Skip to main content

JSON Web Encryption (JWE)
draft-ietf-jose-json-web-encryption-09

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7516.
Authors Michael B. Jones , Eric Rescorla , Joe Hildebrand
Last updated 2013-04-23
Replaces draft-jones-json-web-encryption
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Formats
Reviews
Additional resources Mailing list discussion
Stream WG state WG Document
Document shepherd (None)
IESG IESG state Became RFC 7516 (Proposed Standard)
Consensus boilerplate Unknown
Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD (None)
Send notices to (None)
draft-ietf-jose-json-web-encryption-09
JOSE Working Group                                              M. Jones
Internet-Draft                                                 Microsoft
Intended status: Standards Track                             E. Rescorla
Expires: October 25, 2013                                           RTFM
                                                           J. Hildebrand
                                                                   Cisco
                                                          April 23, 2013

                       JSON Web Encryption (JWE)
                 draft-ietf-jose-json-web-encryption-09

Abstract

   JSON Web Encryption (JWE) is a means of representing encrypted
   content using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) data structures.
   Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers for use with this
   specification are described in the separate JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)
   specification.  Related digital signature and MAC capabilities are
   described in the separate JSON Web Signature (JWS) specification.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 25, 2013.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013                [Page 1]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     1.1.  Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  JSON Web Encryption (JWE) Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.1.  Example JWE using RSAES OAEP and AES GCM . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.2.  Example JWE using RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 and
           AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   4.  JWE Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.1.  Reserved Header Parameter Names  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
       4.1.1.  "alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . . 12
       4.1.2.  "enc" (Encryption Method) Header Parameter . . . . . . 12
       4.1.3.  "epk" (Ephemeral Public Key) Header Parameter  . . . . 13
       4.1.4.  "zip" (Compression Algorithm) Header Parameter . . . . 13
       4.1.5.  "jku" (JWK Set URL) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . 13
       4.1.6.  "jwk" (JSON Web Key) Header Parameter  . . . . . . . . 13
       4.1.7.  "x5u" (X.509 URL) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . . 13
       4.1.8.  "x5t" (X.509 Certificate Thumbprint) Header
               Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       4.1.9.  "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) Header Parameter . . . 14
       4.1.10. "kid" (Key ID) Header Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       4.1.11. "typ" (Type) Header Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       4.1.12. "cty" (Content Type) Header Parameter  . . . . . . . . 15
       4.1.13. "apu" (Agreement PartyUInfo) Header Parameter  . . . . 15
       4.1.14. "apv" (Agreement PartyVInfo) Header Parameter  . . . . 16
       4.1.15. "crit" (Critical) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . . 16
     4.2.  Public Header Parameter Names  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     4.3.  Private Header Parameter Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   5.  Producing and Consuming JWEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.1.  Message Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.2.  Message Decryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     5.3.  String Comparison Rules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   6.  Encrypting JWEs with Cryptographic Algorithms  . . . . . . . . 21
     6.1.  CEK Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   7.  JSON Serialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     7.1.  Example JWE-JS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   8.  Implementation Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   9.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     9.1.  Registration of JWE Header Parameter Names . . . . . . . . 24
       9.1.1.  Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     9.2.  JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013                [Page 2]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

           Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
       9.2.1.  Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     9.3.  Media Type Registration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
       9.3.1.  Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   10. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
   11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
   Appendix A.  JWE Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
     A.1.  Example JWE using RSAES OAEP and AES GCM . . . . . . . . . 31
       A.1.1.  JWE Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
       A.1.2.  Encoded JWE Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
       A.1.3.  Content Encryption Key (CEK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
       A.1.4.  Key Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
       A.1.5.  Encoded JWE Encrypted Key  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
       A.1.6.  Initialization Vector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
       A.1.7.  Additional Authenticated Data Parameter  . . . . . . . 34
       A.1.8.  Plaintext Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
       A.1.9.  Encoded JWE Ciphertext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
       A.1.10. Encoded JWE Authentication Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
       A.1.11. Complete Representation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
       A.1.12. Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
     A.2.  Example JWE using RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 and
           AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
       A.2.1.  JWE Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
       A.2.2.  Encoded JWE Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
       A.2.3.  Content Encryption Key (CEK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
       A.2.4.  Key Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
       A.2.5.  Encoded JWE Encrypted Key  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
       A.2.6.  Initialization Vector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
       A.2.7.  Additional Authenticated Data Parameter  . . . . . . . 40
       A.2.8.  Plaintext Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
       A.2.9.  Encoded JWE Ciphertext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
       A.2.10. Encoded JWE Authentication Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
       A.2.11. Complete Representation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
       A.2.12. Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
     A.3.  Example JWE using AES Key Wrap and AES GCM . . . . . . . . 42
       A.3.1.  JWE Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
       A.3.2.  Encoded JWE Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
       A.3.3.  Content Encryption Key (CEK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
       A.3.4.  Key Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
       A.3.5.  Encoded JWE Encrypted Key  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
       A.3.6.  Initialization Vector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
       A.3.7.  Additional Authenticated Data Parameter  . . . . . . . 44
       A.3.8.  Plaintext Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
       A.3.9.  Encoded JWE Ciphertext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
       A.3.10. Encoded JWE Authentication Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
       A.3.11. Complete Representation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013                [Page 3]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

       A.3.12. Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
   Appendix B.  Example AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 Computation  . . . . 46
     B.1.  Extract MAC_KEY and ENC_KEY from Key . . . . . . . . . . . 46
     B.2.  Encrypt Plaintext to Create Ciphertext . . . . . . . . . . 46
     B.3.  Create 64 Bit Big Endian Representation of AAD Length  . . 47
     B.4.  Initialization Vector Value  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
     B.5.  Create Input to HMAC Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
     B.6.  Compute HMAC Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     B.7.  Truncate HMAC Value to Create Authentication Tag . . . . . 48
   Appendix C.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
   Appendix D.  Document History  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013                [Page 4]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

1.  Introduction

   JSON Web Encryption (JWE) is a compact encryption format intended for
   space constrained environments such as HTTP Authorization headers and
   URI query parameters.  It represents this content using JavaScript
   Object Notation (JSON) [RFC4627] based data structures.  The JWE
   cryptographic mechanisms encrypt and provide integrity protection for
   arbitrary sequences of octets.

   Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers for use with this
   specification are described in the separate JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)
   [JWA] specification.  Related digital signature and MAC capabilities
   are described in the separate JSON Web Signature (JWS) [JWS]
   specification.

1.1.  Notational Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in Key words for use in
   RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels [RFC2119].

2.  Terminology

   JSON Web Encryption (JWE)  A data structure representing an encrypted
      message.  The structure represents five values: the JWE Header,
      the JWE Encrypted Key, the JWE Initialization Vector, the JWE
      Ciphertext, and the JWE Authentication Tag.

   Authenticated Encryption  An Authenticated Encryption algorithm is
      one that provides an integrated content integrity check.
      Authenticated Encryption algorithms accept two inputs, the
      Plaintext and the Additional Authenticated Data value, and produce
      two outputs, the Ciphertext and the Authentication Tag value.  AES
      Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is one such algorithm.

   Plaintext  The sequence of octets to be encrypted -- a.k.a., the
      message.  The plaintext can contain an arbitrary sequence of
      octets.

   Ciphertext  An encrypted representation of the Plaintext.

   Additional Associated Data (AAD)  An input to an Authenticated
      Encryption operation that is integrity protected but not
      encrypted.

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013                [Page 5]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   Authentication Tag  An output of an Authenticated Encryption
      operation that ensures the integrity of the Ciphertext and the
      Additional Associated Data.

   Content Encryption Key (CEK)  A symmetric key for the Authenticated
      Encryption algorithm used to encrypt the Plaintext for the
      recipient to produce the Ciphertext and the Authentication Tag.

   JSON Text Object  A UTF-8 [RFC3629] encoded text string representing
      a JSON object; the syntax of JSON objects is defined in Section
      2.2 of [RFC4627].

   JWE Header  A JSON Text Object that describes the encryption
      operations applied to create the JWE Encrypted Key, the JWE
      Ciphertext, and the JWE Authentication Tag.

   JWE Encrypted Key  The result of encrypting the Content Encryption
      Key (CEK) with the intended recipient's key using the specified
      algorithm.  Note that for some algorithms, the JWE Encrypted Key
      value is specified as being the empty octet sequence.

   JWE Initialization Vector  A sequence of octets containing the
      Initialization Vector used when encrypting the Plaintext.  Note
      that some algorithms may not use an Initialization Vector, in
      which case this value is the empty octet sequence.

   JWE Ciphertext  A sequence of octets containing the Ciphertext for a
      JWE.

   JWE Authentication Tag  A sequence of octets containing the
      Authentication Tag for a JWE.

   Base64url Encoding  The URL- and filename-safe Base64 encoding
      described in RFC 4648 [RFC4648], Section 5, with the (non URL-
      safe) '=' padding characters omitted, as permitted by Section 3.2.
      (See Appendix C of [JWS] for notes on implementing base64url
      encoding without padding.)

   Encoded JWE Header  Base64url encoding of the JWE Header.

   Encoded JWE Encrypted Key  Base64url encoding of the JWE Encrypted
      Key.

   Encoded JWE Initialization Vector  Base64url encoding of the JWE
      Initialization Vector.

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013                [Page 6]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   Encoded JWE Ciphertext  Base64url encoding of the JWE Ciphertext.

   Encoded JWE Authentication Tag  Base64url encoding of the JWE
      Authentication Tag.

   Header Parameter Name  The name of a member of the JWE Header.

   Header Parameter Value  The value of a member of the JWE Header.

   JWE Compact Serialization  A representation of the JWE as the
      concatenation of the Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded JWE Encrypted
      Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded JWE
      Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag in that order,
      with the five strings being separated by four period ('.')
      characters.  This results in a compact, URL-safe representation.

   JWE JSON Serialization  A representation of the JWE as a JSON
      structure containing Encoded JWE Header, Encoded JWE Encrypted
      Key, Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, Encoded JWE Ciphertext,
      and Encoded JWE Authentication Tag values.  Unlike the JWE Compact
      Serialization, the JWE JSON Serialization enables the same content
      to be encrypted to multiple parties.  This representation is
      neither compact nor URL-safe.

   Collision Resistant Namespace  A namespace that allows names to be
      allocated in a manner such that they are highly unlikely to
      collide with other names.  For instance, collision resistance can
      be achieved through administrative delegation of portions of the
      namespace or through use of collision-resistant name allocation
      functions.  Examples of Collision Resistant Namespaces include:
      Domain Names, Object Identifiers (OIDs) as defined in the ITU-T
      X.660 and X.670 Recommendation series, and Universally Unique
      IDentifiers (UUIDs) [RFC4122].  When using an administratively
      delegated namespace, the definer of a name needs to take
      reasonable precautions to ensure they are in control of the
      portion of the namespace they use to define the name.

   StringOrURI  A JSON string value, with the additional requirement
      that while arbitrary string values MAY be used, any value
      containing a ":" character MUST be a URI [RFC3986].  StringOrURI
      values are compared as case-sensitive strings with no
      transformations or canonicalizations applied.

   Key Management Mode  A method of determining the Content Encryption
      Key (CEK) value to use.  Each algorithm used for determining the
      CEK value uses a specific Key Management Mode.  Key Management
      Modes employed by this specification are Key Encryption, Key
      Wrapping, Direct Key Agreement, Key Agreement with Key Wrapping,

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013                [Page 7]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

      and Direct Encryption.

   Key Encryption  A Key Management Mode in which the Content Encryption
      Key (CEK) value is encrypted to the intended recipient using an
      asymmetric encryption algorithm.

   Key Wrapping  A Key Management Mode in which the Content Encryption
      Key (CEK) value is encrypted to the intended recipient using a
      symmetric key wrapping algorithm.

   Direct Key Agreement  A Key Management Mode in which a key agreement
      algorithm is used to agree upon the Content Encryption Key (CEK)
      value.

   Key Agreement with Key Wrapping  A Key Management Mode in which a key
      agreement algorithm is used to agree upon a symmetric key used to
      encrypt the Content Encryption Key (CEK) value to the intended
      recipient using a symmetric key wrapping algorithm.

   Direct Encryption  A Key Management Mode in which the Content
      Encryption Key (CEK) value used is the secret symmetric key value
      shared between the parties.

3.  JSON Web Encryption (JWE) Overview

   JWE represents encrypted content using JSON data structures and
   base64url encoding.  Five values are represented in a JWE: the JWE
   Header, the JWE Encrypted Key, the JWE Initialization Vector, the JWE
   Ciphertext, and the JWE Authentication Tag. In the Compact
   Serialization, the five values are base64url-encoded for
   transmission, and represented as the concatenation of the encoded
   strings in that order, with the five strings being separated by four
   period ('.') characters.  A JSON Serialization for this information
   is also defined in Section 7.

   JWE utilizes authenticated encryption to ensure the confidentiality
   and integrity of the Plaintext.

3.1.  Example JWE using RSAES OAEP and AES GCM

   This example encrypts the plaintext "The true sign of intelligence is
   not knowledge but imagination." to the recipient using RSAES OAEP and
   AES GCM.

   The following example JWE Header declares that:

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013                [Page 8]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   o  the Content Encryption Key is encrypted to the recipient using the
      RSAES OAEP algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key and

   o  the Plaintext is encrypted using the AES GCM algorithm with a 256
      bit key to produce the Ciphertext.

     {"alg":"RSA-OAEP","enc":"A256GCM"}

   Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWE
   Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:

     eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImVuYyI6IkEyNTZHQ00ifQ

   The remaining steps to finish creating this JWE are:

   o  Generate a random Content Encryption Key (CEK)

   o  Encrypt the CEK with the recipient's public key using the RSAES
      OAEP algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key

   o  Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Encoded JWE
      Encrypted Key

   o  Generate a random JWE Initialization Vector

   o  Base64url encode the JWE Initialization Vector to produce the
      Encoded JWE Initialization Vector

   o  Concatenate the Encoded JWE Header value, a period ('.')
      character, and the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key to create the
      Additional Authenticated Data parameter

   o  Encrypt the Plaintext with AES GCM using the CEK as the encryption
      key, the JWE Initialization Vector, and the Additional
      Authenticated Data value, requesting a 128 bit Authentication Tag
      output

   o  Base64url encode the Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE
      Ciphertext

   o  Base64url encode the Authentication Tag to create the Encoded JWE
      Authentication Tag

   o  Assemble the final representation: The Compact Serialization of
      this result is the concatenation of the Encoded JWE Header, the
      Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector,
      the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013                [Page 9]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

      in that order, with the five strings being separated by four
      period ('.') characters.

   The final result in this example (with line breaks for display
   purposes only) is:

     eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImVuYyI6IkEyNTZHQ00ifQ.
     ApfOLCaDbqs_JXPYy2I937v_xmrzj-Iss1mG6NAHmeJViM6j2l0MHvfseIdHVyU2
     BIoGVu9ohvkkWiRq5DL2jYZTPA9TAdwq3FUIVyoH-Pedf6elHIVFi2KGDEspYMtQ
     ARMMSBcS7pslx6flh1Cfh3GBKysztVMEhZ_maFkm4PYVCsJsvq6Ct3fg2CJPOs0X
     1DHuxZKoIGIqcbeK4XEO5a0h5TAuJObKdfO0dKwfNSSbpu5sFrpRFwV2FTTYoqF4
     zI46N9-_hMIznlEpftRXhScEJuZ9HG8C8CHB1WRZ_J48PleqdhF4o7fB5J1wFqUX
     BtbtuGJ_A2Xe6AEhrlzCOw.
     48V1_ALb6US04U3b.
     5eym8TW_c8SuK0ltJ3rpYIzOeDQz7TALvtu6UG9oMo4vpzs9tX_EFShS8iB7j6ji
     SdiwkIr3ajwQzaBtQD_A.
     ghEgxninkHEAMp4xZtB2mA

   See Appendix A.1 for the complete details of computing this JWE.

3.2.  Example JWE using RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 and AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256

   This example encrypts the plaintext "Live long and prosper." to the
   recipient using RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 and AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256.

   The following example JWE Header (with line breaks for display
   purposes only) declares that:

   o  the Content Encryption Key is encrypted to the recipient using the
      RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key and

   o  the Plaintext is encrypted using the AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256
      algorithm to produce the Ciphertext.

     {"alg":"RSA1_5","enc":"A128CBC-HS256"}

   Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWE
   Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:

     eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDK0hTMjU2In0

   The remaining steps to finish creating this JWE are the same as for
   the previous example, but using RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 instead of RSAES
   OAEP and using the AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 algorithm (which is
   specified in Sections 4.8 and 4.8.3 of JWA) instead of AES GCM.

   The final result in this example (with line breaks for display

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 10]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   purposes only) is:

     eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0.
     nJa_uE2D0wlKz-OcwSbKFzj302xYSI-RLBM6hbVGmP4axtJQPA9S0po3s3NMkmOm
     kkawnfwPNjpc0mc3z79cuQWkQPFQo-mDxmogz8dxBcheaTUg3ZvpbGCXxZjDYENR
     WiZ5M9BiLy09BIF5mHp85QL6XED1JEZMOh-1uT1lqPDcDD79qWtrCfEJmNmfsx5f
     cB2PfAcVtQ0t_YmOXx5_Gu0it1nILKXLR2Ynf9mfLhEcC5LebpWyEHW6WzQ4iH9S
     IcIupPV1iKCzmJcPrDBJ5Fc_KMBcXBinaS__wftNywaGgfi_NSsx24LxtK6fIkej
     RlMBmCfxv0Tg8CtxpURigg.
     AxY8DCtDaGlsbGljb3RoZQ.
     KDlTtXchhZTGufMYmOYGS4HffxPSUrfmqCHXaI9wOGY.
     fY2U_Hx5VcfXmipEldHhMA

   See Appendix A.2 for the complete details of computing this JWE.

4.  JWE Header

   The members of the JSON object represented by the JWE Header describe
   the encryption applied to the Plaintext and optionally additional
   properties of the JWE.  The Header Parameter Names within this object
   MUST be unique; JWEs with duplicate Header Parameter Names MUST be
   rejected.

   Implementations are required to understand the specific header
   parameters defined by this specification that are designated as "MUST
   be understood" and process them in the manner defined in this
   specification.  All other header parameters defined by this
   specification that are not so designated MUST be ignored when not
   understood.  Unless listed as a critical header parameter, per
   Section 4.1.15, all other header parameters MUST be ignored when not
   understood.

   There are two ways of distinguishing whether a header is a JWS Header
   or a JWE Header.  The first is by examining the "alg" (algorithm)
   header parameter value.  If the value represents a digital signature
   or MAC algorithm, or is the value "none", it is for a JWS; if it
   represents a Key Encryption, Key Wrapping, Direct Key Agreement, Key
   Agreement with Key Wrapping, or Direct Encryption algorithm, it is
   for a JWE.  A second method is determining whether an "enc"
   (encryption method) member exists.  If the "enc" member exists, it is
   a JWE; otherwise, it is a JWS.  Both methods will yield the same
   result for all legal input values.

   There are three classes of Header Parameter Names: Reserved Header
   Parameter Names, Public Header Parameter Names, and Private Header
   Parameter Names.

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 11]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

4.1.  Reserved Header Parameter Names

   The following Header Parameter Names are reserved with meanings as
   defined below.  All the names are short because a core goal of this
   specification is for the resulting representations using the JWE
   Compact Serialization to be compact.

   Additional reserved Header Parameter Names MAY be defined via the
   IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry
   [JWS].  As indicated by the common registry, JWSs and JWEs share a
   common header parameter space; when a parameter is used by both
   specifications, its usage must be compatible between the
   specifications.

4.1.1.  "alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter

   The "alg" (algorithm) header parameter identifies the cryptographic
   algorithm used to encrypt or determine the value of the Content
   Encryption Key (CEK).  The algorithm specified by the "alg" value
   MUST be supported by the implementation and there MUST be a key for
   use with that algorithm associated with the intended recipient or the
   JWE MUST be rejected. "alg" values SHOULD either be registered in the
   IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry [JWA] or
   be a value that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace.  The "alg"
   value is a case sensitive string containing a StringOrURI value.  Use
   of this header parameter is REQUIRED.  This header parameter MUST be
   understood by implementations.

   A list of defined "alg" values can be found in the IANA JSON Web
   Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry [JWA]; the initial
   contents of this registry are the values defined in Section 4.1 of
   the JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification.

4.1.2.  "enc" (Encryption Method) Header Parameter

   The "enc" (encryption method) header parameter identifies the block
   encryption algorithm used to encrypt the Plaintext to produce the
   Ciphertext.  This algorithm MUST be an Authenticated Encryption
   algorithm with a specified key length.  The algorithm specified by
   the "enc" value MUST be supported by the implementation or the JWE
   MUST be rejected. "enc" values SHOULD either be registered in the
   IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry [JWA] or
   be a value that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace.  The "enc"
   value is a case sensitive string containing a StringOrURI value.  Use
   of this header parameter is REQUIRED.  This header parameter MUST be
   understood by implementations.

   A list of defined "enc" values can be found in the IANA JSON Web

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 12]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry [JWA]; the initial
   contents of this registry are the values defined in Section 4.2 of
   the JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification.

4.1.3.  "epk" (Ephemeral Public Key) Header Parameter

   The "epk" (ephemeral public key) value created by the originator for
   the use in key agreement algorithms.  This key is represented as a
   JSON Web Key [JWK] value.  Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL,
   although its use is REQUIRED with some "alg" algorithms.  When its
   use is REQUIRED, this header parameter MUST be understood by
   implementations.

4.1.4.  "zip" (Compression Algorithm) Header Parameter

   The "zip" (compression algorithm) applied to the Plaintext before
   encryption, if any.  If present, the value of the "zip" header
   parameter MUST be the case sensitive string "DEF".  Compression is
   performed with the DEFLATE [RFC1951] algorithm.  If no "zip"
   parameter is present, no compression is applied to the Plaintext
   before encryption.  Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL.  This
   header parameter MUST be understood by implementations.

4.1.5.  "jku" (JWK Set URL) Header Parameter

   The "jku" (JWK Set URL) header parameter is a URI [RFC3986] that
   refers to a resource for a set of JSON-encoded public keys, one of
   which is the key to which the JWE was encrypted; this can be used to
   determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE.  The keys MUST
   be encoded as a JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) [JWK].  The protocol used
   to acquire the resource MUST provide integrity protection; an HTTP
   GET request to retrieve the certificate MUST use TLS [RFC2818]
   [RFC5246]; the identity of the server MUST be validated, as per
   Section 3.1 of HTTP Over TLS [RFC2818].  Use of this header parameter
   is OPTIONAL.

4.1.6.  "jwk" (JSON Web Key) Header Parameter

   The "jwk" (JSON Web Key) header parameter is the public key to which
   the JWE was encrypted; this can be used to determine the private key
   needed to decrypt the JWE.  This key is represented as a JSON Web Key
   [JWK].  Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL.

4.1.7.  "x5u" (X.509 URL) Header Parameter

   The "x5u" (X.509 URL) header parameter is a URI [RFC3986] that refers
   to a resource for the X.509 public key certificate or certificate
   chain [RFC5280] containing the key to which the JWE was encrypted;

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 13]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   this can be used to determine the private key needed to decrypt the
   JWE.  The identified resource MUST provide a representation of the
   certificate or certificate chain that conforms to RFC 5280 [RFC5280]
   in PEM encoded form [RFC1421].  The certificate containing the public
   key to which the JWE was encrypted MUST be the first certificate.
   This MAY be followed by additional certificates, with each subsequent
   certificate being the one used to certify the previous one.  The
   protocol used to acquire the resource MUST provide integrity
   protection; an HTTP GET request to retrieve the certificate MUST use
   TLS [RFC2818] [RFC5246]; the identity of the server MUST be
   validated, as per Section 3.1 of HTTP Over TLS [RFC2818].  Use of
   this header parameter is OPTIONAL.

4.1.8.  "x5t" (X.509 Certificate Thumbprint) Header Parameter

   The "x5t" (X.509 Certificate Thumbprint) header parameter provides a
   base64url encoded SHA-1 thumbprint (a.k.a. digest) of the DER
   encoding of the X.509 certificate [RFC5280] containing the key to
   which the JWE was encrypted; this can be used to determine the
   private key needed to decrypt the JWE.  Use of this header parameter
   is OPTIONAL.

   If, in the future, certificate thumbprints need to be computed using
   hash functions other than SHA-1, it is suggested that additional
   related header parameters be defined for that purpose.  For example,
   it is suggested that a new "x5t#S256" (X.509 Certificate Thumbprint
   using SHA-256) header parameter could be defined by registering it in
   the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry
   [JWS].

4.1.9.  "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) Header Parameter

   The "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) header parameter contains the
   X.509 public key certificate or certificate chain [RFC5280]
   containing the key to which the JWE was encrypted; this can be used
   to determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE.  The
   certificate or certificate chain is represented as an array of
   certificate value strings.  Each string is a base64 encoded
   ([RFC4648] Section 4 -- not base64url encoded) DER [ITU.X690.1994]
   PKIX certificate value.  The certificate containing the public key to
   which the JWE was encrypted MUST be the first certificate.  This MAY
   be followed by additional certificates, with each subsequent
   certificate being the one used to certify the previous one.  Use of
   this header parameter is OPTIONAL.

   See Appendix B of [JWS] for an example "x5c" value.

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 14]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

4.1.10.  "kid" (Key ID) Header Parameter

   The "kid" (key ID) header parameter is a hint indicating which key to
   which the JWE was encrypted; this can be used to determine the
   private key needed to decrypt the JWE.  This parameter allows
   originators to explicitly signal a change of key to recipients.
   Should the recipient be unable to locate a key corresponding to the
   "kid" value, they SHOULD treat that condition as an error.  The
   interpretation of the "kid" value is unspecified.  Its value MUST be
   a string.  Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL.

   When used with a JWK, the "kid" value can be used to match a JWK
   "kid" parameter value.

4.1.11.  "typ" (Type) Header Parameter

   The "typ" (type) header parameter is used to declare the type of this
   object.  The type value "JWE" is used to indicate that this object is
   a JWE using the JWE Compact Serialization.  The type value "JWE-JS"
   is used to indicate that this object is a JWE using the JWE JSON
   Serialization.  The "typ" value is a case sensitive string.  Use of
   this header parameter is OPTIONAL.

   MIME Media Type [RFC2046] values MAY be used as "typ" values.

   "typ" values SHOULD either be registered in the IANA JSON Web
   Signature and Encryption Type Values registry [JWS] or be a value
   that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace.

4.1.12.  "cty" (Content Type) Header Parameter

   The "cty" (content type) header parameter is used to declare the type
   of the encrypted content (the Plaintext).  For example, the JSON Web
   Token (JWT) [JWT] specification uses the "cty" value "JWT" to
   indicate that the Plaintext is a JSON Web Token (JWT).  The "cty"
   value is a case sensitive string.  Use of this header parameter is
   OPTIONAL.

   The values used for the "cty" header parameter come from the same
   value space as the "typ" header parameter, with the same rules
   applying.

4.1.13.  "apu" (Agreement PartyUInfo) Header Parameter

   The "apu" (agreement PartyUInfo) value for key agreement algorithms
   using it (such as "ECDH-ES"), represented as a base64url encoded
   string.  Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL.  When the "alg"
   value used identifies an algorithm for which "apu" is a parameter,

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 15]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   this header parameter MUST be understood by implementations.

4.1.14.  "apv" (Agreement PartyVInfo) Header Parameter

   The "apv" (agreement PartyVInfo) value for key agreement algorithms
   using it (such as "ECDH-ES"), represented as a base64url encoded
   string.  Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL.  When the "alg"
   value used identifies an algorithm for which "apv" is a parameter,
   this header parameter MUST be understood by implementations.

4.1.15.  "crit" (Critical) Header Parameter

   The "crit" (critical) header parameter is array listing the names of
   header parameters that are present in the JWE Header that MUST be
   understood and processed by the implementation or if not understood,
   MUST cause the JWE to be rejected.  This list MUST NOT include header
   parameters defined by this specification, duplicate names, or names
   that do not occur as header parameters within the JWE.  Use of this
   header parameter is OPTIONAL.  This header parameter MUST be
   understood by implementations.

   An example use, along with a hypothetical "exp" (expiration-time)
   field is:

     {"alg":"RSA-OAEP",
      "enc":"A256GCM",
      "crit":["exp"],
      "exp":1363284000
     }

4.2.  Public Header Parameter Names

   Additional Header Parameter Names can be defined by those using JWEs.
   However, in order to prevent collisions, any new Header Parameter
   Name SHOULD either be registered in the IANA JSON Web Signature and
   Encryption Header Parameters registry [JWS] or be a Public Name: a
   value that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace.  In each case,
   the definer of the name or value needs to take reasonable precautions
   to make sure they are in control of the part of the namespace they
   use to define the Header Parameter Name.

   New header parameters should be introduced sparingly, as they can
   result in non-interoperable JWEs.

4.3.  Private Header Parameter Names

   A producer and consumer of a JWE may agree to use Header Parameter
   Names that are Private Names: names that are not Reserved Names

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 16]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   Section 4.1 or Public Names Section 4.2.  Unlike Public Names,
   Private Names are subject to collision and should be used with
   caution.

5.  Producing and Consuming JWEs

5.1.  Message Encryption

   The message encryption process is as follows.  The order of the steps
   is not significant in cases where there are no dependencies between
   the inputs and outputs of the steps.

   1.   Determine the Key Management Mode employed by the algorithm used
        to determine the Content Encryption Key (CEK) value.  (This is
        the algorithm recorded in the "alg" (algorithm) header parameter
        of the resulting JWE.)

   2.   When Key Wrapping, Key Encryption, or Key Agreement with Key
        Wrapping are employed, generate a random Content Encryption Key
        (CEK) value.  See RFC 4086 [RFC4086] for considerations on
        generating random values.  The CEK MUST have a length equal to
        that required for the block encryption algorithm.

   3.   When Direct Key Agreement or Key Agreement with Key Wrapping are
        employed, use the key agreement algorithm to compute the value
        of the agreed upon key.  When Direct Key Agreement is employed,
        let the Content Encryption Key (CEK) be the agreed upon key.
        When Key Agreement with Key Wrapping is employed, the agreed
        upon key will be used to wrap the CEK.

   4.   When Key Wrapping, Key Encryption, or Key Agreement with Key
        Wrapping are employed, encrypt the CEK to the recipient (see
        Section 6.1) and let the result be the JWE Encrypted Key.

   5.   Otherwise, when Direct Key Agreement or Direct Encryption are
        employed, let the JWE Encrypted Key be the empty octet sequence.

   6.   When Direct Encryption is employed, let the Content Encryption
        Key (CEK) be the shared symmetric key.

   7.   Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to create the Encoded JWE
        Encrypted Key.

   8.   Generate a random JWE Initialization Vector of the correct size
        for the block encryption algorithm (if required for the
        algorithm); otherwise, let the JWE Initialization Vector be the
        empty octet sequence.

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 17]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   9.   Base64url encode the JWE Initialization Vector to create the
        Encoded JWE Initialization Vector.

   10.  Compress the Plaintext if a "zip" parameter was included.

   11.  Serialize the (compressed) Plaintext into an octet sequence M.

   12.  Create a JWE Header containing the encryption parameters used.
        Note that white space is explicitly allowed in the
        representation and no canonicalization need be performed before
        encoding.

   13.  Base64url encode the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the
        JWE Header to create the Encoded JWE Header.

   14.  Let the Additional Authenticated Data value be the octets of the
        ASCII representation of the concatenation of the Encoded JWE
        Header, a period ('.') character, and the Encoded JWE Encrypted
        Key.

   15.  Encrypt M using the CEK, the JWE Initialization Vector, and the
        Additional Authenticated Data value using the specified block
        encryption algorithm to create the JWE Ciphertext value and the
        JWE Authentication Tag (which is the Authentication Tag output
        from the calculation).

   16.  Base64url encode the JWE Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE
        Ciphertext.

   17.  Base64url encode the JWE Authentication Tag to create the
        Encoded JWE Authentication Tag.

   18.  The five encoded parts are the result values used in both the
        JWE Compact Serialization and the JWE JSON Serialization
        representations.

   19.  If the JWE JSON Serialization is being used, repeat this process
        for each recipient.

   20.  Create the desired serialized output.  The JWE Compact
        Serialization of this result is the concatenation of the Encoded
        JWE Header, the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE
        Initialization Vector, the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and the
        Encoded JWE Authentication Tag in that order, with the five
        strings being separated by four period ('.') characters.  The
        JWE JSON Serialization is described in Section 7.

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 18]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

5.2.  Message Decryption

   The message decryption process is the reverse of the encryption
   process.  The order of the steps is not significant in cases where
   there are no dependencies between the inputs and outputs of the
   steps.  If any of these steps fails, the JWE MUST be rejected.

   1.   Parse the serialized input to determine the values of the
        Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded
        JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and the
        Encoded JWE Authentication Tag. When using the JWE Compact
        Serialization, these five values are represented as text strings
        in that order, separated by four period ('.') characters.  The
        JWE JSON Serialization is described in Section 7.

   2.   The Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, the
        Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded JWE Ciphertext,
        and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag MUST be successfully
        base64url decoded following the restriction that no padding
        characters have been used.

   3.   The resulting JWE Header MUST be completely valid JSON syntax
        conforming to RFC 4627 [RFC4627].

   4.   The resulting JWE Header MUST be validated to only include
        parameters and values whose syntax and semantics are both
        understood and supported or that are specified as being ignored
        when not understood.

   5.   Determine the Key Management Mode employed by the algorithm
        specified by the "alg" (algorithm) header parameter.

   6.   Verify that the JWE uses a key known to the recipient.

   7.   When Direct Key Agreement or Key Agreement with Key Wrapping are
        employed, use the key agreement algorithm to compute the value
        of the agreed upon key.  When Direct Key Agreement is employed,
        let the Content Encryption Key (CEK) be the agreed upon key.
        When Key Agreement with Key Wrapping is employed, the agreed
        upon key will be used to decrypt the JWE Encrypted Key.

   8.   When Key Wrapping, Key Encryption, or Key Agreement with Key
        Wrapping are employed, decrypt the JWE Encrypted Key to produce
        the Content Encryption Key (CEK).  The CEK MUST have a length
        equal to that required for the block encryption algorithm.  To
        mitigate against attacks described in RFC 3218 [RFC3218], the
        recipient MUST NOT distinguish between format, padding, and
        length errors of encrypted keys.  It is strongly recommended, in

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 19]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

        the event of receiving an improperly formatted key, that the
        receiver substitute a randomly generated CEK and proceed to the
        next step, to mitigate timing attacks.

   9.   Otherwise, when Direct Key Agreement or Direct Encryption are
        employed, verify that the JWE Encrypted Key value is empty octet
        sequence.

   10.  When Direct Encryption is employed, let the Content Encryption
        Key (CEK) be the shared symmetric key.

   11.  Let the Additional Authenticated Data value be the octets of the
        ASCII representation of the concatenation of the Encoded JWE
        Header, a period ('.') character, and the Encoded JWE Encrypted
        Key.

   12.  Decrypt the JWE Ciphertext using the CEK, the JWE Initialization
        Vector, the Additional Authenticated Data value, and the JWE
        Authentication Tag (which is the Authentication Tag input to the
        calculation) using the specified block encryption algorithm,
        returning the decrypted plaintext and verifying the JWE
        Authentication Tag in the manner specified for the algorithm,
        rejecting the input without emitting any decrypted output if the
        JWE Authentication Tag is incorrect.

   13.  Uncompress the decrypted plaintext if a "zip" parameter was
        included.

   14.  Output the resulting Plaintext.

   15.  If the JWE JSON Serialization is being used, repeat this process
        for each recipient contained in the representation.

5.3.  String Comparison Rules

   Processing a JWE inevitably requires comparing known strings to
   values in JSON objects.  For example, in checking what the encryption
   method is, the Unicode string encoding "enc" will be checked against
   the member names in the JWE Header to see if there is a matching
   Header Parameter Name.

   Comparisons between JSON strings and other Unicode strings MUST be
   performed by comparing Unicode code points without normalization as
   specified in the String Comparison Rules in Section 5.3 of [JWS].

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 20]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

6.  Encrypting JWEs with Cryptographic Algorithms

   JWE uses cryptographic algorithms to encrypt the Plaintext and the
   Content Encryption Key (CEK) and to provide integrity protection for
   the JWE Header, JWE Encrypted Key, and JWE Ciphertext.  The JSON Web
   Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification specifies a set of cryptographic
   algorithms and identifiers to be used with this specification and
   defines registries for additional such algorithms.  Specifically,
   Section 4.1 specifies a set of "alg" (algorithm) header parameter
   values and Section 4.2 specifies a set of "enc" (encryption method)
   header parameter values intended for use this specification.  It also
   describes the semantics and operations that are specific to these
   algorithms.

   Public keys employed for encryption can be identified using the
   Header Parameter methods described in Section 4.1 or can be
   distributed using methods that are outside the scope of this
   specification.

6.1.  CEK Encryption

   JWE supports three forms of Content Encryption Key (CEK) encryption:

   o  Asymmetric encryption under the recipient's public key.

   o  Symmetric encryption under a key shared between the sender and
      receiver.

   o  Symmetric encryption under a key agreed upon between the sender
      and receiver.

   See the algorithms registered for "enc" usage in the IANA JSON Web
   Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry [JWA] and Section 4.1 of
   the JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification for lists of
   encryption algorithms that can be used for CEK encryption.

7.  JSON Serialization

   The JWE JSON Serialization represents encrypted content as a JSON
   object with a "recipients" member containing an array of per-
   recipient information, an "initialization_vector" member containing a
   shared Encoded JWE Initialization Vector value, and a "ciphertext"
   member containing a shared Encoded JWE Ciphertext value.  Each member
   of the "recipients" array is a JSON object with a "header" member
   containing an Encoded JWE Header value, an "encrypted_key" member
   containing an Encoded JWE Encrypted Key value, and an
   "authentication_tag" member containing an Encoded JWE Authentication

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 21]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   Tag value.

   Unlike the JWE Compact Serialization, content using the JWE JSON
   Serialization MAY be encrypted to more than one recipient.  Each
   recipient requires:

   o  a JWE Header value specifying the cryptographic parameters used to
      encrypt the JWE Encrypted Key to that recipient and the parameters
      used to encrypt the plaintext to produce the JWE Ciphertext; this
      is represented as an Encoded JWE Header value in the "header"
      member of an object in the "recipients" array.

   o  a JWE Encrypted Key value used to encrypt the ciphertext; this is
      represented as an Encoded JWE Encrypted Key value in the
      "encrypted_key" member of the same object in the "recipients"
      array.

   o  a JWE Authentication Tag that ensures the integrity of the
      Ciphertext and the parameters used to create it; this is
      represented as an Encoded JWE Authentication Tag value in the
      "authentication_tag" member of the same object in the "recipients"
      array.

   Therefore, the syntax is:

     {"recipients":[
       {"header":"<header 1 contents>",
        "encrypted_key":"<encrypted key 1 contents>",
        "authentication_tag":"<authentication tag 1 contents>"},
       ...
       {"header":"<header N contents>",
        "encrypted_key":"<encrypted key N contents>",
        "authentication_tag":"<authentication tag N contents>"}],
      "initialization_vector":"<initialization vector contents>",
      "ciphertext":"<ciphertext contents>"
     }

   The contents of the Encoded JWE Header, Encoded JWE Encrypted Key,
   Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and
   Encoded JWE Authentication Tag values are exactly as specified in the
   rest of this specification.  They are interpreted and validated in
   the same manner, with each corresponding "header", "encrypted_key",
   and "authentication_tag" value being created and validated together.

   Each JWE Encrypted Key value and the corresponding JWE Authentication
   Tag are computed using the parameters of the corresponding JWE Header
   value in the same manner as for the JWE Compact Serialization.  This
   has the desirable result that each Encoded JWE Encrypted Key value in

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 22]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   the "recipients" array and each Encoded JWE Authentication Tag in the
   same array element are identical to the values that would have been
   computed for the same parameters in the JWE Compact Serialization, as
   are the shared JWE Ciphertext and JWE Initialization Vector values.

   All recipients use the same JWE Ciphertext and JWE Initialization
   Vector values, resulting in potentially significant space savings if
   the message is large.  Therefore, all header parameters that specify
   the treatment of the JWE Ciphertext value MUST be the same for all
   recipients.  This primarily means that the "enc" (encryption method)
   header parameter value in the JWE Header for each recipient MUST be
   the same.

7.1.  Example JWE-JS

   This section contains an example using the JWE JSON Serialization.
   This example demonstrates the capability for encrypting the same
   plaintext to multiple recipients.

   Two recipients are present in this example: the first using the
   RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 algorithm to encrypt the Content Encryption Key
   (CEK) and the second using RSAES OAEP to encrypt the CEK.  The
   Plaintext is encrypted using the AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 algorithm
   and the same block encryption parameters to produce the common JWE
   Ciphertext value.  The two Decoded JWE Header Segments used are:

     {"alg":"RSA1_5","enc":"A128CBC-HS256"}

   and:

     {"alg":"RSA-OAEP","enc":"A128CBC-HS256"}

   The keys used for the first recipient are the same as those in
   Appendix A.2, as is the Plaintext used.  The encryption key used for
   the second recipient is the same as that used in Appendix A.3; the
   block encryption keys and parameters for the second recipient are the
   same as those for the first recipient (which must be the case, since
   the Initialization Vector and Ciphertext are shared).

   The complete JSON Web Encryption JSON Serialization (JWE-JS) for
   these values is as follows (with line breaks for display purposes
   only):

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 23]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

     {"recipients":[
       {"header":
         "eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0",
        "encrypted_key":
         "nJa_uE2D0wlKz-OcwSbKFzj302xYSI-RLBM6hbVGmP4axtJQPA9S0po3s3NMk
          mOmkkawnfwPNjpc0mc3z79cuQWkQPFQo-mDxmogz8dxBcheaTUg3ZvpbGCXxZ
          jDYENRWiZ5M9BiLy09BIF5mHp85QL6XED1JEZMOh-1uT1lqPDcDD79qWtrCfE
          JmNmfsx5fcB2PfAcVtQ0t_YmOXx5_Gu0it1nILKXLR2Ynf9mfLhEcC5LebpWy
          EHW6WzQ4iH9SIcIupPV1iKCzmJcPrDBJ5Fc_KMBcXBinaS__wftNywaGgfi_N
          Ssx24LxtK6fIkejRlMBmCfxv0Tg8CtxpURigg",
        "authentication_tag":
         "fY2U_Hx5VcfXmipEldHhMA"},
       {"header":
         "eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0",
        "encrypted_key":
         "6KB707dM9YTIgHtLvtgWQ8mKwboJW3of9locizkDTHzBC2IlrT1oOQ",
        "authentication_tag":
         "CEH4ZS25HNrocFNPVN0SrA"}],
      "initialization_vector":
       "AxY8DCtDaGlsbGljb3RoZQ",
      "ciphertext":
       "KDlTtXchhZTGufMYmOYGS4HffxPSUrfmqCHXaI9wOGY"
     }

8.  Implementation Considerations

   The JWE Compact Serialization is mandatory to implement.
   Implementation of the JWE JSON Serialization is OPTIONAL.

9.  IANA Considerations

9.1.  Registration of JWE Header Parameter Names

   This specification registers the Header Parameter Names defined in
   Section 4.1 in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header
   Parameters registry [JWS].

9.1.1.  Registry Contents

   o  Header Parameter Name: "alg"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.1 of [[ this document ]]

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 24]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   o  Header Parameter Name: "enc"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.2 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "epk"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.3 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "zip"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.4 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "jku"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.5 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "jwk"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification document(s): Section 4.1.6 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "x5u"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.7 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "x5t"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.8 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "x5c"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.9 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "kid"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.10 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "typ"

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 25]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.11 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "cty"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.12 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "apu"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.13 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "apv"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.14 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Header Parameter Name: "crit"
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWS
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.15 of [[ this document ]]

9.2.  JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values Registration

9.2.1.  Registry Contents

   This specification registers the "JWE" and "JWE-JS" type values in
   the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values registry
   [JWS]:

   o  "typ" Header Parameter Value: "JWE"
   o  Abbreviation for MIME Type: application/jwe
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.11 of [[ this document ]]

   o  "typ" Header Parameter Value: "JWE-JS"
   o  Abbreviation for MIME Type: application/jwe-js
   o  Change Controller: IETF
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.11 of [[ this document ]]

9.3.  Media Type Registration

9.3.1.  Registry Contents

   This specification registers the "application/jwe" and
   "application/jwe-js" Media Types [RFC2046] in the MIME Media Type

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 26]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   registry [RFC4288] to indicate, respectively, that the content is a
   JWE using the JWE Compact Serialization or a JWE using the JWE JSON
   Serialization.

   o  Type Name: application
   o  Subtype Name: jwe
   o  Required Parameters: n/a
   o  Optional Parameters: n/a
   o  Encoding considerations: JWE values are encoded as a series of
      base64url encoded values (some of which may be the empty string)
      separated by period ('.') characters
   o  Security Considerations: See the Security Considerations section
      of [[ this document ]]
   o  Interoperability Considerations: n/a
   o  Published Specification: [[ this document ]]
   o  Applications that use this media type: OpenID Connect and other
      applications using encrypted JWTs
   o  Additional Information: Magic number(s): n/a, File extension(s):
      n/a, Macintosh file type code(s): n/a
   o  Person & email address to contact for further information: Michael
      B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
   o  Intended Usage: COMMON
   o  Restrictions on Usage: none
   o  Author: Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
   o  Change Controller: IETF

   o  Type Name: application
   o  Subtype Name: jwe-js
   o  Required Parameters: n/a
   o  Optional Parameters: n/a
   o  Encoding considerations: JWE-JS values are represented as a JSON
      Object; UTF-8 encoding SHOULD be employed for the JSON object.
   o  Security Considerations: See the Security Considerations section
      of [[ this document ]]
   o  Interoperability Considerations: n/a
   o  Published Specification: [[ this document ]]
   o  Applications that use this media type: TBD
   o  Additional Information: Magic number(s): n/a, File extension(s):
      n/a, Macintosh file type code(s): n/a
   o  Person & email address to contact for further information: Michael
      B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
   o  Intended Usage: COMMON
   o  Restrictions on Usage: none
   o  Author: Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
   o  Change Controller: IETF

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 27]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

10.  Security Considerations

   All of the security issues faced by any cryptographic application
   must be faced by a JWS/JWE/JWK agent.  Among these issues are
   protecting the user's private and symmetric keys, preventing various
   attacks, and helping the user avoid mistakes such as inadvertently
   encrypting a message for the wrong recipient.  The entire list of
   security considerations is beyond the scope of this document.

   All the security considerations in the JWS specification also apply
   to this specification.  Likewise, all the security considerations in
   XML Encryption 1.1 [W3C.CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313] also apply, other
   than those that are XML specific.

   When decrypting, particular care must be taken not to allow the JWE
   recipient to be used as an oracle for decrypting messages.  RFC 3218
   [RFC3218] should be consulted for specific countermeasures to attacks
   on RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5.  An attacker might modify the contents of the
   "alg" parameter from "RSA-OAEP" to "RSA1_5" in order to generate a
   formatting error that can be detected and used to recover the CEK
   even if RSAES OAEP was used to encrypt the CEK.  It is therefore
   particularly important to report all formatting errors to the CEK,
   Additional Authenticated Data, or ciphertext as a single error when
   the JWE is rejected.

   AES GCM MUST NOT be used when using the JWE JSON Serialization for
   multiple recipients, since this would result in the same
   Initialization Vector and Plaintext values being used for multiple
   GCM encryptions.  This is prohibited by the GCM specification because
   of severe security vulnerabilities that would result, were GCM used
   in this way.

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [ITU.X690.1994]
              International Telecommunications Union, "Information
              Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic
              Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and
              Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation
              X.690, 1994.

   [JWA]      Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)",
              draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms (work in progress),
              April 2013.

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 28]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   [JWK]      Jones, M., "JSON Web Key (JWK)",
              draft-ietf-jose-json-web-key (work in progress),
              April 2013.

   [JWS]      Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web
              Signature (JWS)", draft-ietf-jose-json-web-signature (work
              in progress), April 2013.

   [RFC1421]  Linn, J., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic
              Mail: Part I: Message Encryption and Authentication
              Procedures", RFC 1421, February 1993.

   [RFC1951]  Deutsch, P., "DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification
              version 1.3", RFC 1951, May 1996.

   [RFC2046]  Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
              Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
              November 1996.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2818]  Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, January 2005.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
              Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.

   [RFC4288]  Freed, N. and J. Klensin, "Media Type Specifications and
              Registration Procedures", RFC 4288, December 2005.

   [RFC4627]  Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for
              JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, July 2006.

   [RFC4648]  Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
              Encodings", RFC 4648, October 2006.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 29]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.

   [W3C.CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313]
              Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., Roessler, T., and F. Hirsch,
              "XML Encryption Syntax and Processing Version 1.1", World
              Wide Web Consortium CR CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313,
              March 2012,
              <http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313>.

11.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2]
              McGrew, D. and K. Paterson, "Authenticated Encryption with
              AES-CBC and HMAC-SHA",
              draft-mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2-01 (work in progress),
              October 2012.

   [I-D.rescorla-jsms]
              Rescorla, E. and J. Hildebrand, "JavaScript Message
              Security Format", draft-rescorla-jsms-00 (work in
              progress), March 2011.

   [JSE]      Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura (editor), "JSON Simple
              Encryption", September 2010.

   [JWT]      Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token
              (JWT)", draft-ietf-oauth-json-web-token (work in
              progress), April 2013.

   [RFC3218]  Rescorla, E., "Preventing the Million Message Attack on
              Cryptographic Message Syntax", RFC 3218, January 2002.

   [RFC4122]  Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally
              Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122,
              July 2005.

   [RFC5652]  Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70,
              RFC 5652, September 2009.

Appendix A.  JWE Examples

   This section provides examples of JWE computations.

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 30]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

A.1.  Example JWE using RSAES OAEP and AES GCM

   This example encrypts the plaintext "The true sign of intelligence is
   not knowledge but imagination." to the recipient using RSAES OAEP and
   AES GCM.  The representation of this plaintext is:

   [84, 104, 101, 32, 116, 114, 117, 101, 32, 115, 105, 103, 110, 32,
   111, 102, 32, 105, 110, 116, 101, 108, 108, 105, 103, 101, 110, 99,
   101, 32, 105, 115, 32, 110, 111, 116, 32, 107, 110, 111, 119, 108,
   101, 100, 103, 101, 32, 98, 117, 116, 32, 105, 109, 97, 103, 105,
   110, 97, 116, 105, 111, 110, 46]

A.1.1.  JWE Header

   The following example JWE Header declares that:

   o  the Content Encryption Key is encrypted to the recipient using the
      RSAES OAEP algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key and

   o  the Plaintext is encrypted using the AES GCM algorithm with a 256
      bit key to produce the Ciphertext.

     {"alg":"RSA-OAEP","enc":"A256GCM"}

A.1.2.  Encoded JWE Header

   Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWE
   Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:

     eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImVuYyI6IkEyNTZHQ00ifQ

A.1.3.  Content Encryption Key (CEK)

   Generate a 256 bit random Content Encryption Key (CEK).  In this
   example, the value is:

   [177, 161, 244, 128, 84, 143, 225, 115, 63, 180, 3, 255, 107, 154,
   212, 246, 138, 7, 110, 91, 112, 46, 34, 105, 47, 130, 203, 46, 122,
   234, 64, 252]

A.1.4.  Key Encryption

   Encrypt the CEK with the recipient's public key using the RSAES OAEP
   algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key. In this example, the RSA
   key parameters are:

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 31]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   | Parameter | Value                                                 |
   | Name      |                                                       |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   | Modulus   | [161, 168, 84, 34, 133, 176, 208, 173, 46, 176, 163,  |
   |           | 110, 57, 30, 135, 227, 9, 31, 226, 128, 84, 92, 116,  |
   |           | 241, 70, 248, 27, 227, 193, 62, 5, 91, 241, 145, 224, |
   |           | 205, 141, 176, 184, 133, 239, 43, 81, 103, 9, 161,    |
   |           | 153, 157, 179, 104, 123, 51, 189, 34, 152, 69, 97,    |
   |           | 69, 78, 93, 140, 131, 87, 182, 169, 101, 92, 142, 3,  |
   |           | 22, 167, 8, 212, 56, 35, 79, 210, 222, 192, 208, 252, |
   |           | 49, 109, 138, 173, 253, 210, 166, 201, 63, 102, 74,   |
   |           | 5, 158, 41, 90, 144, 108, 160, 79, 10, 89, 222, 231,  |
   |           | 172, 31, 227, 197, 0, 19, 72, 81, 138, 78, 136, 221,  |
   |           | 121, 118, 196, 17, 146, 10, 244, 188, 72, 113, 55,    |
   |           | 221, 162, 217, 171, 27, 57, 233, 210, 101, 236, 154,  |
   |           | 199, 56, 138, 239, 101, 48, 198, 186, 202, 160, 76,   |
   |           | 111, 234, 71, 57, 183, 5, 211, 171, 136, 126, 64, 40, |
   |           | 75, 58, 89, 244, 254, 107, 84, 103, 7, 236, 69, 163,  |
   |           | 18, 180, 251, 58, 153, 46, 151, 174, 12, 103, 197,    |
   |           | 181, 161, 162, 55, 250, 235, 123, 110, 17, 11, 158,   |
   |           | 24, 47, 133, 8, 199, 235, 107, 126, 130, 246, 73,     |
   |           | 195, 20, 108, 202, 176, 214, 187, 45, 146, 182, 118,  |
   |           | 54, 32, 200, 61, 201, 71, 243, 1, 255, 131, 84, 37,   |
   |           | 111, 211, 168, 228, 45, 192, 118, 27, 197, 235, 232,  |
   |           | 36, 10, 230, 248, 190, 82, 182, 140, 35, 204, 108,    |
   |           | 190, 253, 186, 186, 27]                               |
   | Exponent  | [1, 0, 1]                                             |

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 32]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   | Private   | [144, 183, 109, 34, 62, 134, 108, 57, 44, 252, 10,    |
   | Exponent  | 66, 73, 54, 16, 181, 233, 92, 54, 219, 101, 42, 35,   |
   |           | 178, 63, 51, 43, 92, 119, 136, 251, 41, 53, 23, 191,  |
   |           | 164, 164, 60, 88, 227, 229, 152, 228, 213, 149, 228,  |
   |           | 169, 237, 104, 71, 151, 75, 88, 252, 216, 77, 251,    |
   |           | 231, 28, 97, 88, 193, 215, 202, 248, 216, 121, 195,   |
   |           | 211, 245, 250, 112, 71, 243, 61, 129, 95, 39, 244,    |
   |           | 122, 225, 217, 169, 211, 165, 48, 253, 220, 59, 122,  |
   |           | 219, 42, 86, 223, 32, 236, 39, 48, 103, 78, 122, 216, |
   |           | 187, 88, 176, 89, 24, 1, 42, 177, 24, 99, 142, 170,   |
   |           | 1, 146, 43, 3, 108, 64, 194, 121, 182, 95, 187, 134,  |
   |           | 71, 88, 96, 134, 74, 131, 167, 69, 106, 143, 121, 27, |
   |           | 72, 44, 245, 95, 39, 194, 179, 175, 203, 122, 16,     |
   |           | 112, 183, 17, 200, 202, 31, 17, 138, 156, 184, 210,   |
   |           | 157, 184, 154, 131, 128, 110, 12, 85, 195, 122, 241,  |
   |           | 79, 251, 229, 183, 117, 21, 123, 133, 142, 220, 153,  |
   |           | 9, 59, 57, 105, 81, 255, 138, 77, 82, 54, 62, 216,    |
   |           | 38, 249, 208, 17, 197, 49, 45, 19, 232, 157, 251,     |
   |           | 131, 137, 175, 72, 126, 43, 229, 69, 179, 117, 82,    |
   |           | 157, 213, 83, 35, 57, 210, 197, 252, 171, 143, 194,   |
   |           | 11, 47, 163, 6, 253, 75, 252, 96, 11, 187, 84, 130,   |
   |           | 210, 7, 121, 78, 91, 79, 57, 251, 138, 132, 220, 60,  |
   |           | 224, 173, 56, 224, 201]                               |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+

   The resulting JWE Encrypted Key value is:

   [2, 151, 206, 44, 38, 131, 110, 171, 63, 37, 115, 216, 203, 98, 61,
   223, 187, 255, 198, 106, 243, 143, 226, 44, 179, 89, 134, 232, 208,
   7, 153, 226, 85, 136, 206, 163, 218, 93, 12, 30, 247, 236, 120, 135,
   71, 87, 37, 54, 4, 138, 6, 86, 239, 104, 134, 249, 36, 90, 36, 106,
   228, 50, 246, 141, 134, 83, 60, 15, 83, 1, 220, 42, 220, 85, 8, 87,
   42, 7, 248, 247, 157, 127, 167, 165, 28, 133, 69, 139, 98, 134, 12,
   75, 41, 96, 203, 80, 1, 19, 12, 72, 23, 18, 238, 155, 37, 199, 167,
   229, 135, 80, 159, 135, 113, 129, 43, 43, 51, 181, 83, 4, 133, 159,
   230, 104, 89, 38, 224, 246, 21, 10, 194, 108, 190, 174, 130, 183,
   119, 224, 216, 34, 79, 58, 205, 23, 212, 49, 238, 197, 146, 168, 32,
   98, 42, 113, 183, 138, 225, 113, 14, 229, 173, 33, 229, 48, 46, 36,
   230, 202, 117, 243, 180, 116, 172, 31, 53, 36, 155, 166, 238, 108,
   22, 186, 81, 23, 5, 118, 21, 52, 216, 162, 161, 120, 204, 142, 58,
   55, 223, 191, 132, 194, 51, 158, 81, 41, 126, 212, 87, 133, 39, 4,
   38, 230, 125, 28, 111, 2, 240, 33, 193, 213, 100, 89, 252, 158, 60,
   62, 87, 170, 118, 17, 120, 163, 183, 193, 228, 157, 112, 22, 165, 23,
   6, 214, 237, 184, 98, 127, 3, 101, 222, 232, 1, 33, 174, 92, 194, 59]

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 33]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

A.1.5.  Encoded JWE Encrypted Key

   Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Encoded JWE
   Encrypted Key. This result (with line breaks for display purposes
   only) is:

     ApfOLCaDbqs_JXPYy2I937v_xmrzj-Iss1mG6NAHmeJViM6j2l0MHvfseIdHVyU2
     BIoGVu9ohvkkWiRq5DL2jYZTPA9TAdwq3FUIVyoH-Pedf6elHIVFi2KGDEspYMtQ
     ARMMSBcS7pslx6flh1Cfh3GBKysztVMEhZ_maFkm4PYVCsJsvq6Ct3fg2CJPOs0X
     1DHuxZKoIGIqcbeK4XEO5a0h5TAuJObKdfO0dKwfNSSbpu5sFrpRFwV2FTTYoqF4
     zI46N9-_hMIznlEpftRXhScEJuZ9HG8C8CHB1WRZ_J48PleqdhF4o7fB5J1wFqUX
     BtbtuGJ_A2Xe6AEhrlzCOw

A.1.6.  Initialization Vector

   Generate a random 96 bit JWE Initialization Vector.  In this example,
   the value is:

   [227, 197, 117, 252, 2, 219, 233, 68, 180, 225, 77, 219]

   Base64url encoding this value yields the Encoded JWE Initialization
   Vector value:

     48V1_ALb6US04U3b

A.1.7.  Additional Authenticated Data Parameter

   Concatenate the Encoded JWE Header value, a period ('.') character,
   and the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key to create the Additional
   Authenticated Data parameter.  This result (with line breaks for
   display purposes only) is:

     eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImVuYyI6IkEyNTZHQ00ifQ.
     ApfOLCaDbqs_JXPYy2I937v_xmrzj-Iss1mG6NAHmeJViM6j2l0MHvfseIdHVyU2
     BIoGVu9ohvkkWiRq5DL2jYZTPA9TAdwq3FUIVyoH-Pedf6elHIVFi2KGDEspYMtQ
     ARMMSBcS7pslx6flh1Cfh3GBKysztVMEhZ_maFkm4PYVCsJsvq6Ct3fg2CJPOs0X
     1DHuxZKoIGIqcbeK4XEO5a0h5TAuJObKdfO0dKwfNSSbpu5sFrpRFwV2FTTYoqF4
     zI46N9-_hMIznlEpftRXhScEJuZ9HG8C8CHB1WRZ_J48PleqdhF4o7fB5J1wFqUX
     BtbtuGJ_A2Xe6AEhrlzCOw

   The representation of this value is:

   [101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 83, 85, 48, 69,
   116, 84, 48, 70, 70, 85, 67, 73, 115, 73, 109, 86, 117, 89, 121, 73,
   54, 73, 107, 69, 121, 78, 84, 90, 72, 81, 48, 48, 105, 102, 81, 46,
   65, 112, 102, 79, 76, 67, 97, 68, 98, 113, 115, 95, 74, 88, 80, 89,
   121, 50, 73, 57, 51, 55, 118, 95, 120, 109, 114, 122, 106, 45, 73,
   115, 115, 49, 109, 71, 54, 78, 65, 72, 109, 101, 74, 86, 105, 77, 54,

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 34]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   106, 50, 108, 48, 77, 72, 118, 102, 115, 101, 73, 100, 72, 86, 121,
   85, 50, 66, 73, 111, 71, 86, 117, 57, 111, 104, 118, 107, 107, 87,
   105, 82, 113, 53, 68, 76, 50, 106, 89, 90, 84, 80, 65, 57, 84, 65,
   100, 119, 113, 51, 70, 85, 73, 86, 121, 111, 72, 45, 80, 101, 100,
   102, 54, 101, 108, 72, 73, 86, 70, 105, 50, 75, 71, 68, 69, 115, 112,
   89, 77, 116, 81, 65, 82, 77, 77, 83, 66, 99, 83, 55, 112, 115, 108,
   120, 54, 102, 108, 104, 49, 67, 102, 104, 51, 71, 66, 75, 121, 115,
   122, 116, 86, 77, 69, 104, 90, 95, 109, 97, 70, 107, 109, 52, 80, 89,
   86, 67, 115, 74, 115, 118, 113, 54, 67, 116, 51, 102, 103, 50, 67,
   74, 80, 79, 115, 48, 88, 49, 68, 72, 117, 120, 90, 75, 111, 73, 71,
   73, 113, 99, 98, 101, 75, 52, 88, 69, 79, 53, 97, 48, 104, 53, 84,
   65, 117, 74, 79, 98, 75, 100, 102, 79, 48, 100, 75, 119, 102, 78, 83,
   83, 98, 112, 117, 53, 115, 70, 114, 112, 82, 70, 119, 86, 50, 70, 84,
   84, 89, 111, 113, 70, 52, 122, 73, 52, 54, 78, 57, 45, 95, 104, 77,
   73, 122, 110, 108, 69, 112, 102, 116, 82, 88, 104, 83, 99, 69, 74,
   117, 90, 57, 72, 71, 56, 67, 56, 67, 72, 66, 49, 87, 82, 90, 95, 74,
   52, 56, 80, 108, 101, 113, 100, 104, 70, 52, 111, 55, 102, 66, 53,
   74, 49, 119, 70, 113, 85, 88, 66, 116, 98, 116, 117, 71, 74, 95, 65,
   50, 88, 101, 54, 65, 69, 104, 114, 108, 122, 67, 79, 119]

A.1.8.  Plaintext Encryption

   Encrypt the Plaintext with AES GCM using the CEK as the encryption
   key, the JWE Initialization Vector, and the Additional Authenticated
   Data value above, requesting a 128 bit Authentication Tag output.
   The resulting Ciphertext is:

   [229, 236, 166, 241, 53, 191, 115, 196, 174, 43, 73, 109, 39, 122,
   233, 96, 140, 206, 120, 52, 51, 237, 48, 11, 190, 219, 186, 80, 111,
   104, 50, 142, 47, 167, 59, 61, 181, 127, 196, 21, 40, 82, 242, 32,
   123, 143, 168, 226, 73, 216, 176, 144, 138, 247, 106, 60, 16, 205,
   160, 109, 64, 63, 192]

   The resulting Authentication Tag value is:

   [130, 17, 32, 198, 120, 167, 144, 113, 0, 50, 158, 49, 102, 208, 118,
   152]

A.1.9.  Encoded JWE Ciphertext

   Base64url encode the Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext.
   This result (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:

     5eym8TW_c8SuK0ltJ3rpYIzOeDQz7TALvtu6UG9oMo4vpzs9tX_EFShS8iB7j6ji
     SdiwkIr3ajwQzaBtQD_A

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 35]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

A.1.10.  Encoded JWE Authentication Tag

   Base64url encode the Authentication Tag to create the Encoded JWE
   Authentication Tag. This result is:

     ghEgxninkHEAMp4xZtB2mA

A.1.11.  Complete Representation

   Assemble the final representation: The Compact Serialization of this
   result is the concatenation of the Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded
   JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded
   JWE Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag in that order,
   with the five strings being separated by four period ('.')
   characters.

   The final result in this example (with line breaks for display
   purposes only) is:

     eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImVuYyI6IkEyNTZHQ00ifQ.
     ApfOLCaDbqs_JXPYy2I937v_xmrzj-Iss1mG6NAHmeJViM6j2l0MHvfseIdHVyU2
     BIoGVu9ohvkkWiRq5DL2jYZTPA9TAdwq3FUIVyoH-Pedf6elHIVFi2KGDEspYMtQ
     ARMMSBcS7pslx6flh1Cfh3GBKysztVMEhZ_maFkm4PYVCsJsvq6Ct3fg2CJPOs0X
     1DHuxZKoIGIqcbeK4XEO5a0h5TAuJObKdfO0dKwfNSSbpu5sFrpRFwV2FTTYoqF4
     zI46N9-_hMIznlEpftRXhScEJuZ9HG8C8CHB1WRZ_J48PleqdhF4o7fB5J1wFqUX
     BtbtuGJ_A2Xe6AEhrlzCOw.
     48V1_ALb6US04U3b.
     5eym8TW_c8SuK0ltJ3rpYIzOeDQz7TALvtu6UG9oMo4vpzs9tX_EFShS8iB7j6ji
     SdiwkIr3ajwQzaBtQD_A.
     ghEgxninkHEAMp4xZtB2mA

A.1.12.  Validation

   This example illustrates the process of creating a JWE with RSA OAEP
   and AES GCM.  These results can be used to validate JWE decryption
   implementations for these algorithms.  Note that since the RSAES OAEP
   computation includes random values, the encryption results above will
   not be completely reproducible.  However, since the AES GCM
   computation is deterministic, the JWE Encrypted Ciphertext values
   will be the same for all encryptions performed using these inputs.

A.2.  Example JWE using RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 and AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256

   This example encrypts the plaintext "Live long and prosper." to the
   recipient using RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 and AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256.  The
   representation of this plaintext is:

   [76, 105, 118, 101, 32, 108, 111, 110, 103, 32, 97, 110, 100, 32,

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 36]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   112, 114, 111, 115, 112, 101, 114, 46]

A.2.1.  JWE Header

   The following example JWE Header (with line breaks for display
   purposes only) declares that:

   o  the Content Encryption Key is encrypted to the recipient using the
      RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key and

   o  the Plaintext is encrypted using the AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256
      algorithm to produce the Ciphertext.

     {"alg":"RSA1_5","enc":"A128CBC-HS256"}

A.2.2.  Encoded JWE Header

   Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWE
   Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:

     eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0

A.2.3.  Content Encryption Key (CEK)

   Generate a 256 bit random Content Encryption Key (CEK).  In this
   example, the key value is:

   [4, 211, 31, 197, 84, 157, 252, 254, 11, 100, 157, 250, 63, 170, 106,
   206, 107, 124, 212, 45, 111, 107, 9, 219, 200, 177, 0, 240, 143, 156,
   44, 207]

A.2.4.  Key Encryption

   Encrypt the CEK with the recipient's public key using the RSAES-
   PKCS1-V1_5 algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key. In this
   example, the RSA key parameters are:

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 37]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   | Parameter | Value                                                 |
   | Name      |                                                       |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   | Modulus   | [177, 119, 33, 13, 164, 30, 108, 121, 207, 136, 107,  |
   |           | 242, 12, 224, 19, 226, 198, 134, 17, 71, 173, 75, 42, |
   |           | 61, 48, 162, 206, 161, 97, 108, 185, 234, 226, 219,   |
   |           | 118, 206, 118, 5, 169, 224, 60, 181, 90, 85, 51, 123, |
   |           | 6, 224, 4, 122, 29, 230, 151, 12, 244, 127, 121, 25,  |
   |           | 4, 85, 220, 144, 215, 110, 130, 17, 68, 228, 129,     |
   |           | 138, 7, 130, 231, 40, 212, 214, 17, 179, 28, 124,     |
   |           | 151, 178, 207, 20, 14, 154, 222, 113, 176, 24, 198,   |
   |           | 73, 211, 113, 9, 33, 178, 80, 13, 25, 21, 25, 153,    |
   |           | 212, 206, 67, 154, 147, 70, 194, 192, 183, 160, 83,   |
   |           | 98, 236, 175, 85, 23, 97, 75, 199, 177, 73, 145, 50,  |
   |           | 253, 206, 32, 179, 254, 236, 190, 82, 73, 67, 129,    |
   |           | 253, 252, 220, 108, 136, 138, 11, 192, 1, 36, 239,    |
   |           | 228, 55, 81, 113, 17, 25, 140, 63, 239, 146, 3, 172,  |
   |           | 96, 60, 227, 233, 64, 255, 224, 173, 225, 228, 229,   |
   |           | 92, 112, 72, 99, 97, 26, 87, 187, 123, 46, 50, 90,    |
   |           | 202, 117, 73, 10, 153, 47, 224, 178, 163, 77, 48, 46, |
   |           | 154, 33, 148, 34, 228, 33, 172, 216, 89, 46, 225,     |
   |           | 127, 68, 146, 234, 30, 147, 54, 146, 5, 133, 45, 78,  |
   |           | 254, 85, 55, 75, 213, 86, 194, 218, 215, 163, 189,    |
   |           | 194, 54, 6, 83, 36, 18, 153, 53, 7, 48, 89, 35, 66,   |
   |           | 144, 7, 65, 154, 13, 97, 75, 55, 230, 132, 3, 13,     |
   |           | 239, 71]                                              |
   | Exponent  | [1, 0, 1]                                             |

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 38]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   | Private   | [84, 80, 150, 58, 165, 235, 242, 123, 217, 55, 38,    |
   | Exponent  | 154, 36, 181, 221, 156, 211, 215, 100, 164, 90, 88,   |
   |           | 40, 228, 83, 148, 54, 122, 4, 16, 165, 48, 76, 194,   |
   |           | 26, 107, 51, 53, 179, 165, 31, 18, 198, 173, 78, 61,  |
   |           | 56, 97, 252, 158, 140, 80, 63, 25, 223, 156, 36, 203, |
   |           | 214, 252, 120, 67, 180, 167, 3, 82, 243, 25, 97, 214, |
   |           | 83, 133, 69, 16, 104, 54, 160, 200, 41, 83, 164, 187, |
   |           | 70, 153, 111, 234, 242, 158, 175, 28, 198, 48, 211,   |
   |           | 45, 148, 58, 23, 62, 227, 74, 52, 117, 42, 90, 41,    |
   |           | 249, 130, 154, 80, 119, 61, 26, 193, 40, 125, 10,     |
   |           | 152, 174, 227, 225, 205, 32, 62, 66, 6, 163, 100, 99, |
   |           | 219, 19, 253, 25, 105, 80, 201, 29, 252, 157, 237,    |
   |           | 69, 1, 80, 171, 167, 20, 196, 156, 109, 249, 88, 0,   |
   |           | 3, 152, 38, 165, 72, 87, 6, 152, 71, 156, 214, 16,    |
   |           | 71, 30, 82, 51, 103, 76, 218, 63, 9, 84, 163, 249,    |
   |           | 91, 215, 44, 238, 85, 101, 240, 148, 1, 82, 224, 91,  |
   |           | 135, 105, 127, 84, 171, 181, 152, 210, 183, 126, 24,  |
   |           | 46, 196, 90, 173, 38, 245, 219, 186, 222, 27, 240,    |
   |           | 212, 194, 15, 66, 135, 226, 178, 190, 52, 245, 74,    |
   |           | 65, 224, 81, 100, 85, 25, 204, 165, 203, 187, 175,    |
   |           | 84, 100, 82, 15, 11, 23, 202, 151, 107, 54, 41, 207,  |
   |           | 3, 136, 229, 134, 131, 93, 139, 50, 182, 204, 93,     |
   |           | 130, 89]                                              |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+

   The resulting JWE Encrypted Key value is:

   [156, 150, 191, 184, 77, 131, 211, 9, 74, 207, 227, 156, 193, 38,
   202, 23, 56, 247, 211, 108, 88, 72, 143, 145, 44, 19, 58, 133, 181,
   70, 152, 254, 26, 198, 210, 80, 60, 15, 82, 210, 154, 55, 179, 115,
   76, 146, 99, 166, 146, 70, 176, 157, 252, 15, 54, 58, 92, 210, 103,
   55, 207, 191, 92, 185, 5, 164, 64, 241, 80, 163, 233, 131, 198, 106,
   32, 207, 199, 113, 5, 200, 94, 105, 53, 32, 221, 155, 233, 108, 96,
   151, 197, 152, 195, 96, 67, 81, 90, 38, 121, 51, 208, 98, 47, 45, 61,
   4, 129, 121, 152, 122, 124, 229, 2, 250, 92, 64, 245, 36, 70, 76, 58,
   31, 181, 185, 61, 101, 168, 240, 220, 12, 62, 253, 169, 107, 107, 9,
   241, 9, 152, 217, 159, 179, 30, 95, 112, 29, 143, 124, 7, 21, 181,
   13, 45, 253, 137, 142, 95, 30, 127, 26, 237, 34, 183, 89, 200, 44,
   165, 203, 71, 102, 39, 127, 217, 159, 46, 17, 28, 11, 146, 222, 110,
   149, 178, 16, 117, 186, 91, 52, 56, 136, 127, 82, 33, 194, 46, 164,
   245, 117, 136, 160, 179, 152, 151, 15, 172, 48, 73, 228, 87, 63, 40,
   192, 92, 92, 24, 167, 105, 47, 255, 193, 251, 77, 203, 6, 134, 129,
   248, 191, 53, 43, 49, 219, 130, 241, 180, 174, 159, 34, 71, 163, 70,
   83, 1, 152, 39, 241, 191, 68, 224, 240, 43, 113, 165, 68, 98, 130]

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 39]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

A.2.5.  Encoded JWE Encrypted Key

   Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Encoded JWE
   Encrypted Key. This result (with line breaks for display purposes
   only) is:

     nJa_uE2D0wlKz-OcwSbKFzj302xYSI-RLBM6hbVGmP4axtJQPA9S0po3s3NMkmOm
     kkawnfwPNjpc0mc3z79cuQWkQPFQo-mDxmogz8dxBcheaTUg3ZvpbGCXxZjDYENR
     WiZ5M9BiLy09BIF5mHp85QL6XED1JEZMOh-1uT1lqPDcDD79qWtrCfEJmNmfsx5f
     cB2PfAcVtQ0t_YmOXx5_Gu0it1nILKXLR2Ynf9mfLhEcC5LebpWyEHW6WzQ4iH9S
     IcIupPV1iKCzmJcPrDBJ5Fc_KMBcXBinaS__wftNywaGgfi_NSsx24LxtK6fIkej
     RlMBmCfxv0Tg8CtxpURigg

A.2.6.  Initialization Vector

   Generate a random 128 bit JWE Initialization Vector.  In this
   example, the value is:

   [3, 22, 60, 12, 43, 67, 104, 105, 108, 108, 105, 99, 111, 116, 104,
   101]

   Base64url encoding this value yields the Encoded JWE Initialization
   Vector value:

     AxY8DCtDaGlsbGljb3RoZQ

A.2.7.  Additional Authenticated Data Parameter

   Concatenate the Encoded JWE Header value, a period ('.') character,
   and the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key to create the Additional
   Authenticated Data parameter.  This result (with line breaks for
   display purposes only) is:

     eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0.
     nJa_uE2D0wlKz-OcwSbKFzj302xYSI-RLBM6hbVGmP4axtJQPA9S0po3s3NMkmOm
     kkawnfwPNjpc0mc3z79cuQWkQPFQo-mDxmogz8dxBcheaTUg3ZvpbGCXxZjDYENR
     WiZ5M9BiLy09BIF5mHp85QL6XED1JEZMOh-1uT1lqPDcDD79qWtrCfEJmNmfsx5f
     cB2PfAcVtQ0t_YmOXx5_Gu0it1nILKXLR2Ynf9mfLhEcC5LebpWyEHW6WzQ4iH9S
     IcIupPV1iKCzmJcPrDBJ5Fc_KMBcXBinaS__wftNywaGgfi_NSsx24LxtK6fIkej
     RlMBmCfxv0Tg8CtxpURigg

   The representation of this value is:

   [101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 83, 85, 48, 69,
   120, 88, 122, 85, 105, 76, 67, 74, 108, 98, 109, 77, 105, 79, 105,
   74, 66, 77, 84, 73, 52, 81, 48, 74, 68, 76, 85, 104, 84, 77, 106, 85,
   50, 73, 110, 48, 46, 110, 74, 97, 95, 117, 69, 50, 68, 48, 119, 108,
   75, 122, 45, 79, 99, 119, 83, 98, 75, 70, 122, 106, 51, 48, 50, 120,

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 40]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   89, 83, 73, 45, 82, 76, 66, 77, 54, 104, 98, 86, 71, 109, 80, 52, 97,
   120, 116, 74, 81, 80, 65, 57, 83, 48, 112, 111, 51, 115, 51, 78, 77,
   107, 109, 79, 109, 107, 107, 97, 119, 110, 102, 119, 80, 78, 106,
   112, 99, 48, 109, 99, 51, 122, 55, 57, 99, 117, 81, 87, 107, 81, 80,
   70, 81, 111, 45, 109, 68, 120, 109, 111, 103, 122, 56, 100, 120, 66,
   99, 104, 101, 97, 84, 85, 103, 51, 90, 118, 112, 98, 71, 67, 88, 120,
   90, 106, 68, 89, 69, 78, 82, 87, 105, 90, 53, 77, 57, 66, 105, 76,
   121, 48, 57, 66, 73, 70, 53, 109, 72, 112, 56, 53, 81, 76, 54, 88,
   69, 68, 49, 74, 69, 90, 77, 79, 104, 45, 49, 117, 84, 49, 108, 113,
   80, 68, 99, 68, 68, 55, 57, 113, 87, 116, 114, 67, 102, 69, 74, 109,
   78, 109, 102, 115, 120, 53, 102, 99, 66, 50, 80, 102, 65, 99, 86,
   116, 81, 48, 116, 95, 89, 109, 79, 88, 120, 53, 95, 71, 117, 48, 105,
   116, 49, 110, 73, 76, 75, 88, 76, 82, 50, 89, 110, 102, 57, 109, 102,
   76, 104, 69, 99, 67, 53, 76, 101, 98, 112, 87, 121, 69, 72, 87, 54,
   87, 122, 81, 52, 105, 72, 57, 83, 73, 99, 73, 117, 112, 80, 86, 49,
   105, 75, 67, 122, 109, 74, 99, 80, 114, 68, 66, 74, 53, 70, 99, 95,
   75, 77, 66, 99, 88, 66, 105, 110, 97, 83, 95, 95, 119, 102, 116, 78,
   121, 119, 97, 71, 103, 102, 105, 95, 78, 83, 115, 120, 50, 52, 76,
   120, 116, 75, 54, 102, 73, 107, 101, 106, 82, 108, 77, 66, 109, 67,
   102, 120, 118, 48, 84, 103, 56, 67, 116, 120, 112, 85, 82, 105, 103,
   103]

A.2.8.  Plaintext Encryption

   Encrypt the Plaintext with AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 using the CEK as
   the encryption key, the JWE Initialization Vector, and the Additional
   Authenticated Data value above.  The steps for doing this using the
   values from Appendix A.3 are detailed in Appendix B.  The resulting
   Ciphertext is:

   [40, 57, 83, 181, 119, 33, 133, 148, 198, 185, 243, 24, 152, 230, 6,
   75, 129, 223, 127, 19, 210, 82, 183, 230, 168, 33, 215, 104, 143,
   112, 56, 102]

   The resulting Authentication Tag value is:

   [125, 141, 148, 252, 124, 121, 85, 199, 215, 154, 42, 68, 149, 209,
   225, 48]

A.2.9.  Encoded JWE Ciphertext

   Base64url encode the Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext.
   This result is:

     KDlTtXchhZTGufMYmOYGS4HffxPSUrfmqCHXaI9wOGY

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 41]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

A.2.10.  Encoded JWE Authentication Tag

   Base64url encode the Authentication Tag to create the Encoded JWE
   Authentication Tag. This result is:

     fY2U_Hx5VcfXmipEldHhMA

A.2.11.  Complete Representation

   Assemble the final representation: The Compact Serialization of this
   result is the concatenation of the Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded
   JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded
   JWE Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag in that order,
   with the five strings being separated by four period ('.')
   characters.

   The final result in this example (with line breaks for display
   purposes only) is:

     eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0.
     nJa_uE2D0wlKz-OcwSbKFzj302xYSI-RLBM6hbVGmP4axtJQPA9S0po3s3NMkmOm
     kkawnfwPNjpc0mc3z79cuQWkQPFQo-mDxmogz8dxBcheaTUg3ZvpbGCXxZjDYENR
     WiZ5M9BiLy09BIF5mHp85QL6XED1JEZMOh-1uT1lqPDcDD79qWtrCfEJmNmfsx5f
     cB2PfAcVtQ0t_YmOXx5_Gu0it1nILKXLR2Ynf9mfLhEcC5LebpWyEHW6WzQ4iH9S
     IcIupPV1iKCzmJcPrDBJ5Fc_KMBcXBinaS__wftNywaGgfi_NSsx24LxtK6fIkej
     RlMBmCfxv0Tg8CtxpURigg.
     AxY8DCtDaGlsbGljb3RoZQ.
     KDlTtXchhZTGufMYmOYGS4HffxPSUrfmqCHXaI9wOGY.
     fY2U_Hx5VcfXmipEldHhMA

A.2.12.  Validation

   This example illustrates the process of creating a JWE with RSAES-
   PKCS1-V1_5 and AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2.  These results can be used to
   validate JWE decryption implementations for these algorithms.  Note
   that since the RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 computation includes random values,
   the encryption results above will not be completely reproducible.
   However, since the AES CBC computation is deterministic, the JWE
   Encrypted Ciphertext values will be the same for all encryptions
   performed using these inputs.

A.3.  Example JWE using AES Key Wrap and AES GCM

   This example encrypts the plaintext "Live long and prosper." to the
   recipient using AES Key Wrap and AES GCM.  The representation of this
   plaintext is:

   [76, 105, 118, 101, 32, 108, 111, 110, 103, 32, 97, 110, 100, 32,

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 42]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   112, 114, 111, 115, 112, 101, 114, 46]

A.3.1.  JWE Header

   The following example JWE Header declares that:

   o  the Content Encryption Key is encrypted to the recipient using the
      AES Key Wrap algorithm with a 128 bit key to produce the JWE
      Encrypted Key and

   o  the Plaintext is encrypted using the AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256
      algorithm to produce the Ciphertext.

     {"alg":"A128KW","enc":"A128CBC-HS256"}

A.3.2.  Encoded JWE Header

   Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWE
   Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:

     eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0

A.3.3.  Content Encryption Key (CEK)

   Generate a 256 bit random Content Encryption Key (CEK).  In this
   example, the value is:

   [4, 211, 31, 197, 84, 157, 252, 254, 11, 100, 157, 250, 63, 170, 106,
   206, 107, 124, 212, 45, 111, 107, 9, 219, 200, 177, 0, 240, 143, 156,
   44, 207]

A.3.4.  Key Encryption

   Encrypt the CEK with the shared symmetric key using the AES Key Wrap
   algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key. In this example, the
   shared symmetric key value is:

   [25, 172, 32, 130, 225, 114, 26, 181, 138, 106, 254, 192, 95, 133,
   74, 82]

   The resulting JWE Encrypted Key value is:

   [232, 160, 123, 211, 183, 76, 245, 132, 200, 128, 123, 75, 190, 216,
   22, 67, 201, 138, 193, 186, 9, 91, 122, 31, 246, 90, 28, 139, 57, 3,
   76, 124, 193, 11, 98, 37, 173, 61, 104, 57]

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 43]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

A.3.5.  Encoded JWE Encrypted Key

   Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Encoded JWE
   Encrypted Key. This result is:

     6KB707dM9YTIgHtLvtgWQ8mKwboJW3of9locizkDTHzBC2IlrT1oOQ

A.3.6.  Initialization Vector

   Generate a random 128 bit JWE Initialization Vector.  In this
   example, the value is:

   [3, 22, 60, 12, 43, 67, 104, 105, 108, 108, 105, 99, 111, 116, 104,
   101]

   Base64url encoding this value yields the Encoded JWE Initialization
   Vector value:

     AxY8DCtDaGlsbGljb3RoZQ

A.3.7.  Additional Authenticated Data Parameter

   Concatenate the Encoded JWE Header value, a period ('.') character,
   and the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key to create the Additional
   Authenticated Data parameter.  This result (with line breaks for
   display purposes only) is:

     eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0.
     6KB707dM9YTIgHtLvtgWQ8mKwboJW3of9locizkDTHzBC2IlrT1oOQ

   The representation of this value is:

   [101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66, 77, 84, 73, 52,
   83, 49, 99, 105, 76, 67, 74, 108, 98, 109, 77, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66,
   77, 84, 73, 52, 81, 48, 74, 68, 76, 85, 104, 84, 77, 106, 85, 50, 73,
   110, 48, 46, 54, 75, 66, 55, 48, 55, 100, 77, 57, 89, 84, 73, 103,
   72, 116, 76, 118, 116, 103, 87, 81, 56, 109, 75, 119, 98, 111, 74,
   87, 51, 111, 102, 57, 108, 111, 99, 105, 122, 107, 68, 84, 72, 122,
   66, 67, 50, 73, 108, 114, 84, 49, 111, 79, 81]

A.3.8.  Plaintext Encryption

   Encrypt the Plaintext with AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 using the CEK as
   the encryption key, the JWE Initialization Vector, and the Additional
   Authenticated Data value above.  The steps for doing this using the
   values from this example are detailed in Appendix B.  The resulting
   Ciphertext is:

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 44]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   [40, 57, 83, 181, 119, 33, 133, 148, 198, 185, 243, 24, 152, 230, 6,
   75, 129, 223, 127, 19, 210, 82, 183, 230, 168, 33, 215, 104, 143,
   112, 56, 102]

   The resulting Authentication Tag value is:

   [8, 65, 248, 101, 45, 185, 28, 218, 232, 112, 83, 79, 84, 221, 18,
   172]

A.3.9.  Encoded JWE Ciphertext

   Base64url encode the Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext.
   This result is:

     KDlTtXchhZTGufMYmOYGS4HffxPSUrfmqCHXaI9wOGY

A.3.10.  Encoded JWE Authentication Tag

   Base64url encode the Authentication Tag to create the Encoded JWE
   Authentication Tag. This result is:

     CEH4ZS25HNrocFNPVN0SrA

A.3.11.  Complete Representation

   Assemble the final representation: The Compact Serialization of this
   result is the concatenation of the Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded
   JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded
   JWE Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag in that order,
   with the five strings being separated by four period ('.')
   characters.

   The final result in this example (with line breaks for display
   purposes only) is:

     eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0.
     6KB707dM9YTIgHtLvtgWQ8mKwboJW3of9locizkDTHzBC2IlrT1oOQ.
     AxY8DCtDaGlsbGljb3RoZQ.
     KDlTtXchhZTGufMYmOYGS4HffxPSUrfmqCHXaI9wOGY.
     CEH4ZS25HNrocFNPVN0SrA

A.3.12.  Validation

   This example illustrates the process of creating a JWE with symmetric
   key wrap and AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2.  These results can be used to
   validate JWE decryption implementations for these algorithms.  Also,
   since both the AES Key Wrap and AES GCM computations are
   deterministic, the resulting JWE value will be the same for all

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 45]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   encryptions performed using these inputs.  Since the computation is
   reproducible, these results can also be used to validate JWE
   encryption implementations for these algorithms.

Appendix B.  Example AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 Computation

   This example shows the steps in the AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256
   authenticated encryption computation using the values from the
   example in Appendix A.3.  As described where this algorithm is
   defined in Sections 4.8 and 4.8.3 of JWA, the AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2
   family of algorithms are implemented using Advanced Encryption
   Standard (AES) in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode with PKCS #5
   padding to perform the encryption and an HMAC SHA-2 function to
   perform the integrity calculation - in this case, HMAC SHA-256.

B.1.  Extract MAC_KEY and ENC_KEY from Key

   The 256 bit AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 key K used in this example is:

   [4, 211, 31, 197, 84, 157, 252, 254, 11, 100, 157, 250, 63, 170, 106,
   206, 107, 124, 212, 45, 111, 107, 9, 219, 200, 177, 0, 240, 143, 156,
   44, 207]

   Use the first 128 bits of this key as the HMAC SHA-256 key MAC_KEY,
   which is:

   [4, 211, 31, 197, 84, 157, 252, 254, 11, 100, 157, 250, 63, 170, 106,
   206]

   Use the last 128 bits of this key as the AES CBC key ENC_KEY, which
   is:

   [107, 124, 212, 45, 111, 107, 9, 219, 200, 177, 0, 240, 143, 156, 44,
   207]

   Note that the MAC key comes before the encryption key in the input
   key K; this is in the opposite order of the algorithm names in the
   identifiers "AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256" and "A128CBC-HS256".

B.2.  Encrypt Plaintext to Create Ciphertext

   Encrypt the Plaintext with AES in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode
   using PKCS #5 padding using the ENC_KEY above.  The Plaintext in this
   example is:

   [76, 105, 118, 101, 32, 108, 111, 110, 103, 32, 97, 110, 100, 32,
   112, 114, 111, 115, 112, 101, 114, 46]

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 46]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   The encryption result is as follows, which is the Ciphertext output:

   [40, 57, 83, 181, 119, 33, 133, 148, 198, 185, 243, 24, 152, 230, 6,
   75, 129, 223, 127, 19, 210, 82, 183, 230, 168, 33, 215, 104, 143,
   112, 56, 102]

B.3.  Create 64 Bit Big Endian Representation of AAD Length

   The Additional Authenticated Data (AAD) in this example is:

   [101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66, 77, 84, 73, 52,
   83, 49, 99, 105, 76, 67, 74, 108, 98, 109, 77, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66,
   77, 84, 73, 52, 81, 48, 74, 68, 76, 85, 104, 84, 77, 106, 85, 50, 73,
   110, 48, 46, 54, 75, 66, 55, 48, 55, 100, 77, 57, 89, 84, 73, 103,
   72, 116, 76, 118, 116, 103, 87, 81, 56, 109, 75, 119, 98, 111, 74,
   87, 51, 111, 102, 57, 108, 111, 99, 105, 122, 107, 68, 84, 72, 122,
   66, 67, 50, 73, 108, 114, 84, 49, 111, 79, 81]

   This AAD is 106 bytes long, which is 848 bits long.  The octet string
   AL, which is the number of bits in AAD expressed as a big endian 64
   bit unsigned integer is:

   [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 80]

B.4.  Initialization Vector Value

   The Initialization Vector value used in this example is:

   [3, 22, 60, 12, 43, 67, 104, 105, 108, 108, 105, 99, 111, 116, 104,
   101]

B.5.  Create Input to HMAC Computation

   Concatenate the AAD, the Initialization Vector, the Ciphertext, and
   the AL value.  The result of this concatenation is:

   [101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66, 77, 84, 73, 52,
   83, 49, 99, 105, 76, 67, 74, 108, 98, 109, 77, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66,
   77, 84, 73, 52, 81, 48, 74, 68, 76, 85, 104, 84, 77, 106, 85, 50, 73,
   110, 48, 46, 54, 75, 66, 55, 48, 55, 100, 77, 57, 89, 84, 73, 103,
   72, 116, 76, 118, 116, 103, 87, 81, 56, 109, 75, 119, 98, 111, 74,
   87, 51, 111, 102, 57, 108, 111, 99, 105, 122, 107, 68, 84, 72, 122,
   66, 67, 50, 73, 108, 114, 84, 49, 111, 79, 81, 3, 22, 60, 12, 43, 67,
   104, 105, 108, 108, 105, 99, 111, 116, 104, 101, 40, 57, 83, 181,
   119, 33, 133, 148, 198, 185, 243, 24, 152, 230, 6, 75, 129, 223, 127,
   19, 210, 82, 183, 230, 168, 33, 215, 104, 143, 112, 56, 102, 0, 0, 0,
   0, 0, 0, 3, 80]

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 47]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

B.6.  Compute HMAC Value

   Compute the HMAC SHA-256 of the concatenated value above.  This
   result M is:

   [8, 65, 248, 101, 45, 185, 28, 218, 232, 112, 83, 79, 84, 221, 18,
   172, 50, 145, 207, 8, 14, 74, 44, 220, 100, 117, 32, 57, 239, 149,
   173, 226]

B.7.  Truncate HMAC Value to Create Authentication Tag

   Use the first half (128 bits) of the HMAC output M as the
   Authentication Tag output T. This truncated value is:

   [8, 65, 248, 101, 45, 185, 28, 218, 232, 112, 83, 79, 84, 221, 18,
   172]

Appendix C.  Acknowledgements

   Solutions for encrypting JSON content were also explored by JSON
   Simple Encryption [JSE] and JavaScript Message Security Format
   [I-D.rescorla-jsms], both of which significantly influenced this
   draft.  This draft attempts to explicitly reuse as many of the
   relevant concepts from XML Encryption 1.1
   [W3C.CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313] and RFC 5652 [RFC5652] as possible,
   while utilizing simple compact JSON-based data structures.

   Special thanks are due to John Bradley and Nat Sakimura for the
   discussions that helped inform the content of this specification and
   to Eric Rescorla and Joe Hildebrand for allowing the reuse of text
   from [I-D.rescorla-jsms] in this document.

   Thanks to Axel Nennker, Emmanuel Raviart, Brian Campbell, and Edmund
   Jay for validating the examples in this specification.

   This specification is the work of the JOSE Working Group, which
   includes dozens of active and dedicated participants.  In particular,
   the following individuals contributed ideas, feedback, and wording
   that influenced this specification:

   Richard Barnes, John Bradley, Brian Campbell, Breno de Medeiros, Dick
   Hardt, Jeff Hodges, Edmund Jay, James Manger, Tony Nadalin, Axel
   Nennker, Emmanuel Raviart, Nat Sakimura, Jim Schaad, Hannes
   Tschofenig, and Sean Turner.

   Jim Schaad and Karen O'Donoghue chaired the JOSE working group and
   Sean Turner and Stephen Farrell served as Security area directors

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 48]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   during the creation of this specification.

Appendix D.  Document History

   [[ to be removed by the RFC editor before publication as an RFC ]]

   -09

   o  Added JWE JSON Serialization, as specified by
      draft-jones-jose-jwe-json-serialization-04.

   o  Registered "application/jwe-js" MIME type and "JWE-JS" typ header
      parameter value.

   o  Defined that the default action for header parameters that are not
      understood is to ignore them unless specifically designated as
      "MUST be understood" or included in the new "crit" (critical)
      header parameter list.  This addressed issue #6.

   o  Corrected "x5c" description.  This addressed issue #12.

   o  Changed from using the term "byte" to "octet" when referring to 8
      bit values.

   o  Added Key Management Mode definitions to terminology section and
      used the defined terms to provide clearer key management
      instructions.  This addressed issue #5.

   o  Added text about preventing the recipient from behaving as an
      oracle during decryption, especially when using RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5.

   o  Changed from using the term "Integrity Value" to "Authentication
      Tag".

   o  Changed member name from "integrity_value" to "authentication_tag"
      in the JWE JSON Serialization.

   o  Removed Initialization Vector from the AAD value since it is
      already integrity protected by all of the authenticated encryption
      algorithms specified in the JWA specification.

   o  Replaced "A128CBC+HS256" and "A256CBC+HS512" with "A128CBC-HS256"
      and "A256CBC-HS512".  The new algorithms perform the same
      cryptographic computations as [I-D.mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2],
      but with the Initialization Vector and Authentication Tag values
      remaining separate from the Ciphertext value in the output
      representation.  Also deleted the header parameters "epu"

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 49]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

      (encryption PartyUInfo) and "epv" (encryption PartyVInfo), since
      they are no longer used.

   -08

   o  Replaced uses of the term "AEAD" with "Authenticated Encryption",
      since the term AEAD in the RFC 5116 sense implied the use of a
      particular data representation, rather than just referring to the
      class of algorithms that perform authenticated encryption with
      associated data.

   o  Applied editorial improvements suggested by Jeff Hodges and Hannes
      Tschofenig.  Many of these simplified the terminology used.

   o  Clarified statements of the form "This header parameter is
      OPTIONAL" to "Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL".

   o  Added a Header Parameter Usage Location(s) field to the IANA JSON
      Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry.

   o  Added seriesInfo information to Internet Draft references.

   -07

   o  Added a data length prefix to PartyUInfo and PartyVInfo values.

   o  Updated values for example AES CBC calculations.

   o  Made several local editorial changes to clean up loose ends left
      over from to the decision to only support block encryption methods
      providing integrity.  One of these changes was to explicitly state
      that the "enc" (encryption method) algorithm must be an
      Authenticated Encryption algorithm with a specified key length.

   -06

   o  Removed the "int" and "kdf" parameters and defined the new
      composite Authenticated Encryption algorithms "A128CBC+HS256" and
      "A256CBC+HS512" to replace the former uses of AES CBC, which
      required the use of separate integrity and key derivation
      functions.

   o  Included additional values in the Concat KDF calculation -- the
      desired output size and the algorithm value, and optionally
      PartyUInfo and PartyVInfo values.  Added the optional header
      parameters "apu" (agreement PartyUInfo), "apv" (agreement
      PartyVInfo), "epu" (encryption PartyUInfo), and "epv" (encryption
      PartyVInfo).  Updated the KDF examples accordingly.

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 50]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   o  Promoted Initialization Vector from being a header parameter to
      being a top-level JWE element.  This saves approximately 16 bytes
      in the compact serialization, which is a significant savings for
      some use cases.  Promoting the Initialization Vector out of the
      header also avoids repeating this shared value in the JSON
      serialization.

   o  Changed "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) representation from being
      a single string to being an array of strings, each containing a
      single base64 encoded DER certificate value, representing elements
      of the certificate chain.

   o  Added an AES Key Wrap example.

   o  Reordered the encryption steps so CMK creation is first, when
      required.

   o  Correct statements in examples about which algorithms produce
      reproducible results.

   -05

   o  Support both direct encryption using a shared or agreed upon
      symmetric key, and the use of a shared or agreed upon symmetric
      key to key wrap the CMK.

   o  Added statement that "StringOrURI values are compared as case-
      sensitive strings with no transformations or canonicalizations
      applied".

   o  Updated open issues.

   o  Indented artwork elements to better distinguish them from the body
      text.

   -04

   o  Refer to the registries as the primary sources of defined values
      and then secondarily reference the sections defining the initial
      contents of the registries.

   o  Normatively reference XML Encryption 1.1
      [W3C.CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313] for its security considerations.

   o  Reference draft-jones-jose-jwe-json-serialization instead of
      draft-jones-json-web-encryption-json-serialization.

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 51]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   o  Described additional open issues.

   o  Applied editorial suggestions.

   -03

   o  Added the "kdf" (key derivation function) header parameter to
      provide crypto agility for key derivation.  The default KDF
      remains the Concat KDF with the SHA-256 digest function.

   o  Reordered encryption steps so that the Encoded JWE Header is
      always created before it is needed as an input to the
      Authenticated Encryption "additional authenticated data"
      parameter.

   o  Added the "cty" (content type) header parameter for declaring type
      information about the secured content, as opposed to the "typ"
      (type) header parameter, which declares type information about
      this object.

   o  Moved description of how to determine whether a header is for a
      JWS or a JWE from the JWT spec to the JWE spec.

   o  Added complete encryption examples for both Authenticated
      Encryption and non-Authenticated Encryption algorithms.

   o  Added complete key derivation examples.

   o  Added "Collision Resistant Namespace" to the terminology section.

   o  Reference ITU.X690.1994 for DER encoding.

   o  Added Registry Contents sections to populate registry values.

   o  Numerous editorial improvements.

   -02

   o  When using Authenticated Encryption algorithms (such as AES GCM),
      use the "additional authenticated data" parameter to provide
      integrity for the header, encrypted key, and ciphertext and use
      the resulting "authentication tag" value as the JWE Authentication
      Tag.

   o  Defined KDF output key sizes.

   o  Generalized text to allow key agreement to be employed as an
      alternative to key wrapping or key encryption.

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 52]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

   o  Changed compression algorithm from gzip to DEFLATE.

   o  Clarified that it is an error when a "kid" value is included and
      no matching key is found.

   o  Clarified that JWEs with duplicate Header Parameter Names MUST be
      rejected.

   o  Clarified the relationship between "typ" header parameter values
      and MIME types.

   o  Registered application/jwe MIME type and "JWE" typ header
      parameter value.

   o  Simplified JWK terminology to get replace the "JWK Key Object" and
      "JWK Container Object" terms with simply "JSON Web Key (JWK)" and
      "JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set)" and to eliminate potential confusion
      between single keys and sets of keys.  As part of this change, the
      Header Parameter Name for a public key value was changed from
      "jpk" (JSON Public Key) to "jwk" (JSON Web Key).

   o  Added suggestion on defining additional header parameters such as
      "x5t#S256" in the future for certificate thumbprints using hash
      algorithms other than SHA-1.

   o  Specify RFC 2818 server identity validation, rather than RFC 6125
      (paralleling the same decision in the OAuth specs).

   o  Generalized language to refer to Message Authentication Codes
      (MACs) rather than Hash-based Message Authentication Codes (HMACs)
      unless in a context specific to HMAC algorithms.

   o  Reformatted to give each header parameter its own section heading.

   -01

   o  Added an integrity check for non-Authenticated Encryption
      algorithms.

   o  Added "jpk" and "x5c" header parameters for including JWK public
      keys and X.509 certificate chains directly in the header.

   o  Clarified that this specification is defining the JWE Compact
      Serialization.  Referenced the new JWE-JS spec, which defines the
      JWE JSON Serialization.

   o  Added text "New header parameters should be introduced sparingly
      since an implementation that does not understand a parameter MUST

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 53]
Internet-Draft                     JWE                        April 2013

      reject the JWE".

   o  Clarified that the order of the encryption and decryption steps is
      not significant in cases where there are no dependencies between
      the inputs and outputs of the steps.

   o  Made other editorial improvements suggested by JOSE working group
      participants.

   -00

   o  Created the initial IETF draft based upon
      draft-jones-json-web-encryption-02 with no normative changes.

   o  Changed terminology to no longer call both digital signatures and
      HMACs "signatures".

Authors' Addresses

   Michael B. Jones
   Microsoft

   Email: mbj@microsoft.com
   URI:   http://self-issued.info/

   Eric Rescorla
   RTFM, Inc.

   Email: ekr@rtfm.com

   Joe Hildebrand
   Cisco Systems, Inc.

   Email: jhildebr@cisco.com

Jones, et al.           Expires October 25, 2013               [Page 54]