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DNSSEC Policy & Practice Statement Framework
draft-ietf-dnsop-dnssec-dps-framework-05

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 6841.
Authors Fredrik Ljunggren , Tomofumi Okubo
Last updated 2011-09-02 (Latest revision 2011-03-14)
Replaces draft-ljunggren-dps-framework
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draft-ietf-dnsop-dnssec-dps-framework-05
Network Working Group                                       F. Ljunggren
Internet-Draft                                                  Kirei AB
Intended status: Informational                      A-M. Eklund-Lowinder
Expires: March 5, 2012                                               .SE
                                                                T. Okubo
                                                                   ICANN
                                                       September 2, 2011

              DNSSEC Policy & Practice Statement Framework
                draft-ietf-dnsop-dnssec-dps-framework-05

Abstract

   This document presents a framework to assist writers of DNSSEC Policy
   and Practice Statements such as Domain Managers and Zone Operators on
   both the top-level and secondary level, who is managing and operating
   a DNS zone with Security Extensions (DNSSEC) implemented.

   In particular, the framework provides a comprehensive list of topics
   that should be considered for inclusion into a DNSSEC Policy
   definition and Practice Statement.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on March 5, 2012.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of

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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.1.  Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.2.  Purpose  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     1.3.  Scope  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.  Definitions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.1.  DNSSEC Policy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.2.  DNSSEC Practice Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.3.  Relationship between DNSSEC Policy and Practice
           Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.4.  Set of Provisions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   4.  Contents of a set of provisions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       4.1.1.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       4.1.2.  Document Name and Identification . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       4.1.3.  Community and Applicability  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       4.1.4.  Specification Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.2.  Publication and Repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.3.  Operational Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
       4.3.1.  Meaning of domain names  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
       4.3.2.  Activation of DNSSEC for child zone  . . . . . . . . . 12
       4.3.3.  Identification and authentication of child zone
               manager  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
       4.3.4.  Registration of delegation signer (DS) resource
               records  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
       4.3.5.  Method to prove possession of private key  . . . . . . 12
       4.3.6.  Removal of DS resource records . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.4.  Facility, Management and Operational Controls  . . . . . . 12
       4.4.1.  Physical Controls  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       4.4.2.  Procedural Controls  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       4.4.3.  Personnel Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       4.4.4.  Audit Logging Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       4.4.5.  Compromise and Disaster Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       4.4.6.  Entity termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     4.5.  Technical Security Controls  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
       4.5.1.  Key Pair Generation and Installation . . . . . . . . . 16
       4.5.2.  Private Key Protection and Cryptographic Module
               Engineering Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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       4.5.3.  Other Aspects of Key Pair Management . . . . . . . . . 18
       4.5.4.  Activation data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
       4.5.5.  Computer Security Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
       4.5.6.  Network Security Controls  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
       4.5.7.  Timestamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
       4.5.8.  Life Cycle Technical Controls  . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     4.6.  Zone Signing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
       4.6.1.  Key lengths, key types and algorithms  . . . . . . . . 20
       4.6.2.  Authenticated denial of existence  . . . . . . . . . . 20
       4.6.3.  Signature format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
       4.6.4.  Key Roll-Over  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
       4.6.5.  Signature life-time and re-signing frequency . . . . . 20
       4.6.6.  Verification of Zone Signing Key Set . . . . . . . . . 20
       4.6.7.  Verification of resource records . . . . . . . . . . . 21
       4.6.8.  Resource records time-to-live  . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     4.7.  Compliance Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
       4.7.1.  Frequency of entity compliance audit . . . . . . . . . 21
       4.7.2.  Identity/qualifications of auditor . . . . . . . . . . 21
       4.7.3.  Auditor's relationship to audited party  . . . . . . . 21
       4.7.4.  Topics covered by audit  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
       4.7.5.  Actions taken as a result of deficiency  . . . . . . . 22
       4.7.6.  Communication of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     4.8.  Legal Matters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   5.  Outline of a set of provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   6.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   7.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   8.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     9.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     9.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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1.  Introduction

1.1.  Background

   The Domain Name System (DNS) was not originally designed with strong
   security mechanisms to provide integrity and authenticity of its
   data.  Over the years, a number of vulnerabilities have been
   discovered that threaten the reliability and trustworthiness of the
   system.

   The Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC, [RFC4033],
   [RFC4034], [RFC4035]) is a set of IETF specifications which addresses
   these vulnerabilities by adding data origin authentication, data
   integrity verification and authenticated denial of existence
   capabilities to the DNS, using public key cryptography.  In short,
   DNSSEC provides a way for software to verify the origin of DNS data
   and validate that it has not been modified in transit.

   To provide a means for the relying parties to evaluate the strength
   and security of the DNSSEC chain of trust, an entity operating a
   DNSSEC enabled zone may choose to publish a DNSSEC Practice Statement
   (DPS), comprising statements of critical security controls and
   procedures relevant for scrutinizing the trustworthiness of the
   system.  The DPS may also identify one or more DNSSEC Policies which
   are supported, explaining how it meets the requirements of each
   Policy.

   Even though this document is heavily inspired by the Internet X.509
   Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Policy and Certification
   Practices Framework [RFC3647], and large parts drawn from that
   document, the properties and structure of the DNSSEC PKI is
   fundamentally different from the X.509 PKI.

   In the DNSSEC PKI there is no central control of assurance or trust
   levels.  Each zone manager may select their own way of managing keys
   and operations, and there is no necessity to perform any coordination
   of security practices between different zones in the DNS.  The degree
   to which a relying party can trust the binding embodied in the DNSSEC
   chain of trust is dependent on the weakest link of that chain.  This
   implies that the security of zones is generally more critical higher
   up in the DNS hierarchy.

   Another significant difference is that the DPS is focused only on
   stating the security posture of a zone, not the entire domain name
   system.  Moreover, the DNS is of an almost ubiquitous nature and
   completely open.  There exists no agreements with the relying (third)
   parties, which are all entities relying on signed responses from the
   DNS.

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1.2.  Purpose

   The purpose of this document is twofold.  Firstly, the document aims
   to explain the concept of a DNSSEC Policy (DP) and a DNSSEC Practice
   Statement (DPS), and describe the relationship between a DP and a
   DPS.  Secondly, this document aims to present a framework to
   encourage and assist writers of Policies and Practice Statements in
   creating conforming and comparable documents.  In particular, the
   framework identifies the elements that should be considered in
   formulating a DP/DPS.  It does not, however, define a particular
   Policy or Practice Statement, not does it seek to provide legal
   advice or recommendations as to the contents.

1.3.  Scope

   The scope of this document is limited to discussion of the topics
   that can be covered in a DP/DPS and does not go into the specific
   details that could possibly be included in each one.  In particular,
   this document describes the types of information that should be
   considered for inclusion in a DP/DPS.

   The DNSSEC Policy and Practice Statement framework should be viewed
   and used as a checklist of factors that should be taken in to
   consideration prior to deploying DNSSEC, and as an outline to create
   a operational practices disclosure document.  As such, it focuses on
   the topics affected by the introduction of DNSSEC into a zone.  Other
   aspects, such as the operations of name servers and registry systems
   are considered out of scope.  It is primarily aimed at TLD managers
   and organizations providing registry services, but may be used by
   high-value domain holders and serve as a check sheet for DNSSEC
   readiness at a high level.

   This document assumes that the reader is familiar with the general
   concepts of DNS, DNSSEC and PKI.

2.  Definitions

   This document makes use of the following defined terms:

   Audit logs - Control evidence information generated by DNS and
   DNSSEC-related systems, the surrounding facility or other manually
   processed, non-electronic documentation to prove the integrity of
   processes.  Audit logs will be examined by the internal and/or
   external auditors.

   Activation data - Data values, other than keys, that are required to
   operate the cryptographic modules which are usually used to protect

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   the keys from unauthorized use.

   Chain of Trust - A hierarchical structure of trust consisting of DNS
   keys, signatures, and delegation signer records that, when validated
   in a series, can provide proof of authenticity of the last element in
   the chain using the first element in the chain.  Usually, the first
   element is a trust anchor.

   Compromise (Key Compromise) - Key Compromise is a situation where the
   private component of the Key Signing Key or Zone Signing Key is lost,
   stolen, exposed, modified or used in an unauthorized manner.  More
   strictly, even a suspicion that one of these has occurred will be
   enough to be considered as key compromise.

   DNS - The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical global naming
   catalog for computers, services, or any resource connected to the
   Internet.

   DNS Zone - A portion of the global Domain Name System (DNS) namespace
   for which administrative responsibility has been delegated.

   DNSSEC - DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is a set of IETF
   specifications which using public key cryptography to add data origin
   authentication, data integrity verification and authenticated denial
   of existence capabilities to DNS.

   DNSSEC Policy - A DNSSEC Policy (DP) sets forth the requirements and
   standards to be implemented for a DNSSEC signed zone.

   DNSSEC Practice Statement - A DNSSEC Practices Statement (DPS) is a
   practices disclosure document which may support and be a supplemental
   document to the DNSSEC Policy (if such exists), and states how the
   management of a given zone implements procedures and controls at a
   high level.

   Key Roll-Over - A operational process of DNSSEC to change one of the
   keys used for signing.

   PKI - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a concept that uses
   asymmetric cryptography to, which may provide integrity,
   authentication, confidentiality and non-repudiation to a system.

   Relying Party - An entity that relies on the signed response from the
   DNS.

   Repository - A location on the Internet to store DP, DPS, Trust
   Anchors and other related information that should be kept public.

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   Security Posture - A Security Posture is an indicator how secure the
   entity is and how secure the entity should be.  It is the result of
   an adequate threat modelling, vulnerability assessment and risk
   assessment.

   Separation of Duties - A security concept that limits the influence
   of a single person by segregating the roles and responsibilities.

   TLD - A Top-Level Domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest
   level in the hierarchical of the DNS.

   Trust Anchor - Public portion of the Key Signing Key which is the
   authoritative entity used to cryptographically validate the chain of
   trust to the signed resource record.

3.  Concepts

   This section describes the concept of a DNSSEC Policy and of a DNSSEC
   Practices Statement.  Other related concepts are described as well.

3.1.  DNSSEC Policy

   The DNSSEC Policy (DP) sets forth requirements that are appropriate
   for a determined level of assurance.  For example, a DP may encompass
   all topics of this framework, each with a certain set of security
   requirements and possibly grouped into categories, such as medium
   impact and high impact.  The progression from medium to high levels
   would correspond to increasing security requirements and
   corresponding increasing levels of assurance.

   A DNSSEC Practice Statement may identify a supported DP, which may
   subsequently be used by a relying party to evaluate the
   trustworthiness of any digital signatures verified using the public
   key of that entity.

   DPs also constitute a basis for an audit, accreditation, or another
   assessment of an entity.  Each entity can be assessed against one or
   more DPs that it is recognized as implementing.

3.2.  DNSSEC Practice Statement

   Most DNSSEC participants will not have the need to create a thorough
   and detailed statement of practices.  For example, the registrant may
   itself be the sole relying party of its own zone and would already be
   aware of the nature and trustworthiness of its services.  In other
   cases, a zone manager may provide registration services with only a
   very low level of assurances where the domain names being secured may

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   pose only marginal risks if compromised.  Publishing a DPS is most
   relevant for entities operating a zone which contains a significant
   number of delegations to other entities.

   A DNSSEC Practice Statement (DPS) should contain information which is
   relevant to the stakeholders of the relevant zone(s).  Since these
   generally include the Internet community, it should not contain such
   information which could be considered to be sensitive details of an
   entity's operations.

3.3.  Relationship between DNSSEC Policy and Practice Statement

   A DNSSEC Policy and a DNSSEC Practice Statement address the same set
   of topics that are of interest to the stakeholders in terms of the
   degree to which a DNSSEC digital signature may be trusted.  The
   primary difference is in the focus of their provisions.  A Policy
   sets forth the requirements and standards to be implemented for a
   DNSSEC signed zone.  In other words, the purpose of the Policy is to
   establish what entities must do.  A Practice Statement, by contrast,
   states how a zone operator (and possibly other participants in the
   management of a given zone) implements procedures and controls to
   meet the requirements stated in the Policy.  Putting it another way,
   the purpose of the Practice Statement is to disclose how the
   participants perform their functions and implement controls.

   An additional difference between a Policy and a Practice Statement
   relates the scope of coverage of the two kinds of documents.  Since a
   Policy is a statement of requirements, it is best used for
   communicating minimum operating guidelines that must be met by
   complying parties, but may as such also be used to facilitate
   interoperation of a level of trust between zones.  Thus, a Policy may
   apply to multiple organizations or multiple zones.  By contrast, a
   Practice Statement would usually apply only to a single zone operator
   or a single organization.

   For example, a TLD Manager or regulatory authority may define
   requirements in a Policy for operations of one or more zones.  The
   Policy will be a broad statement of the general requirements for
   managing the zone.  A zone operator may be required to write its own
   Practice Statement to support the Policy by explaining how it meets
   the requirements of the Policy.  Alternatively, a zone operator which
   is also the manager of that zone and not governed by any external
   Policy may still choose to disclose operational practices by
   publishing a DPS for the purpose of providing transparency and to
   gain community trust in the operations.

   A Policy and a Practice Statement also differ in the level of detail
   of the provisions in each.  Although the level of detail may vary, a

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   Practice Statement will generally be more detailed than a Policy.  A
   Practice Statement provides a detailed description of procedures and
   controls in place to meet the Policy requirements, while a Policy is
   more general.

   The main differences between a Policy and Practice Statement can be
   summarized as follows:

   (a)  Operation of a DNS zone with DNSSEC may be governed by a Policy,
        to establish requirements that state what the entity operating
        that zone must do.  An entity can use a Practice Statement to
        disclose how it meets the requirements of a Policy or how it has
        implemented critical processes and controls.
   (b)  A Policy may facilitate interoperation of level of trust through
        several parts or levels in the DNS hierarchy.  By contrast, a
        Practice Statement is a statement of a single zone operator or
        organization.
   (c)  A Practice Statement is generally more detailed than a Policy
        and specifies how the zone operator or organization implements
        critical processes and controls, and how the entity meets any
        requirements specified in the one or more Policies under which
        it operates DNSSEC.

3.4.  Set of Provisions

   A set of provisions is a collection of Policy requirements or
   Practice statements, which may employ the approach described in this
   framework by covering the topics appearing in Section 5 below.  They
   are also described in detail in Section 4.

   A Policy can be expressed as a single set of provisions.

   A Practice Statement can also be expressed as a single set of
   provisions with each component addressing the requirements of one or
   more Policies.  Alternatively, it could be a set of provisions that
   do not reference any particular policy but instead describe a set of
   self-imposed provisions to the relying parties.  For example, a
   Practice Statement could be expressed as a combination of the
   following:

   (a)  a list of Policies supported by the DPS;
   (b)  for each Policy in (a), a set of provisions that contains
        statements responding to that Policy by filling in details not
        stipulated in that policy or expressly left to the discretion of
        the implementor; such statements serve to show how this
        particular Practice Statement implements the requirements of the
        particular Policy; or

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   (c)  a set of provisions that contains statements regarding the
        practices of the DNSSEC operations, regardless of any Policy.

   The statements provided in (b) may augment or refine the stipulations
   of an applicable Policy, but generally must not conflict with any of
   the stipulations of such Policy.  In certain cases, however, a Policy
   Authority may permit exceptions because certain compensating controls
   of the entity disclosed in its Practices Statement allow it to
   provide a level of assurance equivalent to full compliance with the
   policy.

   The framework outlines the contents of a set of provisions, in terms
   of eight primary components, as follows:

   1.  Introduction
   2.  Publication and Repositories
   3.  Operational Requirements
   4.  Facility, Management, and Operational Controls
   5.  Technical Security Controls
   6.  Zone Signing
   7.  Compliance Audit
   8.  Legal Matters

   This framework can be used by Policy Authorities to write DNSSEC
   Policies and zone operators to write a DNSSEC Practice Statements.
   Having a set of documents with the same structure facilitates
   comparisons and mappings between them with the corresponding
   documents of other zones.

4.  Contents of a set of provisions

   This section describes the contents of a set of provisions.  Refer to
   Section 5 for the complete outline.

   Drafters of DPSs in conformance with this framework are permitted to
   add additional levels of subcomponents below those described here for
   the purpose of meeting the needs of the drafter's particular
   requirements.  Drafters may also omit components and leave them
   without stipulation if so required, but all components listed in
   Section 5 should be present.

4.1.  Introduction

   This component identifies and introduces the set of provisions, and
   indicates the types of entities and applications for which the
   document (either the Policy or the Practice Statement) is targeted.

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4.1.1.  Overview

   This subcomponent provides a general introduction to the document
   being written.  It can also be used to provide a description of
   entities to which the Policy or Practice Statement applies.

4.1.2.  Document Name and Identification

   This subcomponent provides any applicable names or other identifiers
   of the document.

4.1.3.  Community and Applicability

   This subcomponent addresses the stakeholders in DNSSEC along with the
   expected roles and responsibilities.  These include (but are not
   limited to) an entity signing the zone, an entity that relies on the
   signed zone, other entities that have operational dependency on the
   signed zone and an entity that entrusted the zone signing.

4.1.4.  Specification Administration

   This subcomponent includes the name and contact details of the
   organization that is responsible for managing the DP/DPS.

   If a formal or informal Policy Authority is responsible for
   determining whether a DPS being suitable for the Policy this
   subcomponent may include the name and contact information of the
   entity in charge of making such a determination.  In this case, this
   subcomponent also includes the procedures by which this determination
   is made.

4.2.  Publication and Repositories

   This component contains any applicable provisions regarding:

   o  The location and method to access the repository;
   o  An identification of the entity or entities that operate
      repositories, such as a zone operator or a TLD Manager;
   o  The responsibility of an entity to publish information regarding
      its practices, public keys, and the current status of such keys,
      this may include the responsibilities of making the DPS publicly
      available using various mechanisms and of identifying components
      and subcomponents.  The component should also include an
      indication of the elements of the documents that are not made
      publicly available owing to their sensitive nature, e.g. security
      controls, clearance procedures, or business information;

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   o  When information must be published and the frequency of
      publication; and
   o  Access control on published information objects.

4.3.  Operational Requirements

   This component describes the operational requirements when operating
   a DNSSEC signed zone.

4.3.1.  Meaning of domain names

   This section describes the overall policy of child zone naming, if
   any.

4.3.2.  Activation of DNSSEC for child zone

   This section describes the process of establishing the chain-of-trust
   to the child zone by incorporating DS record(s) into the zone.

4.3.3.  Identification and authentication of child zone manager

   This section describes how the child zone manager has initially been
   identified, and how any subsequent change request is authenticated as
   originating from the manager or its authorized representative.

4.3.4.  Registration of delegation signer (DS) resource records

   This section describes how the delegation signer resource records are
   incorporated into the parent zone.

4.3.5.  Method to prove possession of private key

   This section describes whether, and if so under which circumstances
   the child zone manager is required to provide proof of the possession
   of the private component of any current or subsequent child zone Key
   Signing Key that corresponds to a DS record they wish to incorporate
   into the parent zone.

4.3.6.  Removal of DS resource records

   This section will explain how, when and under which circumstances the
   DS records may be removed from the zone.

4.4.  Facility, Management and Operational Controls

   This component describes non-technical security controls (i.e.,
   physical, procedural, and personnel) in use by the entity to securely

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   perform the DNSSEC related functions such as physical access, key
   management, disaster recovery, auditing and archiving.

   These non-technical security controls are critical for trusting the
   signatures since lack of security may compromise DNSSEC operations
   resulting for example, in the creation of signatures with erroneous
   information or compromising the Key Signing Key and/or Zone Signing
   Key.

   Within each subcomponent, separate consideration will usually need to
   be given to each entity type.

4.4.1.  Physical Controls

   In this subcomponent, the physical controls on the facility housing
   the entity systems are described.  Topics addressed may include:

   o  Site location and construction, such as the construction
      requirements for high-security areas and the use of locked rooms,
      cages, safes, and cabinets;
   o  Physical access, i.e., mechanisms to control access from one area
      of the facility to another or access into high-security zones,
      such as locating DNSSEC operations in a secure computer room
      monitored by guards, cameras or security alarms and requiring
      movement from zone to zone to be accomplished using tokens and/or
      PINs;
   o  Power and air conditioning;
   o  Water exposures;
   o  Fire prevention and protection;
   o  Media storage, e.g. requiring the storage of backup media in a
      separate location that is physically secure and protected from
      fire, smoke, particle and water damage;
   o  Waste disposal; and
   o  Off-site backup.

4.4.2.  Procedural Controls

   In this subcomponent, requirements for recognizing trusted roles are
   described, together with a description of the responsibilities for
   each role.  Examples of trusted roles include system administrators,
   security officers, and system auditors.

   For each task identified, the number of individuals required to
   perform the task (m of n rule, if applicable) should be stated for
   each role.  Identification and authentication requirements for each
   role may also be defined.

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   This component also includes the separation of duties in terms of the
   roles that cannot be performed by the same individuals.

4.4.3.  Personnel Controls

   This subcomponent addresses the following:

   o  Qualifications, experience, and clearances that personnel must
      have as a condition of filling trusted roles or other important
      roles.  Examples include credentials, job experiences, and
      official government clearances;
   o  Background checks and clearance procedures that are required in
      connection with the hiring of personnel filling trusted roles or
      possibly other important roles; such roles may require a check of
      their criminal records, financial records, references and any
      additional clearances required for the position in question;
   o  Training requirements and training procedures for each role
      following the hiring of personnel;
   o  Any retraining period and retraining procedures for each role
      after completion of initial training;
   o  Frequency and sequence for job rotation among various roles;
   o  Sanctions against personnel for unauthorized actions, unauthorized
      use of authority, and unauthorized use of the entity systems;
   o  Controls on personnel that are contractors rather than employees
      of the entity; examples include:

      *  Bonding requirements on contract personnel;
      *  Contractual requirements including indemnification for damages
         due to the actions of the contractor personnel;
      *  Auditing and monitoring of contractor personnel; and
      *  Other controls on contracting personnel.

   o  Documentation to be supplied to personnel during initial training,
      retraining, or otherwise.

4.4.4.  Audit Logging Procedures

   This subcomponent is used to describe event logging and audit
   systems, implemented for the purpose of maintaining an audit trail
   and provide evidence of processes' integrity.  Elements include the
   following:

   o  Types of events recorded, such as attempts to access the system,
      and requests made to the system;
   o  Frequency with which audit logs are processed or archived, for
      example, weekly, following an alarm or anomalous event, or when
      ever the audit log size reaches a particular size;

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   o  Period for which audit logs are kept;
   o  Protection of audit logs:

      *  Who can view audit logs, for example only the audit
         administrator;
      *  Protection against modification of audit logs, for instance a
         requirement that no one may modify or delete the audit records
         or that only an audit administrator may delete an audit file as
         part of audit file rotation; and
      *  Protection against deletion of audit logs.

   o  Audit log backup procedures;
   o  Whether the audit log collection function is internal or external
      to the system;
   o  Whether the subject who caused an audit event to occur is notified
      of the audit action; and
   o  Vulnerability assessments, for example, where audit data is run
      through a tool that identifies potential attempts to breach the
      security of the system.

4.4.5.  Compromise and Disaster Recovery

   This subcomponent describes requirements relating to notification and
   recovery procedures in the event of compromise or disaster.  Each of
   the following may need to be addressed separately:

   o  Identification or listing of the applicable incident and
      compromise reporting and handling procedures.
   o  The recovery procedures used if computing resources, software,
      and/or data are corrupted or suspected to be corrupted.  These
      procedures describe how or under what circumstances operations of
      the system are to be suspended, how and when normal operations are
      resumed, how the stakeholders is to be informed and how to assess
      the damage and carry out the root cause analysis.
   o  The recovery procedures used if any keys are compromised.  These
      procedures describe how a secure environment is re-established,
      how the keys are rolled over, how a new Trust Anchor is provided
      to the community (if applicable) and how new zone information is
      published.
   o  The entity's capabilities to ensure business continuity following
      a natural or other disaster.  Such capabilities may include the
      availability of a disaster recovery site at which operations may
      be recovered.  They may also include procedures for securing its
      facility during the period of time following a natural or other
      disaster and before a secure environment is re-established, either
      at the original site or at a disaster recovery site.  For example,
      procedures to protect against theft of sensitive materials from an

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      earthquake-damaged site.

4.4.6.  Entity termination

   This subcomponent describes requirements relating to procedures for
   termination of a contract with an entity, termination notification
   and transition of responsibilities of a zone operator or other
   entity, where the purpose may be to ensure that the transition
   process will be transparent to the relying parties and will not
   affect the services.

4.5.  Technical Security Controls

   This component is used to define the security measures taken to
   protect the cryptographic keys and activation data (e.g., PINs,
   passwords, or manually-held key shares) relevant to the DNSSEC
   operations.  Secure key management is critical to ensure that all
   secret and private keys and activation data are protected and used
   only by authorized personnel.

   Also described here are other technical security controls used to
   perform the functions of key generation, authentication,
   registration, auditing, and archiving.  Technical controls include
   life-cycle security controls (including software development
   environment security) and operational security controls.

   If applicable, other technical security controls on repositories,
   authoritative name servers or other participants may also be
   documented here.

4.5.1.  Key Pair Generation and Installation

   Key pair generation and installation need to be considered, which may
   involve answering the following questions:

   1.  Who generates the zone's public/private key pairs?  How is the
       key generation performed?  Is the key generation performed by
       hardware or software?
   2.  How is the private key installed in all parts of the key
       management system?
   3.  How are the zones's public keys provided securely to the parent
       zone and potential relying parties?
   4.  Who generates the public key parameters.  Is the quality of the
       parameters checked during key generation?

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   5.  For what purposes may the keys be used, and/or for what purposes
       should usage of the key be restricted?

4.5.2.  Private Key Protection and Cryptographic Module Engineering
        Controls

   Requirements for private key protection and cryptographic modules
   need to be considered for key generation and creation of signatures.
   The following questions may need to be answered:

   1.   What standards, if any, are required for the cryptographic
        module used to generate the keys?  A cryptographic module can be
        composed of hardware, software, firmware, or any combination of
        them.  For example, are the zones signatures required to be
        generated using modules compliant with the US FIPS 140-2
        standard?  If so, what is the required FIPS 140-2 level of the
        module?  Are there any other engineering or other controls
        relating to a cryptographic module, such as the identification
        of the cryptographic module boundary, input/output, roles and
        services, finite state machine, physical security, software
        security, operating system security, algorithm compliance,
        electromagnetic compatibility, and self tests.
   2.   Is the private key under n out of m multi-person control?  If
        yes, provide n and m (two person control is a special case of n
        out of m, where n = m = 2)?
   3.   Is the private key escrowed?  If so, who is the escrow agent, in
        what form is the key escrowed in (examples include plaintext,
        encrypted, split key), and what are the security controls on the
        escrow system?
   4.   Is the private key backed up?  If so, who is the backup agent,
        in what form is the key backed up in (examples include
        plaintext, encrypted, split key), and what are the security
        controls on the backup system?
   5.   Is the private key archived?  If so, who is the archival agent,
        in what form is the key archived in (examples include plaintext,
        encrypted, split key), and what are the security controls on the
        archival system?
   6.   Under what circumstances, if any, can a private key be
        transferred into or from a cryptographic module?  Who is
        permitted to perform such a transfer operation?  In what form is
        the private key during the transfer (i.e., plaintext, encrypted,
        or split key)?
   7.   How is the private key stored in the module (i.e., plaintext,
        encrypted, or split key)?

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   8.   Who can activate (use) the private key?  What actions must be
        performed to activate the private key (e.g., login, power on,
        supply PIN, insert token/key, automatic, etc.)?  Once the key is
        activated, is the key active for an indefinite period, active
        for one time, or active for a defined time period?
   9.   Who can deactivate the private key and how?  Examples of methods
        of deactivating private keys include logging out, turning the
        power off, removing the token/key, automatic deactivation, and
        time expiration.
   10.  Who can destroy the private key and how?  Examples of methods of
        destroying private keys include token surrender, token
        destruction, and zeroizing the key.

4.5.3.  Other Aspects of Key Pair Management

   Other aspects of key management need to be considered for the zone
   operator and other participants.  For each of these types of
   entities, the following questions may need to be answered:

   1.  Is the public key archived?  If so, who is the archival agent and
       what are the security controls on the archival system?
   2.  What is the operational period of the keys.  What are the usage
       periods, or active lifetimes for the pairs?

4.5.4.  Activation data

   Activation data refers to data values other than whole private keys
   that are required to operate private keys or cryptographic modules
   containing private keys, such as a PIN, passphrase, or portions of a
   private key used in a key-splitting scheme.  Protection of activation
   data prevents unauthorized use of the private key and potentially
   needs to be considered for the zone operator and other participants.
   Such consideration potentially needs to address the entire life-cycle
   of the activation data from generation through archival and
   destruction.  For each of the entity types, all of the questions
   listed in 4.5.1 through 4.5.3 potentially need to be answered with
   respect to activation data rather than with respect to keys.

4.5.5.  Computer Security Controls

   This subcomponent is used to describe computer security controls such
   as:

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   1.  use of the trusted computing base concept or equivalent;
   2.  discretionary access control, labels, mandatory access controls;
   3.  object re-use;
   4.  auditing;
   5.  identification and authentication;
   6.  trusted path; and
   7.  security testing.

   Product assurance may also be addressed.

   A computer security rating for computer systems may be specified.
   The rating could be based, for example, on a protection profile (PP)
   of the Common Criteria for Information Technology Security
   Evaluation, ISO/IEC 15408:1999.  This subcomponent may also address
   requirements for product evaluation analysis, testing, profiling,
   product certification, and/or product accreditation related activity
   undertaken.

4.5.6.  Network Security Controls

   This subcomponent addresses network security related controls,
   including firewalls, routers and remote access.

4.5.7.  Timestamping

   This subcomponent addresses requirements or practices relating to the
   use of timestamps on various data.  It may also discuss whether or
   not the time-stamping application must use a trusted time source.

4.5.8.  Life Cycle Technical Controls

   This subcomponent addresses system development controls and security
   management controls.

   System development controls include development environment security,
   development personnel security, configuration management security
   during product maintenance, software engineering practices, software
   development methodology, modularity, layering, use of failsafe design
   and implementation techniques (e.g. defensive programming) and
   development facility security.

   Security management controls include execution of tools and
   procedures to ensure that the operational systems and networks adhere
   to configured security.  These tools and procedures include checking
   the integrity of the security software, firmware, and hardware to
   ensure their correct operation.

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4.6.  Zone Signing

   This component covers all aspects of zone signing, including the
   cryptographic specification surrounding the Key Signing Key and Zone
   Signing Key, signing scheme and methodology for key roll-over and the
   actual zone signing.  Child zones and other relying parties may
   depend on the information in this section to understand the expected
   data in the signed zone and determine their own behavior.  In
   addition, this section will be used to state the compliance to the
   cryptographic and operational requirements pertaining to zone
   signing, if any.

4.6.1.  Key lengths, key types and algorithms

   This subcomponent describes the key generation algorithm, the key
   types used for signing the key set and zone data and the key length
   used to create the keys.  It should also cover how changes to these
   key lengths, key types and algorithms may be performed.

4.6.2.  Authenticated denial of existence

   Authenticated denial of existence refers to the usage of NSEC
   [RFC4034], NSEC3 [RFC5155] or any other mechanism defined in the
   future that is used to authenticate the denial of existence of
   resource records.  This subcomponent is used to describe what
   mechanisms are used, any parameters associated with that mechanism as
   well as how these mechanisms and the parameters may be changed.

4.6.3.  Signature format

   This subcomponent is used to describe the signing method and
   algorithms used for the zone signing.

4.6.4.  Key Roll-Over

   This subcomponent explains the key roll-over scheme for each key
   type.

4.6.5.  Signature life-time and re-signing frequency

   This subcomponent describes the life-cycle of the Resource Record
   Signature (RRSIG) record.

4.6.6.  Verification of Zone Signing Key Set

   This subsection addresses the controls around the key set signing
   process performed by the Key Signing Key (KSK).  The procedures
   surrounding KSK management may be different from those of the Zone

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   Signing Key (ZSK), hence it may be necessary to authenticate the data
   signed by the KSK.

4.6.7.  Verification of resource records

   This subsection addresses the controls around the verification of the
   resource records in order to validate and authenticate the data to be
   signed.

4.6.8.  Resource records time-to-live

   This subcomponent specifies the resource records' time-to-live (TTL)
   for all types relevant to DNSSEC, as well as any global parameters
   which effects the caching mechanisms of the resolvers.

4.7.  Compliance Audit

   To prove the compliance with a Policy or the statements in the
   Practices Statement an compliance audit can be conducted.  This
   component describes the outline of how the audit is conducted at the
   zone operator and possibly at other involved entities.

4.7.1.  Frequency of entity compliance audit

   This subcomponent describes the frequency of the compliance audit.

4.7.2.  Identity/qualifications of auditor

   This subcomponent addresses what is the qualifications for the
   auditor.  For instance it may be an auditor from a specific
   association or an auditor that has a certain certifications.

4.7.3.  Auditor's relationship to audited party

   This subcomponent is used to clarify the relationship between the
   auditor and the entity being audited.  This becomes important if
   there are any requirements or guidelines for the selection of the
   auditor.

4.7.4.  Topics covered by audit

   Topics covered by audit refers to the scope of the audit.  Since the
   DNSSEC Policy and Practices Statement is the document to be audited
   against, it is ideal to set the scope of the audit to the scope of
   the DP/DPS.  However, the scope may be narrowed down or expanded as
   needed; for example, if there are not enough resources to conduct a
   full audit, or some portion is under development and not ready for
   the audit.

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4.7.5.  Actions taken as a result of deficiency

   This subcomponent specifies the action taken in order to correct any
   discrepancy.  This could be the remediation process for the audit
   findings or any other action to correct any discrepancy with the
   DNSSEC Policy or Practices Statement.

4.7.6.  Communication of results

   This subcomponent specifies how the results of the audit are
   communicated to the stakeholders.

4.8.  Legal Matters

   The introduction of DNSSEC into a zone may have legal implications.
   Consequently, it may be appropriate to declare the legal status of
   the binding embodied in the DNSSEC digital signatures and to clarify
   on any limitations of liability assumed by the Registry Manager.

   In most cases, the DPS is not a contract or part of a contract;
   instead, it is laid out so that its terms and conditions are applied
   to the parties by separate documents, such as registrar or registrant
   agreements.  In other cases its contents may form part of a legal
   contract between parties (either directly or via other agreements).
   In this case legal expertise should be consulted when drawing up
   sections of the document that may have contractual implications.

   At a minimum, the legal matters section should indicate under what
   jurisdiction the registry is operated, and provide references to any
   associated agreements which are in force.  It may also be appropriate
   to inform of any identified implications on the protection of
   personally identifiable private information.

5.  Outline of a set of provisions

      1.  INTRODUCTION
        1.1.  Overview
        1.2.  Document name and identification
        1.3.  Community and Applicability
        1.4.  Specification Administration
          1.4.1.  Specification administration organization
          1.4.2.  Contact Information
          1.4.3.  Specification change procedures
      2.  PUBLICATION AND REPOSITORIES
        2.1.  Repositories
        2.2.  Publication of key signing keys

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        2.3.  Access controls on repositories
      3.  OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
        3.1.  Meaning of domain names
        3.2.  Activation of DNSSEC for child zone
        3.3.  Identification and authentication of child zone manager
        3.4.  Registration of delegation signer (DS) resource records
        3.5.  Method to prove possession of private key
        3.6.  Removal of DS record
          3.6.1.  Who can request removal
          3.6.2.  Procedure for removal request
          3.6.3.  Emergency removal request
      4.  FACILITY, MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL CONTROLS
        4.1.  Physical Controls
          4.1.1.  Site location and construction
          4.1.2.  Physical access
          4.1.3.  Power and air conditioning
          4.1.4.  Water exposures
          4.1.5.  Fire prevention and protection
          4.1.6.  Media storage
          4.1.7.  Waste disposal
          4.1.8.  Off-site backup
        4.2.  Procedural Controls
          4.2.1.  Trusted roles
          4.2.2.  Number of persons required per task
          4.2.3.  Identification and authentication for each role
          4.2.4.  Tasks requiring separation of duties
        4.3.  Personnel Controls
          4.3.1.  Qualifications, experience, and clearance
                  requirements
          4.3.2.  Background check procedures
          4.3.3.  Training requirements
          4.3.4.  Retraining frequency and requirements
          4.3.5.  Job rotation frequency and sequence
          4.3.6.  Sanctions for unauthorized actions
          4.3.7.  Contracting personnel requirements
          4.3.8.  Documentation supplied to personnel
        4.4.  Audit Logging Procedures
          4.4.1.  Types of events recorded
          4.4.2.  Frequency of processing log
          4.4.3.  Retention period for audit log information
          4.4.4.  Protection of audit log
          4.4.5.  Audit log backup procedures
          4.4.6.  Audit collection system
          4.4.7.  Notification to event-causing subject
          4.4.8.  Vulnerability assessments
        4.5.  Compromise and Disaster Recovery
          4.5.1.  Incident and compromise handling procedures
          4.5.2.  Corrupted computing resources, software, and/or

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                  data
          4.5.3.  Entity private key compromise procedures
          4.5.4.  Business Continuity and IT Disaster Recovery
                  Capabilities
        4.6.  Entity termination
      5.  TECHNICAL SECURITY CONTROLS
        5.1.  Key Pair Generation and Installation
          5.1.1.  Key pair generation
          5.1.2.  Public key delivery
          5.1.3.  Public key parameters generation and quality
                  checking
          5.1.4.  Key usage purposes
        5.2.  Private key protection and Cryptographic Module
              Engineering Controls
          5.2.1.  Cryptographic module standards and controls
          5.2.2.  Private key (m-of-n) multi-person control
          5.2.3.  Private key escrow
          5.2.4.  Private key backup
          5.2.5.  Private key storage on cryptographic module
          5.2.6.  Private key archival
          5.2.7.  Private key transfer into or from a cryptographic
                  module
          5.2.8.  Method of activating private key
          5.2.9.  Method of deactivating private key
          5.2.10. Method of destroying private key
        5.3.  Other Aspects of Key Pair Management
          5.3.1.  Public key archival
          5.3.2.  Key usage periods
        5.4.  Activation data
          5.4.1.  Activation data generation and installation
          5.4.2.  Activation data protection
          5.4.3.  Other aspects of activation data
        5.5.  Computer Security Controls
        5.6.  Network Security Controls
        5.7.  Timestamping
        5.8.  Life Cycle Technical Controls
          5.8.1.  System development controls
          5.8.2.  Security management controls
          5.8.3.  Life cycle security controls
      6.  ZONE SIGNING
        6.1.  Key lengths and algorithms
        6.2.  Authenticated denial of existence
        6.3.  Signature format
        6.4.  Zone signing key roll-over
        6.5.  Key signing key roll-over
        6.6.  Signature life-time and re-signing frequency
        6.7.  Verification of zone signing key set
        6.8.  Verification of resource records

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        6.9.  Resource records time-to-live
      7.  COMPLIANCE AUDIT
        7.1.  Frequency of entity compliance audit
        7.2.  Identity/qualifications of auditor
        7.3.  Auditor's relationship to audited party
        7.4.  Topics covered by audit
        7.5.  Actions taken as a result of deficiency
        7.6.  Communication of results
      8.  LEGAL MATTERS

6.  IANA Considerations

   No action required.

7.  Security Considerations

   The sensitivity of the information protected by DNSSEC on all levels
   in the DNS tree will vary significantly.  In addition, there are no
   restrictions as to what types of information that can be protected
   using DNSSEC.  Entities must evaluate their own environment and the
   chain of trust originating from their Trust Anchor, the associated
   threats and vulnerabilities, to determine the level of risk they are
   willing to accept.

8.  Acknowledgements

   The authors gratefully acknowledges, in no particular order, the
   contributions of the following persons:
      Richard Lamb
      Jakob Schlyter
      Stephen Morris

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC4033]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
              RFC 4033, March 2005.

   [RFC4034]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
              RFC 4034, March 2005.

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   [RFC4035]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
              Extensions", RFC 4035, March 2005.

9.2.  Informative References

   [RFC3647]  Chokhani, S., Ford, W., Sabett, R., Merrill, C., and S.
              Wu, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
              Policy and Certification Practices Framework", RFC 3647,
              November 2003.

   [RFC5155]  Laurie, B., Sisson, G., Arends, R., and D. Blacka, "DNS
              Security (DNSSEC) Hashed Authenticated Denial of
              Existence", RFC 5155, March 2008.

Authors' Addresses

   Fredrik Ljunggren
   Kirei AB
   P.O. Box 53204
   Goteborg  SE-400 16
   Sweden

   Email: fredrik@kirei.se

   Anne-Marie Eklund-Lowinder
   .SE (The Internet Infrastructure Foundation)
   P.O. Box 7399
   Stockholm  SE-103 91
   Sweden

   Email: amel@iis.se

   Tomofumi Okubo
   Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers
   4676 Admiralty Way, Suite 330
   Marina del Ray, CA  90292
   USA

   Email: tomofumi.okubo@icann.org

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