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Distributed Mobility Management: Current practices and gap analysis
draft-ietf-dmm-best-practices-gap-analysis-00

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7429.
Authors Dapeng Liu , Juan-Carlos Zúñiga , Pierrick Seite , Anthony Chan , Carlos J. Bernardos
Last updated 2013-02-11
Replaces draft-liu-dmm-best-practices-gap-analysis
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draft-ietf-dmm-best-practices-gap-analysis-00
DMM                                                          D. Liu, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                              China Mobile
Intended status: Informational                           JC. Zuniga, Ed.
Expires: August 15, 2013                InterDigital Communications, LLC
                                                                P. Seite
                                                 France Telecom - Orange
                                                                 H. Chan
                                                     Huawei Technologies
                                                           CJ. Bernardos
                                        Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
                                                       February 11, 2013

  Distributed Mobility Management: Current practices and gap analysis
             draft-ietf-dmm-best-practices-gap-analysis-00

Abstract

   This document discusses how to best deploy the current IP mobility
   protocols in distributed mobility management (DMM) scenarios and
   analyzes the gaps of such best current practices against the DMM
   requirements.  These best current practices are achieved by
   redistributing the existing MIPv6 and PMIPv6 functions in the DMM
   scenarios.  The analyses is also applied to the real world deployment
   of IP mobility in WiFi network and in cellular network.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on August 15, 2013.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Conventions and Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.1.  Conventions used in this document  . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Current IP mobility protocol analysis  . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.1.  IP mobility protocols and their mobility management
           functions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.2.  Reconfiguring existing functions in DMM scenario . . . . .  7
   4.  Current practices of IP mobility protocols . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.1.  Fundamentals of distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.2.  Flattening the WiFi Network  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
       4.2.1.  Network-based Mobility Management  . . . . . . . . . . 11
       4.2.2.  Client-based Mobility Management . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.3.  IP mobility protocol deployment in 3GPP network  . . . . . 13
       4.3.1.  3GPP LIPA/SIPTO  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     4.4.  Fully distributed scenario with separation of control
           and data planes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   5.  Gap analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     5.1.  Gap analysis with reconfiguration MIPv6 and PMIPv6
           functions in DMM scenario such as the flattened WiFi
           network  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
       5.1.1.  Considering existing protocols first . . . . . . . . . 19
       5.1.2.  Compatibility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
       5.1.3.  IPv6 deployment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
       5.1.4.  Security considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
       5.1.5.  Distributed deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
       5.1.6.  Transparency to Upper Layers when needed . . . . . . . 21
       5.1.7.  Route optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     5.2.  Gap analysis summary with reconfiguration MIPv6 and
           PMIPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     5.3.  Gap analysis from the 3GPP LIPA/SIPTO scenario . . . . . . 22
   6.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   7.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   8.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     8.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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     8.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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1.  Introduction

   The distributed mobility management (DMM) WG has studied the problems
   of centralized deployment of mobility management protocols and the
   requirements of DMM [ID-dmm-requirements].  In order to guide the
   deployment and before defining any new DMM protocol, the DMM WG is
   chartered to investigate first whether it is feasible to deploy
   current IP mobility protocols in DMM scenario in a way that can meet
   the requirements of DMM.  This document discusses how to best deploy
   existing mobility protocols in DMM scenarios to solve the problems of
   centralized deployment.  It then analyzes the gaps of such best
   practices against the DMM requirements.

   The rest of this document is organized as follows:

   Section 3 analyzes the current IP mobility protocols by examining
   their existing functions and how these functions can be reconfigured
   to achieve the best practices in DMM scenarios.  Section 4 presents
   the current practices of WiFi network and 3GPP network.  With WiFi, a
   DMM scenario is the flattened WiFi network.  After presenting the
   fundaments what one can do to achieve distribution, the existing
   mobility management functions are reconfigured in the flattened
   networks for both network- and host-based mobility protocols using
   these fundaments as guiding priciples.  The current practices in 3GPP
   are also described, and the DMM scenarios are LIPA and SIPTO.
   Section 5 presents the gap analyses on the best practice achieved by
   reconfiguring currently existing functions in the DMM scenario which
   applies to both those in the WiFi and the 3GPP networks.

2.  Conventions and Terminology

2.1.  Conventions used in this document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL","SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

2.2.  Terminology

   All general mobility-related terms and their acronyms used in this
   document are to be interpreted as defined in the Mobile IPv6 base
   specification [RFC6275] and in the Proxy mobile IPv6 specification
   [RFC5213].  These terms include mobile node (MN), correspondent node
   (CN), home agent (HA), local mobility anchor (LMA), and mobile access
   gateway (MAG).

   In addition, this document uses the following terms:

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   Mobility routing (MR)  is the logical function that intercepts
      packets to/from the HoA of a mobile node and forwards them, based
      on internetwork location information, either directly towards
      their destination or to some other network element that knows how
      to forward the packets to their ultimate destination.

   Home address allocation  is the logical function that allocates the
      home network prefix or home address to a mobile node.

   Location management (LM)  is the logical function that manages and
      keeps track of the internetwork location information of a mobile
      node, which includes the mapping of the MN HoA to the MN routing
      address or another network element that knows where to forward
      packets destined for the MN.

   Home network of an application session (or an HoA IP address)  is the
      network that has allocated the IP address used as the session
      identifier (HoA) by the application being run in an MN.  The MN
      may be attached to more than one home networks.

3.  Current IP mobility protocol analysis

3.1.  IP mobility protocols and their mobility management functions

   The host-based Mobile IPv6 [RFC6275] and its network-based extension,
   PMIPv6 [RFC5213], are both a logically centralized mobility
   management approach addressing primarily hierarchical mobile
   networks.  Although they are a centralized approach, they have
   important mobility management functions resulting from years of
   extensive work to develop and to extend these functions.  It is
   therefore fruitful to take these existing functions and reconfigure
   them in a DMM scenario in order to understand how to best deploy the
   existing mobility protocols in a distributed mobility management
   environment.

   The existing mobility management functions of MIPv6, PMIPv6, and
   HMIPv6 are the following:

   1.  Anchoring: allocation of home network prefix or HoA to an MN that
       registers with the network;

   2.  Mobility Routing (MR) function: packets interception and
       forwarding to/from the HoA of the MN, based on the internetwork
       location information, either to the destination or to some other
       network element that knows how to forward the packets to their
       destination;

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   3.  Internetwork Location Management (LM) function: managing and
       keeping track of the internetwork location of an MN, which
       includes a mapping of the HoA to the mobility anchoring point
       that the MN is anchored to;

   4.  Location Update (LU): provisioning of MN location information to
       the LM function;

   Figure 1 shows Mobile IPv6 [RFC6275] and Proxy Mobile IPv6 [RFC5213]
   with their existing mobility management functions.  In Network1, the
   combination of the functions MR, LM and HoA allocation in network1 is
   the home agent in MIPv6 and is the local mobility anchor in PMIPv6.
   In Network3, the AR32+LU combination together with additional
   signaling with MN comprises the Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) in
   PMIPv6.  The mobile nodes MN11 and MN12 were originally attached to
   Network1 and were allocated the IP prefixes for their respective home
   addresses HoA11 and HoA12.

   Using MIPv6, MN11 has moved to Network3, from which it is allocated a
   new prefix to configure the IP address IP31.  LM1 maintains the
   binding HoA11:IP31 so that packets from CN21 in Network2 destined to
   HoA11 will be intercepted by MR1, which will then tunnel them to
   IP31.  MN11 must perform mobility signaling using the LU function.

   Using PMIPv6, MN12 has moved to Network3 and attached to the access
   router AR32 which has the IP address IP32 in Network3.  LM1 maintains
   the binding HoA12:IP32.  The access router AR32 also behaves like a
   home link to MN12 so that MN12 can use its original IP address HoA12.

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    Network1                      Network3                      Network2
     +-----+
     | LM1 |
     +-----+
  HoA11<-->IP31
  HoA12<-->IP32
     HoA1 alc                      IP3 alc                       IP2 alc
        |
        |
     +-----+
     | MR1 |
     +-----+
     .     .
     .     .
     .     .                   +----+   +----+                    +----+
     .     .                   |MN11|   |AR32|                    |CN21|
     .     .                   |+LU |   |+LU |                    |    |
     .     .                   +----+   +----+                    +----+
     .     .                    IP31,    IP32,
     .   HoA11      =====>      HoA11      |
     .              MIPv6                  |
     .                                  +----+
     .                                  |MN12|
     .                                  +----+
   HoA12            =====>               HoA12
                    PMIPv6

   Figure 1.  MIPv6, PMIPv6 and their functions.

3.2.  Reconfiguring existing functions in DMM scenario

   In order to best deploy current protocols in DMM scenario, the
   existing mobility functions of MIPv6, PMIPv6, and HMIPv6 configured
   into a DMM scenario as follows.

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    Network1                      Network3                      Network2
     +-----+                       +-----+                       +-----+
     | LM1 |                       | LM3 |                       | LM2 |
     +-----+                       +-----+                       +-----+
  HoA11<-->IP31                       |                             |
  HoA12<-->IP32                       |                             |
     HoA1 alc                      IP3 alc                       IP2 alc
        |                             |                             |
        |                             |                             |
     +-----+                       +-----+                       +-----+
     | MR1 |                       | MR3 |                       | MR2 |
     +-----+                       +-----+                       +-----+
     .     .                         / \
     .     .                        /   \
     .     .                       /     \
     .     .                   +----+   +----+                    +----+
     .     .                   |MN11|   |AR32|                    |CN21|
     .     .                   |+LU |   |+LU |                    |    |
     .     .                   +----+   +----+                    +----+
     .     .                    IP31,    IP32,
     .   HoA11      =====>      HoA11      |
     .              MIPv6                  |
     .                                  +----+
     .                                  |MN12|
     .                                  +----+
   HoA12            =====>               HoA12
                    PMIPv6

   Figure 2.  Reconfiguring existing functions in DMM scenario.

   Achieving the best practices by reconfiguring the existing functions
   in this manner will be applied to the DMM scenario of a flattened
   WiFi network in Section 4.2.

4.  Current practices of IP mobility protocols

   This section covers the practices for distribution of IP mobility
   management.  Basically, the scenario presents a way to distribute the
   logical mobility functions.  Gap analysis will be made on these
   scenarios.

4.1.  Fundamentals of distribution

   There are many possibilities to implement a distributed mobility
   management system and this document could not be exhaustive.
   However, this document is supposed to focus on current mobility
   architectures and to reuse existing mobility protocol as much as

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   possible; it thus allows fixing the main technical guidelines and
   assumptions for current practices.  Then, gap analysis will analyze
   these basic solution guidelines with respect to the requirements from
   [ID.ietf.dmm.requirements] and pave the way for optimizations.
   Technical guidelines for DMM current practices are as follows:

   The technical assumptions or guidelines are:
   1.  When mobility support is required, the system will select the
       mobility anchor closest to the MN.
   2.  This document focuses on mobility management realized by
       preservation of the IP address across the different points of
       attachment during the mobility.  IP flows of applications which
       do not need constant IP address are not handled by DMM.  It is
       typically the role of a connection manager to distinguish
       application capabilities and trigger the mobility support
       accordingly.  Further considerations on application management
       are out of the scope of this document.
   3.  IP address preservation is ensured thanks to traffic redirection.
   4.  Mobility traffic redirection is limited within the access
       network, e.g., traffic redirection taking place between access
       routers.  In this document, traffic redirection relies on Network
       based mobility management protocols like PMIP [RFC 5213] or GTP
       [TS 23.402].  Mobility management and traffic redirection come
       into play only when the MN moves from the point of attachment
       where the IP flow has been initiated; in case of mobility, this
       point of attachment becomes the anchoring point.  It implies that
       the MN could be managed by more the one anchor when more than one
       IP flow, initiated within different points of attachment, are
       running.
   5.  An access router will advertise anchored prefixes and a local
       prefix, i.e., a prefix topologically valid at the access router.
       When being initiated, an IP communication must prefer the local
       prefix to the anchored prefix.  Prefix management is realized
       with IPv6 prefix deprecation.

4.2.  Flattening the WiFi Network

   The most common Wi-Fi architectures are depicted on figure 3.  In
   some cases, these architectures can rely on Proxy Mobile IPv6, where
   the access aggregation gateway plays the role of LMA and the MAG is
   supported either by the Residential Gateway (RG), the WLAN Controller
   (WLC) or an Access Router (AR) [ID. gundavelli-v6ops-community-wifi-
   svcs].

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                       +--------+             _----_
    +---+              |        |           _(      )_
    |AAA|. . . . . . . | Access |----------( Internet )
    +---+              | Aggreg |           (_      _)
                       | Gateway|             '----'
                       +--------+
                        |  |   |    PMIP
                        |  |   +-----|-------+
                        |  |                 |
                PMIP    |  - PMIP         +-----+
        +--------|------+  |              | AR  |
        |                  |              +-----+
     +-----+            +-----+         *---------*
     | RG  |            | WLC |        (    LAN    )
     +-----+            +-----+         *---------*
        .               /    \             /    \
       / \          +----+  +----+     +----+  +----+
      MN MN         |WiFi|  |WiFi|     |WiFi|  |WiFi|
                    | AP |  | AP |     | AP |  | AP |
                    +----+  +----+     +----+  +----+
                       .                  .
                      / \                / \
                     MN MN              MN MN

   Figure 3.  WiFi network architectures.

   Because of network densification and distribution of content, it may
   be necessary to distribute the access aggregation gateway functions
   closer to the MN; see [ID.ietf-dmm-requirements] for motivation of
   network flattening.  In an extreme distribution case, the access
   aggregation gateway functions, including the mobility management
   functions, may all be located at the AR as shown in Figures 4 and 5,
   respectively.  These two figures depict the network- and client-based
   distributed mobility management scenarios.  The AR is expected to
   support the HoA allocation function.  Then, depending on the mobility
   situation of the MN, the AR can run different functions:

   1.  the AR can act as a legacy IP router;

   2.  the AR can provide the MR function (i.e. act as mobility anchor);

   3.  the AR can provide the LU functions;

   4.  the AR can provide both MR and LU functions.

   For example, [I-D.seite-dmm-dma] and [I-D.bernardos-dmm-distributed-
   anchoring] are PMIPv6 based implementation of this scenario.

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4.2.1.  Network-based Mobility Management

   Basic practices for distribution of network-based mobility management
   is depicted in Figure 4.

   Initially, MN1 attaches to AR1, (1).  According to vanilla IPv6
   operations, AR1 advertises a prefix (HoA1) to MN1 and then, AR1, acts
   as a legacy IP router.  Then, MN1 initiates a communication with CN11
   using an IP address formed from the prefix HoA1.  So, AR1 runs usual
   IP routing? and mobility management does not come into play.

   In case (2), MN1 performs a handover from AR1 to AR3 while
   maintaining ongoing IP communication with CN11.  AR1 becomes the
   mobility anchor for the MN1-CN11 IP communication: AR1 runs MR and LM
   functions for MN1.  AR3 performs LU up to the LM in AR1: AR3
   indicates to AR1 the new location of the MN1.  AR3 advertises both
   HoA1 and a new IP prefix (HoA3) which is supposed to be used for new
   IP communication, e.g., if MN1 initiates IP communication with CN21.
   Prefix HoA1 is deprecated as it is expected to be used only for
   communications anchored to AR1.  AR3 shall act as a legacy IP router
   for MN1-CN21 communication, i.e., mobility management does not come.

   In case (3), MN1 performs a handover from AR1 to AR2 with ongoing IP
   communication with CN11 and CN21.  AR1 is the mobility anchor for the
   MN1-CN11 IP communication.  AR3 becomes the mobility anchor for the
   MN1-CN21 IP communication.  Both AR1 and AR3 run MR and LM functions
   for MN1, respectively, anchoring HoA1 and HoA3.  AR2 performs
   location updates up to the LMs in AR1 and AR3 for respectively
   relocate HoA1 and HoA3.  AR2 advertises a new prefix (HoA2), expected
   to be used for new IP communications, and deprecates HoA1 and HoA3
   used by the anchored IP sessions.

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            Network1                Network1     Network3
+----+     HoA1 alc     +----+     HoA1 alc      HoA3 al        +----+
|CN11|      +-----+     |CN11|      +-----+      +-----+        |CN21|
|    |------|     |     |    |------| MR1 |------|     |------- |    |
+----+      |     |     +----+      | LM1 |------|LU31 |        +----+
            | AR1 |                 | AR1 |      |AR3  |
            |     |                 |     |      |     |
            +-----+                 +-----+      +-----+
               |                                    |
               |                                    |
               |                                    |
             +----+                               +----+
             |MN1 |                               |MN1 |
             |    |                               |    |
             +----+                               +----+
             HoA11                                HoA11,
                                                  HoA31
       (1)                              (2)

                                                      Network2
                              Network1                HoA2 al
                  +----+     HoA1 alc                 +-----+
                  |CN11|      +-----+                 |     |
                  |    |------| MR1 |-----------------|LU21 |-------+
                  +----+      | LM1 |-----------------|AR2  |       |
                              | AR1 |                 |     |       |
                              |     |      Network3   +-----+       |
                              +-----+      HoA3 al     | |        +----+
                                           +-----+     | |        |MN1 |
                               +----+      |MR3  |------ |        |    |
                               |CN21|      |LM3  |--------        +----+
                               |    |------|     |                HoA11,
                               +----+      |AR3  |                HoA31
                                           +-----+       (3)

   Figure 4.  Network-based DMM architecture for a flat network.

4.2.2.  Client-based Mobility Management

   Basic practices for distribution of client-based mobility management
   is depicted in Figure 5.  Here, client-based mobility management does
   not necessary implies Mobile IP because, according to distribution
   fundamentals (section 4.1), current practices rely on principles
   inherited from PMIP and traffic redirection takes place only between
   access routers.  However, with client based mobility, the MN is
   authorized to send information on its ongoing mobility session; for
   example in order to facilitate localization update operations
   [I-D.seite-dmm-dma].

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   In case (1), MN1 attaches to AR1.  AR advertises the prefix HoA1 to
   MN1 then acts as a legacy IP router.  MN1 initiates a communication
   with CN11.

   In case (2), MN1 performs a handover from AR1 to AR3 with ongoing IP
   communication with CN11.  AR1 becomes the mobility anchor for the
   MN1-CN11 IP communication: AR1 runs MR and LM functions for MN1.  The
   MN performs LU directly up to the LM in AR1 or via AR3; in this case
   AR3 acts as a proxy locator (pLU) (e.g. as a FA in MIPv4).  AR3
   allocates a new IP prefix (HoA3) for new IP communications.  HoA3 is
   supposed to be used for new IP communications, e.g., if MN1 initiates
   IP communication with CN21.  AR3 shall act as a legacy IP router for
   MN1-CN21 communication.

              Network1                Network1     Network3
  +----+     HoA1 alc     +----+     HoA1 alc                     +----+
  |CN11|      +-----+     |CN  |      +-----+      +-----+        |CN21|
  |    |------|     |     |    |------| MR1 |------|     |------- |    |
  +----+      |     |     +----+      | LM1 |------|pLU31|        +----+
              | AR1 |                 | AR1 |      |AR31 |
              |     |                 |     |      |     |
              +-----+                 +-----+      +-----+
                 |                                    |
                 |                                    |
                 |                                    |
               +----+                               +----+
               |MN1 |                               |MN1 |
               |    |                               |LU31|
               +----+                               +----+
               HoA11                                HoA11,
                                                    IP31

        (1)                              (2)

   Figure 5.  Client-based DMM architecture for a flat network.

4.3.  IP mobility protocol deployment in 3GPP network

   The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is the standard
   development organization that specifies the 3rd generation mobile
   network and LTE (Long Term Evolution).  By November 2, 2012, there
   are 113 commercial LTE networks in 51 countries already deployed, and
   there are 360 operators in 105 countries investing in LTE.  GSA
   forecasts 166 commercial LTE networks in 70 countries by end of 2012.

   The 3GPP SAE network architecture is visualized in the Figure 6:

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                                                   +----+
              .....................................|    |
              .                                    |HSS |
              .        ............................|    |
              .        .                           +----+
              .        .                           +----+
              .        .   ........................|    |
              .        .   .                       |PCRF|.........
              .        .   .                .......|    |        .
              .        .   .                .      +----+        .
      +---------+    +-------+    +----------+               ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
      |3GPP     |    |Serving|    |  PDN GW  |..............(IP Network)
      |access   |....|GW     |....|          |                v v v v v
      +---------+    +-------+    +----------+
                                   . | | .  .
                                   . | | .  .
                                   . | | .  .
                                   . | | .  .
      +---------+.............S2a... | | .  .
      |Trusted  |                   /  | .  .
      |non-3GPP | ------------S2c---   | .  .
    ..|access   |/                     | .  .
    . +---------+                      | .  .
    .          /                       | .  .
   +--+       /                        | .  .
   |  |--S2c--                         | .  .
   |UE|                                | .  .
   |  |--S2c--                        /  .  .
   +--+       \        -------S2c-----   .  .
    .          \      /                  .  .
    . +---------+    +----+              .  .      +----+
    ..|         |\  /|    |...S2b.........  .......|    |
      |Untrusted| -- |ePDG|                        |AAA |
      |non-3GPP |    |    |........................|    |
      |non-3GPP |    +----+                        +----+
      |access   |                                    .
      |         |.....................................
      +---------+

   Figure 6. 3GPP SAE architecture.

   In SAE architecture, there are two types of non-3GPP access network:
   trusted and untrusted.  Trusted non-3GPP access means that the non-
   3GPP access network has a trust relationship with the 3GPP operator.
   Untrusted means the operator considers the non-3GPP network as
   untrusted, the non-3GPP network may either be or not be deployed by
   the same operator.  The mobility support within the 3GPP network
   mostly relies on s5/s8 interface which is based on GTP or PMIP.  For

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   the scenario which provide non-3GPP network and 3GPP network
   mobility, there are mainly three solutions that is using IP mobility
   protocol:

   In 3GPP SAE architecture, there are three interfaces that use IP
   mobility protocol:
   1.  S2a Interface: S2a is the interface between trusted non-3GPP
       access network and the EPC.  This interface could be based on GTP
       or PMIP.  When using PMIP, the PDN gateway in the EPC will
       function as LMA.  The mobile station will anchor at this LMA/
       PDN-Gateway entity.  The mobile station will maintain the session
       continuity when handover between the non-3GPP access network and
       3GPP network.
   2.  S2b Interface: S2b is the interface between the trusted-non-3GPP
       access network and the PDN gateway.  This interface is based on
       PMIP.  The PDN-gateway functions as PMIP LMA.  The mobile station
       will anchor at this LMA/PDN-Gateway entity.  The ePDG in the EPC
       network will function as PMIP MAG.  The mobile station will
       maintain the session continuity when handover between the non-
       3GPP access network and 3GPP network.
   3.  S2c Interface: S2c is the interface between the mobile station
       and the EPC network.  It can be used in both trusted and un-
       trusted 3GPP access network.  S2c interface uses DSMIPv6 protocol
       which is specified by IETF.  The PDN gateway functions as DSMIPv6
       Home agent in this scenario.  When using non-trusted-non-3GPP
       access network, the mobile station will first establish IPSec
       tunnel toward the ePDG, and runs DSMIPv6 inside this IPSec
       tunnel.  The mobile station will maintain the session continuity
       when handover between the non-3GPP access network and 3GPP
       network.

4.3.1.  3GPP LIPA/SIPTO

   Another scenario that uses IP mobility protocol in 3GPP currently is
   the LIPA/SIPTO scenario.  LIPA stands for Local IP Access.  The
   following figure shows the LIPA scenario.

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     +---------+ IP traffic to mobile operator's CN
     |Mobile   |....................................(Operator's CN)
     |Station  |..................
     +---------+                 . Local IP traffic
                                 .
                           +-----------+
                           |Residential|
                           |enterprise |
                           |IP network |
                           +-----------+

   Figure 7.  LIPA scenario.

   The main feature of LIPA is that the mobile station can access a
   local IP network through H(e)NB.  H(e)NB is a small, low-power
   cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or
   enterprise.  The mobile station can access the local network's
   service, for example, connect to a user home's TV, computers, picture
   libraries etc.  The LIPA architecture is illustrated in Figure 8.

  +---------------+-------+  +----------+  +-------------+
  |Residential |  |H(e)NB |  | Backhaul |  |Mobile       |
  |Enterprise  |..|-------|..|          |..|Operator     |..(IP Network)
  |Network     |  |L-GW   |  |          |  |Core network |
  +---------------+-------+  +----------+  +-------------+
                      /
                      |
                      /
                   +-----+
                   | UE  |
                   +-----+

   Figure 8.  LIPA architecture.

   There is a local gateway function in the H(e)NB.  The local gateway
   (L-GW) function acts as a GGSN (UMTS) or P-GW (LTE).  The mobile
   station uses a special APN to establish the PDP context or the
   default bearer towards the L-GW.

   One thing that needs to be noted is that in 3GPP Release 10, there is
   no mobility support when the mobile stations moves between H(e)NBs.
   The bearer will be broken when the mobile moves among H(e)NBs.  For
   example, when several H(e)NBs are deployed in an office, there is no
   mobility support when the mobile station needs to do handover between
   the H(e)NBs.  The user session would be broken when a user moves from
   one H(e)NB coverage to another.

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   The SIPTO (Selected IP Traffic Offload) scenario is illustrated in
   the Figure 9.  There is also a local gateway function near the base
   station.  The traffic can be routed through the local gateway to
   offload the traffic.

   In both LIPA and SIPTO architecture, the local gateway functions as
   the anchor point for the local traffic.

                             SIPTO Traffic
                                 |
                                 .
                                 .
                             +------+        +------+
                             |L-PGW |   ---- | MME  |
                             +------+  /     +------+
                                 |    /
   +-------+     +------+    +------+/       +------+
   |  UE   |.....|eNB   |....| S-GW |........| P-GW |...> CN Traffic
   +-------+     +------+    +------+        +------+

   Figure 9.  SIPTO architecture.

4.4.  Fully distributed scenario with separation of control and data
      planes

   For either the WiFi network and cellular network such as 3GPP, the
   DMM scenario can be a fully distributed scenario separation of
   control and data planes.  The reconfiguration of mobility management
   functions in these scenario may consist of multiple MRs and a
   distributed LM database.  Figure 10 shows such an example DMM
   architecture with the same three networks as in Figure 3.  As is in
   Figure 3, each network in Figure 10 has its own IP prefix allocation
   function.  In the data plane, the mobility routing function is
   distributed to multiple locations at the MRs so that routing can be
   optimized.  In the control plane, the MRs may exchange signaling with
   each other.  In addition to these features in Figure 3, the LM
   function in Figure 10 is a distributed database, with multiple
   servers, of the mapping of HoA to CoA.

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    Network1     Network3     Network2
    +-----+      +-----+      +-----+
    | LM1 |      | LM3 |      | LM2 |
    +-----+      +-----+      +-----+
   HoA1 alc     HoA3 alc     HoA2 alc
       | \ \      / | \      / / |
       |  \  \   /  |  \   /  /  |
       |   \   \/   |   \/   /   |
       |    \  / \  |  / \  /    |
       |     \/    \|/    \/     |
       |     /\    /|\    /\     |
       |    /  \ /  |  \ /  \    |
       |   /   /\   |   /\   \   |
       |  /  /   \  |  /   \  \  |
       | / /      \ | /      \ \ |
    +-----+      +-----+      +-----+
    | MR1 |------| MR3 |------| MR2 |
    +-----+      +-----+      +-----+
       .           / \
       .          /   \
       .         /     \
       .      +----+ +----+    +----+
       .      |AR31| |MN11|    |CN21|
       .      |+LU | |+LU |    |    |
       .      +----+ +----+    +----+
     HoA11     IP31   IP32,
                 |    HoA11
                 |
              +----+
              |MN31|
              +----+

   Figure 10.  A distributed architecture for mobility management.

   To perform mobility routing, the MRs need the location information
   which is maintained at the LMs.  The MRs are therefore the clients of
   the LM servers and may also send location updates to the LM as the
   MNs perform the handover.  The location information may either be
   pulled from the LM servers by the MR, or pushed to the MR by the LM
   servers.  In addition, the MR may also cache a limited amount of
   location information.

   This figure shows three MRs (MR1, MR2, and MR3) in three networks.
   MN11 has moved from the first network supported by MR1 and LM1 to the
   third network supported by MR3 and LM3.  It may use an HoA (HoA11)
   allocated to it when it was in the first network for those
   application sessions that had already started when MN11 was attached
   there and that require session continuity after the handover to the

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   third network.  When MN11 was in the first network, no location
   management is needed so that LM1 will not keep an entry of HoA11.
   After MN11 has performed its handover to the third network, the
   database server LM1 maintains a mapping of HoA11 to MR3.  That is,
   LM1 points to the third network and it is the third network that will
   keep track of how to reach MN11.  Such a hierarchical mapping can
   prevent frequent update signaling to LM1 as MN11 performs intra-
   network handover within the third network.  In other words, the
   concept of hierarchical mobile IP [RFC5380] is applied here but only
   in location management and not in routing in the data plane.

5.  Gap analysis

5.1.  Gap analysis with reconfiguration MIPv6 and PMIPv6 functions in
      DMM scenario such as the flattened WiFi network

5.1.1.  Considering existing protocols first

   The fourth DMM requirement is on existing mobility protocols [ID-dmm-
   requirements:

   REQ4: A DMM solution SHOULD first consider reusing and extending
   IETF-standardized protocols before specifying new protocols.

   The best current practice is using the existing mobility management
   functions of the current protocols.

5.1.2.  Compatibility

   The first part of the fifth DMM requirement is on compatibility:

   REQ5: (first part) The DMM solution MUST be able to co-exist with
   existing network deployments and end hosts.  For example, depending
   on the environment in which DMM is deployed, DMM solutions may need
   to be compatible with other deployed mobility protocols or may need
   to interoperate with a network or mobile hosts/routers that do not
   support DMM protocols.

   Different deployments using the same abstract functions are basically
   reconfiguration of these same functions if their functions use common
   message formats between these functions.  A design principle of the
   IPv6 message format accommodates the use of common message formats as
   it allows to define extension headers, e.g., use of mobility header
   and options.  It is shown in Section 4 that MIPv6, PMIPv6, HMIPv6,
   Distributing mobility anchors can be constructed from the abstract
   functions by adding more features and additional messages one on top
   of the other in the above order.  The later protocol will therefore

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   support the one from which the later is constructed by adding more
   messages.

5.1.3.  IPv6 deployment

   The third DMM requirement on IPv6 deployment is the following.

   REQ3: DMM solutions SHOULD target IPv6 as the primary deployment
   environment and SHOULD NOT be tailored specifically to support IPv4,
   in particular in situations where private IPv4 addresses and/or NATs
   are used.

   This is not an issue when using the mobility management functions of
   MIPv6 and PMIPv6 which are originally designed for IPv6.

5.1.4.  Security considerations

   The second part of the fourth requirement as well as the sixth DMM
   requirement [ID-dmm-requirements] are as follows:

   REQ5 (second part): Furthermore, a DMM solution SHOULD work across
   different networks, possibly operated as separate administrative
   domains, when allowed by the trust relationship between them.

   REQ6: DMM protocol solutions MUST consider security aspects,
   including confidentiality and integrity.  Examples of aspects to be
   considered are authentication and authorization mechanisms that allow
   a legitimate mobile host/router to use the mobility support provided
   by the DMM solution; signaling message protection in terms of
   authentication, encryption, etc.; data integrity and confidentiality;
   opt-in or opt-out data confidentiality to signaling messages
   depending on network environments or user requirements.

   It is preferred that these security requirements are considered as an
   integral part of the DMM design.

5.1.5.  Distributed deployment

   The first DMM requirement has 2 parts.  The first part is on
   distributed deployment whereas the second part is on avoiding longer
   routes.

   REQ1: (part 1)IP mobility, network access and routing solutions
   provided by DMM MUST enable distributed deployment for mobility
   management of IP sessions (part 2) so that traffic does not need to
   traverse centrally deployed mobility anchors and thus can be routed
   in an optimal manner.

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   With the first part, multiple MRs can exist in MIPv6 by simply having
   an HA for each home network.  Yet it is complicated for the MN to
   move its HA from one network to another.  Therefore this requirement
   is not fully met in the best current practice.

   With the second part, one can examine dynamic mobility and route
   optimization to be discussed later.

5.1.6.  Transparency to Upper Layers when needed

   To see how to avoid traversing centralized deployed mobility anchors,
   let us look at the second requirement on non-optimal routes [ID-dmm-
   requirements].

   REQ2: DMM solutions MUST provide transparent mobility support above
   the IP layer when needed.  Such transparency is needed, for example,
   when, upon change of point of attachment to the Internet, an
   application flow cannot cope with a change in the IP address.
   Otherwise, support for maintaining a stable home IP address or prefix
   during handovers may be declined.

   In order to avoid traversing long routes after the MN has moved to a
   new network, the new network could simply be used as the home network
   for new sessions.

   Yet the capability to use different IP addresses for different IP
   sessions are not in the existing mobility management functions.  This
   requirement is then not met in the best practice.

5.1.7.  Route optimization

   The second part of first requirement is on route optimization.

   REQ1: (part 1)IP mobility, network access and routing solutions
   provided by DMM MUST enable distributed deployment for mobility
   management of IP sessions (part 2) so that traffic does not need to
   traverse centrally deployed mobility anchors and thus can be routed
   in an optimal manner.

   Although there are existing route optimization extensions, they
   generally compromise with location privacy so that this requirement
   is not met.

5.2.  Gap analysis summary with reconfiguration MIPv6 and PMIPv6

   The gap analyses for different protocols are summarized in this
   section.

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   Table 1.  Summary of Gap Analysis

                                                         Upper-
                                                         layer
           Existing                              Distri- trans-
           proto-            IPv6      Security  buted   parency Route
           cols     Compati- deploy-   consi-    deploy- when    Optimi-
           first    bility   ment      derations ment    needed  zation

MIPv6         Y        Y        Y          Y        N       N       N

PMIPv6        Y        Y        Y          Y        N       N       N
                   (supports            (MN-AR)
                     above)

HMIPv6        Y        Y        Y          Y        N       N       N
                   (supports            (MN-AR)
                     above)

Optimize      Y        Y        Y          Y        N       N    locat-
route              (supports                                     ion pr
                     above)                                      ivacy

Reconfigure   Y        Y        Y          Y        Y       N       N
mobility           (supports
functions            above)
in DMM
scenario

5.3.  Gap analysis from the 3GPP LIPA/SIPTO scenario

   From the real deployment perspective, it need to be noted that in
   3GPP LIPA/SIPTO scenario, there is no mobility support when handover
   between local gateways.  There is no current IP mobility protocol can
   be used to solve this problem currently.  DMM may provide a solution
   for this scenario.

6.  Security Considerations

   TBD

7.  IANA Considerations

   None

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8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

8.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.bernardos-dmm-distributed-anchoring]
              Bernardos, CJ. and JC. Zuniga, "PMIPv6-based distributed
              anchoring", draft-bernardos-dmm-distributed-anchoring-01
              (work in progress), September 2012.

   [I-D.bernardos-dmm-pmip]
              Bernardos, C., Oliva, A., Giust, F., Melia, T., and R.
              Costa, "A PMIPv6-based solution for Distributed Mobility
              Management", draft-bernardos-dmm-pmip-01 (work in
              progress), March 2012.

   [I-D.jikim-dmm-pmip]
              Kim, J., Koh, S., Jung, H., and Y. Han, "Use of Proxy
              Mobile IPv6 for Distributed Mobility Management",
              draft-jikim-dmm-pmip-00 (work in progress), March 2012.

   [I-D.liebsch-mext-dmm-nat-phl]
              Liebsch, M., "Per-Host Locators for Distributed Mobility
              Management", draft-liebsch-mext-dmm-nat-phl-02 (work in
              progress), October 2012.

   [I-D.liu-dmm-dynamic-anchor-discussion]
              Liu, D., Deng, H., and W. Luo, "DMM Dynamic Anchor
              Discussion", draft-liu-dmm-dynamic-anchor-discussion-00
              (work in progress), March 2012.

   [I-D.liu-dmm-pmip-based-approach]
              Liu, D., Song, J., and W. Luo, "PMIP Based DMM
              Approaches", draft-liu-dmm-pmip-based-approach-02 (work in
              progress), March 2012.

   [I-D.luo-dmm-pmip-based-dmm-approach]
              Luo, W. and J. Liu, "PMIP Based DMM Approaches",
              draft-luo-dmm-pmip-based-dmm-approach-01 (work in
              progress), March 2012.

   [I-D.ma-dmm-armip]
              Ma, Z. and X. Zhang, "An AR-level solution support for
              Distributed Mobility Management", draft-ma-dmm-armip-00

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              (work in progress), February 2012.

   [I-D.patil-dmm-issues-and-approaches2dmm]
              Patil, B., Williams, C., and J. Korhonen, "Approaches to
              Distributed mobility management using Mobile IPv6 and its
              extensions", draft-patil-dmm-issues-and-approaches2dmm-00
              (work in progress), March 2012.

   [I-D.sarikaya-dmm-dmipv6]
              Sarikaya, B., "Distributed Mobile IPv6",
              draft-sarikaya-dmm-dmipv6-00 (work in progress),
              February 2012.

   [I-D.seite-dmm-dma]
              Seite, P. and P. Bertin, "Distributed Mobility Anchoring",
              draft-seite-dmm-dma-05 (work in progress), July 2012.

   [I-D.xue-dmm-routing-optimization]
              Xue, K., Li, L., Hong, P., and P. McCann, "Routing
              optimization in DMM",
              draft-xue-dmm-routing-optimization-00 (work in progress),
              June 2012.

   [I-D.yokota-dmm-scenario]
              Yokota, H., Seite, P., Demaria, E., and Z. Cao, "Use case
              scenarios for Distributed Mobility Management",
              draft-yokota-dmm-scenario-00 (work in progress),
              October 2010.

   [MHA]      Wakikawa, R., Valadon, G., and J. Murai, "Migrating Home
              Agents Towards Internet-scale Mobility Deployments",
               Proceedings of the ACM 2nd CoNEXT Conference on Future
              Networking Technologies,  Lisboa, Portugal, December 2006.

   [Paper-Distributed.Centralized.Mobility]
              Bertin, P., Bonjour, S., and J-M. Bonnin, "Distributed or
              Centralized Mobility?",  Proceedings of Global
              Communications Conference (GlobeCom), December 2009.

   [Paper-Distributed.Dynamic.Mobility]
              Bertin, P., Bonjour, S., and J-M. Bonnin, "A Distributed
              Dynamic Mobility Management Scheme Designed for Flat IP
              Architectures",  Proceedings of 3rd International
              Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security
              (NTMS), 2008.

   [Paper-Distributed.Mobility.Management]
              Chan, H., "Distributed Mobility Management with Mobile

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              IP",  Proceedings of IEEE ICC 2012 Workshop on
              Telecommunications: from Research to Standards, June 2012.

   [Paper-Distributed.Mobility.PMIP]
              Chan, H., "Proxy Mobile IP with Distributed Mobility
              Anchors",  Proceedings of GlobeCom Workshop on Seamless
              Wireless Mobility, December 2010.

   [Paper-Distributed.Mobility.Review]
              Chan, H., Yokota, H., Xie, J., Seite, P., and D. Liu,
              "Distributed and Dynamic Mobility Management in Mobile
              Internet: Current Approaches and Issues", February 2011.

   [Paper-Host.based.DMM]
              Lee, JH., Bonnin, JM., and X. Lagrange, "Host-based
              Distributed Mobility Management Support Protocol for IPv6
              Mobile Networks",  Proceedings of IEEE WiMob, Barcelona,
              Spain, October 2012.

   [Paper-Migrating.Home.Agents]
              Wakikawa, R., Valadon, G., and J. Murai, "Migrating Home
              Agents Towards Internet-scale Mobility Deployments",
               Proceedings of the ACM 2nd CoNEXT Conference on Future
              Networking Technologies, December 2006.

   [Paper-Net.based.DMM]
              Giust, F., de la Oliva, A., Bernardos, CJ., and RPF. Da
              Costa, "A network-based localized mobility solution for
              Distributed Mobility Management",  Proceedings of 14th
              International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia
              Communications (WPMC), October 2011.

   [Paper-SMGI]
              Zhang, L., Wakikawa, R., and Z. Zhu, "Support Mobility in
              the Global Internet",  Proceedings of ACM Workshop on
              MICNET, MobiCom 2009, Beijing, China, September 2009.

   [RFC4068]  Koodli, R., "Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6", RFC 4068,
              July 2005.

   [RFC4988]  Koodli, R. and C. Perkins, "Mobile IPv4 Fast Handovers",
              RFC 4988, October 2007.

   [RFC5213]  Gundavelli, S., Leung, K., Devarapalli, V., Chowdhury, K.,
              and B. Patil, "Proxy Mobile IPv6", RFC 5213, August 2008.

   [RFC5380]  Soliman, H., Castelluccia, C., ElMalki, K., and L.
              Bellier, "Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) Mobility

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              Management", RFC 5380, October 2008.

   [RFC5949]  Yokota, H., Chowdhury, K., Koodli, R., Patil, B., and F.
              Xia, "Fast Handovers for Proxy Mobile IPv6", RFC 5949,
              September 2010.

   [RFC6275]  Perkins, C., Johnson, D., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support
              in IPv6", RFC 6275, July 2011.

Authors' Addresses

   Dapeng Liu (editor)
   China Mobile
   Unit2, 28 Xuanwumenxi Ave, Xuanwu District,  Beijing 100053, China
   Email: liudapeng@chinamobile.com

   Juan Carlos Zuniga (editor)
   InterDigital Communications, LLC
   1000 Sherbrooke Street West, 10th floor Montreal, Quebec H3A 3G4
   Email: JuanCarlos.Zuniga@InterDigital.com

   Pierrick Seite
   France Telecom - Orange
   4, rue du Clos Courtel, BP 91226, Cesson-Sevigne 35512, France
   Email: pierrick.seite@orange.com

   H Anthony Chan
   Huawei Technologies
   5340 Legacy Dr. Building 3, Plano, TX 75024, USA
   Email: h.a.chan@ieee.org

   CJ. Bernardos
   Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
   Av. Universidad, 30 Leganes, Madrid 28911 Spain
   Email: cjbc@it.uc3m.es

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