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JSON Meta Application Protocol
draft-ietf-jmap-core-01

The information below is for an old version of the document.
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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8620.
Author Neil Jenkins
Last updated 2017-07-16
Replaces draft-jenkins-jmap
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draft-ietf-jmap-core-01
JMAP                                                          N. Jenkins
Internet-Draft                                                  FastMail
Intended status: Standards Track                           July 16, 2017
Expires: January 17, 2018

                     JSON Meta Application Protocol
                        draft-ietf-jmap-core-01

Abstract

   This document specifies a protocol for synchronising JSON-based data
   objects efficiently, with support for push and out-of-band binary
   data upload/download.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 17, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Notational Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  JSON as the data encoding format  . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.3.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       1.3.1.  User  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       1.3.2.  Accounts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       1.3.3.  Data types and records  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.4.  Ids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.5.  The JMAP API model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   2.  Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.1.  Service autodiscovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.2.  Getting an access token . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       2.2.1.  200: Success, but more authorization required.  . . .   8
       2.2.2.  201: Authentication is complete, access token
               created.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       2.2.3.  400: Malformed request  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       2.2.4.  403: Authentication step failed, but client may try
               again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       2.2.5.  404: Not found  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       2.2.6.  410: Restart authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       2.2.7.  429: Rate limited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       2.2.8.  500: Internal server error  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       2.2.9.  503: Service unavailable  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     2.3.  Refetching URL endpoints  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       2.3.1.  201: Authentication is complete, access token
               created.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       2.3.2.  403: Restart authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       2.3.3.  404: Not found  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       2.3.4.  500: Internal server error  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       2.3.5.  503: Service unavailable  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     2.4.  Revoking an access token  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       2.4.1.  204: Success  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       2.4.2.  401: Unauthorized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     2.5.  Authenticating HTTP requests  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       2.5.1.  Signed GET requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   3.  Structured data exchange  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     3.1.  Making an API request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.1.1.  200: OK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.1.2.  400: Bad Request  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.1.3.  401: Unauthorized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.1.4.  404: Not Found  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.1.5.  413: Payload Too Large  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.1.6.  429: Rate limited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       3.1.7.  500: Internal Server Error  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       3.1.8.  503: Service Unavailable  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     3.2.  The structure of an API request . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19

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     3.3.  Errors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     3.4.  Vendor-specific extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.5.  Security  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.6.  Concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.7.  The Number datatype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.8.  The Date datatypes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     3.9.  Use of null . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     3.10. CRUD methods  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
       3.10.1.  getFoos  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
       3.10.2.  getFooUpdates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       3.10.3.  setFoos  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     3.11. Querying data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       3.11.1.  getFooList . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       3.11.2.  getFooListUpdates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   4.  Downloading binary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     4.1.  200: OK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
     4.2.  401: Unauthorized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
     4.3.  404: Not Found  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
     4.4.  503: Service Unavailable  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
   5.  Uploading binary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     5.1.  201: File uploaded successfully . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     5.2.  400: Bad request  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     5.3.  401: Unauthorized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     5.4.  404: Not Found  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     5.5.  413: Request Entity Too Large . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     5.6.  415: Unsupported Media Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
       5.6.1.  429: Rate limited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
     5.7.  503: Service Unavailable  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
   6.  Push  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
     6.1.  Event Source  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     6.2.  Web hook  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
       6.2.1.  setPushCallback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
       6.2.2.  getPushCallback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     7.2.  URIs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41

1.  Introduction

   JMAP is a generic protocol for synchronising data, such as mail,
   calendars or contacts, between a client and a server.  It is
   optimised for mobile and web environments, and aims to provide a
   consistent interface to different data types.

   This specification is for the generic mechanism of authentication and
   synchronisation.  Further specifications define the data models for
   different data types that may be synchronised via JMAP.

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   JMAP is designed to make efficient use of limited network resources.
   Multiple API calls may be batched in a single request to the server,
   reducing round trips and improving battery life on mobile devices.
   Push connections remove the need for polling, and an efficient delta
   update mechanism ensures a minimum of data is transferred.

   JMAP is designed to be horizontally scalable to a very large number
   of users.  This is facilitated by the separate end points for users
   after login, the separation of binary and structured data, and a
   shared data model that does not allow data dependencies between
   accounts.

1.1.  Notational Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   The underlying format used for this specification is JSON.
   Consequently, the terms "object" and "array" as well as the four
   primitive types (strings, numbers, booleans, and null) are to be
   interpreted as described in Section 1 of [RFC7159].

   Some examples in this document contain "partial" JSON documents used
   for illustrative purposes.  In these examples, three periods "..."
   are used to indicate a portion of the document that has been removed
   for compactness.

   Types signatures are given for all JSON objects in this document.
   The following conventions are used:

   o  "Boolean|String" - The value is either a JSON "Boolean" value, or
      a JSON "String" value.

   o  "Foo" - Any name that is not a native JSON type means an object
      for which the properties (and their types) are defined elsewhere
      within this document.

   o  "Foo[]" - An array of objects of type "Foo".

   o  "String[Foo]" - A JSON "Object" being used as a map (associative
      array), where all the values are of type "Foo".

1.2.  JSON as the data encoding format

   JSON is a text-based data interchange format as specified in
   [RFC7159].  The I-JSON format defined in [RFC7493] is a strict subset
   of this, adding restrictions to avoid potentially confusing scenarios

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   (for example, it mandates that an object MUST NOT have two properties
   with the same key).

   All data sent from the client to the server or from the server to the
   client (except binary file upload/download) MUST be valid I-JSON
   according to the RFC, and is therefore case-sensitive and encoded in
   UTF-8 ([RFC3629]).

1.3.  Terminology

1.3.1.  User

   A user represents a set of permissions relating to what data can be
   seen.  To access data in JMAP, you first authenticate as a particular
   user.

1.3.2.  Accounts

   An account is a collection of data.

   All data, other than the Account objects themselves, belong to a
   single account.  A single account may contain an arbitrary set of
   data, for example a collection of mail, contacts and calendars.  Most
   operations in JMAP are isolated to a single account; there are a few
   explicit operations to copy data between them.  Certain properties
   are guaranteed for data within the same account, for example
   uniqueness of ids within a type in that account.

   An account is not the same as a user, although it is common for the
   primary account to directly belong to the user.  For example, you may
   have an account that contains data for a group or business, to which
   multiple users have access.  Users may also have access to accounts
   belonging to another user if that user is sharing some of their data.

1.3.3.  Data types and records

   JMAP provides a uniform interface for creating, retrieving, updating
   and deleting various types of objects.  A *data type* is a collection
   of named, typed properties, just like the schema for a database
   table.  Each instance of a data type is called a *record*.

1.4.  Ids

   All object ids are assigned by the server, and are immutable.  They
   MUST be unique among all objects of the *same type* within the *same
   account*. Ids may clash across accounts, or for two objects of
   different types within the same account.

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   Ids are always "String"s.  An id MUST be a valid UTF-8 string of at
   least 1 character in length and maximum 256 bytes in size, but MUST
   NOT start with the "#" character, as this is reserved for doing back
   references during object creation (see the _setFoos_ description).

1.5.  The JMAP API model

   All data exchanges are authenticated using an access token.
   Authentication is covered in section 2.

   An authenticated client may exchange data with the server using four
   different mechanisms:

   1.  The client may make an API request to the server to get or set
       structured data.  This request consists of an ordered series of
       method calls.  These are processed by the server, which then
       returns an ordered series of responses.  This is described in
       section 3.

   2.  The client may download binary files from the server.  This is
       detailed in section 4.

   3.  The client may upload binary files to the server.  This is
       specified in section 5.

   4.  The client may connect to a push channel on the server, to be
       notified when data has changed.  This is explained in section 6.

2.  Authentication

   When connecting to any JMAP server, the client must first gain an
   access token.  It cannot just use a username/password directly.  This
   allows the server to know (and show the user) which clients currently
   have access to the account, and to be able to revoke access
   individually.

   The server may support multiple different mechanisms for
   authenticating a user to gain the access token.  It is expected that
   further types may be added in future extensions to the JMAP
   specification.

2.1.  Service autodiscovery

   To begin authentication, the client needs to know the authentication
   URL for the JMAP server.

   There are two standardised autodiscovery methods in use for internet
   protocols:

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   o  *DNS srv* See [RFC6186] and [RFC6764]

   o  *.well-known/servicename* See [RFC5785]

   A JMAP-supporting host for the domain "example.com" SHOULD publish a
   SRV record "_jmaps._tcp.example.com" which gives a _hostname_ and
   _port_ (usually port "443").  The authentication URL is then
   "https://${hostname}[:${port}]/.well-known/jmap" (following any
   redirects).

   If the client has a username in the form of an email address, it MAY
   use the domain portion of this to attempt autodiscovery of the JMAP
   server.

   To support clients that are unable to do SRV lookups, the server
   SHOULD make the _hostname_ the same domain as the username if
   possible.

2.2.  Getting an access token

   Authorization always starts with the client making a POST request to
   the authentication URL (found either via service autodiscovery or
   manual entry).  The request MUST be of type "application/json" and
   specify an "Accept: application/json" header.  The body of the
   request MUST be a single JSON object, encoded in UTF-8, with the
   following properties:

   o  *username*: "String" The username the client wishes to
      authenticate.  This is normally the primary email address of the
      user.

   o  *clientName*: "String" The name of the client software. e.g.
      "Mozilla Thunderbird".

   o  *clientVersion*: "String" Information to identify the version of
      the client.  This MUST change for any changed client code (e.g. a
      version control tag or counter for development software) and
      SHOULD sort lexically later for newer versions.

   o  *deviceName*: "String" A human-friendly string to identify the
      device making the request, e.g.  "Joe Blogg's iPhone".

   The server may use the client/device information to help identify the
   login to the user in a login log or other security reporting.
   Although hopefully unnecessary, they may also be helpful for working
   around client bugs in the future.

   The server will respond with one of the following HTTP status codes:

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2.2.1.  200: Success, but more authorization required.

   The response body will be a single JSON object with the following
   properties.

   o  *loginId*: "String" An id from the server to allow it to connect
      the next request with previous requests in the login process.
      This SHOULD be of limited time validity (e.g. 15 minutes from
      previous call).

   o  *methods*: "AuthMethod[]" A list of the supported authentication
      methods to continue with authentication.  See below for definition
      of the *AuthMethod* object.

   o  *prompt*: "String|null" A message to display in the client to the
      user.  The client MUST treat this as plain text, but SHOULD
      automatically hyperlink any URLs it finds if a system browser is
      available.

   This is the standard response to an initial request.  Note, a server
   may return this even if the username is not actually active, to
   prevent enumeration.  The client should then pick one of the
   _methods_ from the list in the response to continue with
   authentication (if no methods supported by the client are in the
   list, it will not be able to get an access token).

   An *AuthMethod* object MUST have a *type* property.  This is a
   "String" representing the method of authentication.  For some types,
   there may be other values required on the AuthMethod object in
   addition; see the description of types below.  The following types
   are currently defined, but more may be added in the future.  A client
   SHOULD offer the user the option to choose any of the method types
   returned that the client supports.  The client MUST ignore any types
   it does not understand:

   o  "external": The user must do something out-of-band to authorize
      the app.  The server SHOULD use the _prompt_ property of the
      response to tell the user what they need to do.  A client that
      supports the _external_ authorisation type MUST offer a mechanism
      for the user to indicate to the client when they have completed
      the out-of-band authentication.

   o  "oauth": OAuth based authentication.  For OAuth integration, see
      the docs of the service in question, since every service
      implements it slightly differently and the client must register
      with the service beforehand to use it.  If using this method, an
      access token is obtained entirely through the OAuth mechanism from
      this point on, and requests will be authenticated as per the OAuth

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      spec.  See the "Refetching URL endpoints" section below for how to
      obtain the URL endpoints after successfully authenticating using
      OAuth.

   o  "password": The user must input their current password for the
      account.

   o  "totp": The user must input a TOTP [1] code from a device
      registered with the account.

   o  "yubikeyotp": The user must input a Yubico OTP [2] code from a
      Yubikey registered with the account.

   o  "u2f": The user must sign a challenge using a FIDO U2F [3] key
      registered with the account.  The AuthMethod object for this type
      MUST also have the following properties:

      *  *appId*: "String" The app id to use.

      *  *signChallenge*: "String" The challenge to be signed by the U2F
         key.

      *  *registeredKeys*: "RegisteredKey[]" The keys associated with
         this user.  A *RegisteredKey* object has the following
         properties:

      *  *version*: "String" The U2F protocol version.

      *  *keyHandle*: "String" The key handle of the registered key.

   o  "sms": The user must input a one-time code sent via SMS to a phone
      number registered with the account.  The AuthMethod object for
      this type MUST also have the following property:

      *  *phoneNumbers*: "LoginPhone[]|null" An array of *LoginPhone*
         objects, each of which represents a phone registered with the
         account.  A *LoginPhone* object has the following properties:

         +  *id*: "String" The id of the phone.  This is used when
            asking the server to send a code.

         +  *number*: "String" The phone number to display to the user
            to remind them which number the SMS will be/was sent to.
            This MAY have some characters replaced with an "X" or other
            "blanked-out" character if the server does not wish to
            disclose the full phone number at this point. e.g. if the
            phone registered with the account is "+61 123 456 789", the
            server might return "+61 1XX XXX X89" as the number.

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         +  *isCodeSent*: "Boolean" Has the verification code been sent
            to this number yet?  The server MAY choose to send the SMS
            before the first time this auth option is returned, or may
            wait for the user to explicitly request it.

   If not using ""oauth"", the user will at some point indicate to the
   client to continue authentication (after inputing any required
   token/code/password dependent on the auth method chosed).  At this
   point the client submits a POST request to the same URL as before,
   with the body being a single JSON object with the following
   properties:

   o  *loginId*: "String" The _loginId_ the server sent from the
      previous request.

   o  *type*: "String" The type of the method chosen to continue
      authentication.

   o  *value*: "*" The value as appropriate for the given type:

      *  "external": "null"

      *  "password"/"totp"/"yubikeyotp"/"sms": "String" - the password/
         one-time code.

      *  "u2f": "SignResponse" - an object with _keyHandle_,
         _signatureData_ and _clientData_ "String" properties, as
         defined in the U2F spec.

   Note: The client SHOULD NOT store any password/code the user has
   entered beyond what is required to submit it to the server in this
   step.

   The server will then return one of the same set of responses as
   before, which should be handled the same (for example, if two-factor
   authentication is required, a "200" response may be returned again
   and TOTP/U2F prompted for).

   If the user chooses to authenticate using SMS, they may need to
   request the server to send the code to a particular number before
   they can submit a code.  To do this, the client submits a POST
   request to the same URL as before, with the body being a single JSON
   object with the following properties:

   o  *loginId*: "String" The _loginId_ the server sent from the
      previous request.

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   o  *sendCodeTo*: "String" The id of the phone number to send the code
      to.

   The server SHOULD send the code to the given phone if the phone id is
   valid.  If the code has already been sent, it is server-dependent
   whether it is sent again or ignored.  The server MUST return one of
   the same set of responses as before, which should be handled the same
   (in most cases this will be a "200" response identical to before
   except that the _isCodeSent_ property for the phone will now be
   "true").

2.2.2.  201: Authentication is complete, access token created.

   The response body will be a single JSON object with the following
   properties.

   o  *username*: "String" The username that was successfully
      authenticated.

   o  *accessToken*: "String" The secret token to be used by the client
      to authenticate all future JMAP requests.  The client should keep
      this secure, preferably in an OS keychain or the like.  Since
      tokens should not be reused across devices or clients, the client
      SHOULD NOT reveal this token to the user.

   o  *signingId*: "String" The id to put in the JWT [4] for signed GET
      requests (see below).  This is used to allow the server to find
      the session so it can find the signing key to use to verify the
      token.  You MUST NOT be able to derive the _accessToken_ or
      _signingKey_ from the _signingId_.

   o  *signingKey*: "String" The secret key to use for signing the JWT
      [5] for signed GET requests (see below), encoded as base64url as
      specified in ([RFC4648]).  The client should keep this secure,
      preferably in an OS keychain or the like.  Since keys should not
      be reused across devices or clients, the client SHOULD NOT reveal
      this token to the user.

   o  *accounts*: "String[Account]" A map of *account id* to Account
      object for each account the user has access to.  A single access
      token may provide access to multiple accounts, for example if
      another user is sharing their mail with the logged in user, or if
      there is an account that contains data for a group or business.
      All data belongs to a single account.  With the exception of a few
      explicit operations to copy data between accounts, all JMAP
      methods take an _accountId_ argument that specifies on which
      account the operations are to take place.  This argument is always
      optional; if not specified, the primary account is used.  All ids

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      (other than Account ids of course) are only unique within their
      account.  In the event of a severe internal error, a server may
      have to reallocate ids or do something else that violates standard
      JMAP data constraints.  In this situation, the data on the server
      is no longer compatible with cached data the client may have from
      before.  The server MUST treat this as though the account has been
      deleted and then recreated with a new account id.  Clients will
      then be forced to throw away any data with the old account id and
      refetch all data from scratch.  An *Account* object has the
      following properties:

      *  *name*: "String" A user-friendly string to show when presenting
         content from this account, e.g. the email address representing
         the owner of the account.

      *  *isPrimary*: "Boolean" This MUST be true for *at most* one of
         the accounts returned.  This is to be considered the user's
         main or default account by the client.  If no account being
         returned belongs to the user, or in any other way there is no
         appropriate way to determine a default account, then this MAY
         be "false" for all accounts.

      *  *isReadOnly*: "Boolean" This is "true" if the entire account is
         read-only.

      *  *hasDataFor*: "String[]" A list of the data profiles available
         in this account.  Each future JMAP data types specification
         will define a profile name to encompass that set of types.

   o  *capabilities*: "String[Object]" An object specifying the
      capabilities of this server.  The keys are URIs, which specify the
      specifications supported by the server.  The value for each of
      these keys is an object that MAY include further information about
      the server's capabilities in relation to that spec.  The client
      MUST ignore any properties it does not understand.  The
      capabilities object MUST include a property called "{TODO: URI for
      this spec}".  The value of this property is an object which SHOULD
      contain the following information on server capabilities:

      *  *maxSizeUpload*: "Number" The maximum file size, in bytes, that
         the server will accept for a single file upload (for any
         purpose).

      *  *maxConcurrentUpload*: "Number" The maximum number of
         concurrent requests the server will accept to the upload
         endpoint.

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      *  *maxSizeRequest*: "Number" The maximum size, in bytes, that the
         server will accept for a single request to the API endpoint.

      *  *maxConcurrentRequests*: "Number" The maximum number of
         concurrent requests the server will accept to the API endpoint.

      *  *maxCallsInRequest*: "Number" The maximum number of method
         calls the server will accept in a single request to the API
         endpoint.

      *  *maxObjectsInGet*: "Number" The maximum number of obje ts that
         the client may request in a single "getFoos" type method call.

      *  *maxObjectsInSet*: "Number" The maximum number of objects the
         client may send to create, update or destroy in a single
         "setFoos" type method call.

      Future specifications will define their own properties on the
      capabilities object.

   o  *apiUrl*: "String" The URL to use for JMAP API requests.

   o  *downloadUrl*: "String" The URL endpoint to use when downloading
      files (see the Download section of this spec), in [RFC6570] URI
      Template (level 1) format.  The URL MUST contain variables called
      "accountId" and "blobId".  The URL SHOULD contain a variable
      called "name".

   o  *uploadUrl*: "String" The URL endpoint to use when uploading files
      (see the Upload section of this spec).

   o  *eventSourceUrl*: "String" The URL to connect to for push events
      (see the Push section of this spec).

   URLs are returned only after logging in.  This allows different URLs
   to be used for users located in different geographic datacentres
   within the same service.

   Note, if authentication is done via IP or mobile subscriber ID or
   some similar mechanism, a "201" response MAY be returned in response
   to the initial request (with just the username and client info).

2.2.3.  400: Malformed request

   The request is of the wrong content type, or does not contain data in
   the expected format.  The client MUST NOT retry the same request.
   There is no content in the response.

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2.2.4.  403: Authentication step failed, but client may try again

   Returned in response to a continuation request which failed (e.g. the
   password entered was not correct, or the out-of-band step was not
   completed successfully).  The response body will be a single JSON
   object with the same properties as the "200" response, and the client
   may try again.

2.2.5.  404: Not found

   The JMAP authentication server is not available at this address.  The
   client needs to rediscover the authentication URL.  There is no
   content in the response.

2.2.6.  410: Restart authentication

   The login attempt has failed permanently.  This may be due to a
   password being incorrect, the login id expiring, or any other reason.
   The client MUST restart authentication (go back to sending the
   username and client info to the server).  There is no content in the
   response.

2.2.7.  429: Rate limited

   Returned if the server is temporarily blocking this IP/client from
   authenticating.  This may be due to too many failed password
   attempts, or detected username enumeration attempts, or any other
   reason.  (Legitimate) clients should wait a while then try again.
   There is no content in the response.

2.2.8.  500: Internal server error

   Something has gone wrong internally, and the server is in a broken
   state.  Don't automatically retry.  There is no content in the
   response.

2.2.9.  503: Service unavailable

   The server is currently down.  Try again later with exponential
   backoff.  There is no content in the response.

2.3.  Refetching URL endpoints

   A server MAY (although SHOULD NOT) move end points for any services
   other than authentication at any time.  If a request to the API/file
   upload/event source endpoint returns a "404", the client MUST refetch
   the URL endpoints.  To do this, it should make an authenticated GET

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   request to the authentication URL (see below for how to authenticate
   requests).

   For OAuth logins, this is how the URLs may be fetched initially as
   well.

   The server MUST respond with one of the following status codes:

2.3.1.  201: Authentication is complete, access token created.

   The request was successful.  The response will be of type
   "application/json" and consists of a single JSON object containing
   the following properties:

   o  *username*: "String" The username that was successfully
      authenticated.

   o  *accounts*: "String[Account]" An object representing the accounts
      the user has access to.  See the full description above.

   o  *capabilities*: "String[Object]" An object specifying the
      capabilities of this server.  See the full description above.

   o  *apiUrl*: "String" The URL to use for JMAP API requests.

   o  *downloadUrl*: "String" The URL endpoint to use when downloading
      files (see above).

   o  *uploadUrl*: "String" The URL endpoint to use when uploading files
      (see the Upload section of this spec).

   o  *eventSourceUrl*: "String" The URL to connect to for push events
      (see the Push section of this spec).

2.3.2.  403: Restart authentication

   The "Authorization" header was missing or did not contain a valid
   token.  Reauthenticate and then retry the request.  There is no
   content in the response.

2.3.3.  404: Not found

   The JMAP server is no longer here.  There is no content in the
   response.

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2.3.4.  500: Internal server error

   Something has gone wrong internally, and the server is in a broken
   state.  Don't automatically retry.  There is no content in the
   response.

2.3.5.  503: Service unavailable

   The server is currently down.  Try again later with exponential
   backoff.  There is no content in the response.

2.4.  Revoking an access token

   The validity of an access token is determined by the server.  It may
   be valid for a limited time only, or expire after a certain time of
   inactivity, or be valid indefinitely etc.  If an access token
   expires, it MUST NOT be resurrected.  The client MUST restart the
   authentication process to get a new access token.

   For OAuth, see the provider's documentation on revoking access
   tokens.

   Otherwise, a client may revoke an access token at any time by making
   an authenticated DELETE HTTP request to the authentication URL (the
   one used to get the token in the first place).  The response from the
   server will be one of the following:

2.4.1.  204: Success

   The access token has now been revoked.  There is no content in the
   response.

2.4.2.  401: Unauthorized

   Failed due to missing "Authorization" header, or the "Authorization"
   header did not contain a valid access token.  As per the HTTP spec,
   the response MUST have a "WWW-Authenticate: Bearer" header.  There is
   no content in the response.

2.5.  Authenticating HTTP requests

   All HTTP requests other than to the authentication URL must be
   authenticated.  To do this, the client MUST add an "Authorization"
   header to each request.

   Once authenticated, the client will have an access token.  This is
   used with the "Bearer" scheme as specified in [RFC6750] to
   authenticate HTTP requests.

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   For example, if _user@example.com_ successfully logged in and the
   client received an _accessToken_ of "abcdef1234567890", to
   authenticate requests you would add the following header:

                  Authorization: Bearer abcdef1234567890

2.5.1.  Signed GET requests

   Sometimes, particularly in the browser context, authenticating a GET
   request using the usual "Authorization" header is not easily
   implemented.  In such situations, a client may use a signed request
   instead.

   Instead of the "Authorization" header, a signed request has an
   "access_token" query parameter, the value of which is an [RFC7519]
   JSON Web Token [6] constructed as follows:

   o  The algorithm MUST be HMAC SHA-256.

   o  The JWT MUST contain the following set of claims:

      *  *iss*: "String" The _signingId_ value returned after
         authentication.

      *  *sub*: "String" The origin + path of the URL being signed,
         (i.e. the full URL excluding query parameters).

      *  *iat*: "Number" The time the client created this JWT, in
         seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z.

   o  The JWT MUST be signed using the _signingKey_ returned after
      authentication as the key.

   To verify, a server MUST: * Ensure the algorithm is set to HMAC SHA-
   256.  * Verify the URL being requested matches that in the _sub_
   claim.  * Decode the payload and look up the session using the _iss_
   claim, ensure it is still valid, and then verify the JWT signature is
   valid using the session's _signingKey_.

   The server MAY choose to only allow tokens to be valid for a limited
   amount of time after the client created it, as determined by the
   _iat_ claim.

3.  Structured data exchange

   The client may make an API request to the server to get or set
   structured data.  This request consists of an ordered series of

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   method calls.  These are processed by the server, which then returns
   an ordered series of responses.

3.1.  Making an API request

   To make an API request, the client makes an authenticated POST
   request to the API URL; see the Authentication section of the spec
   for how to discover this URL and how to authenticate requests.

   The request MUST have a content type of "application/json" and be
   encoded in UTF-8.

   The server SHOULD respond with one of the following HTTP response
   codes:

3.1.1.  200: OK

   The API request was successful.  The response will be of type
   "application/json" and consists of the response to the API calls, as
   described below.

3.1.2.  400: Bad Request

   The request was malformed.  For example, it may have had the wrong
   content type, or have had a JSON object that did not conform to the
   API calling structure (see _The structure of an API request_ below).
   The client SHOULD NOT retry the same request.  There is no content in
   the response.

3.1.3.  401: Unauthorized

   The "Authorization" header was missing or did not contain a valid
   token.  Reauthenticate and then retry the request.  As per the HTTP
   spec, the response MUST have a "WWW-Authenticate" header listing the
   available authentication schemes.  There is no content in the
   response.

3.1.4.  404: Not Found

   The API endpoint has moved.  See the Authentication section of the
   spec for how to rediscover the current URL to use.  There is no
   content in the response.

3.1.5.  413: Payload Too Large

   Returned if the client makes a request with more method calls than
   the server is willing to accept in a single request, or if the total

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   bytes of the request is larger than the max size the server is
   willing to accept.

3.1.6.  429: Rate limited

   Returned if the client has made too many requests recently, or has
   too many concurrent requests currently in progress.  Clients SHOULD
   wait a while then try again.  The response MAY include a "Retry-
   After" header indicating how long to wait before making a new
   request.

3.1.7.  500: Internal Server Error

   Something has gone wrong internally, and the server is in a broken
   state.  Don't automatically retry.  There is no content in the
   response.

3.1.8.  503: Service Unavailable

   The server is currently down.  Try again later with exponential
   backoff.  There is no content in the response.

3.2.  The structure of an API request

   The client initiates an API request by sending the server a JSON
   array.  Each element in this array is another array representing a
   method invocation on the server.  The server will process the method
   calls and return a response consisting of an array in the same
   format.  Each method call always contains three elements:

   1.  The *name* of the method to call, or the name of the response
       from the server.  This is a "String".

   2.  An "Object" containing _named_ *arguments* for that method or
       response.

   3.  A *client id*: an arbitrary "String" to be echoed back with the
       responses emitted by that method call (as we'll see lower down, a
       method may return 1 or more responses, as some methods make
       implicit calls to other ones).

   Example query:

      [
        ["method1", {"arg1": "arg1data", "arg2": "arg2data"}, "#1"],
        ["method2", {"arg1": "arg1data"}, "#2"],
        ["method3", {}, "#3"]
      ]

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   The method calls MUST be processed sequentially, in order.  Each API
   request (which, as shown, may contain multiple method calls) receives
   a JSON response in exactly the same format.  The output of the
   methods MUST be added to the array in the same order as the methods
   are processed.

   Example response:

       [
         ["responseFromMethod1", {"arg1": 3, "arg2": "foo"}, "#1"],
         ["responseFromMethod2", {"isBlah": true}, "#2"],
         ["anotherResponseFromMethod2", {
           "data": 10,
           "yetmoredata": "Hello"
         }, "#2"],
         ["aResponseFromMethod3", {}, "#3"]
       ]

3.3.  Errors

   If the data sent as an API request is not valid JSON or does not
   match the structure above, an error will be returned at the transport
   level.  For example, when using JMAP over HTTP, a "400 Bad Request"
   error will be returned at the HTTP level.

   Possible errors for each method are specified in the method
   descriptions.  If a method encounters an error, the appropriate
   "error" response MUST be inserted at the current point in the output
   array and, unless otherwise specified, further processing MUST NOT
   happen within that method call.

   Any further method calls in the request MUST then be processed as
   normal.

   An "error" response looks like this:

                          ["error", {
                            type: "unknownMethod"
                          }, "client-id"]

   The response name is "error", and it has a type property as specified
   in the method description.  Other properties may be present with
   further information; these are detailed in the method descriptions
   where appropriate.

   Any method MAY return an error of type "serverError" if an unexpected
   or unknown error occurs during the processing of that call.  The
   state of the server after such an error is undefined.

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   If an unknown method is called, an "unknownMethod" error (this is the
   type shown in the example above) MUST be inserted and then the next
   method call MUST be processed as normal.

   If an unknown argument or invalid arguments (wrong type, or in
   violation of other specified constraints) are supplied to a method,
   an "invalidArguments" error MUST be inserted and then the next method
   call MUST be processed as normal.

3.4.  Vendor-specific extensions

   Individual services will have custom features they wish to expose
   over JMAP.  This may take the form of extra datatypes and/or methods
   not in the spec, or extra arguments to JMAP methods, or extra
   properties on existing data types (which may also appear in arguments
   to methods that take property names).  To ensure compatibility with
   clients that don't know about a specific custom extension, and for
   compatibility with future versions of JMAP, the server MUST ONLY
   expose these extensions if the client explicitly opts in.  Without
   opt-in, the server MUST follow the spec and reject anything that does
   not conform to it as specified.

3.5.  Security

   As always, the server must be strict about data received from the
   client.  Arguments need to be checked for validity; a malicious user
   could attempt to find an exploit through the API.  In case of invalid
   arguments (unknown/insufficient/wrong type for data etc.) the method
   MUST return an "invalidArguments" error and terminate.

3.6.  Concurrency

   To ensure the client always sees a consistent view of the data, the
   state accessed by a method call MUST NOT change during the execution
   of the method, except due to actions by the method call itself.  The
   state MAY change in-between method calls (even within a single API
   request).

3.7.  The Number datatype

   The JSON datatypes are limited to those found in JavaScript.  A
   "Number" in JavaScript is represented as a signed double (64-bit
   floating point).  However, except where explicitly specified, all
   numbers used in this API are unsigned integers <= 2^53 (the maximum
   integer that may be reliably stored in a double).  This implicitly
   limits the maximum length of message lists in queries and the like.

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3.8.  The Date datatypes

   Where a JMAP API specifies "Date" as a type, it means a string in
   [RFC3339] _date-time_ format, with the _time-offset_ component always
   "Z" (i.e. the date-time MUST be in UTC time) and _time-secfrac_
   always omitted.  The "T" and "Z" MUST always be upper-case.  For
   example, ""2014-10-30T14:12:00Z"".

3.9.  Use of null

   Unless otherwise specified, a missing property in the arguments
   object of a request (from the client), or a response (from the
   server) MUST be intepreted exactly the same as that property having
   the value "null".

   Unless otherwise specified, a missing property in a data object MUST
   be interpreted in the following ways: - In the response to a
   _getFoos_ style call, or when *creating* an object in a _setFoos_
   style call, a missing property MUST be interpreted as though it had
   the default value for that type, or "null" if no default is
   specified.  - When *updating* an object in a _setFoos_ style call, a
   missing property MUST be interpreted as the existing value for that
   property (i.e. don't update it).

   For network efficiency, when fetching the server and client may make
   use of the above and omit properties which have the default value for
   the data type.

3.10.  CRUD methods

   JMAP provides a uniform interface for creating, retrieving, updating
   and deleting various types of objects.  For a "Foo" data type,
   records of that type would be fetched via a "getFoos" call and
   modified via a "setFoos" call.  Delta updates may be fetched via a
   "getFooUpdates" call.  These methods all follow a standard format as
   described below.

3.10.1.  getFoos

   Objects of type *Foo* are fetched via a call to _getFoos_. Methods
   with a name starting with "get" MUST NOT alter state on the server.

   This method may take some or all of the following arguments; see the
   definition of the data type in question.  However, if one of the
   following arguments is available, it will behave exactly as specified
   below.

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   o  *accountId*: "String|null" The id of the Account to use.  If
      "null", the primary account is used.

   o  *ids*: "String[]|null" The ids of the Foo objects to return.  If
      "null" then *all* records of the data type are returned, if this
      is supported for that data type.

   o  *properties*: "String[]|null" If supplied, only the properties
      listed in the array are returned for each Foo object.  If "null",
      all properties of the object are returned.  The id of the object
      is *always* returned, even if not explicitly requested.

   The response to "getFoos" is called "foos".  It has the following
   arguments:

   o  *accountId*: "String" The id of the account used for the call.

   o  *state*: "String" A string representing the state on the server
      for *all* the data of this type.  If the data changes, this string
      will change.  It is used to get delta updates, if supported for
      the type.

   o  *list*: "Foo[]" An array of the Foo objects requested.  This is
      the *empty array* if no objects were found, or if the _ids_
      argument passed in was also the empty array.

   o  *notFound*: "String[]|null" This array contains the ids passed to
      the method for records that do not exist.  This property is "null"
      if all requested ids were found, or if the _ids_ argument passed
      in was either "null" or the empty array.

   The following error may be returned instead of the "foos" response:

   "accountNotFound": Returned if an _accountId_ was explicitly included
   with the request, but it does not correspond to a valid account.

   "accountNotSupportedByMethod": Returned if the _accountId_ given
   corresponds to a valid account, but the account does not support this
   data type.

   "requestTooLarge": Returned if the number of _ids_ requested by the
   client exceeds the maximum number the server is willing to process in
   a single method call.

   "invalidArguments": Returned if one of the arguments is of the wrong
   type, or otherwise invalid.  A "description" property MAY be present
   on the response object to help debug with an explanation of what the
   problem was.

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3.10.2.  getFooUpdates

   When the state of the set of Foo records changes on the server
   (whether due to creation, updates or deletion), the _state_ property
   of the _foos_ response will change.  The _getFooUpdates_ call allows
   a client to efficiently update the state of any its Foo cache to
   match the new state on the server.  It takes the following arguments:

   o  *accountId*: "String|null" The id of the Account to use.  If
      "null", the primary account is used.

   o  *sinceState*: "String" The current state of the client.  This is
      the string that was returned as the _state_ argument in the _foos_
      response.  The server will return the changes made since this
      state.

   o  *maxChanges*: "Number|null" The maximum number of Foo ids to
      return in the response.  The server MAY choose to return fewer
      than this value, but MUST NOT return more.  If not given by the
      client, the server may choose how many to return.  If supplied by
      the client, the value MUST be a positive integer greater than 0.
      If a value outside of this range is given, the server MUST reject
      the call with an "invalidArguments" error.

   o  *fetchRecords*: "Boolean|null" If "true", immediately after
      outputting the _fooUpdates_ response, the server will make an
      implicit call to _getFoos_ with the _changed_ property of the
      response as the _ids_ argument.  If "false" or "null", no implicit
      call will be made.

   o  *fetchRecordProperties*: "String[]|null" If the _getFoos_ method
      takes a _properties_ argument, this argument is passed through on
      implicit calls (see the _fetchRecords_ argument).

   The response to _getFooUpdates_ is called _fooUpdates_. It has the
   following arguments:

   o  *accountId*: "String" The id of the account used for the call.

   o  *oldState*: "String" This is the _sinceState_ argument echoed
      back; the state from which the server is returning changes.

   o  *newState*: "String" This is the state the client will be in after
      applying the set of changes to the old state.

   o  *hasMoreUpdates*: "Boolean" If "true", the client may call
      _getFooUpdates_ again with the _newState_ returned to get further
      updates.  If "false", _newState_ is the current server state.

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   o  *changed*: "String[]" An array of Foo ids for records which have
      been created or changed but not destroyed since the oldState.

   o  *removed*: "String[]" An array of Foo ids for records which have
      been destroyed since the old state.

   The _maxChanges_ argument (and _hasMoreUpdates_ response argument) is
   available for data types with potentially large amounts of data (i.e.
   those for which there is a _getFooList_ method available for loading
   the data in pages).  If a _maxChanges_ is supplied, or set
   automatically by the server, the server must try to limit the number
   of ids across _changed_ and _removed_ to the number given.  If there
   are more changes than this between the client's state and the current
   server state, the update returned MUST take the client to an
   intermediate state, from which the client can continue to call
   _getFooUpdates_ until it is fully up to date.  The server MUST NOT
   return more ids than the _maxChanges_ total.  If the server is unable
   to calculate a suitable intermediate state, it MUST return a
   "cannotCalculateChanges" error.

   If a Foo record has been modified AND deleted since the oldState, the
   server SHOULD just return the id in the _removed_ response, but MAY
   return it in the changed response as well.  If a Foo record has been
   created AND deleted since the oldState, the server SHOULD remove the
   Foo id from the response entirely, but MAY include it in the
   _removed_ response.

   The following errors may be returned instead of the _fooUpdates_
   response:

   "accountNotFound": Returned if an _accountId_ was explicitly included
   with the request, but it does not correspond to a valid account.

   "accountNotSupportedByMethod": Returned if the _accountId_ given
   corresponds to a valid account, but the account does not support this
   data type.

   "invalidArguments": Returned if the request does not include one of
   the required arguments, or one of the arguments is of the wrong type,
   or otherwise invalid.  A _description_ property MAY be present on the
   response object to help debug with an explanation of what the problem
   was.

   "cannotCalculateChanges": Returned if the server cannot calculate the
   changes from the state string given by the client.  Usually due to
   the client's state being too old, or the server being unable to
   produce an update to an intermediate state when there are too many
   updates.  The client MUST invalidate its Foo cache.

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3.10.3.  setFoos

   Modifying the state of Foo objects on the server is done via the
   _setFoos_ method.  This encompasses creating, updating and destroying
   Foo records.  This has two benefits:

   1.  It allows the server to sort out ordering and dependencies that
       may exist if doing multiple operations at once (for example to
       ensure there is always a minimum number of a certain record
       type).

   2.  A single call can make all the changes you want to a particular
       type.  If the client wants to use _ifInState_ to guard its
       changes, it is only possible for it to make one call that
       modifies any particular type per request, since it will need the
       new state following that call to make the next modification.

   The _setFoos_ method takes the following arguments:

   o  *accountId*: "String|null" The id of the Account to use.  If
      "null", the primary account is used.

   o  *ifInState*: "String|null" This is a state string as returned by
      the _getFoos_ method.  If supplied, the string must match the
      current state, otherwise the method will be aborted and a
      "stateMismatch" error returned.  If "null", any changes will be
      applied to the current state.

   o  *create*: "String[Foo]|null" A map of _creation id_ (an arbitrary
      string set by the client) to Foo objects (containing all
      properties except the id, unless otherwise stated in the specific
      documentation of the data type).  If "null", no objects will be
      created.

   o  *update*: "String[Foo]|null" A map of id to Foo objects.  The
      object may omit any property; only properties that have changed
      need be included.  If "null", no objects will be updated.

   o  *destroy*: "String[]|null" A list of ids for Foo objects to
      permanently delete.  If "null", no objects will be deleted.

   Each create, update or destroy is considered an atomic unit.  It is
   permissible for the server to commit some of the changes but not
   others, however it is not permissible to only commit part of an
   update to a single record (e.g. update a _name_ property but not a
   _count_ property, if both are supplied in the update object).

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   If a create, update or destroy is rejected, the appropriate error
   MUST be added to the notCreated/notUpdated/notDestroyed property of
   the response and the server MUST continue to the next create/update/
   destroy.  It does not terminate the method.

   If an id given cannot be found, the update or destroy MUST be
   rejected with a "notFound" set error.

   Some record objects may hold references to others (foreign keys).
   When records are created or modified, they may reference other
   records being created _in the same API request_ by using the creation
   id prefixed with a "#".  The order of the method calls in the request
   by the client MUST be such that the record being referenced is
   created in the same or an earlier call.  The server thus never has to
   look ahead.  Instead, while processing a request (a series of method
   calls), the server MUST keep a simple map for the duration of the
   request of creation id to record id for each newly created record, so
   it can substitute in the correct value if necessary in later method
   calls.  The type

   Creation ids are scoped by type; a separate "creation id -> id" map
   MUST be kept for each type.  Foreign key references are always for a
   particular record type, so use of the same creation key in two
   different types cannot cause any ambiguity.  Creation ids sent by the
   client SHOULD be unique within the single API request for a
   particular data type.  If a creation id is reused for the same type,
   the server MUST map the creation id to the most recently created item
   with that id.

   The response to _setFoos_ is called _foosSet_. It has the following
   arguments:

   o  *accountId*: "String" The id of the account used for the call.

   o  *oldState*: "String|null" The state string that would have been
      returned by _getFoos_ before making the requested changes, or
      "null" if the server doesn't know what the previous state string
      was.

   o  *newState*: "String" The state string that will now be returned by
      _getFoos_.

   o  *created*: "String[Foo]" A map of the creation id to an object
      containing any *server-assigned* properties of the Foo object
      (including the id) for all successfully created records.

   o  *updated*: "String[Foo|null]" The _keys_ in this map are the ids
      of all Foos that were successfully updated.  Some data types may

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      have properties which can only be determined by the server, and
      which may change as a result of the other properties being updated
      by the client.  In this case, the _value_ for the corresponding id
      in the map is an object containing the updated value of each
      property the *server changed* on the record.  Otherwise (if no
      properties changed on the server other than those explicitly
      updated by the client), the value is "null".

   o  *destroyed*: "String[]" A list of Foo ids for records that were
      successfully destroyed.

   o  *notCreated*: "String[SetError]" A map of creation id to a
      SetError object for each record that failed to be created.  The
      possible errors are defined in the description of the method for
      specific data types.

   o  *notUpdated*: "String[SetError]" A map of Foo id to a SetError
      object for each record that failed to be updated.  The possible
      errors are defined in the description of the method for specific
      data types.

   o  *notDestroyed*: "String[SetError]" A map of Foo id to a SetError
      object for each record that failed to be destroyed.  The possible
      errors are defined in the description of the method for specific
      data types.

   A *SetError* object has the following properties:

   o  *type*: "String" The type of error.

   o  *description*: "String|null" A description of the error to display
      to the user.

   Other properties may also be present on the object, as described in
   the relevant methods.

   The following errors may be returned instead of the "foosSet"
   response:

   "accountNotFound": Returned if an _accountId_ was explicitly included
   with the request, but it does not correspond to a valid account.

   "accountNotSupportedByMethod": Returned if the _accountId_ given
   corresponds to a valid account, but the account does not support this
   data type.

   "accountReadOnly": Returned if the account has isReadOnly == true.

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   "requestTooLarge": Returned if the total number of objects to create,
   update or destroy exceeds the maximum number the server is willing to
   process in a single method call.

   "invalidArguments": Returned if one of the arguments is of the wrong
   type, or otherwise invalid.  A "description" property MAY be present
   on the response object to help debug with an explanation of what the
   problem was.

   "stateMismatch": Returned if an "ifInState" argument was supplied and
   it does not match the current state.

3.11.  Querying data

   For data sets where the total amount of data is expected to be very
   small, clients can just fetch the complete set of data and then do
   any sorting/filtering locally.  However, for large data sets (e.g.
   multi-gigabyte mailboxes), the client needs to be able to perform a
   query on the server for the data type.

3.11.1.  getFooList

   A query on the set of Foos in an account is made by calling
   _getFooList_. This takes a number of arguments to determine which
   records to include, how they should be sorted, and which part of the
   result should be returned (the full list may be _very_ long).  The
   result is returned as a list of Foo ids.  Optionally, the records
   themselves may be fetched at the same time.

   A call to _getFooList_ takes the following arguments:

   o  *filter*: "FilterCondition" Determines the set of Foos returned in
      the results.  This is an "object", whose allowed properties and
      semantics depend on the data type.

   o  *sort*: "String[]|null" Lists the properties to compare between
      two Foo records to determine which comes first in the sort.  If
      two Foo records have an identical value for the first property,
      the next property will be considered and so on.  If all properties
      are the same (this includes the case where an empty array or
      "null" is given as the _sort_ argument), the sort order is server-
      dependent, but MUST be stable between calls to "getFooList".
      Following each property name there MUST be a space and then either
      the string "asc" or "desc" to specify ascending or descending sort
      for that property. e.g. "[ "date desc", "name asc" ]"

   o  *position*: "Number|null" The 0-based index of the first id in the
      full list of results to return, presumed "0" if "null".  If a

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      negative value is given, the call MUST be rejected with an
      "invalidArguments" error.

   o  *limit*: "Number|null" The maximum number of results to return.
      If "null", no limit presumed.  The server MAY choose to enforce a
      maximum "limit" argument.  In this case, if a greater value is
      given (or if it is "null"), the limit should be clamped to the
      maximum; since the total number of results in the list is
      returned, the client can determine if it has received all the
      results.  If a negative value is given, the call MUST be rejected
      with an "invalidArguments" error.

   o  *fetchFoos*: "Boolean|null" If "true" then after outputting a
      _fooList_ response, an implicit call will be made to _getFoos_
      with the "fooIds" array in the response as the _ids_ argument.  If
      "false" or "null", no implicit call will be made.

   o  *fetchFooProperties*: "String[]|null" The list of properties to
      fetch on any fetched foos.  See _getFoos_ for a full description.

   The response to a call to _getFooList_ is called _fooList_. It has
   the following arguments:

   o  *filter*: "FilterCondition" The filter of the foo list.  Echoed
      back from the call.

   o  *sort*: "String[]|null" A list of Foo property names used to sort
      by.  Echoed back from the call.

   o  *state*: "String" A string encoding the current state on the
      server.  This string will change if the results of the Foo list
      MAY have changed (for example, there has been a change to the
      state of the set of Foos; it does not guarantee that anything in
      the list has changed).  It may be passed to _getFooListUpdates_ to
      efficiently get the set of changes from the client's current
      state.  Should a client receive back a response with a different
      state string to a previous call, it MUST either throw away the
      currently cached list and fetch it again (note, this does not
      require fetching the foos again, just the list of ids) or, call
      _getFooListUpdates_ to get the delta difference.

   o  *canCalculateUpdates*: "Boolean" This is "true" if the server
      supports calling _getFooListUpdates_ with these "filter"/"sort"
      parameters.  Note, this does not guarantee that the
      _getFooListUpdates_ call will succeed, as it may only be possible
      for a limited time afterwards due to server internal
      implementation details.

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   o  *position*: "Number" The 0-based index of the first result in the
      "fooIds" array within the complete list of results.

   o  *total*: "Number" The total number of foos in the foos list (given
      the _filter_).

   o  *fooIds*: "String[]" The list of Foo ids for each foo in the list
      after filtering and sorting, starting at the index given by the
      _position_ argument of this response, and continuing until it hits
      the end of the list or reaches the "limit" number of ids.

   The following errors may be returned instead of the "fooList"
   response:

   "accountNotFound": Returned if an _accountId_ was explicitly included
   with the request, but it does not correspond to a valid account.

   "accountNotSupportedByMethod": Returned if the _accountId_ given
   corresponds to a valid account, but the account does not support this
   data type.

   "invalidArguments": Returned if the request does not include one of
   the required arguments, or one of the arguments is of the wrong type,
   or otherwise invalid.  A "description" property MAY be present on the
   response object to help debug with an explanation of what the problem
   was.

3.11.2.  getFooListUpdates

   The "getFooListUpdates" call allows a client to efficiently update
   the state of any cached foo list to match the new state on the
   server.  It takes the following arguments:

   o  *filter*: "FilterCondition" The filter argument that was used with
      _getFooList_.

   o  *sort*: "String[]|null" The sort argument that was used with
      _getFooList_.

   o  *sinceState*: "String" The current state of the client.  This is
      the string that was returned as the _state_ argument in the
      _fooList_ response.  The server will return the changes made since
      this state.

   o  *maxChanges*: "Number|null" The maximum number of changes to
      return in the response.  See below for a more detailed
      description.

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   The response to _getFooListUpdates_ is called _fooListUpdates_ It has
   the following arguments:

   o  *filter*: "FilterCondition" The filter of the foo list.  Echoed
      back from the call.

   o  *sort*: "String[]|null" A list of Foo property names used to sort
      by.  Echoed back from the call.

   o  *oldState*: "String" This is the "sinceState" argument echoed
      back; the state from which the server is returning changes.

   o  *newState*: "String" This is the state the client will be in after
      applying the set of changes to the old state.

   o  *total*: "Number" The total number of foos in the current foo list
      (given the _filter_).

   o  *removed*: "String[]" The _fooId_ for every foo that was in the
      list in the old state and is not in the list in the new state.  If
      the server cannot calculate this exactly, the server MAY return
      extra foos in addition that MAY have been in the old list but are
      not in the new list.  If the _filter_ or _sort_ includes a mutable
      property, the server MUST include all foos in the current list for
      which this property MAY have changed.

   o  *added*: "AddedItem[]" The fooId and index in the list (in the new
      state) for every foo that has been added to the list since the old
      state AND every foo in the current list that was included in the
      _removed_ array (due to a filter or sort based upon a mutable
      property).  The array MUST be sorted in order of index, lowest
      index first.

   An *AddedItem* object has the following properties:

   o  *fooId*: "String"

   o  *index*: "Number"

   The result of this should be that if the client has a cached sparse
   array of foo ids in the list in the old state:

   fooIds = [ "id1", "id2", null, null, "id3", "id4", null, null, null ]

   then if it *splices out* all foos in the removed array:

      removed = [ "id2", ... ];
      fooIds => [ "id1", null, null, "id3", "id4", null, null, null ]

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   and *splices in* (in order) all of the foos in the added array:

  added = [{ fooId: "id5", index: 0, ... }];
  fooIds => [ "id5", "id1", null, null, "id3", "id4", null, null, null ]

   then the foo list will now be in the new state.

   The following errors may be returned instead of the "fooListUpdates"
   response:

   "accountNotFound": Returned if an _accountId_ was explicitly included
   with the request, but it does not correspond to a valid account.

   "accountNotSupportedByMethod": Returned if the _accountId_ given
   corresponds to a valid account, but the account does not support this
   data type.

   "invalidArguments": Returned if the request does not include one of
   the required arguments, or one of the arguments is of the wrong type,
   or otherwise invalid.  A _description_ property MAY be present on the
   response object to help debug with an explanation of what the problem
   was.

   "tooManyChanges": Returned if there are more changes the the client's
   _maxChanges_ argument.  Each item in the removed or added array is
   considered as one change.  The client may retry with a higher max
   changes or invalidate its cache of the foo list.

   "cannotCalculateChanges": Returned if the server cannot calculate the
   changes from the state string given by the client.  Usually due to
   the client's state being too old.  The client MUST invalidate its
   cache of the foo list.

4.  Downloading binary data

   Binary data is referenced by a _blobId_ in JMAP.  A blob id does not
   have a name inherent to it, but this is normally given in the same
   object that contains the blob id.

   After completing authentication, the client will receive a
   _downloadUrl_ as part of the response.  This is in [RFC6570] URI
   Template (level 1) format.  The URL MUST contain variables called
   "accountId" and "blobId".  The URL SHOULD contain a variable called
   "name".

   The client may use this template in combination with an accountId and
   blobId to download any binary data (files) referenced by other
   objects.  Since a blob is not associated with a particular name, the

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   template SHOULD allow a name to be substituted in as well; the server
   will return this as the filename if it sets a "Content-Disposition"
   header.

   To download the data the client MUST make an authenticated GET
   request to the download URL with the appropriate variables
   substituted in, and then follow any redirects.  The client SHOULD
   send an "Accept" header with the content type they would like the
   server to return for the file.

   In situations where it's not easy to authenticate the download
   request (e.g.: when downloading a file through a link in a HTML
   document), the client MAY use a signed GET request (see the
   authentication chapter for how to issue a signed request).  Instead
   of specifying an "Accept" header, the client SHOULD add an "accept"
   query parameter to the signed URL, with the value being the content
   type to use for the response.

   After following redirects, the server MUST return one of the
   following responses to a request to the download URL:

4.1.  200: OK

   Request successful.  The binary data is returned.  The "Content-Type"
   header SHOULD be set to the type as requested in the "Accept" header
   by the client, or "application/octet-stream" if unknown and no
   "Accept" header given.

4.2.  401: Unauthorized

   The "Authorization" header was missing or did not contain a valid
   token and there was no "access_token" query parameter, or it did not
   contain a valid token.  Reauthenticate and then retry the request.
   As per the HTTP spec, the response MUST have a "WWW-Authenticate"
   header listing the available authentication schemes.

   The server MAY return an HTML page response, which clients MAY show
   to the user.  This is primarily for when the URL is passed off to the
   browser, and the JMAP client may not see the actual response.

4.3.  404: Not Found

   The file was not found at this address.

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4.4.  503: Service Unavailable

   The server is currently down.  The client should try again later with
   exponential backoff.  There is no content in the response.

5.  Uploading binary data

   There is a single endpoint which handles all file uploads, regardless
   of what they are to be used for.  To upload a file, the client
   submits a POST request to the file upload endpoint (see the
   authentication section for information on how to obtain this URL).
   The Content-Type MUST be correctly set for the type of the file being
   uploaded.  The request MUST be authenticated as per any HTTP request.
   The request MAY include an "X-JMAP-AccountId" header, with the value
   being the account to use for the request.  Otherwise, the default
   account will be used.

   The server will respond with one of the following HTTP response
   codes:

5.1.  201: File uploaded successfully

   The content of the response is a single JSON object with the
   following properties:

   o  *accountId*: "String" The id of the account used for the call.

   o  *blobId*: "String", The id representing the binary data uploaded.
      The data for this id is immutable.  The id _only_ refers to the
      binary data, not any metadata.

   o  *type*: "String" The content type of the file.

   o  *size*: "Number" The size of the file in bytes.

   o  *expires*: "Date" The date the file will be deleted from temporary
      storage if not referenced by another object, e.g. used in a draft.

   Once the file has been used, for example attached to a draft message,
   the file will no longer expire, and is instead guaranteed to exist
   while at least one other object references it.  Once no other object
   references it, the server MAY immediately delete the file at any
   time.  It MUST NOT delete the file during the method call which
   removed the last reference, so that if there is a create and a delete
   within the same call that both reference the file, this always works.

   If uploading a file would take the user over quota, the server SHOULD
   delete previously uploaded (but unused) files before their expiry

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   time.  This means a client does not have to explicitly delete unused
   temporary files (indeed, there is no way for it to do so).

   If identical binary content is uploaded, the same _blobId_ SHOULD be
   returned.

   The server MUST return one of the following responses to a request to
   the upload URL:

5.2.  400: Bad request

   The request was malformed (this includes the case where an "X-JMAP-
   AccountId" header is sent with a value that does not exist).  The
   client SHOULD NOT retry the same request.  There is no content in the
   response.

5.3.  401: Unauthorized

   The "Authorization" header was missing or did not contain a valid
   token.  Reauthenticate and then retry the request.  As per the HTTP
   spec, the response MUST have a "WWW-Authenticate" header listing the
   available authentication schemes.  There is no content in the
   response.

5.4.  404: Not Found

   The upload endpoint has moved.  See the Authentication section of the
   spec for how to rediscover the current URL to use.  There is no
   content in the response.

5.5.  413: Request Entity Too Large

   The file is larger than the maximum size the server is willing to
   accept for a single file.  The client SHOULD NOT retry uploading the
   same file.  There is no content in the response.  The client may
   discover the maximum size the server is prepared to accept by
   inspecting the server _capabilities_ object, returned with the
   successful authentication response.

5.6.  415: Unsupported Media Type

   The server MAY choose to not allow certain content types to be
   uploaded, such as executable files.  This error response is returned
   if an unacceptable type is uploaded.  The client SHOULD NOT retry
   uploading the same file.  There is no content in the response.

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5.6.1.  429: Rate limited

   Returned if the client has made too many upload requests recently, or
   has too many concurrent uploads currently in progress.  Clients
   SHOULD wait a while then try again.  The response MAY include a
   "Retry-After" header indicating how long to wait before making a new
   request.

5.7.  503: Service Unavailable

   The server is currently down.  The client should try again later with
   exponential backoff.  There is no content in the response.

6.  Push

   Any modern email client should be able to update instantly whenever
   the data on the server is changed by another client or message
   delivery.  Push notifications in JMAP occur out-of-band (i.e. not
   over the same connection as API exchanges) so that they can make use
   of efficient native push mechanisms on different platforms.

   The general model for push is simple and does not send any sensitive
   data over the push channel, making it suitable for use with less
   trusted 3rd party intermediaries.  The format allows multiple changes
   to be coalesced into a single push update, and the frequency of
   pushes to be rate limited by the server.  It doesn't matter if some
   push events are dropped before they reach the client; it will still
   get all changes next time it syncs.

   When something changes on the server, the server pushes a small JSON
   object to the client with the following property:

   o  *changed*: "String[ChangedStates]" A map of _account id_ to an
      object encoding the state of data types which have changed for
      that account since the last push event, for each of the accounts
      to which the user has access and for which something has changed.

   A *ChangedStates* object is a map.  The keys are the plural type name
   "Foos" (e.g.  "Mailboxes" or "Messages"), and the value is the
   _state_ property that would currently be returned by a call to
   _getFoos_.

   Upon receiving this data, the client can compare the new state
   strings with its current values to see whether it has the current
   data for these types.  The actual changes can then be efficiently
   fetched in a single standard API request (using the _getFooUpdates_
   type methods).

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6.1.  Event Source

   There are two mechanisms by which the client can receive the push
   events.  The first is directly via a "text/event-stream" resource, as
   described in <http://www.w3.org/TR/eventsource/>.  This is
   essentially a long running HTTP request down which the server can
   push data.  When a change occurs, the server MUST push an event
   called *state* to any connected clients.

   The server MAY also set a new "Last-Event-Id" that encodes the entire
   server state visible to the user.  When a new connection is made to
   the event-source endpoint, the server can then work out whether the
   client has missed some changes which it should send immediately.

   The server MUST also send an event called *ping* with an empty object
   as the data if a maximum of 5 minutes has elapsed since the previous
   event.  This MUST NOT set a new "Last-Event-Id".  A client may detect
   the absence of these to determine that the HTTP connection has been
   dropped somewhere along the route and so it needs to re-establish the
   connection.

   Refer to the Authentication section of this spec for details on how
   to get the URL for the event-source endpoint.  The request must be
   authenticated using an "Authorization" header like any HTTP request.

   A client MAY hold open multiple connections to the event-source,
   although it SHOULD try to use a single connection for efficiency.

6.2.  Web hook

   The second push mechanism is to register a callback URL to which the
   JMAP server will make an HTTPS POST request whenever the event
   occurs.  The request MUST have a content type of "application/json"
   and contain the same UTF-8 JSON encoded object as described above as
   the body.

   The JMAP server MUST also set the following headers in the POST
   request: - "X-JMAP-EventType: state" - "X-JMAP-User: ${username}"
   where "${username}" is the username of the authenticated user for
   which the push event occurred.

   The JMAP server MUST follow any redirects.  If the final response
   code from the server is "2xx", the callback is considered a success.
   If the response code is "503" (Service Unavailable), the JMAP server
   MAY try again later (but may also just drop the event).  If the
   response code is "429" (Too Many Requests) the JMAP server SHOULD
   attempt to reduce the frequency of pushes to that URL.  Any other
   response code MUST be considered a *permanent failure* and the

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   callback should be deregistered (not tried again even for future
   events unless explicitly re-registered by the client).

   The URL set by the client MUST use the HTTPS protocol and SHOULD
   encode within it a unique token that can be verified by the server to
   know that the request comes from the JMAP server the authenticated
   client connected to.

   The callback is tied to the access token used to create it.  Should
   the access token expire or be revoked, the callback MUST be removed
   by the JMAP server.  The client MUST re-register the callback after
   reauthenticating to resume callbacks.

   Each session may only have a single callback URL registered.  It can
   be set or retrieved using the following API calls.

6.2.1.  setPushCallback

   To set the web hook, make a call to _setPushCallback_. It takes the
   following argument:

   o  *callback*: "String|null" The (HTTPS) URL the JMAP server should
      POST events to.  This will replace any previously set URL.  Set to
      "null" to just remove any previously set callback URL.

   The response to _setPushCallback_ is called _pushCallbackSet_. It has
   the following argument:

   o  *callback*: "String|null" Echoed back from the call.

   The following error may be returned instead of the _mailboxesSet_
   response:

   "invalidUrl": Returned if the URL does not begin with "https://", or
   is otherwise syntactically invalid or does not resolve.

6.2.2.  getPushCallback

   To check the currently set callback URL (if any), make a call to
   _getPushCallback_. It does not take any arguments.  The response to
   _getPushCallback_ is called "pushCallback".  It has a single
   argument:

   o  *callback*: "String|null" The URL the JMAP server is currently
      posting push events to, or "null" if none.

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7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3339]  Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet:
              Timestamps", RFC 3339, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3339>.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
              2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.

   [RFC4648]  Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
              Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.

   [RFC5785]  Nottingham, M. and E. Hammer-Lahav, "Defining Well-Known
              Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)", RFC 5785,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5785, April 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5785>.

   [RFC6186]  Daboo, C., "Use of SRV Records for Locating Email
              Submission/Access Services", RFC 6186,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6186, March 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6186>.

   [RFC6570]  Gregorio, J., Fielding, R., Hadley, M., Nottingham, M.,
              and D. Orchard, "URI Template", RFC 6570,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6570, March 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6570>.

   [RFC6750]  Jones, M. and D. Hardt, "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization
              Framework: Bearer Token Usage", RFC 6750,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6750, October 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6750>.

   [RFC6764]  Daboo, C., "Locating Services for Calendaring Extensions
              to WebDAV (CalDAV) and vCard Extensions to WebDAV
              (CardDAV)", RFC 6764, DOI 10.17487/RFC6764, February 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6764>.

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   [RFC7159]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March
              2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159>.

   [RFC7493]  Bray, T., Ed., "The I-JSON Message Format", RFC 7493,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7493, March 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7493>.

   [RFC7519]  Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token
              (JWT)", RFC 7519, DOI 10.17487/RFC7519, May 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7519>.

7.2.  URIs

   [1] https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6238

   [2] https://developers.yubico.com/OTP/

   [3] https://fidoalliance.org/specifications/download/

   [4] https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519

   [5] https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519

   [6] https://jwt.io/

Author's Address

   Neil Jenkins
   FastMail
   Level 1, 91 William St
   Melbourne  VIC 3000
   Australia

   Email: neilj@fastmail.com
   URI:   https://www.fastmail.com

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