=rmcap:14 ac3/48000/6
             a=acap:23 crypto:1 AES_CM_128_HMAC_SHA1_80 \
             inline:d0RmdmcmVCspeEc3QGZiNWpVLFJhQX1cfHAwJSoj|220|1:32
             a=tcap:4 RTP/SAVP
             a=pcfg:10 t=4 a=23
             a=pcfg:11 t=4 m=14 a=23 pt=14:102

   This offer illustrates the advantage in compactness that arises if

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   one can avoid deleting the base configuration attributes and
   recreating them in acap attributes for the potential configurations.

4.2.  Alternative Combinations of Codecs (Session Configurations)

   If an endpoint has limited signal processing capacity, it might be
   capable of supporting, say, a G.711 mu-law audio stream in
   combination with an H.264 video stream, or a G.729B audio stream in
   combination with an H.263-1998 video stream.  It might then issue an
   offer like the following:

             v=0
             o=- 25678 753849 IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             s=
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             t=0 0
             a=creq:med-v0
             a=sescap:1 2,4
             a=sescap:2 1,3
             m=audio 54322 RTP/AVP 18
             a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000
             a=fmtp:18 annexb=yes
             a=rmcap:1 PCMU/8000
             a=pcfg:1 m=1 pt=1:0
             a=pcfg:2
             m=video 54344 RTP/AVP 100
             a=rtpmap:100 H263-1998/90000
             a=rmcap:2 H264/90000
             a=mfcap:2 profile-level-id=42A01E; packetization-mode=2
             a=pcfg:3 m=2 pt=2:101
             a=pcfg:4

   Note that the preferred session configuration (and the default as
   well) is G.729B with H.263.  This overrides the individual media
   stream preferences which are PCMU and H.264 by the potential
   configuration numbering rule.

4.3.  Latent Media Streams

   Consider a case in which the offerer can support either G.711 mu-law,
   or G.729B, along with DTMF telephony events for the 12 common
   touchtone signals, but is willing to support simple G.711 mu-law
   audio as a last resort.  In addition, the offerer wishes to announce
   its ability to support video in the future, but does not wish to
   offer a video stream at present.  The offer might look like the
   following:

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             v=0
             o=- 25678 753849 IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             s=
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
             t=0 0
             a=creq:med-v0
             m=audio 23456 RTP/AVP 0
             a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
             a=rmcap:1 PCMU/8000
             a=rmcap:2 g729/8000
             a=rmcap:3 telephone-event/8000
             a=mfcap:3 0-11
             a=pcfg:1 m=1,3|2,3 pt=1:0,2:18,3:100
             a=lcfg:2 mt=video t=1 m=10|11
             a=rmcap:10 H263-1998/90000
             a=rmcap:11 H264/90000
             a=tcap:1 RTP/AVP

   The lcfg attribute line announces support for H.263 and H.264 video
   (H.263 preferred) for future reference.  The m-line and the rtpmap
   attribute offer an audio stream and provide the lowest precedence
   configuration (PCMU without any DTMF encoding).  The rmcap lines
   define the media capabilities (PCMU, G729, and telephone-event) to be
   offered in potential configurations.  The mfcap attribute provides
   the format parameters for telephone-events, specifying the 12
   commercial DTMF 'digits'.  The pcfg attribute line defines the most-
   preferred media configuration as PCMU plus DTMF events and the next-
   most-preferred configuration as G.729B plus DTMF events.

   If the answerer is able to support all the potential configurations,
   and also support H.263 video (but not H.264), it would reply with an
   answer like:

             v=0
             o=- 24351 621814 IN IP4 192.0.2.2
             s=
             c=IN IP4 192.0.2.2
             t=0 0
             a=csup:med-v0
             m=audio 54322 RTP/AVP 0 100
             a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
             a=rtpmap:100 telephone-event/8000
             a=fmtp:100 0-11
             a=acfg:1 m=1,3 pt=1:0,3:100
             a=pcfg:1 m=2,3 pt=2:18,3:100
             a=lcfg:2 mt=video t=1 m=10

   The lcfg attribute line announces the capability to support H.263

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   video at a later time.  The media line and subsequent rtpmap and fmtp
   attribute lines present the selected configuration for the media
   stream.  The acfg attribute line identifies the potential
   configuration from which it was taken, and the pcfg attribute line
   announces the potential capability to support G.729 with DTMF events
   as well.  If, at some later time, congestion becomes a problem in the
   network, either party may, with expectation of success, offer a
   reconfiguration of the media stream to use G.729 in order to reduce
   packet sizes.

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5.  IANA Considerations

5.1.  New SDP Attributes

   The IANA is hereby requested to register the following new SDP
   attributes:

             Attribute name: rmcap
             Long form name: RTP-based media capability
             Type of attribute: session-level and media-level
             Subject to charset: no
             Purpose: associate RTP-based media capability number(s)
             with
             media subtype and encoding parameters
             Appropriate Values: see Section 3.3.1

             Attribute name: omcap
             Long form name: Non RTP-based media capability
             Type of attribute: session-level and media-level
             Subject to charset: no
             Purpose: associate non RTP-based media capability number(s)
             with
             media subtype and encoding parameters
             Appropriate Values: see Section 3.3.1

             Attribute name: mfcap
             Long form name: media format capability
             Type of attribute: session-level and media-level
             Subject to charset: no
             Purpose: associate media format attributes and
             parameters with media format capabilities
             Appropriate Values: see Section 3.3.2

             Attribute name: mscap
             Long form name: media-specific capability
             Type of attribute: session-level and media-level
             Subject to charset: no
             Purpose: associate media-specific attributes and
             parameters with media capabilities
             Appropriate Values: see Section 3.3.3

             Attribute name: lcfg
             Long form name: latent configuration
             Type of attribute: media-level
             Subject to charset: no
             Purpose: to announce supportable media streams
             without offering them for immediate use.
             Appropriate Values: see Section 3.3.5

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             Attribute name: sescap
             Long form name: session capability
             Type of attribute: session-level
             Subject to charset: no
             Purpose: to specify and prioritize acceptable
             combinations of media stream configurations.
             Appropriate Values: see Section 3.3.8

5.2.  New SDP Option Tag

   The IANA is hereby requested to add the new option tag "med-v0",
   defined in this document, to the SDP Capability Option Negotiation
   Capability registry created for [RFC5939].

5.3.  New SDP Capability Negotiation Parameters

   The IANA is hereby requested to expand the SDP Capability Negotiation
   Potential Configuration Parameter Registry established by [RFC5939]
   to become the SDP Capability Negotiation Configuration Parameter
   Registry and to include parameters for the potential, actual and
   latent configuration attributes.  The new parameters to be registered
   are the "m" for "media", "pt" for "payload type number", and "mt" for
   "media type" parameters.  Note that the "mt" parameter is defined for
   use only in the latent configuration attribute.

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6.  Security Considerations

   The security considerations of [RFC5939] apply for this document.

   In [RFC5939], it was noted that negotiation of transport protocols
   (e.g. secure and non-secure) and negotiation of keying methods and
   material are potential security issues that warrant integrity
   protection to remedy.  Latent configuration support provides hints to
   the other side about capabilities supported for further offer/answer
   exchanges, including transport protocols and attribute capabilities,
   e.g. for keying methods.  If an attacker can remove or alter latent
   configuration information to suggest that only insecure or less
   secure alternatives are supported, then he may be able to force
   negotiation of a less secure session than would otherwise have
   occurred.  While the specific attack as described here differs from
   those described in [RFC5939], the considerations and mitigation
   strategies are similar to those described in [RFC5939].

   Another variation on the above attack involves the the Session
   Capability ("sescap") attribute defined in this document.  The
   "sescap" enables a preference order to be specified for all the
   potential configurations, and that preference will take precedence
   over any preference indication provided in individual potential
   configuration attributes.  Consequently, an attacker that can insert
   or modify a "sescap" attribute may be able to force negotiation of an
   insecure or less secure alternative than would otherwise have
   occurred.  Again, the considerations and mitigation strategies are
   similar to those described in [RFC5939].

   The addition of negotiable media formats and their associated
   parameters, defined in this specification can cause problems for
   middleboxes which attempt to control bandwidth utilization, media
   flows, and/or processing resource consumption as part of network
   policy, but which do not understand the media capability negotiation
   feature.  As for the initial CapNeg work [RFC5939], the SDP answer is
   formulated in such a way that it always carries the selected media
   encoding for every media stream selected.  Pending an understanding
   of capabilities negotiation, the middlebox should examine the answer
   SDP to obtain the best picture of the media streams being
   established.  As always, middleboxes can best do their job if they
   fully understand media capabilities negotiation.

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7.  Changes from previous versions

7.1.  Changes from version 12

   o  Removed "dummy" form in the pcfg payload-type-number, since the
      functionality is redundant with the non-RTP media capability
      (omcap) and it was inconsistent with other RTP payload type
      operation.

   o  Clarified that latent configuration attribute (lcfg) can only be
      used at the media level and hence (technically) as part of a media
      description

   o  Rewrote offer/answer sections and expanded significantly on offer/
      answer operation.

   o  Updated security considerations

   o  Various minor editorial clarifications and changes.

7.2.  Changes from version 11

   o  Corrected several statements implying lcfg was a session-level
      attribute.

   o  Added non-RTP based media format capabilities ("a=omcap") and
      renamed "mcap" to "rmcap"

7.3.  Changes from version 10

   o  Defined the latent configuration attribute as a media-level
      attribute because it specifies a possible future media stream.
      Added text to clarify how to specify alternative configurations of
      a single latent stream and/or multiple streams.

   o  Improved the definition of the session capability attribute to
      permit both required configurations and optional configurations -
      latent configurations cannot be required because they have not yet
      been offered.

   o  Removed the special-case treatment of conflicts between base-level
      fmtp attributes and fmtp attributes generated for a configuration
      via invoked mcap and mfcap attributes.

   o  Removed reference to bandwidth capability (bcap) attribute.

   o  Changed various "must", etc., terms to normative terms ("MUST",
      etc.) as appropriate, in Section 3.3.5Section 3.3.6.1

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      Section 3.3.6.3 and Section 3.3.8

   o  Attempted to clarify the substitution mechanism in Section 3.3.7
      and improve its uniqueness.

   o  Made various editorial changes, including changing the title in
      the header, and removing numbering from some SDP examples.

7.4.  Changes from version 09

   o  Additional corrections to latent media stream example in
      Section 4.3

   o  Fixed up attribute formatting examples and corresponding ABNF.

   o  Removed preference rule for latent configurations.

   o  Various spelling and other editorial changes were made.

   o  updated crossreferences.

7.5.  Changes from version 08

   The major change is in Section 4.3, Latent Media Streams, fixing the
   syntax of the answer.  All the other changes are editorial.

7.6.  Changes from version 04

   o  The definitions for bcap, ccap, icap, and kcap attributes have
      been removed, and are to be defined in another document.

   o  Corrected formatting of m= and p= configuration parameters to
      conform to extension-config-list form defined in [RFC5939]

   o  Reorganized definitions of new parameters to make them easier to
      find in document.

   o  Added ability to renegotiate capabilities when modifying the
      session (Section 3.4.4).

   o  Made various editorial changes, clarifications, and typo
      corrections.

7.7.  Changes from version 03

   o  A new session capability attribute (sescap) has been added to
      permit specification of acceptable media stream combinations.

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   o  Capability attribute definitions corresponding to the i, c, b, and
      k SDP line types have been added for completeness.

   o  Use of the pcfg: attribute in SDP answers has been included in
      order to conveniently return information in the answer about
      acceptable configurations in the media stream offer.

   o  The use of the lcfg: attribute(s) in SDP answers has been
      restricted to indicate just which latent configuration offers
      would be acceptable to the answerer.

   o  A suggestion for "naive" middleboxes has been added to the
      Security Considerations.

   o  Various editorial changes have been made.

   o  Several errors/omissions have been corrected.

   o  The description of the mscap attribute has been modified to make
      it clear that it should not be used to generate undefined SDP
      attributes, or to "extend" existing attributes.

   o  <ms-parameters> are made optional in the mscap attribute
      definition.

   o  "AMR" changed to "AMR-WB" in cases in which the sample rate is
      16000.

7.8.  Changes from version 02

   This version contains several detail changes intended to simplify
   capability processing and mapping into conventional SDP media blocks.

   o  The "mcap" attribute is enhanced to include the role of the "ecap"
      attribute; the latter is eliminated.

   o  The "fcap" attribute has been renamed "mfcap".  New replacement
      rules vis-a-vis fmtp attributes in the base media specification
      have been added.

   o  A new "mscap" attribute is defined to handle the problem of
      attributes (other than rtpmap and fmtp) that are specific to a
      particular payload type.

   o  New rules for processing the mcap, mfcap, and mscap attributes,
      and overriding standard rtpmap, fmtp, or other media-specific
      attributes, are put forward to reduce the need to use the deletion
      option in the a= parameter of the potential configuration (pcfg)

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      attribute.

   o  A new parameter, "mt=" is added to the latent configuration
      attribute (lcfg) to specify the media stream type (audio, video,
      etc.) when the lcfg is declared at the session level.

   o  The examples are expanded.

   o  Numerous typos and misspellings have been corrected.

7.9.  Changes from version 01

   The documents adds a new attribute for specifying bandwidth
   capability and a parametr to list in the potential configuration.
   Other changes are to align the document with the terminolgy and
   attribute names from draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-capability-negotiation-07.
   The document also clarifies some previous open issues.

7.10.  Changes from version 00

   The major changes include taking out the "mcap" and "cptmap"
   parameter.  The mapping of payload type is now in the "pt" parameter
   of "pcfg".  Media subtype need to explictly definesd in the "cmed"
   attribute if referenced in the "pcfg"

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8.  Acknowledgements

   This document is heavily influenced by the discussions and work done
   by the SDP Capability Negotiation Design team.  The following people
   in particular provided useful comments and suggestions to either the
   document itself or the overall direction of the solution defined
   herein: Cullen Jennings, Matt Lepinski, Joerg Ott, Colin Perkins, and
   Thomas Stach.

   We thank Ingemar Johansson and Magnus Westerlund for examples that
   stimulated this work, and for critical reading of the document.

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9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3264]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model
              with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264,
              June 2002.

   [RFC4566]  Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
              Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.

   [RFC5234]  Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
              Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.

   [RFC5939]  Andreasen, F., "SDP Capability Negotiation", RFC 5939,
              September 2010.

9.2.  Informative References

   [RFC4568]  Andreasen, F., Baugher, M., and D. Wing, "Session
              Description Protocol (SDP) Security Descriptions for Media
              Streams", RFC 4568, July 2006.

   [RFC4583]  Camarillo, G., "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Format
              for Binary Floor Control Protocol (BFCP) Streams",
              RFC 4583, November 2006.

   [RFC4585]  Ott, J., Wenger, S., Sato, N., Burmeister, C., and J. Rey,
              "Extended RTP Profile for Real-time Transport Control
              Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)", RFC 4585,
              July 2006.

   [RFC4733]  Schulzrinne, H. and T. Taylor, "RTP Payload for DTMF
              Digits, Telephony Tones, and Telephony Signals", RFC 4733,
              December 2006.

   [RFC4867]  Sjoberg, J., Westerlund, M., Lakaniemi, A., and Q. Xie,
              "RTP Payload Format and File Storage Format for the
              Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) and Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband
              (AMR-WB) Audio Codecs", RFC 4867, April 2007.

   [RFC5104]  Wenger, S., Chandra, U., Westerlund, M., and B. Burman,
              "Codec Control Messages in the RTP Audio-Visual Profile
              with Feedback (AVPF)", RFC 5104, February 2008.

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Authors' Addresses

   Robert R Gilman
   Independent
   3243 W. 11th Ave. Dr.
   Broomfield, CO 80020
   USA

   Email: bob_gilman@comcast.net

   Roni Even
   Gesher Erove Ltd
   14 David Hamelech
   Tel Aviv  64953
   Israel

   Email: ron.even.tlv@gmail.com

   Flemming Andreasen
   Cisco Systems
   Iselin, NJ
   USA

   Email: fandreas@cisco.com

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