Skip to main content

Deterministic Networking Use Cases
draft-ietf-detnet-use-cases-04

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8578.
Authors Ethan Grossman , Craig Gunther , Pascal Thubert , Patrick Wetterwald , Jean Raymond , Jouni Korhonen , Yu Kaneko , Subir Das , Yiyong Zha , Balazs Varga , János Farkas , Franz-Josef Goetz , Jürgen Schmitt
Last updated 2016-02-22
Replaces draft-grossman-detnet-use-cases
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Formats
Reviews
Additional resources Mailing list discussion
Stream WG state WG Document
Document shepherd (None)
IESG IESG state Became RFC 8578 (Informational)
Consensus boilerplate Unknown
Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD (None)
Send notices to (None)
draft-ietf-detnet-use-cases-04
Internet Engineering Task Force                         E. Grossman, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                     DOLBY
Intended status: Informational                                C. Gunther
Expires: August 25, 2016                                          HARMAN
                                                              P. Thubert
                                                           P. Wetterwald
                                                                   CISCO
                                                              J. Raymond
                                                            HYDRO-QUEBEC
                                                             J. Korhonen
                                                                BROADCOM
                                                               Y. Kaneko
                                                                 Toshiba
                                                                  S. Das
                                          Applied Communication Sciences
                                                                  Y. Zha
                                                                  HUAWEI
                                                                B. Varga
                                                               J. Farkas
                                                                Ericsson
                                                                F. Goetz
                                                              J. Schmitt
                                                                 Siemens
                                                       February 22, 2016

                   Deterministic Networking Use Cases
                     draft-ietf-detnet-use-cases-04

Abstract

   This draft documents requirements in several diverse industries to
   establish multi-hop paths for characterized flows with deterministic
   properties.  In this context deterministic implies that streams can
   be established which provide guaranteed bandwidth and latency which
   can be established from either a Layer 2 or Layer 3 (IP) interface,
   and which can co-exist on an IP network with best-effort traffic.

   Additional requirements include optional redundant paths, very high
   reliability paths, time synchronization, and clock distribution.
   Industries considered include wireless for industrial applications,
   professional audio, electrical utilities, building automation
   systems, radio/mobile access networks, automotive, and gaming.

   For each case, this document will identify the application, identify
   representative solutions used today, and what new uses an IETF DetNet
   solution may enable.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016                [Page 1]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on August 25, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   2.  Pro Audio Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.2.  Fundamental Stream Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       2.2.1.  Guaranteed Bandwidth  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       2.2.2.  Bounded and Consistent Latency  . . . . . . . . . . .   7
         2.2.2.1.  Optimizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.3.  Additional Stream Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       2.3.1.  Deterministic Time to Establish Streaming . . . . . .   9
       2.3.2.  Use of Unused Reservations by Best-Effort Traffic . .   9
       2.3.3.  Layer 3 Interconnecting Layer 2 Islands . . . . . . .  10
       2.3.4.  Secure Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       2.3.5.  Redundant Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       2.3.6.  Link Aggregation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016                [Page 2]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

       2.3.7.  Traffic Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
         2.3.7.1.  Packet Forwarding Rules, VLANs and Subnets  . . .  11
         2.3.7.2.  Multicast Addressing (IPv4 and IPv6)  . . . . . .  11
     2.4.  Integration of Reserved Streams into IT Networks  . . . .  12
     2.5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       2.5.1.  Denial of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       2.5.2.  Control Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     2.6.  A State-of-the-Art Broadcast Installation Hits Technology
           Limits  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   3.  Utility Telecom Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.1.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.2.  Telecommunications Trends and General telecommunications
           Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.2.1.  General Telecommunications Requirements . . . . . . .  14
         3.2.1.1.  Migration to Packet-Switched Network  . . . . . .  15
       3.2.2.  Applications, Use cases and traffic patterns  . . . .  16
         3.2.2.1.  Transmission use cases  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
         3.2.2.2.  Distribution use case . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
         3.2.2.3.  Generation use case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       3.2.3.  Specific Network topologies of Smart Grid
               Applications  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
       3.2.4.  Precision Time Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     3.3.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     3.4.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       3.4.1.  Current Practices and Their Limitations . . . . . . .  32
       3.4.2.  Security Trends in Utility Networks . . . . . . . . .  34
   4.  Building Automation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     4.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     4.2.  Building Automation Systems Today . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
       4.2.1.  BAS Architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
       4.2.2.  BAS Deployment Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
       4.2.3.  Use Cases for Field Networks  . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
         4.2.3.1.  Environmental Monitoring  . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
         4.2.3.2.  Fire Detection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
         4.2.3.3.  Feedback Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
       4.2.4.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     4.3.  BAS Future  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     4.4.  BAS Asks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
   5.  Wireless for Industrial Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     5.1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     5.2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
     5.3.  6TiSCH Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
       5.3.1.  TSCH and 6top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
       5.3.2.  SlotFrames and Priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
       5.3.3.  Schedule Management by a PCE  . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
       5.3.4.  Track Forwarding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
         5.3.4.1.  Transport Mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
         5.3.4.2.  Tunnel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016                [Page 3]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

         5.3.4.3.  Tunnel Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
     5.4.  Operations of Interest for DetNet and PCE . . . . . . . .  51
       5.4.1.  Packet Marking and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
         5.4.1.1.  Tagging Packets for Flow Identification . . . . .  52
         5.4.1.2.  Replication, Retries and Elimination  . . . . . .  52
         5.4.1.3.  Differentiated Services Per-Hop-Behavior  . . . .  53
       5.4.2.  Topology and capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
     5.5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
   6.  Cellular Radio Use Cases  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
     6.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
       6.1.1.  Network Architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
       6.1.2.  Time Synchronization Requirements . . . . . . . . . .  55
       6.1.3.  Time-Sensitive Stream Requirements  . . . . . . . . .  57
       6.1.4.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
     6.2.  Cellular Radio Networks Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
     6.3.  Cellular Radio Networks Future  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
     6.4.  Cellular Radio Networks Asks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
   7.  Cellular Coordinated Multipoint Processing (CoMP) . . . . . .  60
     7.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
       7.1.1.  CoMP Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
       7.1.2.  Delay Sensitivity in CoMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     7.2.  CoMP Today  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     7.3.  CoMP Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
       7.3.1.  Mobile Industry Overall Goals . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
       7.3.2.  CoMP Infrastructure Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
     7.4.  CoMP Asks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
   8.  Industrial M2M  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
     8.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
     8.2.  Industrial M2M Communication Today  . . . . . . . . . . .  65
       8.2.1.  Transport Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
       8.2.2.  Stream Creation and Destruction . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     8.3.  Industrial M2M Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     8.4.  Industrial M2M Asks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
   9.  Internet-based Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
     9.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
       9.1.1.  Media Content Delivery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
       9.1.2.  Online Gaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
       9.1.3.  Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
     9.2.  Internet-Based Applications Today . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
     9.3.  Internet-Based Applications Future  . . . . . . . . . . .  68
     9.4.  Internet-Based Applications Asks  . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
   10. Use Case Common Elements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
   11. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
     11.1.  Pro Audio  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
     11.2.  Utility Telecom  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     11.3.  Building Automation Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     11.4.  Wireless for Industrial  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     11.5.  Cellular Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016                [Page 4]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

     11.6.  Industrial M2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     11.7.  Other  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
   12. Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79

1.  Introduction

   This draft presents use cases from diverse industries which have in
   common a need for deterministic streams, but which also differ
   notably in their network topologies and specific desired behavior.
   Together, they provide broad industry context for DetNet and a
   yardstick against which proposed DetNet designs can be measured (to
   what extent does a proposed design satisfy these various use cases?)

   For DetNet, use cases explicitly do not define requirements; The
   DetNet WG will consider the use cases, decide which elements are in
   scope for DetNet, and the results will be incorporated into future
   drafts.  Similarly, the DetNet use case draft explicitly does not
   suggest any specific design, architecture or protocols, which will be
   topics of future drafts.

   We present for each use case the answers to the following questions:

   o  What is the use case?

   o  How is it addressed today?

   o  How would you like it to be addressed in the future?

   o  What do you want the IETF to deliver?

   The level of detail in each use case should be sufficient to express
   the relevant elements of the use case, but not more.

   At the end we consider the use cases collectively, and examine the
   most significant goals they have in common.

2.  Pro Audio Use Cases

2.1.  Introduction

   The professional audio and video industry includes music and film
   content creation, broadcast, cinema, and live exposition as well as
   public address, media and emergency systems at large venues
   (airports, stadiums, churches, theme parks).  These industries have
   already gone through the transition of audio and video signals from
   analog to digital, however the interconnect systems remain primarily

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016                [Page 5]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   point-to-point with a single (or small number of) signals per link,
   interconnected with purpose-built hardware.

   These industries are now attempting to transition to packet based
   infrastructure for distributing audio and video in order to reduce
   cost, increase routing flexibility, and integrate with existing IT
   infrastructure.

   However, there are several requirements for making a network the
   primary infrastructure for audio and video which are not met by
   todays networks and these are our concern in this draft.

   The principal requirement is that pro audio and video applications
   become able to establish streams that provide guaranteed (bounded)
   bandwidth and latency from the Layer 3 (IP) interface.  Such streams
   can be created today within standards-based layer 2 islands however
   these are not sufficient to enable effective distribution over wider
   areas (for example broadcast events that span wide geographical
   areas).

   Some proprietary systems have been created which enable deterministic
   streams at layer 3 however they are engineered networks in that they
   require careful configuration to operate, often require that the
   system be over designed, and it is implied that all devices on the
   network voluntarily play by the rules of that network.  To enable
   these industries to successfully transition to an interoperable
   multi-vendor packet-based infrastructure requires effective open
   standards, and we believe that establishing relevant IETF standards
   is a crucial factor.

   It would be highly desirable if such streams could be routed over the
   open Internet, however even intermediate solutions with more limited
   scope (such as enterprise networks) can provide a substantial
   improvement over todays networks, and a solution that only provides
   for the enterprise network scenario is an acceptable first step.

   We also present more fine grained requirements of the audio and video
   industries such as safety and security, redundant paths, devices with
   limited computing resources on the network, and that reserved stream
   bandwidth is available for use by other best-effort traffic when that
   stream is not currently in use.

2.2.  Fundamental Stream Requirements

   The fundamental stream properties are guaranteed bandwidth and
   deterministic latency as described in this section.  Additional
   stream requirements are described in a subsequent section.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016                [Page 6]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

2.2.1.  Guaranteed Bandwidth

   Transmitting audio and video streams is unlike common file transfer
   activities because guaranteed delivery cannot be achieved by re-
   trying the transmission; by the time the missing or corrupt packet
   has been identified it is too late to execute a re-try operation and
   stream playback is interrupted, which is unacceptable in for example
   a live concert.  In some contexts large amounts of buffering can be
   used to provide enough delay to allow time for one or more retries,
   however this is not an effective solution when live interaction is
   involved, and is not considered an acceptable general solution for
   pro audio and video.  (Have you ever tried speaking into a microphone
   through a sound system that has an echo coming back at you?  It makes
   it almost impossible to speak clearly).

   Providing a way to reserve a specific amount of bandwidth for a given
   stream is a key requirement.

2.2.2.  Bounded and Consistent Latency

   Latency in this context means the amount of time that passes between
   when a signal is sent over a stream and when it is received, for
   example the amount of time delay between when you speak into a
   microphone and when your voice emerges from the speaker.  Any delay
   longer than about 10-15 milliseconds is noticeable by most live
   performers, and greater latency makes the system unusable because it
   prevents them from playing in time with the other players (see slide
   6 of [SRP_LATENCY]).

   The 15ms latency bound is made even more challenging because it is
   often the case in network based music production with live electric
   instruments that multiple stages of signal processing are used,
   connected in series (i.e.  from one to the other for example from
   guitar through a series of digital effects processors) in which case
   the latencies add, so the latencies of each individual stage must all
   together remain less than 15ms.

   In some situations it is acceptable at the local location for content
   from the live remote site to be delayed to allow for a statistically
   acceptable amount of latency in order to reduce jitter.  However,
   once the content begins playing in the local location any audio
   artifacts caused by the local network are unacceptable, especially in
   those situations where a live local performer is mixed into the feed
   from the remote location.

   In addition to being bounded to within some predictable and
   acceptable amount of time (which may be 15 milliseconds or more or
   less depending on the application) the latency also has to be

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016                [Page 7]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   consistent.  For example when playing a film consisting of a video
   stream and audio stream over a network, those two streams must be
   synchronized so that the voice and the picture match up.  A common
   tolerance for audio/video sync is one NTSC video frame (about 33ms)
   and to maintain the audience perception of correct lip sync the
   latency needs to be consistent within some reasonable tolerance, for
   example 10%.

   A common architecture for synchronizing multiple streams that have
   different paths through the network (and thus potentially different
   latencies) is to enable measurement of the latency of each path, and
   have the data sinks (for example speakers) buffer (delay) all packets
   on all but the slowest path.  Each packet of each stream is assigned
   a presentation time which is based on the longest required delay.
   This implies that all sinks must maintain a common time reference of
   sufficient accuracy, which can be achieved by any of various
   techniques.

   This type of architecture is commonly implemented using a central
   controller that determines path delays and arbitrates buffering
   delays.

2.2.2.1.  Optimizations

   The controller might also perform optimizations based on the
   individual path delays, for example sinks that are closer to the
   source can inform the controller that they can accept greater latency
   since they will be buffering packets to match presentation times of
   farther away sinks.  The controller might then move a stream
   reservation on a short path to a longer path in order to free up
   bandwidth for other critical streams on that short path.  See slides
   3-5 of [SRP_LATENCY].

   Additional optimization can be achieved in cases where sinks have
   differing latency requirements, for example in a live outdoor concert
   the speaker sinks have stricter latency requirements than the
   recording hardware sinks.  See slide 7 of [SRP_LATENCY].

   Device cost can be reduced in a system with guaranteed reservations
   with a small bounded latency due to the reduced requirements for
   buffering (i.e. memory) on sink devices.  For example, a theme park
   might broadcast a live event across the globe via a layer 3 protocol;
   in such cases the size of the buffers required is proportional to the
   latency bounds and jitter caused by delivery, which depends on the
   worst case segment of the end-to-end network path.  For example on
   todays open internet the latency is typically unacceptable for audio
   and video streaming without many seconds of buffering.  In such
   scenarios a single gateway device at the local network that receives

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016                [Page 8]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   the feed from the remote site would provide the expensive buffering
   required to mask the latency and jitter issues associated with long
   distance delivery.  Sink devices in the local location would have no
   additional buffering requirements, and thus no additional costs,
   beyond those required for delivery of local content.  The sink device
   would be receiving the identical packets as those sent by the source
   and would be unaware that there were any latency or jitter issues
   along the path.

2.3.  Additional Stream Requirements

   The requirements in this section are more specific yet are common to
   multiple audio and video industry applications.

2.3.1.  Deterministic Time to Establish Streaming

   Some audio systems installed in public environments (airports,
   hospitals) have unique requirements with regards to health, safety
   and fire concerns.  One such requirement is a maximum of 3 seconds
   for a system to respond to an emergency detection and begin sending
   appropriate warning signals and alarms without human intervention.
   For this requirement to be met, the system must support a bounded and
   acceptable time from a notification signal to specific stream
   establishment.  For further details see [ISO7240-16].

   Similar requirements apply when the system is restarted after a power
   cycle, cable re-connection, or system reconfiguration.

   In many cases such re-establishment of streaming state must be
   achieved by the peer devices themselves, i.e. without a central
   controller (since such a controller may only be present during
   initial network configuration).

   Video systems introduce related requirements, for example when
   transitioning from one camera feed to another.  Such systems
   currently use purpose-built hardware to switch feeds smoothly,
   however there is a current initiative in the broadcast industry to
   switch to a packet-based infrastructure (see [STUDIO_IP] and the ESPN
   DC2 use case described below).

2.3.2.  Use of Unused Reservations by Best-Effort Traffic

   In cases where stream bandwidth is reserved but not currently used
   (or is under-utilized) that bandwidth must be available to best-
   effort (i.e.  non-time-sensitive) traffic.  For example a single
   stream may be nailed up (reserved) for specific media content that
   needs to be presented at different times of the day, ensuring timely
   delivery of that content, yet in between those times the full

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016                [Page 9]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   bandwidth of the network can be utilized for best-effort tasks such
   as file transfers.

   This also addresses a concern of IT network administrators that are
   considering adding reserved bandwidth traffic to their networks that
   users will just reserve a ton of bandwidth and then never un-reserve
   it even though they are not using it, and soon they will have no
   bandwidth left.

2.3.3.  Layer 3 Interconnecting Layer 2 Islands

   As an intermediate step (short of providing guaranteed bandwidth
   across the open internet) it would be valuable to provide a way to
   connect multiple Layer 2 networks.  For example layer 2 techniques
   could be used to create a LAN for a single broadcast studio, and
   several such studios could be interconnected via layer 3 links.

2.3.4.  Secure Transmission

   Digital Rights Management (DRM) is very important to the audio and
   video industries.  Any time protected content is introduced into a
   network there are DRM concerns that must be maintained (see
   [CONTENT_PROTECTION]).  Many aspects of DRM are outside the scope of
   network technology, however there are cases when a secure link
   supporting authentication and encryption is required by content
   owners to carry their audio or video content when it is outside their
   own secure environment (for example see [DCI]).

   As an example, two techniques are Digital Transmission Content
   Protection (DTCP) and High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection
   (HDCP).  HDCP content is not approved for retransmission within any
   other type of DRM, while DTCP may be retransmitted under HDCP.
   Therefore if the source of a stream is outside of the network and it
   uses HDCP protection it is only allowed to be placed on the network
   with that same HDCP protection.

2.3.5.  Redundant Paths

   On-air and other live media streams must be backed up with redundant
   links that seamlessly act to deliver the content when the primary
   link fails for any reason.  In point-to-point systems this is
   provided by an additional point-to-point link; the analogous
   requirement in a packet-based system is to provide an alternate path
   through the network such that no individual link can bring down the
   system.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 10]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

2.3.6.  Link Aggregation

   For transmitting streams that require more bandwidth than a single
   link in the target network can support, link aggregation is a
   technique for combining (aggregating) the bandwidth available on
   multiple physical links to create a single logical link of the
   required bandwidth.  However, if aggregation is to be used, the
   network controller (or equivalent) must be able to determine the
   maximum latency of any path through the aggregate link (see Bounded
   and Consistent Latency section above).

2.3.7.  Traffic Segregation

   Sink devices may be low cost devices with limited processing power.
   In order to not overwhelm the CPUs in these devices it is important
   to limit the amount of traffic that these devices must process.

   As an example, consider the use of individual seat speakers in a
   cinema.  These speakers are typically required to be cost reduced
   since the quantities in a single theater can reach hundreds of seats.
   Discovery protocols alone in a one thousand seat theater can generate
   enough broadcast traffic to overwhelm a low powered CPU.  Thus an
   installation like this will benefit greatly from some type of traffic
   segregation that can define groups of seats to reduce traffic within
   each group.  All seats in the theater must still be able to
   communicate with a central controller.

   There are many techniques that can be used to support this
   requirement including (but not limited to) the following examples.

2.3.7.1.  Packet Forwarding Rules, VLANs and Subnets

   Packet forwarding rules can be used to eliminate some extraneous
   streaming traffic from reaching potentially low powered sink devices,
   however there may be other types of broadcast traffic that should be
   eliminated using other means for example VLANs or IP subnets.

2.3.7.2.  Multicast Addressing (IPv4 and IPv6)

   Multicast addressing is commonly used to keep bandwidth utilization
   of shared links to a minimum.

   Because of the MAC Address forwarding nature of Layer 2 bridges it is
   important that a multicast MAC address is only associated with one
   stream.  This will prevent reservations from forwarding packets from
   one stream down a path that has no interested sinks simply because
   there is another stream on that same path that shares the same
   multicast MAC address.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 11]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   Since each multicast MAC Address can represent 32 different IPv4
   multicast addresses there must be a process put in place to make sure
   this does not occur.  Requiring use of IPv6 address can achieve this,
   however due to their continued prevalence, solutions that are
   effective for IPv4 installations are also required.

2.4.  Integration of Reserved Streams into IT Networks

   A commonly cited goal of moving to a packet based media
   infrastructure is that costs can be reduced by using off the shelf,
   commodity network hardware.  In addition, economy of scale can be
   realized by combining media infrastructure with IT infrastructure.
   In keeping with these goals, stream reservation technology should be
   compatible with existing protocols, and not compromise use of the
   network for best effort (non-time-sensitive) traffic.

2.5.  Security Considerations

   Many industries that are moving from the point-to-point world to the
   digital network world have little understanding of the pitfalls that
   they can create for themselves with improperly implemented network
   infrastructure.  DetNet should consider ways to provide security
   against DoS attacks in solutions directed at these markets.  Some
   considerations are given here as examples of ways that we can help
   new users avoid common pitfalls.

2.5.1.  Denial of Service

   One security pitfall that this author is aware of involves the use of
   technology that allows a presenter to throw the content from their
   tablet or smart phone onto the A/V system that is then viewed by all
   those in attendance.  The facility introducing this technology was
   quite excited to allow such modern flexibility to those who came to
   speak.  One thing they hadn't realized was that since no security was
   put in place around this technology it left a hole in the system that
   allowed other attendees to "throw" their own content onto the A/V
   system.

2.5.2.  Control Protocols

   Professional audio systems can include amplifiers that are capable of
   generating hundreds or thousands of watts of audio power which if
   used incorrectly can cause hearing damage to those in the vicinity.
   Apart from the usual care required by the systems operators to
   prevent such incidents, the network traffic that controls these
   devices must be secured (as with any sensitive application traffic).
   In addition, it would be desirable if the configuration protocols
   that are used to create the network paths used by the professional

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 12]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   audio traffic could be designed to protect devices that are not meant
   to receive high-amplitude content from having such potentially
   damaging signals routed to them.

2.6.  A State-of-the-Art Broadcast Installation Hits Technology Limits

   ESPN recently constructed a state-of-the-art 194,000 sq ft, $125
   million broadcast studio called DC2.  The DC2 network is capable of
   handling 46 Tbps of throughput with 60,000 simultaneous signals.
   Inside the facility are 1,100 miles of fiber feeding four audio
   control rooms.  (See details at [ESPN_DC2] ).

   In designing DC2 they replaced as much point-to-point technology as
   they possibly could with packet-based technology.  They constructed
   seven individual studios using layer 2 LANS (using IEEE 802.1 AVB)
   that were entirely effective at routing audio within the LANs, and
   they were very happy with the results, however to interconnect these
   layer 2 LAN islands together they ended up using dedicated links
   because there is no standards-based routing solution available.

   This is the kind of motivation we have to develop these standards
   because customers are ready and able to use them.

3.  Utility Telecom Use Cases

3.1.  Overview

   [I-D.finn-detnet-problem-statement] defines the characteristics of a
   deterministic flow as a data communication flow with a bounded
   latency, extraordinarily low frame loss, and a very narrow jitter.
   This document intends to define the utility requirements for
   deterministic networking.

   Utility Telecom Networks

   The business and technology trends that are sweeping the utility
   industry will drastically transform the utility business from the way
   it has been for many decades.  At the core of many of these changes
   is a drive to modernize the electrical grid with an integrated
   telecommunications infrastructure.  However, interoperability,
   concerns, legacy networks, disparate tools, and stringent security
   requirements all add complexity to the grid transformation.  Given
   the range and diversity of the requirements that should be addressed
   by the next generation telecommunications infrastructure, utilities
   need to adopt a holistic architectural approach to integrate the
   electrical grid with digital telecommunications across the entire
   power delivery chain.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 13]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   Many utilities still rely on complex environments formed of multiple
   application-specific, proprietary networks.  Information is siloed
   between operational areas.  This prevents utility operations from
   realizing the operational efficiency benefits, visibility, and
   functional integration of operational information across grid
   applications and data networks.  The key to modernizing grid
   telecommunications is to provide a common, adaptable, multi-service
   network infrastructure for the entire utility organization.  Such a
   network serves as the platform for current capabilities while
   enabling future expansion of the network to accommodate new
   applications and services.

   To meet this diverse set of requirements, both today and in the
   future, the next generation utility telecommunnications network will
   be based on open-standards-based IP architecture.  An end-to-end IP
   architecture takes advantage of nearly three decades of IP technology
   development, facilitating interoperability across disparate networks
   and devices, as it has been already demonstrated in many mission-
   critical and highly secure networks.

   IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and different
   National Committees have mandated a specific adhoc group (AHG8) to
   define the migration strategy to IPv6 for all the IEC TC57 power
   automation standards.  IPv6 is seen as the obvious future
   telecommunications technology for the Smart Grid.  The Adhoc Group
   has disclosed, to the IEC coordination group, their conclusions at
   the end of 2014.

   It is imperative that utilities participate in standards development
   bodies to influence the development of future solutions and to
   benefit from shared experiences of other utilities and vendors.

3.2.  Telecommunications Trends and General telecommunications
      Requirements

   These general telecommunications requirements are over and above the
   specific requirements of the use cases that have been addressed so
   far.  These include both current and future telecommunications
   related requirements that should be factored into the network
   architecture and design.

3.2.1.  General Telecommunications Requirements

   o  IP Connectivity everywhere

   o  Monitoring services everywhere and from different remote centers

   o  Move services to a virtual data center

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 14]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   o  Unify access to applications / information from the corporate
      network

   o  Unify services

   o  Unified Communications Solutions

   o  Mix of fiber and microwave technologies - obsolescence of SONET/
      SDH or TDM

   o  Standardize grid telecommunications protocol to opened standard to
      ensure interoperability

   o  Reliable Telecommunications for Transmission and Distribution
      Substations

   o  IEEE 1588 time synchronization Client / Server Capabilities

   o  Integration of Multicast Design

   o  QoS Requirements Mapping

   o  Enable Future Network Expansion

   o  Substation Network Resilience

   o  Fast Convergence Design

   o  Scalable Headend Design

   o  Define Service Level Agreements (SLA) and Enable SLA Monitoring

   o  Integration of 3G/4G Technologies and future technologies

   o  Ethernet Connectivity for Station Bus Architecture

   o  Ethernet Connectivity for Process Bus Architecture

   o  Protection, teleprotection and PMU (Phaser Measurement Unit) on IP

3.2.1.1.  Migration to Packet-Switched Network

   Throughout the world, utilities are increasingly planning for a
   future based on smart grid applications requiring advanced
   telecommunications systems.  Many of these applications utilize
   packet connectivity for communicating information and control signals
   across the utility's Wide Area Network (WAN), made possible by

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 15]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   technologies such as multiprotocol label switching (MPLS).  The data
   that traverses the utility WAN includes:

   o  Grid monitoring, control, and protection data

   o  Non-control grid data (e.g. asset data for condition-based
      monitoring)

   o  Physical safety and security data (e.g. voice and video)

   o  Remote worker access to corporate applications (voice, maps,
      schematics, etc.)

   o  Field area network backhaul for smart metering, and distribution
      grid management

   o  Enterprise traffic (email, collaboration tools, business
      applications)

   WANs support this wide variety of traffic to and from substations,
   the transmission and distribution grid, generation sites, between
   control centers, and between work locations and data centers.  To
   maintain this rapidly expanding set of applications, many utilities
   are taking steps to evolve present time-division multiplexing (TDM)
   based and frame relay infrastructures to packet systems.  Packet-
   based networks are designed to provide greater functionalities and
   higher levels of service for applications, while continuing to
   deliver reliability and deterministic (real-time) traffic support.

3.2.2.  Applications, Use cases and traffic patterns

   Among the numerous applications and use cases that a utility deploys
   today, many rely on high availability and deterministic behaviour of
   the telecommunications networks.  Protection use cases and generation
   control are the most demanding and can't rely on a best effort
   approach.

3.2.2.1.  Transmission use cases

   Protection means not only the protection of the human operator but
   also the protection of the electric equipments and the preservation
   of the stability and frequency of the grid.  If a default occurs on
   the transmission or the distribution of the electricity, important
   damages could occured to the human operator but also to very costly
   electrical equipments and perturb the grid leading to blackouts.  The
   time and reliability requirements are very strong to avoid dramatic
   impacts to the electrical infrastructure.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 16]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

3.2.2.1.1.  Tele Protection

   The key criteria for measuring Teleprotection performance are command
   transmission time, dependability and security.  These criteria are
   defined by the IEC standard 60834 as follows:

   o  Transmission time (Speed): The time between the moment where state
      changes at the transmitter input and the moment of the
      corresponding change at the receiver output, including propagation
      delay.  Overall operating time for a Teleprotection system
      includes the time for initiating the command at the transmitting
      end, the propagation delay over the network (including equipments)
      and the selection and decision time at the receiving end,
      including any additional delay due to a noisy environment.

   o  Dependability: The ability to issue and receive valid commands in
      the presence of interference and/or noise, by minimizing the
      probability of missing command (PMC).  Dependability targets are
      typically set for a specific bit error rate (BER) level.

   o  Security: The ability to prevent false tripping due to a noisy
      environment, by minimizing the probability of unwanted commands
      (PUC).  Security targets are also set for a specific bit error
      rate (BER) level.

   Additional key elements that may impact Teleprotection performance
   include bandwidth rate of the Teleprotection system and its
   resiliency or failure recovery capacity.  Transmission time,
   bandwidth utilization and resiliency are directly linked to the
   telecommunications equipments and the connections that are used to
   transfer the commands between relays.

3.2.2.1.1.1.  Latency Budget Consideration

   Delay requirements for utility networks may vary depending upon a
   number of parameters, such as the specific protection equipments
   used.  Most power line equipment can tolerate short circuits or
   faults for up to approximately five power cycles before sustaining
   irreversible damage or affecting other segments in the network.  This
   translates to total fault clearance time of 100ms.  As a safety
   precaution, however, actual operation time of protection systems is
   limited to 70- 80 percent of this period, including fault recognition
   time, command transmission time and line breaker switching time.
   Some system components, such as large electromechanical switches,
   require particularly long time to operate and take up the majority of
   the total clearance time, leaving only a 10ms window for the
   telecommunications part of the protection scheme, independent of the
   distance to travel.  Given the sensitivity of the issue, new networks

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 17]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   impose requirements that are even more stringent: IEC standard 61850
   limits the transfer time for protection messages to 1/4 - 1/2 cycle
   or 4 - 8ms (for 60Hz lines) for the most critical messages.

3.2.2.1.1.2.  Asymetric delay

   In addition to minimal transmission delay, a differential protection
   telecommunications channel must be synchronous, i.e., experiencing
   symmetrical channel delay in transmit and receive paths.  This
   requires special attention in jitter-prone packet networks.  While
   optimally Teleprotection systems should support zero asymmetric
   delay, typical legacy relays can tolerate discrepancies of up to
   750us.

   The main tools available for lowering delay variation below this
   threshold are:

   o  A jitter buffer at the multiplexers on each end of the line can be
      used to offset delay variation by queuing sent and received
      packets.  The length of the queues must balance the need to
      regulate the rate of transmission with the need to limit overall
      delay, as larger buffers result in increased latency.  This is the
      old TDM traditional way to fulfill this requirement.

   o  Traffic management tools ensure that the Teleprotection signals
      receive the highest transmission priority and minimize the number
      of jitter addition during the path.  This is one way to meet the
      requirement in IP networks.

   o  Standard Packet-Based synchronization technologies, such as
      1588-2008 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) and Synchronous Ethernet
      (Sync-E), can help maintain stable networks by keeping a highly
      accurate clock source on the different network devices involved.

3.2.2.1.1.2.1.  Other traffic characteristics

   o  Redundancy: The existence in a system of more than one means of
      accomplishing a given function.

   o  Recovery time : The duration of time within which a business
      process must be restored after any type of disruption in order to
      avoid unacceptable consequences associated with a break in
      business continuity.

   o  performance management : In networking, a management function
      defined for controlling and analyzing different parameters/metrics
      such as the throughput, error rate.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 18]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   o  packet loss : One or more packets of data travelling across
      network fail to reach their destination.

3.2.2.1.1.2.2.  Teleprotection network requirements

   The following table captures the main network requirements (this is
   based on IEC 61850 standard)

   +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   |  Teleprotection Requirement |              Attribute              |
   +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   |    One way maximum delay    |               4-10 ms               |
   |   Asymetric delay required  |                 Yes                 |
   |        Maximum jitter       | less than 250 us (750 us for legacy |
   |                             |                 IED)                |
   |           Topology          |   Point to point, point to Multi-   |
   |                             |                point                |
   |         Availability        |               99.9999               |
   |   precise timing required   |                 Yes                 |
   |    Recovery time on node    |       less than 50ms - hitless      |
   |           failure           |                                     |
   |    performance management   |            Yes, Mandatory           |
   |          Redundancy         |                 Yes                 |
   |         Packet loss         |              0.1% to 1%             |
   +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+

               Table 1: Teleprotection network requirements

3.2.2.1.2.  Inter-Trip Protection scheme

   Inter-tripping is the controlled tripping of a circuit breaker to
   complete the isolation of a circuit or piece of apparatus in concert
   with the tripping of other circuit breakers.  The main use of such
   schemes is to ensure that protection at both ends of a faulted
   circuit will operate to isolate the equipment concerned.  Inter-
   tripping schemes use signaling to convey a trip command to remote
   circuit breakers to isolate circuits.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 19]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   +--------------------------------+----------------------------------+
   |     Inter-Trip protection      |            Attribute             |
   |          Requirement           |                                  |
   +--------------------------------+----------------------------------+
   |     One way maximum delay      |               5 ms               |
   |    Asymetric delay required    |                No                |
   |         Maximum jitter         |           Not critical           |
   |            Topology            | Point to point, point to Multi-  |
   |                                |              point               |
   |           Bandwidth            |             64 Kbps              |
   |          Availability          |             99.9999              |
   |    precise timing required     |               Yes                |
   | Recovery time on node failure  |     less than 50ms - hitless     |
   |     performance management     |          Yes, Mandatory          |
   |           Redundancy           |               Yes                |
   |          Packet loss           |               0.1%               |
   +--------------------------------+----------------------------------+

            Table 2: Inter-Trip protection network requirements

3.2.2.1.3.  Current Differential Protection Scheme

   Current differential protection is commonly used for line protection,
   and is typical for protecting parallel circuits.  A main advantage
   for differential protection is that, compared to overcurrent
   protection, it allows only the faulted circuit to be de-energized in
   case of a fault.  At both end of the lines, the current is measured
   by the differential relays, and based on Kirchhoff's law, both relays
   will trip the circuit breaker if the current going into the line does
   not equal the current going out of the line.  This type of protection
   scheme assumes some form of communications being present between the
   relays at both end of the line, to allow both relays to compare
   measured current values.  A fault in line 1 will cause overcurrent to
   be flowing in both lines, but because the current in line 2 is a
   through following current, this current is measured equal at both
   ends of the line, therefore the differential relays on line 2 will
   not trip line 2.  Line 1 will be tripped, as the relays will not
   measure the same currents at both ends of the line.  Line
   differential protection schemes assume a very low telecommunications
   delay between both relays, often as low as 5ms.  Moreover, as those
   systems are often not time-synchronized, they also assume symmetric
   telecommunications paths with constant delay, which allows comparing
   current measurement values taken at the exact same time.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 20]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
   | Current Differential protection  |           Attribute            |
   |           Requirement            |                                |
   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
   |      One way maximum delay       |              5 ms              |
   |     Asymetric delay Required     |              Yes               |
   |          Maximum jitter          |  less than 250 us (750us for   |
   |                                  |          legacy IED)           |
   |             Topology             |    Point to point, point to    |
   |                                  |          Multi-point           |
   |            Bandwidth             |            64 Kbps             |
   |           Availability           |            99.9999             |
   |     precise timing required      |              Yes               |
   |  Recovery time on node failure   |    less than 50ms - hitless    |
   |      performance management      |         Yes, Mandatory         |
   |            Redundancy            |              Yes               |
   |           Packet loss            |              0.1%              |
   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+

           Table 3: Current Differential Protection requirements

3.2.2.1.4.  Distance Protection Scheme

   Distance (Impedance Relay) protection scheme is based on voltage and
   current measurements.  A fault on a circuit will generally create a
   sag in the voltage level.  If the ratio of voltage to current
   measured at the protection relay terminals, which equates to an
   impedance element, falls within a set threshold the circuit breaker
   will operate.  The operating characteristics of this protection are
   based on the line characteristics.  This means that when a fault
   appears on the line, the impedance setting in the relay is compared
   to the apparent impedance of the line from the relay terminals to the
   fault.  If the relay setting is determined to be below the apparent
   impedance it is determined that the fault is within the zone of
   protection.  When the transmission line length is under a minimum
   length, distance protection becomes more difficult to coordinate.  In
   these instances the best choice of protection is current differential
   protection.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 21]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
   |      Distance protection      |             Attribute             |
   |          Requirement          |                                   |
   +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
   |     One way maximum delay     |                5 ms               |
   |    Asymetric delay Required   |                 No                |
   |         Maximum jitter        |            Not critical           |
   |            Topology           |  Point to point, point to Multi-  |
   |                               |               point               |
   |           Bandwidth           |              64 Kbps              |
   |          Availability         |              99.9999              |
   |    precise timing required    |                Yes                |
   | Recovery time on node failure |      less than 50ms - hitless     |
   |     performance management    |           Yes, Mandatory          |
   |           Redundancy          |                Yes                |
   |          Packet loss          |                0.1%               |
   +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

                 Table 4: Distance Protection requirements

3.2.2.1.5.  Inter-Substation Protection Signaling

   This use case describes the exchange of Sampled Value and/or GOOSE
   (Generic Object Oriented Substation Events) message between
   Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) in two substations for
   protection and tripping coordination.  The two IEDs are in a master-
   slave mode.

   The Current Transformer or Voltage Transformer (CT/VT) in one
   substation sends the sampled analog voltage or current value to the
   Merging Unit (MU) over hard wire.  The merging unit sends the time-
   synchronized 61850-9-2 sampled values to the slave IED.  The slave
   IED forwards the information to the Master IED in the other
   substation.  The master IED makes the determination (for example
   based on sampled value differentials) to send a trip command to the
   originating IED.  Once the slave IED/Relay receives the GOOSE trip
   for breaker tripping, it opens the breaker.  It then sends a
   confirmation message back to the master.  All data exchanges between
   IEDs are either through Sampled Value and/or GOOSE messages.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 22]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
   |   Inter-Substation protection    |           Attribute            |
   |           Requirement            |                                |
   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
   |      One way maximum delay       |              5 ms              |
   |     Asymetric delay Required     |               No               |
   |          Maximum jitter          |          Not critical          |
   |             Topology             |    Point to point, point to    |
   |                                  |          Multi-point           |
   |            Bandwidth             |            64 Kbps             |
   |           Availability           |            99.9999             |
   |     precise timing required      |              Yes               |
   |  Recovery time on node failure   |    less than 50ms - hitless    |
   |      performance management      |         Yes, Mandatory         |
   |            Redundancy            |              Yes               |
   |           Packet loss            |               1%               |
   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+

             Table 5: Inter-Substation Protection requirements

3.2.2.1.6.  Intra-Substation Process Bus Communications

   This use case describes the data flow from the CT/VT to the IEDs in
   the substation via the merging unit (MU).  The CT/VT in the
   substation send the sampled value (analog voltage or current) to the
   Merging Unit (MU) over hard wire.  The merging unit sends the time-
   synchronized 61850-9-2 sampled values to the IEDs in the substation
   in GOOSE message format.  The GPS Master Clock can send 1PPS or
   IRIG-B format to MU through serial port, or IEEE 1588 protocol via
   network.  Process bus communication using 61850 simplifies
   connectivity within the substation and removes the requirement for
   multiple serial connections and removes the slow serial bus
   architectures that are typically used.  This also ensures increased
   flexibility and increased speed with the use of multicast messaging
   between multiple devices.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 23]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
   |   Intra-Substation protection    |           Attribute            |
   |           Requirement            |                                |
   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
   |      One way maximum delay       |              5 ms              |
   |     Asymetric delay Required     |               No               |
   |          Maximum jitter          |          Not critical          |
   |             Topology             |    Point to point, point to    |
   |                                  |          Multi-point           |
   |            Bandwidth             |            64 Kbps             |
   |           Availability           |            99.9999             |
   |     precise timing required      |              Yes               |
   |  Recovery time on Node failure   |    less than 50ms - hitless    |
   |      performance management      |         Yes, Mandatory         |
   |            Redundancy            |            Yes - No            |
   |           Packet loss            |              0.1%              |
   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+

             Table 6: Intra-Substation Protection requirements

3.2.2.1.7.  Wide Area Monitoring and Control Systems

   The application of synchrophasor measurement data from Phasor
   Measurement Units (PMU) to Wide Area Monitoring and Control Systems
   promises to provide important new capabilities for improving system
   stability.  Access to PMU data enables more timely situational
   awareness over larger portions of the grid than what has been
   possible historically with normal SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
   Acquisition) data.  Handling the volume and real-time nature of
   synchrophasor data presents unique challenges for existing
   application architectures.  Wide Area management System (WAMS) makes
   it possible for the condition of the bulk power system to be observed
   and understood in real-time so that protective, preventative, or
   corrective action can be taken.  Because of the very high sampling
   rate of measurements and the strict requirement for time
   synchronization of the samples, WAMS has stringent telecommunications
   requirements in an IP network that are captured in the following
   table:

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 24]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |   WAMS Requirement   |                 Attribute                  |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |   One way maximum    |                   50 ms                    |
   |        delay         |                                            |
   |   Asymetric delay    |                     No                     |
   |       Required       |                                            |
   |    Maximum jitter    |                Not critical                |
   |       Topology       |   Point to point, point to Multi-point,    |
   |                      |         Multi-point to Multi-point         |
   |      Bandwidth       |                  100 Kbps                  |
   |     Availability     |                  99.9999                   |
   |    precise timing    |                    Yes                     |
   |       required       |                                            |
   |   Recovery time on   |          less than 50ms - hitless          |
   |     Node failure     |                                            |
   |     performance      |               Yes, Mandatory               |
   |      management      |                                            |
   |      Redundancy      |                    Yes                     |
   |     Packet loss      |                     1%                     |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+

             Table 7: WAMS Special Communication Requirements

3.2.2.1.8.  IEC 61850 WAN engineering guidelines requirement
            classification

   The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) has recently
   published a Technical Report which offers guidelines on how to define
   and deploy Wide Area Networks for the interconnections of electric
   substations, generation plants and SCADA operation centers.  The IEC
   61850-90-12 is providing a classification of WAN communication
   requirements into 4 classes.  You will find herafter the table
   summarizing these requirements:

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 25]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   +----------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+
   |      WAN       |  Class WA  |  Class WB  |  Class WC  |  Class WD |
   |  Requirement   |            |            |            |           |
   +----------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+
   |  Application   | EHV (Extra |  HV (High  | MV (Medium |  General  |
   |     field      |    High    |  Voltage)  |  Voltage)  |  purpose  |
   |                |  Voltage)  |            |            |           |
   |    Latency     |    5 ms    |   10 ms    |   100 ms   |  > 100 ms |
   |     Jitter     |   10 us    |   100 us   |    1 ms    |   10 ms   |
   |    Latency     |   100 us   |    1 ms    |   10 ms    |   100 ms  |
   |    Asymetry    |            |            |            |           |
   | Time Accuracy  |    1 us    |   10 us    |   100 us   | 10 to 100 |
   |                |            |            |            |     ms    |
   | Bit Error rate |  10-7 to   |  10-5 to   |    10-3    |           |
   |                |    10-6    |    10-4    |            |           |
   | Unavailability |  10-7 to   |  10-5 to   |    10-3    |           |
   |                |    10-6    |    10-4    |            |           |
   | Recovery delay |    Zero    |   50 ms    |    5 s     |    50 s   |
   | Cyber security | extremely  |    High    |   Medium   |   Medium  |
   |                |    high    |            |            |           |
   +----------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+

     Table 8: 61850-90-12 Communication Requirements; Courtesy of IEC

3.2.2.2.  Distribution use case

3.2.2.2.1.  Fault Location Isolation and Service Restoration (FLISR)

   As the name implies, Fault Location, Isolation, and Service
   Restoration (FLISR) refers to the ability to automatically locate the
   fault, isolate the fault, and restore service in the distribution
   network.  It is a self-healing feature whose purpose is to minimize
   the impact of faults by serving portions of the loads on the affected
   circuit by switching to other circuits.  It reduces the number of
   customers that experience a sustained power outage by reconfiguring
   distribution circuits.  This will likely be the first wide spread
   application of distributed intelligence in the grid.  Secondary
   substations can be connected to multiple primary substations.
   Normally, static power switch statuses (open/closed) in the network
   dictate the power flow to secondary substations.  Reconfiguring the
   network in the event of a fault is typically done manually on site to
   operate switchgear to energize/de-energize alternate paths.
   Automating the operation of substation switchgear allows the utility
   to have a more dynamic network where the flow of power can be altered
   under fault conditions but also during times of peak load.  It allows
   the utility to shift peak loads around the network.  Or, to be more
   precise, alters the configuration of the network to move loads

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 26]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   between different primary substations.  The FLISR capability can be
   enabled in two modes:

   o  Managed centrally from DMS (Distribution Management System), or

   o  Executed locally through distributed control via intelligent
      switches and fault sensors.

   There are 3 distinct sub-functions that are performed:

   1.  Fault Location Identification

   This sub-function is initiated by SCADA inputs, such as lockouts,
   fault indications/location, and, also, by input from the Outage
   Management System (OMS), and in the future by inputs from fault-
   predicting devices.  It determines the specific protective device,
   which has cleared the sustained fault, identifies the de-energized
   sections, and estimates the probable location of the actual or the
   expected fault.  It distinguishes faults cleared by controllable
   protective devices from those cleared by fuses, and identifies
   momentary outages and inrush/cold load pick-up currents.  This step
   is also referred to as Fault Detection Classification and Location
   (FDCL).  This step helps to expedite the restoration of faulted
   sections through fast fault location identification and improved
   diagnostic information available for crew dispatch.  Also provides
   visualization of fault information to design and implement a
   switching plan to isolate the fault.

   2.  Fault Type Determination

   I.  Indicates faults cleared by controllable protective devices by
   distinguishing between:

   a.  Faults cleared by fuses

   b.  Momentary outages

   c.  Inrush/cold load current

   II.  Determines the faulted sections based on SCADA fault indications
   and protection lockout signals

   III.  Increases the accuracy of the fault location estimation based
   on SCADA fault current measurements and real-time fault analysis

   3.  Fault Isolation and Service Restoration

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 27]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   Once the location and type of the fault has been pinpointed, the
   systems will attempt to isolate the fault and restore the non-faulted
   section of the network.  This can have three modes of operation:

   I.  Closed-loop mode : This is initiated by the Fault location sub-
   function.  It generates a switching order (i.e., sequence of
   switching) for the remotely controlled switching devices to isolate
   the faulted section, and restore service to the non-faulted sections.
   The switching order is automatically executed via SCADA.

   II.  Advisory mode : This is initiated by the Fault location sub-
   function.  It generates a switching order for remotely and manually
   controlled switching devices to isolate the faulted section, and
   restore service to the non-faulted sections.  The switching order is
   presented to operator for approval and execution.

   III.  Study mode : the operator initiates this function.  It analyzes
   a saved case modified by the operator, and generates a switching
   order under the operating conditions specified by the operator.

   With the increasing volume of data that are collected through fault
   sensors, utilities will use Big Data query and analysis tools to
   study outage information to anticipate and prevent outages by
   detecting failure patterns and their correlation with asset age,
   type, load profiles, time of day, weather conditions, and other
   conditions to discover conditions that lead to faults and take the
   necessary preventive and corrective measures.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 28]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |  FLISR Requirement   |                 Attribute                  |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |   One way maximum    |                   80 ms                    |
   |        delay         |                                            |
   |   Asymetric delay    |                     No                     |
   |       Required       |                                            |
   |    Maximum jitter    |                   40 ms                    |
   |       Topology       |   Point to point, point to Multi-point,    |
   |                      |         Multi-point to Multi-point         |
   |      Bandwidth       |                  64 Kbps                   |
   |     Availability     |                  99.9999                   |
   |    precise timing    |                    Yes                     |
   |       required       |                                            |
   |   Recovery time on   |         Depends on customer impact         |
   |     Node failure     |                                            |
   |     performance      |               Yes, Mandatory               |
   |      management      |                                            |
   |      Redundancy      |                    Yes                     |
   |     Packet loss      |                    0.1%                    |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+

                 Table 9: FLISR Communication Requirements

3.2.2.3.  Generation use case

3.2.2.3.1.  Frequency Control / Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

   The system frequency should be maintained within a very narrow band.
   Deviations from the acceptable frequency range are detected and
   forwarded to the Load Frequency Control (LFC) system so that required
   up or down generation increase / decrease pulses can be sent to the
   power plants for frequency regulation.  The trend in system frequency
   is a measure of mismatch between demand and generation, and is a
   necessary parameter for load control in interconnected systems.

   Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the
   power output of generators at different power plants, in response to
   changes in the load.  Since a power grid requires that generation and
   load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the
   output of generators are necessary.  The balance can be judged by
   measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is
   being generated than used, and all machines in the system are
   accelerating.  If the system frequency is decreasing, more demand is
   on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, and all
   generators are slowing down.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 29]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   Where the grid has tie lines to adjacent control areas, automatic
   generation control helps maintain the power interchanges over the tie
   lines at the scheduled levels.  The AGC takes into account various
   parameters including the most economical units to adjust, the
   coordination of thermal, hydroelectric, and other generation types,
   and even constraints related to the stability of the system and
   capacity of interconnections to other power grids.

   For the purpose of AGC we use static frequency measurements and
   averaging methods are used to get a more precise measure of system
   frequency in steady-state conditions.

   During disturbances, more real-time dynamic measurements of system
   frequency are taken using PMUs, especially when different areas of
   the system exhibit different frequencies.  But that is outside the
   scope of this use case.

   +---------------------------------------------------+---------------+
   |   FCAG (Frequency Control Automatic Generation)   |   Attribute   |
   |                    Requirement                    |               |
   +---------------------------------------------------+---------------+
   |               One way maximum delay               |     500 ms    |
   |              Asymetric delay Required             |       No      |
   |                   Maximum jitter                  |  Not critical |
   |                      Topology                     |    Point to   |
   |                                                   |     point     |
   |                     Bandwidth                     |    20 Kbps    |
   |                    Availability                   |     99.999    |
   |              precise timing required              |      Yes      |
   |           Recovery time on Node failure           |      N/A      |
   |               performance management              |      Yes,     |
   |                                                   |   Mandatory   |
   |                     Redundancy                    |      Yes      |
   |                    Packet loss                    |       1%      |
   +---------------------------------------------------+---------------+

                 Table 10: FCAG Communication Requirements

3.2.3.  Specific Network topologies of Smart Grid Applications

   Utilities often have very large private telecommunications networks.
   It covers an entire territory / country.  The main purpose of the
   network, until now, has been to support transmission network
   monitoring, control, and automation, remote control of generation
   sites, and providing FCAPS (Fault.  Configuration.  Accounting.
   Performance.  Security) services from centralized network operation
   centers.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 30]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   Going forward, one network will support operation and maintenance of
   electrical networks (generation, transmission, and distribution),
   voice and data services for ten of thousands of employees and for
   exchange with neighboring interconnections, and administrative
   services.  To meet those requirements, utility may deploy several
   physical networks leveraging different technologies across the
   country: an optical network and a microwave network for instance.
   Each protection and automatism system between two points has two
   telecommunications circuits, one on each network.  Path diversity
   between two substations is key.  Regardless of the event type
   (hurricane, ice storm, etc.), one path shall stay available so the
   SPS can still operate.

   In the optical network, signals are transmitted over more than tens
   of thousands of circuits using fiber optic links, microwave and
   telephone cables.  This network is the nervous system of the
   utility's power transmission operations.  The optical network
   represents ten of thousands of km of cable deployed along the power
   lines.

   Due to vast distances between transmission substations (for example
   as far as 280km apart), the fiber signal can be amplified to reach a
   distance of 280 km without attenuation.

3.2.4.  Precision Time Protocol

   Some utilities do not use GPS clocks in generation substations.  One
   of the main reasons is that some of the generation plants are 30 to
   50 meters deep under ground and the GPS signal can be weak and
   unreliable.  Instead, atomic clocks are used.  Clocks are
   synchronized amongst each other.  Rubidium clocks provide clock and
   1ms timestamps for IRIG-B.  Some companies plan to transition to the
   Precision Time Protocol (IEEE 1588), distributing the synchronization
   signal over the IP/MPLS network.

   The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is defined in IEEE standard 1588.
   PTP is applicable to distributed systems consisting of one or more
   nodes, communicating over a network.  Nodes are modeled as containing
   a real-time clock that may be used by applications within the node
   for various purposes such as generating time-stamps for data or
   ordering events managed by the node.  The protocol provides a
   mechanism for synchronizing the clocks of participating nodes to a
   high degree of accuracy and precision.

   PTP operates based on the following assumptions :

      It is assumed that the network eliminates cyclic forwarding of PTP
      messages within each communication path (e.g., by using a spanning

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 31]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

      tree protocol).  PTP eliminates cyclic forwarding of PTP messages
      between communication paths.

      PTP is tolerant of an occasional missed message, duplicated
      message, or message that arrived out of order.  However, PTP
      assumes that such impairments are relatively rare.

      PTP was designed assuming a multicast communication model.  PTP
      also supports a unicast communication model as long as the
      behavior of the protocol is preserved.

      Like all message-based time transfer protocols, PTP time accuracy
      is degraded by asymmetry in the paths taken by event messages.
      Asymmetry is not detectable by PTP, however, if known, PTP
      corrects for asymmetry.

   A time-stamp event is generated at the time of transmission and
   reception of any event message.  The time-stamp event occurs when the
   message's timestamp point crosses the boundary between the node and
   the network.

   IEC 61850 will recommend the use of the IEEE PTP 1588 Utility Profile
   (as defined in IEC 62439-3 Annex B) which offers the support of
   redundant attachment of clocks to Paralell Redundancy Protcol (PRP)
   and High-availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR) networks.

3.3.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no request to IANA.

3.4.  Security Considerations

3.4.1.  Current Practices and Their Limitations

   Grid monitoring and control devices are already targets for cyber
   attacks and legacy telecommunications protocols have many intrinsic
   network related vulnerabilities.  DNP3, Modbus, PROFIBUS/PROFINET,
   and other protocols are designed around a common paradigm of request
   and respond.  Each protocol is designed for a master device such as
   an HMI (Human Machine Interface) system to send commands to
   subordinate slave devices to retrieve data (reading inputs) or
   control (writing to outputs).  Because many of these protocols lack
   authentication, encryption, or other basic security measures, they
   are prone to network-based attacks, allowing a malicious actor or
   attacker to utilize the request-and-respond system as a mechanism for
   command-and-control like functionality.  Specific security concerns
   common to most industrial control, including utility
   telecommunication protocols include the following:

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 32]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   o  Network or transport errors (e.g. malformed packets or excessive
      latency) can cause protocol failure.

   o  Protocol commands may be available that are capable of forcing
      slave devices into inoperable states, including powering-off
      devices, forcing them into a listen-only state, disabling
      alarming.

   o  Protocol commands may be available that are capable of restarting
      communications and otherwise interrupting processes.

   o  Protocol commands may be available that are capable of clearing,
      erasing, or resetting diagnostic information such as counters and
      diagnostic registers.

   o  Protocol commands may be available that are capable of requesting
      sensitive information about the controllers, their configurations,
      or other need-to-know information.

   o  Most protocols are application layer protocols transported over
      TCP; therefore it is easy to transport commands over non-standard
      ports or inject commands into authorized traffic flows.

   o  Protocol commands may be available that are capable of
      broadcasting messages to many devices at once (i.e. a potential
      DoS).

   o  Protocol commands may be available to query the device network to
      obtain defined points and their values (i.e. a configuration
      scan).

   o  Protocol commands may be available that will list all available
      function codes (i.e. a function scan).

   o  Bump in the wire (BITW) solutions : A hardware device is added to
      provide IPSec services between two routers that are not capable of
      IPSec functions.  This special IPsec device will intercept then
      intercept outgoing datagrams, add IPSec protection to them, and
      strip it off incoming datagrams.  BITW can all IPSec to legacy
      hosts and can retrofit non-IPSec routers to provide security
      benefits.  The disadvantages are complexity and cost.

   These inherent vulnerabilities, along with increasing connectivity
   between IT an OT networks, make network-based attacks very feasible.
   Simple injection of malicious protocol commands provides control over
   the target process.  Altering legitimate protocol traffic can also
   alter information about a process and disrupt the legitimate controls
   that are in place over that process.  A man- in-the-middle attack

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 33]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   could provide both control over a process and misrepresentation of
   data back to operator consoles.

3.4.2.  Security Trends in Utility Networks

   Although advanced telecommunications networks can assist in
   transforming the energy industry, playing a critical role in
   maintaining high levels of reliability, performance, and
   manageability, they also introduce the need for an integrated
   security infrastructure.  Many of the technologies being deployed to
   support smart grid projects such as smart meters and sensors can
   increase the vulnerability of the grid to attack.  Top security
   concerns for utilities migrating to an intelligent smart grid
   telecommunications platform center on the following trends:

   o  Integration of distributed energy resources

   o  Proliferation of digital devices to enable management, automation,
      protection, and control

   o  Regulatory mandates to comply with standards for critical
      infrastructure protection

   o  Migration to new systems for outage management, distribution
      automation, condition-based maintenance, load forecasting, and
      smart metering

   o  Demand for new levels of customer service and energy management

   This development of a diverse set of networks to support the
   integration of microgrids, open-access energy competition, and the
   use of network-controlled devices is driving the need for a converged
   security infrastructure for all participants in the smart grid,
   including utilities, energy service providers, large commercial and
   industrial, as well as residential customers.  Securing the assets of
   electric power delivery systems, from the control center to the
   substation, to the feeders and down to customer meters, requires an
   end-to-end security infrastructure that protects the myriad of
   telecommunications assets used to operate, monitor, and control power
   flow and measurement.  Cyber security refers to all the security
   issues in automation and telecommunications that affect any functions
   related to the operation of the electric power systems.
   Specifically, it involves the concepts of:

   o  Integrity : data cannot be altered undetectably

   o  Authenticity : the telecommunications parties involved must be
      validated as genuine

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 34]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   o  Authorization : only requests and commands from the authorized
      users can be accepted by the system

   o  Confidentiality : data must not be accessible to any
      unauthenticated users

   When designing and deploying new smart grid devices and
   telecommunications systems, it's imperative to understand the various
   impacts of these new components under a variety of attack situations
   on the power grid.  Consequences of a cyber attack on the grid
   telecommunications network can be catastrophic.  This is why security
   for smart grid is not just an ad hoc feature or product, it's a
   complete framework integrating both physical and Cyber security
   requirements and covering the entire smart grid networks from
   generation to distribution.  Security has therefore become one of the
   main foundations of the utility telecom network architecture and must
   be considered at every layer with a defense-in-depth approach.
   Migrating to IP based protocols is key to address these challenges
   for two reasons:

   1.  IP enables a rich set of features and capabilities to enhance the
   security posture

   2.  IP is based on open standards, which allows interoperability
   between different vendors and products, driving down the costs
   associated with implementing security solutions in OT networks.

   Securing OT (Operation technology) telecommunications over packet-
   switched IP networks follow the same principles that are foundational
   for securing the IT infrastructure, i.e., consideration must be given
   to enforcing electronic access control for both person-to-machine and
   machine-to-machine communications, and providing the appropriate
   levels of data privacy, device and platform integrity, and threat
   detection and mitigation.

4.  Building Automation Systems

4.1.  Use Case Description

   A Building Automation System (BAS) manages equipment and sensors in a
   building for improving residents' comfort, reducing energy
   consumption, and responding to failures and emergencies.  For
   example, the BAS measures the temperature of a room using sensors and
   then controls the HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning)
   to maintain a set temperature and minimize energy consumption.

   A BAS primarily performs the following functions:

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 35]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   o  Periodically measures states of devices, for example humidity and
      illuminance of rooms, open/close state of doors, FAN speed, etc.

   o  Stores the measured data.

   o  Provides the measured data to BAS systems and operators.

   o  Generates alarms for abnormal state of devices.

   o  Controls devices (e.g. turn off room lights at 10:00 PM).

4.2.  Building Automation Systems Today

4.2.1.  BAS Architecture

   A typical BAS architecture of today is shown in Figure 1.

                         +----------------------------+
                         |                            |
                         |       BMS        HMI       |
                         |        |          |        |
                         |  +----------------------+  |
                         |  |  Management Network  |  |
                         |  +----------------------+  |
                         |        |          |        |
                         |        LC         LC       |
                         |        |          |        |
                         |  +----------------------+  |
                         |  |     Field Network    |  |
                         |  +----------------------+  |
                         |     |     |     |     |    |
                         |    Dev   Dev   Dev   Dev   |
                         |                            |
                         +----------------------------+

                         BMS := Building Management Server
                         HMI := Human Machine Interface
                         LC  := Local Controller

                        Figure 1: BAS architecture

   There are typically two layers of network in a BAS.  The upper one is
   called the Management Network and the lower one is called the Field
   Network.  In management networks an IP-based communication protocol
   is used, while in field networks non-IP based communication protocols
   ("field protocols") are mainly used.  Field networks have specific
   timing requirements, whereas management networks can be best-effort.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 36]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   A Human Machine Interface (HMI) is typically a desktop PC used by
   operators to monitor and display device states, send device control
   commands to Local Controllers (LCs), and configure building schedules
   (for example "turn off all room lights in the building at 10:00 PM").

   A Building Management Server (BMS) performs the following operations.

   o  Collect and store device states from LCs at regular intervals.

   o  Send control values to LCs according to a building schedule.

   o  Send an alarm signal to operators if it detects abnormal devices
      states.

   The BMS and HMI communicate with LCs via IP-based "management
   protocols" (see standards [bacnetip], [knx]).

   A LC is typically a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) which is
   connected to several tens or hundreds of devices using "field
   protocols".  An LC performs the following kinds of operations:

   o  Measure device states and provide the information to BMS or HMI.

   o  Send control values to devices, unilaterally or as part of a
      feedback control loop.

   There are many field protocols used today; some are standards-based
   and others are proprietary (see standards [lontalk], [modbus],
   [profibus] and [flnet]).  The result is that BASs have multiple MAC/
   PHY modules and interfaces.  This makes BASs more expensive, slower
   to develop, and can result in "vendor lock-in" with multiple types of
   management applications.

4.2.2.  BAS Deployment Model

   An example BAS for medium or large buildings is shown in Figure 2.
   The physical layout spans multiple floors, and there is a monitoring
   room where the BAS management entities are located.  Each floor will
   have one or more LCs depending upon the number of devices connected
   to the field network.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 37]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

               +--------------------------------------------------+
               |                                          Floor 3 |
               |     +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+~~~~~+                     |
               |     |          |     |     |                     |
               |     |         Dev   Dev   Dev                    |
               |     |                                            |
               |---  |  ------------------------------------------|
               |     |                                    Floor 2 |
               |     +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+~~~~~+  Field Network      |
               |     |          |     |     |                     |
               |     |         Dev   Dev   Dev                    |
               |     |                                            |
               |---  |  ------------------------------------------|
               |     |                                    Floor 1 |
               |     +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+~~~~~+   +-----------------|
               |     |          |     |     |   | Monitoring Room |
               |     |         Dev   Dev   Dev  |                 |
               |     |                          |    BMS   HMI    |
               |     |   Management Network     |     |     |     |
               |     +--------------------------------+-----+     |
               |                                |                 |
               +--------------------------------------------------+

         Figure 2: BAS Deployment model for Medium/Large Buildings

   Each LC is connected to the monitoring room via the Management
   network, and the management functions are performed within the
   building.  In most cases, fast Ethernet (e.g. 100BASE-T) is used for
   the management network.  Since the management network is non-
   realtime, use of Ethernet without quality of service is sufficient
   for today's deployment.

   In the field network a variety of physical interfaces such as RS232C
   and RS485 are used, which have specific timing requirements.  Thus if
   a field network is to be replaced with an Ethernet or wireless
   network, such networks must support time-critical deterministic
   flows.

   In Figure 3, another deployment model is presented in which the
   management system is hosted remotely.  This is becoming popular for
   small office and residential buildings in which a standalone
   monitoring system is not cost-effective.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 38]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

                                                     +---------------+
                                                     | Remote Center |
                                                     |               |
                                                     |  BMS     HMI  |
            +------------------------------------+   |   |       |   |
            |                            Floor 2 |   |   +---+---+   |
            |    +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+ Field Network|   |       |       |
            |    |          |     |              |   |     Router    |
            |    |         Dev   Dev             |   +-------|-------+
            |    |                               |           |
            |--- | ------------------------------|           |
            |    |                       Floor 1 |           |
            |    +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+              |           |
            |    |          |     |              |           |
            |    |         Dev   Dev             |           |
            |    |                               |           |
            |    |   Management Network          |     WAN   |
            |    +------------------------Router-------------+
            |                                    |
            +------------------------------------+

              Figure 3: Deployment model for Small Buildings

   Some interoperability is possible today in the Management Network,
   but not in today's field networks due to their non-IP-based design.

4.2.3.  Use Cases for Field Networks

   Below are use cases for Environmental Monitoring, Fire Detection, and
   Feedback Control, and their implications for field network
   performance.

4.2.3.1.  Environmental Monitoring

   The BMS polls each LC at a maximum measurement interval of 100ms (for
   example to draw a historical chart of 1 second granularity with a 10x
   sampling interval) and then performs the operations as specified by
   the operator.  Each LC needs to measure each of its several hundred
   sensors once per measurement interval.  Latency is not critical in
   this scenario as long as all sensor values are completed in the
   measurement interval.  Availability is expected to be 99.999 %.

4.2.3.2.  Fire Detection

   On detection of a fire, the BMS must stop the HVAC, close the fire
   shutters, turn on the fire sprinklers, send an alarm, etc.  There are
   typically ~10s of sensors per LC that BMS needs to manage.  In this

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 39]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   scenario the measurement interval is 10-50ms, the communication delay
   is 10ms, and the availability must be 99.9999 %.

4.2.3.3.  Feedback Control

   BAS systems utilize feedback control in various ways; the most time-
   critial is control of DC motors, which require a short feedback
   interval (1-5ms) with low communication delay (10ms) and jitter
   (1ms).  The feedback interval depends on the characteristics of the
   device and a target quality of control value.  There are typically
   ~10s of such devices per LC.

   Communication delay is expected to be less than 10 ms, jitter less
   than 1 sec while the availability must be 99.9999% .

4.2.4.  Security Considerations

   When BAS field networks were developed it was assumed that the field
   networks would always be physically isolated from external networks
   and therefore security was not a concern.  In today's world many BASs
   are managed remotely and are thus connected to shared IP networks and
   so security is definitely a concern, yet security features are not
   available in the majority of BAS field network deployments .

   The management network, being an IP-based network, has the protocols
   available to enable network security, but in practice many BAS
   systems do not implement even the available security features such as
   device authentication or encryption for data in transit.

4.3.  BAS Future

   In the future we expect more fine-grained environmental monitoring
   and lower energy consumption, which will require more sensors and
   devices, thus requiring larger and more complex building networks.

   We expect building networks to be connected to or converged with
   other networks (Enterprise network, Home network, and Internet).

   Therefore better facilities for network management, control,
   reliability and security are critical in order to improve resident
   and operator convenience and comfort.  For example the ability to
   monitor and control building devices via the internet would enable
   (for example) control of room lights or HVAC from a resident's
   desktop PC or phone application.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 40]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

4.4.  BAS Asks

   The community would like to see an interoperable protocol
   specification that can satisfy the timing, security, availability and
   QoS constraints described above, such that the resulting converged
   network can replace the disparate field networks.  Ideally this
   connectivity could extend to the open Internet.

   This would imply an architecture that can guarantee

   o  Low communication delays (from <10ms to 100ms in a network of
      several hundred devices)

   o  Low jitter (< 1 ms)

   o  Tight feedback intervals (1ms - 10ms)

   o  High network availability (up to 99.9999% )

   o  Availability of network data in disaster scenario

   o  Authentication between management and field devices (both local
      and remote)

   o  Integrity and data origin authentication of communication data
      between field and management devices

   o  Confidentiality of data when communicated to a remote device

5.  Wireless for Industrial Use Cases

   (This section was derived from draft-thubert-6tisch-4detnet-01)

5.1.  Introduction

   The emergence of wireless technology has enabled a variety of new
   devices to get interconnected, at a very low marginal cost per
   device, at any distance ranging from Near Field to interplanetary,
   and in circumstances where wiring may not be practical, for instance
   on fast-moving or rotating devices.

   At the same time, a new breed of Time Sensitive Networks is being
   developed to enable traffic that is highly sensitive to jitter, quite
   sensitive to latency, and with a high degree of operational
   criticality so that loss should be minimized at all times.  Such
   traffic is not limited to professional Audio/ Video networks, but is
   also found in command and control operations such as industrial
   automation and vehicular sensors and actuators.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 41]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   At IEEE802.1, the Audio/Video Task Group [IEEE802.1TSNTG] Time
   Sensitive Networking (TSN) to address Deterministic Ethernet.  The
   Medium access Control (MAC) of IEEE802.15.4 [IEEE802154] has evolved
   with the new TimeSlotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) [RFC7554] mode for
   deterministic industrial-type applications.  TSCH was introduced with
   the IEEE802.15.4e [IEEE802154e] amendment and will be wrapped up in
   the next revision of the IEEE802.15.4 standard.  For all practical
   purpose, this document is expected to be insensitive to the future
   versions of the IEEE802.15.4 standard, which is thus referenced
   undated.

   Though at a different time scale, both TSN and TSCH standards provide
   Deterministic capabilities to the point that a packet that pertains
   to a certain flow crosses the network from node to node following a
   very precise schedule, as a train that leaves intermediate stations
   at precise times along its path.  With TSCH, time is formatted into
   timeSlots, and an individual cell is allocated to unicast or
   broadcast communication at the MAC level.  The time-slotted operation
   reduces collisions, saves energy, and enables to more closely
   engineer the network for deterministic properties.  The channel
   hopping aspect is a simple and efficient technique to combat multi-
   path fading and co-channel interferences (for example by Wi-Fi
   emitters).

   The 6TiSCH Architecture [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture] defines a
   remote monitoring and scheduling management of a TSCH network by a
   Path Computation Element (PCE), which cooperates with an abstract
   Network Management Entity (NME) to manage timeSlots and device
   resources in a manner that minimizes the interaction with and the
   load placed on the constrained devices.

   This Architecture applies the concepts of Deterministic Networking on
   a TSCH network to enable the switching of timeSlots in a G-MPLS
   manner.  This document details the dependencies that 6TiSCH has on
   PCE [PCE] and DetNet [I-D.finn-detnet-architecture] to provide the
   necessary capabilities that may be specific to such networks.  In
   turn, DetNet is expected to integrate and maintain consistency with
   the work that has taken place and is continuing at IEEE802.1TSN and
   AVnu.

5.2.  Terminology

   Readers are expected to be familiar with all the terms and concepts
   that are discussed in "Multi-link Subnet Support in IPv6"
   [I-D.ietf-ipv6-multilink-subnets].

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 42]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   The draft uses terminology defined or referenced in
   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-terminology] and
   [I-D.ietf-roll-rpl-industrial-applicability].

   The draft also conforms to the terms and models described in
   [RFC3444] and uses the vocabulary and the concepts defined in
   [RFC4291] for the IPv6 Architecture.

5.3.  6TiSCH Overview

   The scope of the present work is a subnet that, in its basic
   configuration, is made of a TSCH [RFC7554] MAC Low Power Lossy
   Network (LLN).

               ---+-------- ............ ------------
                  |      External Network       |
                  |                          +-----+
               +-----+                       | NME |
               |     | LLN Border            |     |
               |     | router                +-----+
               +-----+
             o    o   o
      o     o   o     o
         o   o LLN   o    o     o
            o   o   o       o
                    o

             Figure 4: Basic Configuration of a 6TiSCH Network

   In the extended configuration, a Backbone Router (6BBR) federates
   multiple 6TiSCH in a single subnet over a backbone. 6TiSCH 6BBRs
   synchronize with one another over the backbone, so as to ensure that
   the multiple LLNs that form the IPv6 subnet stay tightly
   synchronized.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 43]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

                  ---+-------- ............ ------------
                     |      External Network       |
                     |                          +-----+
                     |             +-----+      | NME |
                  +-----+          |  +-----+   |     |
                  |     | Router   |  | PCE |   +-----+
                  |     |          +--|     |
                  +-----+             +-----+
                     |                   |
                     | Subnet Backbone   |
               +--------------------+------------------+
               |                    |                  |
            +-----+             +-----+             +-----+
            |     | Backbone    |     | Backbone    |     | Backbone
       o    |     | router      |     | router      |     | router
            +-----+             +-----+             +-----+
       o                  o                   o                 o   o
           o    o   o         o   o  o   o         o  o   o    o
      o             o        o  LLN      o      o         o      o
         o   o    o      o      o o     o  o   o    o    o     o

           Figure 5: Extended Configuration of a 6TiSCH Network

   If the Backbone is Deterministic, then the Backbone Router ensures
   that the end-to-end deterministic behavior is maintained between the
   LLN and the backbone.  This SHOULD be done in conformance to the
   DetNet Architecture [I-D.finn-detnet-architecture] which studies
   Layer-3 aspects of Deterministic Networks, and covers networks that
   span multiple Layer-2 domains.  One particular requirement is that
   the PCE MUST be able to compute a deterministic path and to end
   across the TSCH network and an IEEE802.1 TSN Ethernet backbone, and
   DetNet MUST enable end-to-end deterministic forwarding.

   6TiSCH defines the concept of a Track, which is a complex form of a
   uni-directional Circuit ([I-D.ietf-6tisch-terminology]).  As opposed
   to a simple circuit that is a sequence of nodes and links, a Track is
   shaped as a directed acyclic graph towards a destination to support
   multi-path forwarding and route around failures.  A Track may also
   branch off and rejoin, for the purpose of the so-called Packet
   Replication and Elimination (PRE), over non congruent branches.  PRE
   may be used to complement layer-2 Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) to
   meet industrial expectations in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), in
   particular when the Track extends beyond the 6TiSCH network.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 44]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

                     +-----+
                     | IoT |
                     | G/W |
                     +-----+
                        ^  <---- Elimination
                       | |
        Track branch   | |
               +-------+ +--------+ Subnet Backbone
               |                  |
            +--|--+            +--|--+
            |  |  | Backbone   |  |  | Backbone
       o    |  |  | router     |  |  | router
            +--/--+            +--|--+
       o     /    o     o---o----/       o
           o    o---o--/   o      o   o  o   o
      o     \  /     o               o   LLN    o
         o   v  <---- Replication
             o

                 Figure 6: End-to-End deterministic Track

   In the example above, a Track is laid out from a field device in a
   6TiSCH network to an IoT gateway that is located on a IEEE802.1 TSN
   backbone.

   The Replication function in the field device sends a copy of each
   packet over two different branches, and the PCE schedules each hop of
   both branches so that the two copies arrive in due time at the
   gateway.  In case of a loss on one branch, hopefully the other copy
   of the packet still makes it in due time.  If two copies make it to
   the IoT gateway, the Elimination function in the gateway ignores the
   extra packet and presents only one copy to upper layers.

   At each 6TiSCH hop along the Track, the PCE may schedule more than
   one timeSlot for a packet, so as to support Layer-2 retries (ARQ).
   It is also possible that the field device only uses the second branch
   if sending over the first branch fails.

   In current deployments, a TSCH Track does not necessarily support PRE
   but is systematically multi-path.  This means that a Track is
   scheduled so as to ensure that each hop has at least two forwarding
   solutions, and the forwarding decision is to try the preferred one
   and use the other in case of Layer-2 transmission failure as detected
   by ARQ.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 45]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

5.3.1.  TSCH and 6top

   6top is a logical link control sitting between the IP layer and the
   TSCH MAC layer, which provides the link abstraction that is required
   for IP operations.  The 6top operations are specified in
   [I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer].

   The 6top data model and management interfaces are further discussed
   in [I-D.ietf-6tisch-6top-interface] and [I-D.ietf-6tisch-coap].

   The architecture defines "soft" cells and "hard" cells.  "Hard" cells
   are owned and managed by an separate scheduling entity (e.g. a PCE)
   that specifies the slotOffset/channelOffset of the cells to be
   added/moved/deleted, in which case 6top can only act as instructed,
   and may not move hard cells in the TSCH schedule on its own.

5.3.2.  SlotFrames and Priorities

   A slotFrame is the base object that the PCE needs to manipulate to
   program a schedule into an LLN node.  Elaboration on that concept can
   be found in section "SlotFrames and Priorities" of the 6TiSCH
   architecture [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture].  The architecture also
   details how the schedule is constructed and how transmission
   resources called cells can be allocated to particular transmissions
   so as to avoid collisions.

5.3.3.  Schedule Management by a PCE

   6TiSCH supports a mixed model of centralized routes and distributed
   routes.  Centralized routes can for example be computed by a entity
   such as a PCE.  Distributed routes are computed by RPL.

   Both methods may inject routes in the Routing Tables of the 6TiSCH
   routers.  In either case, each route is associated with a 6TiSCH
   topology that can be a RPL Instance topology or a track.  The 6TiSCH
   topology is indexed by a Instance ID, in a format that reuses the
   RPLInstanceID as defined in RPL [RFC6550].

   Both RPL and PCE rely on shared sources such as policies to define
   Global and Local RPLInstanceIDs that can be used by either method.
   It is possible for centralized and distributed routing to share a
   same topology.  Generally they will operate in different slotFrames,
   and centralized routes will be used for scheduled traffic and will
   have precedence over distributed routes in case of conflict between
   the slotFrames.

   Section "Schedule Management Mechanisms" of the 6TiSCH architecture
   describes 4 paradigms to manage the TSCH schedule of the LLN nodes:

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 46]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   Static Scheduling, neighbor-to-neighbor Scheduling, remote monitoring
   and scheduling management, and Hop-by-hop scheduling.  The Track
   operation for DetNet corresponds to a remote monitoring and
   scheduling management by a PCE.

   The 6top interface document [I-D.ietf-6tisch-6top-interface]
   specifies the generic data model that can be used to monitor and
   manage resources of the 6top sublayer.  Abstract methods are
   suggested for use by a management entity in the device.  The data
   model also enables remote control operations on the 6top sublayer.

   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-coap] defines an mapping of the 6top set of
   commands, which is described in [I-D.ietf-6tisch-6top-interface], to
   CoAP resources.  This allows an entity to interact with the 6top
   layer of a node that is multiple hops away in a RESTful fashion.

   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-coap] also defines a basic set CoAP resources and
   associated RESTful access methods (GET/PUT/POST/DELETE).  The payload
   (body) of the CoAP messages is encoded using the CBOR format.  The
   PCE commands are expected to be issued directly as CoAP requests or
   to be mapped back and forth into CoAP by a gateway function at the
   edge of the 6TiSCH network.  For instance, it is possible that a
   mapping entity on the backbone transforms a non-CoAP protocol such as
   PCEP into the RESTful interfaces that the 6TiSCH devices support.
   This architecture will be refined to comply with DetNet
   [I-D.finn-detnet-architecture] when the work is formalized.

5.3.4.  Track Forwarding

   By forwarding, this specification means the per-packet operation that
   allows to deliver a packet to a next hop or an upper layer in this
   node.  Forwarding is based on pre-existing state that was installed
   as a result of the routing computation of a Track by a PCE.  The
   6TiSCH architecture supports three different forwarding model, G-MPLS
   Track Forwarding (TF), 6LoWPAN Fragment Forwarding (FF) and IPv6
   Forwarding (6F) which is the classical IP operation.  The DetNet case
   relates to the Track Forwarding operation under the control of a PCE.

   A Track is a unidirectional path between a source and a destination.
   In a Track cell, the normal operation of IEEE802.15.4 Automatic
   Repeat-reQuest (ARQ) usually happens, though the acknowledgment may
   be omitted in some cases, for instance if there is no scheduled cell
   for a retry.

   Track Forwarding is the simplest and fastest.  A bundle of cells set
   to receive (RX-cells) is uniquely paired to a bundle of cells that
   are set to transmit (TX-cells), representing a layer-2 forwarding
   state that can be used regardless of the network layer protocol.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 47]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   This model can effectively be seen as a Generalized Multi-protocol
   Label Switching (G-MPLS) operation in that the information used to
   switch a frame is not an explicit label, but rather related to other
   properties of the way the packet was received, a particular cell in
   the case of 6TiSCH.  As a result, as long as the TSCH MAC (and
   Layer-2 security) accepts a frame, that frame can be switched
   regardless of the protocol, whether this is an IPv6 packet, a 6LoWPAN
   fragment, or a frame from an alternate protocol such as WirelessHART
   or ISA100.11a.

   A data frame that is forwarded along a Track normally has a
   destination MAC address that is set to broadcast - or a multicast
   address depending on MAC support.  This way, the MAC layer in the
   intermediate nodes accepts the incoming frame and 6top switches it
   without incurring a change in the MAC header.  In the case of
   IEEE802.15.4, this means effectively broadcast, so that along the
   Track the short address for the destination of the frame is set to
   0xFFFF.

   A Track is thus formed end-to-end as a succession of paired bundles,
   a receive bundle from the previous hop and a transmit bundle to the
   next hop along the Track, and a cell in such a bundle belongs to at
   most one Track.  For a given iteration of the device schedule, the
   effective channel of the cell is obtained by adding a pseudo-random
   number to the channelOffset of the cell, which results in a rotation
   of the frequency that used for transmission.  The bundles may be
   computed so as to accommodate both variable rates and
   retransmissions, so they might not be fully used at a given iteration
   of the schedule.  The 6TiSCH architecture provides additional means
   to avoid waste of cells as well as overflows in the transmit bundle,
   as follows:

   In one hand, a TX-cell that is not needed for the current iteration
   may be reused opportunistically on a per-hop basis for routed
   packets.  When all of the frame that were received for a given Track
   are effectively transmitted, any available TX-cell for that Track can
   be reused for upper layer traffic for which the next-hop router
   matches the next hop along the Track.  In that case, the cell that is
   being used is effectively a TX-cell from the Track, but the short
   address for the destination is that of the next-hop router.  It
   results that a frame that is received in a RX-cell of a Track with a
   destination MAC address set to this node as opposed to broadcast must
   be extracted from the Track and delivered to the upper layer (a frame
   with an unrecognized MAC address is dropped at the lower MAC layer
   and thus is not received at the 6top sublayer).

   On the other hand, it might happen that there are not enough TX-cells
   in the transmit bundle to accommodate the Track traffic, for instance

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 48]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   if more retransmissions are needed than provisioned.  In that case,
   the frame can be placed for transmission in the bundle that is used
   for layer-3 traffic towards the next hop along the track as long as
   it can be routed by the upper layer, that is, typically, if the frame
   transports an IPv6 packet.  The MAC address should be set to the
   next-hop MAC address to avoid confusion.  It results that a frame
   that is received over a layer-3 bundle may be in fact associated to a
   Track.  In a classical IP link such as an Ethernet, off-track traffic
   is typically in excess over reservation to be routed along the non-
   reserved path based on its QoS setting.  But with 6TiSCH, since the
   use of the layer-3 bundle may be due to transmission failures, it
   makes sense for the receiver to recognize a frame that should be re-
   tracked, and to place it back on the appropriate bundle if possible.
   A frame should be re-tracked if the Per-Hop-Behavior group indicated
   in the Differentiated Services Field in the IPv6 header is set to
   Deterministic Forwarding, as discussed in Section 5.4.1.  A frame is
   re-tracked by scheduling it for transmission over the transmit bundle
   associated to the Track, with the destination MAC address set to
   broadcast.

   There are 2 modes for a Track, transport mode and tunnel mode.

5.3.4.1.  Transport Mode

   In transport mode, the Protocol Data Unit (PDU) is associated with
   flow-dependant meta-data that refers uniquely to the Track, so the
   6top sublayer can place the frame in the appropriate cell without
   ambiguity.  In the case of IPv6 traffic, this flow identification is
   transported in the Flow Label of the IPv6 header.  Associated with
   the source IPv6 address, the Flow Label forms a globally unique
   identifier for that particular Track that is validated at egress
   before restoring the destination MAC address (DMAC) and punting to
   the upper layer.

                          |                                    ^
      +--------------+    |                                    |
      |     IPv6     |    |                                    |
      +--------------+    |                                    |
      |  6LoWPAN HC  |    |                                    |
      +--------------+  ingress                              egress
      |     6top     |   sets     +----+          +----+     restores
      +--------------+  dmac to   |    |          |    |     dmac to
      |   TSCH MAC   |   brdcst   |    |          |    |      self
      +--------------+    |       |    |          |    |       |
      |   LLN PHY    |    +-------+    +--...-----+    +-------+
      +--------------+

                     Track Forwarding, Transport Mode

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 49]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

5.3.4.2.  Tunnel Mode

   In tunnel mode, the frames originate from an arbitrary protocol over
   a compatible MAC that may or may not be synchronized with the 6TiSCH
   network.  An example of this would be a router with a dual radio that
   is capable of receiving and sending WirelessHART or ISA100.11a frames
   with the second radio, by presenting itself as an access Point or a
   Backbone Router, respectively.

   In that mode, some entity (e.g.  PCE) can coordinate with a
   WirelessHART Network Manager or an ISA100.11a System Manager to
   specify the flows that are to be transported transparently over the
   Track.

      +--------------+
      |     IPv6     |
      +--------------+
      |  6LoWPAN HC  |
      +--------------+             set            restore
      |     6top     |            +dmac+          +dmac+
      +--------------+          to|brdcst       to|nexthop
      |   TSCH MAC   |            |    |          |    |
      +--------------+            |    |          |    |
      |   LLN PHY    |    +-------+    +--...-----+    +-------+
      +--------------+    |   ingress                 egress   |
                          |                                    |
      +--------------+    |                                    |
      |   LLN PHY    |    |                                    |
      +--------------+    |                                    |
      |   TSCH MAC   |    |                                    |
      +--------------+    | dmac =                             | dmac =
      |ISA100/WiHART |    | nexthop                            v nexthop
      +--------------+

                  Figure 7: Track Forwarding, Tunnel Mode

   In that case, the flow information that identifies the Track at the
   ingress 6TiSCH router is derived from the RX-cell.  The dmac is set
   to this node but the flow information indicates that the frame must
   be tunneled over a particular Track so the frame is not passed to the
   upper layer.  Instead, the dmac is forced to broadcast and the frame
   is passed to the 6top sublayer for switching.

   At the egress 6TiSCH router, the reverse operation occurs.  Based on
   metadata associated to the Track, the frame is passed to the
   appropriate link layer with the destination MAC restored.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 50]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

5.3.4.3.  Tunnel Metadata

   Metadata coming with the Track configuration is expected to provide
   the destination MAC address of the egress endpoint as well as the
   tunnel mode and specific data depending on the mode, for instance a
   service access point for frame delivery at egress.  If the tunnel
   egress point does not have a MAC address that matches the
   configuration, the Track installation fails.

   In transport mode, if the final layer-3 destination is the tunnel
   termination, then it is possible that the IPv6 address of the
   destination is compressed at the 6LoWPAN sublayer based on the MAC
   address.  It is thus mandatory at the ingress point to validate that
   the MAC address that was used at the 6LoWPAN sublayer for compression
   matches that of the tunnel egress point.  For that reason, the node
   that injects a packet on a Track checks that the destination is
   effectively that of the tunnel egress point before it overwrites it
   to broadcast.  The 6top sublayer at the tunnel egress point reverts
   that operation to the MAC address obtained from the tunnel metadata.

5.4.  Operations of Interest for DetNet and PCE

   In a classical system, the 6TiSCH device does not place the request
   for bandwidth between self and another device in the network.
   Rather, an Operation Control System invoked through an Human/Machine
   Interface (HMI) indicates the Traffic Specification, in particular in
   terms of latency and reliability, and the end nodes.  With this, the
   PCE must compute a Track between the end nodes and provision the
   network with per-flow state that describes the per-hop operation for
   a given packet, the corresponding timeSlots, and the flow
   identification that enables to recognize when a certain packet
   belongs to a certain Track, sort out duplicates, etc...

   For a static configuration that serves a certain purpose for a long
   period of time, it is expected that a node will be provisioned in one
   shot with a full schedule, which incorporates the aggregation of its
   behavior for multiple Tracks. 6TiSCH expects that the programing of
   the schedule will be done over COAP as discussed in 6TiSCH Resource
   Management and Interaction using CoAP [I-D.ietf-6tisch-coap].

   But an Hybrid mode may be required as well whereby a single Track is
   added, modified, or removed, for instance if it appears that a Track
   does not perform as expected for, say, PDR.  For that case, the
   expectation is that a protocol that flows along a Track (to be), in a
   fashion similar to classical Traffic Engineering (TE) [CCAMP], may be
   used to update the state in the devices. 6TiSCH provides means for a
   device to negotiate a timeSlot with a neighbor, but in general that
   flow was not designed and no protocol was selected and it is expected

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 51]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   that DetNet will determine the appropriate end-to-end protocols to be
   used in that case.

                         Operational System and HMI

      -+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Northbound -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

                PCE         PCE              PCE              PCE

      -+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Southbound -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

              --- 6TiSCH------6TiSCH------6TiSCH------6TiSCH--
     6TiSCH /     Device      Device      Device      Device   \
     Device-                                                    - 6TiSCH
            \     6TiSCH      6TiSCH      6TiSCH      6TiSCH   /  Device
              ----Device------Device------Device------Device--

                    Figure 8: Stream Management Entity

5.4.1.  Packet Marking and Handling

   Section "Packet Marking and Handling" of
   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture] describes the packet tagging and
   marking that is expected in 6TiSCH networks.

5.4.1.1.  Tagging Packets for Flow Identification

   For packets that are routed by a PCE along a Track, the tuple formed
   by the IPv6 source address and a local RPLInstanceID is tagged in the
   packets to identify uniquely the Track and associated transmit bundle
   of timeSlots.

   It results that the tagging that is used for a DetNet flow outside
   the 6TiSCH LLN MUST be swapped into 6TiSCH formats and back as the
   packet enters and then leaves the 6TiSCH network.

   Note: The method and format used for encoding the RPLInstanceID at
   6lo is generalized to all 6TiSCH topological Instances, which
   includes Tracks.

5.4.1.2.  Replication, Retries and Elimination

   6TiSCH expects elimination and replication of packets along a complex
   Track, but has no position about how the sequence numbers would be
   tagged in the packet.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 52]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   As it goes, 6TiSCH expects that timeSlots corresponding to copies of
   a same packet along a Track are correlated by configuration, and does
   not need to process the sequence numbers.

   The semantics of the configuration MUST enable correlated timeSlots
   to be grouped for transmit (and respectively receive) with a 'OR'
   relations, and then a 'AND' relation MUST be configurable between
   groups.  The semantics is that if the transmit (and respectively
   receive) operation succeeded in one timeSlot in a 'OR' group, then
   all the other timeSLots in the group are ignored.  Now, if there are
   at least two groups, the 'AND' relation between the groups indicates
   that one operation must succeed in each of the groups.

   On the transmit side, timeSlots provisioned for retries along a same
   branch of a Track are placed a same 'OR' group.  The 'OR' relation
   indicates that if a transmission is acknowledged, then further
   transmissions SHOULD NOT be attempted for timeSlots in that group.
   There are as many 'OR' groups as there are branches of the Track
   departing from this node.  Different 'OR' groups are programmed for
   the purpose of replication, each group corresponding to one branch of
   the Track.  The 'AND' relation between the groups indicates that
   transmission over any of branches MUST be attempted regardless of
   whether a transmission succeeded in another branch.  It is also
   possible to place cells to different next-hop routers in a same 'OR'
   group.  This allows to route along multi-path tracks, trying one
   next-hop and then another only if sending to the first fails.

   On the receive side, all timeSlots are programmed in a same 'OR'
   group.  Retries of a same copy as well as converging branches for
   elimination are converged, meaning that the first successful
   reception is enough and that all the other timeSlots can be ignored.

5.4.1.3.  Differentiated Services Per-Hop-Behavior

   Additionally, an IP packet that is sent along a Track uses the
   Differentiated Services Per-Hop-Behavior Group called Deterministic
   Forwarding, as described in
   [I-D.svshah-tsvwg-deterministic-forwarding].

5.4.2.  Topology and capabilities

   6TiSCH nodes are usually IoT devices, characterized by very limited
   amount of memory, just enough buffers to store one or a few IPv6
   packets, and limited bandwidth between peers.  It results that a node
   will maintain only a small number of peering information, and will
   not be able to store many packets waiting to be forwarded.  Peers can
   be identified through MAC or IPv6 addresses, but a Cryptographically
   Generated Address [RFC3972] (CGA) may also be used.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 53]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   Neighbors can be discovered over the radio using mechanism such as
   beacons, but, though the neighbor information is available in the
   6TiSCH interface data model, 6TiSCH does not describe a protocol to
   pro-actively push the neighborhood information to a PCE.  This
   protocol should be described and should operate over CoAP.  The
   protocol should be able to carry multiple metrics, in particular the
   same metrics as used for RPL operations [RFC6551]

   The energy that the device consumes in sleep, transmit and receive
   modes can be evaluated and reported.  So can the amount of energy
   that is stored in the device and the power that it can be scavenged
   from the environment.  The PCE SHOULD be able to compute Tracks that
   will implement policies on how the energy is consumed, for instance
   balance between nodes, ensure that the spent energy does not exceeded
   the scavenged energy over a period of time, etc...

5.5.  Security Considerations

   On top of the classical protection of control signaling that can be
   expected to support DetNet, it must be noted that 6TiSCH networks
   operate on limited resources that can be depleted rapidly if an
   attacker manages to operate a DoS attack on the system, for instance
   by placing a rogue device in the network, or by obtaining management
   control and to setup extra paths.

6.  Cellular Radio Use Cases

6.1.  Use Case Description

   This use case describes the application of deterministic networking
   in the context of cellular telecom transport networks.  Important
   elements include time synchronization, clock distribution, and ways
   of establishing time-sensitive streams for both Layer-2 and Layer-3
   user plane traffic.

6.1.1.  Network Architecture

   Figure 9 illustrates a typical 3GPP-defined cellular network
   architecture, which includes "Fronthaul" and "Midhaul" network
   segments.  The "Fronthaul" is the network connecting base stations
   (baseband processing units) to the remote radio heads (antennas).
   The "Midhaul" is the network inter-connecting base stations (or small
   cell sites).

   In Figure 9 "eNB" ("E-UTRAN Node B") is the hardware that is
   connected to the mobile phone network which communicates directly
   with mobile handsets ([TS36300]).

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 54]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

              Y (remote radio heads (antennas))
               \
           Y__  \.--.                   .--.       +------+
              \_(    `.     +---+     _(Back`.     | 3GPP |
       Y------( Front  )----|eNB|----(  Haul  )----| core |
             ( `  .Haul )   +---+   ( `  .  )  )   | netw |
             /`--(___.-'      \      `--(___.-'    +------+
          Y_/     /            \.--.       \
               Y_/            _( Mid`.      \
                             (   Haul )      \
                            ( `  .  )  )      \
                             `--(___.-'\_____+---+    (small cell sites)
                                   \         |SCe|__Y
                                  +---+      +---+
                               Y__|eNB|__Y
                                  +---+
                                Y_/   \_Y ("local" radios)

        Figure 9: Generic 3GPP-based Cellular Network Architecture

   The available processing time for Fronthaul networking overhead is
   limited to the available time after the baseband processing of the
   radio frame has completed.  For example in Long Term Evolution (LTE)
   radio, processing of a radio frame is allocated 3ms, but typically
   the processing completes much earlier (<400us) allowing the remaining
   time to be used by the Fronthaul network.  This ultimately determines
   the distance the remote radio heads can be located from the base
   stations (200us equals roughly 40 km of optical fiber-based
   transport, thus round trip time is 2*200us = 400us).

   The remainder of the "maximum delay budget" is consumed by all nodes
   and buffering between the remote radio head and the baseband
   processing, plus the distance-incurred delay.

   The baseband processing time and the available "delay budget" for the
   fronthaul is likely to change in the forthcoming "5G" due to reduced
   radio round trip times and other architectural and service
   requirements [NGMN].

6.1.2.  Time Synchronization Requirements

   Fronthaul time synchronization requirements are given by [TS25104],
   [TS36104], [TS36211], and [TS36133].  These can be summarized for the
   current 3GPP LTE-based networks as:

   Delay Accuracy:
      +-8ns (i.e. +-1/32 Tc, where Tc is the UMTS Chip time of 1/3.84
      MHz) resulting in a round trip accuracy of +-16ns.  The value is

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 55]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

      this low to meet the 3GPP Timing Alignment Error (TAE) measurement
      requirements.

   Packet Delay Variation:
      Packet Delay Variation (PDV aka Jitter aka Timing Alignment Error)
      is problematic to Fronthaul networks and must be minimized.  If
      the transport network cannot guarantee low enough PDV then
      additional buffering has to be introduced at the edges of the
      network to buffer out the jitter.  Buffering is not desirable as
      it reduces the total available delay budget.

      *  For multiple input multiple output (MIMO) or TX diversity
         transmissions, at each carrier frequency, TAE shall not exceed
         65 ns (i.e. 1/4 Tc).

      *  For intra-band contiguous carrier aggregation, with or without
         MIMO or TX diversity, TAE shall not exceed 130 ns (i.e. 1/2
         Tc).

      *  For intra-band non-contiguous carrier aggregation, with or
         without MIMO or TX diversity, TAE shall not exceed 260 ns (i.e.
         one Tc).

      *  For inter-band carrier aggregation, with or without MIMO or TX
         diversity, TAE shall not exceed 260 ns.

   Transport link contribution to radio frequency error:
      +-2 PPB.  This value is considered to be "available" for the
      Fronthaul link out of the total 50 PPB budget reserved for the
      radio interface.  Note: the reason that the transport link
      contributes to radio frequency error is as follows.  The current
      way of doing Fronthaul is from the radio unit to remote radio head
      directly.  The remote radio head is essentially a passive device
      (without buffering etc.)  The transport drives the antenna
      directly by feeding it with samples and everything the transport
      adds will be introduced to radio as-is.  So if the transport
      causes additional frequence error that shows immediately on the
      radio as well.

   The above listed time synchronization requirements are difficult to
   meet with point-to-point connected networks, and more difficult when
   the network includes multiple hops.  It is expected that networks
   must include buffering at the ends of the connections as imposed by
   the jitter requirements, since trying to meet the jitter requirements
   in every intermediate node is likely to be too costly.  However,

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 56]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   every measure to reduce jitter and delay on the path makes it easier
   to meet the end-to-end requirements.

   In order to meet the timing requirements both senders and receivers
   must remain time synchronized, demanding very accurate clock
   distribution, for example support for IEEE 1588 transparent clocks in
   every intermediate node.

   In cellular networks from the LTE radio era onward, phase
   synchronization is needed in addition to frequency synchronization
   ([TS36300], [TS23401]).

6.1.3.  Time-Sensitive Stream Requirements

   In addition to the time synchronization requirements listed in
   Section Section 6.1.2 the Fronthaul networks assume practically
   error-free transport.  The maximum bit error rate (BER) has been
   defined to be 10^-12.  When packetized that would imply a packet
   error rate (PER) of 2.4*10^-9 (assuming ~300 bytes packets).
   Retransmitting lost packets and/or using forward error correction
   (FEC) to circumvent bit errors is practically impossible due to the
   additional delay incurred.  Using redundant streams for better
   guarantees for delivery is also practically impossible in many cases
   due to high bandwidth requirements of Fronthaul networks.  For
   instance, current uncompressed CPRI bandwidth expansion ratio is
   roughly 20:1 compared to the IP layer user payload it carries.
   Protection switching is also a candidate but current technologies for
   the path switch are too slow.  We do not currently know of a better
   solution for this issue.

   Fronthaul links are assumed to be symmetric, and all Fronthaul
   streams (i.e.  those carrying radio data) have equal priority and
   cannot delay or pre-empt each other.  This implies that the network
   must guarantee that each time-sensitive flow meets their schedule.

6.1.4.  Security Considerations

   Establishing time-sensitive streams in the network entails reserving
   networking resources for long periods of time.  It is important that
   these reservation requests be authenticated to prevent malicious
   reservation attempts from hostile nodes (or accidental
   misconfiguration).  This is particularly important in the case where
   the reservation requests span administrative domains.  Furthermore,
   the reservation information itself should be digitally signed to
   reduce the risk of a legitimate node pushing a stale or hostile
   configuration into another networking node.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 57]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

6.2.  Cellular Radio Networks Today

   Today's Fronthaul networks typically consist of:

   o  Dedicated point-to-point fiber connection is common

   o  Proprietary protocols and framings

   o  Custom equipment and no real networking

   Today's Midhaul and Backhaul networks typically consist of:

   o  Mostly normal IP networks, MPLS-TP, etc.

   o  Clock distribution and sync using 1588 and SyncE

   Telecommunication networks in the cellular domain are already heading
   towards transport networks where precise time synchronization support
   is one of the basic building blocks.  While the transport networks
   themselves have practically transitioned to all-IP packet based
   networks to meet the bandwidth and cost requirements, highly accurate
   clock distribution has become a challenge.

   Transport networks in the cellular domain are typically based on Time
   Division Multiplexing (TDM-based) and provide frequency
   synchronization capabilities as a part of the transport media.
   Alternatively other technologies such as Global Positioning System
   (GPS) or Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) are used [SyncE].

   Both Ethernet and IP/MPLS [RFC3031] (and PseudoWires (PWE) [RFC3985]
   for legacy transport support) have become popular tools to build and
   manage new all-IP Radio Access Networks (RAN)
   [I-D.kh-spring-ip-ran-use-case].  Although various timing and
   synchronization optimizations have already been proposed and
   implemented including 1588 PTP enhancements
   [I-D.ietf-tictoc-1588overmpls][I-D.mirsky-mpls-residence-time], these
   solution are not necessarily sufficient for the forthcoming RAN
   architectures or guarantee the higher time-synchronization
   requirements [CPRI].  There are also existing solutions for the TDM
   over IP [RFC5087] [RFC4553] or Ethernet transports [RFC5086].

6.3.  Cellular Radio Networks Future

   We would like to see the following in future Cellular Radio networks:

   o  Unified standards-based transport protocols and standard
      networking equipment that can make use of underlying deterministic
      link-layer services

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 58]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   o  Unified and standards-based network management systems and
      protocols in all parts of the network (including Fronthaul)

   New radio access network deployment models and architectures may
   require time sensitive networking services with strict requirements
   on other parts of the network that previously were not considered to
   be packetized at all.  The time and synchronization support are
   already topical for Backhaul and Midhaul packet networks [MEF], and
   becoming a real issue for Fronthaul networks.  Specifically in the
   Fronthaul networks the timing and synchronization requirements can be
   extreme for packet based technologies, for example, on the order of
   sub +-20 ns packet delay variation (PDV) and frequency accuracy of
   +0.002 PPM [Fronthaul].

   The actual transport protocols and/or solutions to establish required
   transport "circuits" (pinned-down paths) for Fronthaul traffic are
   still undefined.  Those are likely to include (but are not limited
   to) solutions directly over Ethernet, over IP, and MPLS/PseudoWire
   transport.

   Even the current time-sensitive networking features may not be
   sufficient for Fronthaul traffic.  Therefore, having specific
   profiles that take the requirements of Fronthaul into account is
   desirable [IEEE8021CM].

   The really interesting and important existing work for time sensitive
   networking has been done for Ethernet [TSNTG], which specifies the
   use of IEEE 1588 time precision protocol (PTP) [IEEE1588] in the
   context of IEEE 802.1D and IEEE 802.1Q.  While IEEE 802.1AS
   [IEEE8021AS] specifies a Layer-2 time synchronizing service other
   specification, such as IEEE 1722 [IEEE1722] specify Ethernet-based
   Layer-2 transport for time-sensitive streams.  New promising work
   seeks to enable the transport of time-sensitive fronthaul streams in
   Ethernet bridged networks [IEEE8021CM].  Similarly to IEEE 1722 there
   is an ongoing standardization effort to define Layer-2 transport
   encapsulation format for transporting radio over Ethernet (RoE) in
   IEEE 1904.3 Task Force [IEEE19043].

   All-IP RANs and various "haul" networks would benefit from time
   synchronization and time-sensitive transport services.  Although
   Ethernet appears to be the unifying technology for the transport
   there is still a disconnect providing Layer-3 services.  The protocol
   stack typically has a number of layers below the Ethernet Layer-2
   that shows up to the Layer-3 IP transport.  It is not uncommon that
   on top of the lowest layer (optical) transport there is the first
   layer of Ethernet followed one or more layers of MPLS, PseudoWires
   and/or other tunneling protocols finally carrying the Ethernet layer
   visible to the user plane IP traffic.  While there are existing

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 59]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   technologies, especially in MPLS/PWE space, to establish circuits
   through the routed and switched networks, there is a lack of
   signaling the time synchronization and time-sensitive stream
   requirements/reservations for Layer-3 flows in a way that the entire
   transport stack is addressed and the Ethernet layers that needs to be
   configured are addressed.

   Furthermore, not all "user plane" traffic will be IP.  Therefore, the
   same solution also must address the use cases where the user plane
   traffic is again another layer or Ethernet frames.  There is existing
   work describing the problem statement
   [I-D.finn-detnet-problem-statement] and the architecture
   [I-D.finn-detnet-architecture] for deterministic networking (DetNet)
   that targets solutions for time-sensitive (IP/transport) streams with
   deterministic properties over Ethernet-based switched networks.

6.4.  Cellular Radio Networks Asks

   A standard for data plane transport specification which is:

   o  Unified among all *hauls

   o  Deployed in a highly deterministic network environment

   A standard for data flow information models that are:

   o  Aware of the time sensitivity and constraints of the target
      networking environment

   o  Aware of underlying deterministic networking services (e.g. on the
      Ethernet layer)

   Mapping the Fronthaul requirements to IETF DetNet
   [I-D.finn-detnet-architecture] Section 3 "Providing the DetNet
   Quality of Service", the relevant features are:

   o  Zero congestion loss.

   o  Pinned-down paths.

7.  Cellular Coordinated Multipoint Processing (CoMP)

7.1.  Use Case Description

   In cellular wireless communication systems, Inter-Site Coordinated
   Multipoint Processing (CoMP, see [CoMP]) is a technique implemented
   within a cell site which improves system efficiency and user quality
   experience by significantly improving throughput in the cell-edge

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 60]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   region (i.e. at the edges of that cell site's radio coverage area).
   CoMP techniques depend on deterministic high-reliability
   communication between cell sites, however such connections today are
   IP-based which in current mobile networks can not meet the QoS
   requirements, so CoMP is an emerging technology which can benefit
   from DetNet.

   Here we consider the JT (Joint Transmit) application for CoMP, which
   provides the highest performance gain (compared to other
   applications).

7.1.1.  CoMP Architecture

                +--------------------------+
                |           CoMP           |
                +--+--------------------+--+
                   |                    |
             +----------+             +------------+
             |  Uplink  |             |  Downlink  |
             +-----+----+             +--------+---+
                   |                           |
        -------------------              -----------------------
        |         |       |              |           |         |
   +---------+ +----+  +-----+       +------------+ +-----+  +-----+
   |  Joint  | | CS |  | DPS |       |    Joint   | | CS/ |  | DPS |
   |Reception| |    |  |     |       |Transmission| | CB  |  |     |
   +---------+ +----+  +-----+       +------------+ +-----+  +-----+
        |                                     |
        |-----------                          |-------------
        |          |                          |            |
   +------------+  +---------+       +----------+   +------------+
   |    Joint   |  |   Soft  |       | Coherent |   |     Non-   |
   |Equalization|  |Combining|       |    JT    |   | Coherent JT|
   +------------+  +---------+       +----------+   +------------+

                  Figure 10: Framework of CoMP Technology

   As shown in Figure 10, CoMP reception and transmission is a framework
   in which multiple geographically distributed antenna nodes cooperate
   to improve the performance of the users served in the common
   cooperation area.  The design principal of CoMP is to extend the
   current single-cell to multi-UE (User Equipment) transmission to a
   multi-cell- to-multi-UEs transmission by base station cooperation.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 61]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

7.1.2.  Delay Sensitivity in CoMP

   In contrast to the single-cell scenario, CoMP has delay-sensitive
   performance parameters, which are "backhaul latency" and "CSI
   (Channel State Information) reporting and accuracy".  The essential
   feature of CoMP is signaling between eNBs, so the backhaul latency is
   the dominating limitation of the CoMP performance.  Generally, JT can
   benefit from coordinated scheduling (either distributed or
   centralized) of different cells if the signaling delay between eNBs
   is within 4-10ms.  This delay requirement is both rigid and absolute
   because any uncertainty in delay will degrade the performance
   significantly.

7.2.  CoMP Today

   Due to the strict sensitivity to latency and synchronization, CoMP
   between eNB has not been deployed yet.  This is because the current
   interface path between eNBs cannot meet the delay bound because it is
   usually IP-based and passing through multiple network hops (this
   interface is called "X2" or "eX2" for "enhanced X2").  Today lack of
   absolute delay guarantee on X2/eX2 traffic is the main obstacle to JT
   and multi-eNB coordination.

   There is still lack of Layer-3 (IP) transport protocol and signaling
   that is capable of low latency services; current techniques such as
   MPLS and PWE focus on establishing circuits using pre-routed paths
   but there is no such signaling for reservation of time-sensitive
   stream.

7.3.  CoMP Future

7.3.1.  Mobile Industry Overall Goals

   [METIS] documents the fundamental challenges as well as overall
   technical goals of the 5G mobile and wireless system as the starting
   point.  These future systems should support (at similar cost and
   energy consumption levels as today's system):

   o  1000 times higher mobile data volume per area

   o  10 times to 100 times higher typical user data rate

   o  10 times to 100 times higher number of connected devices

   o  10 times longer battery life for low power devices

   o  5 times reduced End-to-End (E2E) latency

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 62]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   The current LTE networking system has E2E latency less than 20ms
   [LTE-Latency] which leads to around 5ms E2E latency for 5G networks.
   To fulfill these latency demands at similar cost will be challenging
   because as the system also requires 100x bandwidth and 100x connected
   devices, simply adding redundant bandwidth provisioning can no longer
   be an efficient solution.

   In addition to bandwidth provisioning, reserved critical flows should
   not be affected by other flows no matter the pressure of the network.
   Deterministic networking techniques in both layer-2 and layer-3 using
   IETF protocol solutions can be promising to serve these scenarios.

7.3.2.  CoMP Infrastructure Goals

   Inter-site CoMP is one of the key requirements for 5G and is also a
   near-term goal for the current 4.5G network architecture.  Assuming
   network architecture remains unchanged (i.e. no Fronthaul network and
   data flow between eNB is via X2/eX2) we would like to see the
   following in the near future:

   o  Unified protocols and delay-guaranteed forwarding network
      equipment that is capable of delivering deterministic latency
      services.

   o  Unified management and protocols which take delay and timing into
      account.

   o  Unified deterministic latency data model and signaling for
      resource reservation.

7.4.  CoMP Asks

   To fully utilize the power of CoMP, it requires:

   o  Very tight absolute delay bound (100-500us) within 7-10 hops.

   o  Standardized data plane with highly deterministic networking
      capability.

   o  Standardized control plane to unify backhaul network elements with
      time-sensitive stream reservation signaling.

   In addition, a standardized deterministic latency data flow model
   that includes:

   o  Network-aware constraints on the networking environment

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 63]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   o  Time-aware description of flow characteristics and network
      resources, which may not need to be bandwidth based

   o  Application-aware description of deterministic latency services.

8.  Industrial M2M

8.1.  Use Case Description

   Industrial Automation in general refers to automation of
   manufacturing, quality control and material processing.  In this
   "machine to machine" (M2M) use case we consider machine units in a
   plant floor which periodically exchange data with upstream or
   downstream machine modules and/or a supervisory controller within a
   local area network.

   The actors of M2M communication are Programmable Logic Controllers
   (PLCs).  Communication between PLCs and between PLCs and the
   supervisory PLC (S-PLC) is achieved via critical control/data streams
   Figure 11.

              S (Sensor)
               \                                  +-----+
         PLC__  \.--.                   .--.   ---| MES |
              \_(    `.               _(    `./   +-----+
       A------( Local  )-------------(  L2    )
             (      Net )           (      Net )    +-------+
             /`--(___.-'             `--(___.-' ----| S-PLC |
          S_/     /       PLC   .--. /              +-------+
               A_/           \_(    `.
            (Actuator)       (  Local )
                            (       Net )
                             /`--(___.-'\
                            /       \    A
                           S         A

      Figure 11: Current Generic Industrial M2M Network Architecture

   This use case focuses on PLC-related communications; communication to
   Manufacturing-Execution-Systems (MESs) are not addressed.

   This use case covers only critical control/data streams; non-critical
   traffic between industrial automation applications (such as
   communication of state, configuration, set-up, and database
   communication) are adequately served by currently available
   prioritizing techniques.  Such traffic can use up to 80% of the total

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 64]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   bandwidth required.  There is also a subset of non-time-critical
   traffic that must be reliable even though it is not time sensitive.

   In this use case the primary need for deterministic networking is to
   provide end-to-end delivery of M2M messages within specific timing
   constraints, for example in closed loop automation control.  Today
   this level of determinism is provided by proprietary networking
   technologies.  In addition, standard networking technologies are used
   to connect the local network to remote industrial automation sites,
   e.g. over an enterprise or metro network which also carries other
   types of traffic.  Therefore, flows that should be forwarded with
   deterministic guarantees need to be sustained regardless of the
   amount of other flows in those networks.

8.2.  Industrial M2M Communication Today

   Today, proprietary networks fulfill the needed timing and
   availability for M2M networks.

   The network topologies used today by industrial automation are
   similar to those used by telecom networks: Daisy Chain, Ring, Hub and
   Spoke, and Comb (a subset of Daisy Chain).

   PLC-related control/data streams are transmitted periodically and
   carry either a pre-configured payload or a payload configured during
   runtime.

   Some industrial applications require time synchronization at the end
   nodes.  For such time-coordinated PLCs, accuracy of 1 microsecond is
   required.  Even in the case of "non-time-coordinated" PLCs time sync
   may be needed e.g. for timestamping of sensor data.

   Industrial network scenarios require advanced security solutions.
   Many of the current industrial production networks are physically
   separated.  Preventing critical flows from be leaked outside a domain
   is handled today by filtering policies that are typically enforced in
   firewalls.

8.2.1.  Transport Parameters

   The Cycle Time defines the frequency of message(s) between industrial
   actors.  The Cycle Time is application dependent, in the range of 1ms
   - 100ms for critical control/data streams.

   Because industrial applications assume deterministic transport for
   critical Control-Data-Stream parameters (instead of defining latency
   and delay variation parameters) it is sufficient to fulfill the upper
   bound of latency (maximum latency).  The underlying networking

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 65]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   infrastructure must ensure a maximum end-to-end delivery time of
   messages in the range of 100 microseconds to 50 milliseconds
   depending on the control loop application.

   The bandwidth requirements of control/data streams are usually
   calculated directly from the bytes-per-cycle parameter of the control
   loop.  For PLC-to-PLC communication one can expect 2 - 32 streams
   with packet size in the range of 100 - 700 bytes.  For S-PLC to PLCs
   the number of streams is higher - up to 256 streams.  Usually no more
   than 20% of available bandwidth is used for critical control/data
   streams.  In today's networks 1Gbps links are commonly used.

   Most PLC control loops are rather tolerant of packet loss, however
   critical control/data streams accept no more than 1 packet loss per
   consecutive communication cycle (i.e. if a packet gets lost in cycle
   "n", then the next cycle ("n+1") must be lossless).  After two or
   more consecutive packet losses the network may be considered to be
   "down" by the Application.

   As network downtime may impact the whole production system the
   required network availability is rather high (99,999%).

   Based on the above parameters we expect that some form of redundancy
   will be required for M2M communications, however any individual
   solution depends on several parameters including cycle time, delivery
   time, etc.

8.2.2.  Stream Creation and Destruction

   In an industrial environment, critical control/data streams are
   created rather infrequently, on the order of ~10 times per day / week
   / month.  Most of these critical control/data streams get created at
   machine startup, however flexibility is also needed during runtime,
   for example when adding or removing a machine.  Going forward as
   production systems become more flexible, we expect a significant
   increase in the rate at which streams are created, changed and
   destroyed.

8.3.  Industrial M2M Future

   We would like to see the various proprietary networks replaced with a
   converged IP-standards-based network with deterministic properties
   that can satisfy the timing, security and reliability constraints
   described above.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 66]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

8.4.  Industrial M2M Asks

   o  Converged IP-based network

   o  Deterministic behavior (bounded latency and jitter )

   o  High availability (presumably through redundancy) (99.999 %)

   o  Low message delivery time (100us - 50ms)

   o  Low packet loss (burstless, 0.1-1 %)

   o  Precise time synchronization accuracy (1us)

   o  Security (e.g. prevent critical flows from being leaked between
      physically separated networks)

9.  Internet-based Applications

9.1.  Use Case Description

   There are many applications that communicate across the open Internet
   that could benefit from guaranteed delivery and bounded latency.  The
   following are some representative examples.

9.1.1.  Media Content Delivery

   Media content delivery continues to be an important use of the
   Internet, yet users often experience poor quality audio and video due
   to the delay and jitter inherent in today's Internet.

9.1.2.  Online Gaming

   Online gaming is a significant part of the gaming market, however
   latency can degrade the end user experience.  For example "First
   Person Shooter" (FPS) games are highly delay-sensitive.

9.1.3.  Virtual Reality

   Virtual reality (VR) has many commercial applications including real
   estate presentations, remote medical procedures, and so on.  Low
   latency is critical to interacting with the virtual world because
   perceptual delays can cause motion sickness.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 67]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

9.2.  Internet-Based Applications Today

   Internet service today is by definition "best effort", with no
   guarantees on delivery or bandwidth.

9.3.  Internet-Based Applications Future

   We imagine an Internet from which we will be able to play a video
   without glitches and play games without lag.

   For online gaming, the maximum round-trip delay can be 100ms and
   stricter for FPS gaming which can be 10-50ms.  Transport delay is the
   dominate part with a 5-20ms budget.

   For VR, 1-10ms maximum delay is needed and total network budget is
   1-5ms if doing remote VR.

   Flow identification can be used for gaming and VR, i.e. it can
   recognize a critical flow and provide appropriate latency bounds.

9.4.  Internet-Based Applications Asks

   o  Unified control and management protocols to handle time-critical
      data flow

   o  Application-aware flow filtering mechanism to recognize the timing
      critical flow without doing 5-tuple matching

   o  Unified control plane to provide low latency service on Layer-3
      without changing the data plane

   o  OAM system and protocols which can help to provide E2E-delay
      sensitive service provisioning

10.  Use Case Common Elements

   Looking at the use cases collectively, the following common desires
   for the DetNet-based networks of the future emerge:

   o  Open standards-based network (replace various proprietary
      networks, reduce cost, create multi-vendor market)

   o  Centrally administered (though such administration may be
      distributed for scale and resiliency)

   o  Integrates L2 (bridged) and L3 (routed) environments (independent
      of the Link layer, e.g. can be used with Ethernet, 6TiSCH, etc.)

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 68]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   o  Carries both deterministic and best-effort traffic (guaranteed
      end-to-end delivery of deterministic flows, deterministic flows
      isolated from each other and from best-effort traffic congestion,
      unused deterministic BW available to best-effort traffic)

   o  Ability to add or remove systems from the network with minimal,
      bounded service interruption (applications include replacement of
      failed devices as well as plug and play)

   o  Uses standardized data flow information models capable of
      expressing deterministic properties (models express device
      capabilities, flow properties.  Protocols for pushing models from
      controller to devices, devices to controller)

   o  Scalable size (long distances (many km) and short distances
      (within a single machine), many hops (radio repeaters, microwave
      links, fiber links...) and short hops (single machine))

   o  Scalable timing parameters and accuracy (bounded latency,
      guaranteed worst case maximum, minimum.  Low latency, e.g. control
      loops may be less than 1ms, but larger for wide area networks)

   o  High availability (99.9999 percent up time requested, but may be
      up to twelve 9s)

   o  Reliability, redundancy (lives at stake)

   o  Security (from failures, attackers, misbehaving devices -
      sensitive to both packet content and arrival time)

11.  Acknowledgments

11.1.  Pro Audio

   This section was derived from draft-gunther-detnet-proaudio-req-01.

   The editors would like to acknowledge the help of the following
   individuals and the companies they represent:

   Jeff Koftinoff, Meyer Sound

   Jouni Korhonen, Associate Technical Director, Broadcom

   Pascal Thubert, CTAO, Cisco

   Kieran Tyrrell, Sienda New Media Technologies GmbH

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 69]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

11.2.  Utility Telecom

   This section was derived from draft-wetterwald-detnet-utilities-reqs-
   02.

   Faramarz Maghsoodlou, Ph.  D.  IoT Connected Industries and Energy
   Practice Cisco

   Pascal Thubert, CTAO Cisco

11.3.  Building Automation Systems

   This section was derived from draft-bas-usecase-detnet-00.

11.4.  Wireless for Industrial

   This section was derived from draft-thubert-6tisch-4detnet-01.

   This specification derives from the 6TiSCH architecture, which is the
   result of multiple interactions, in particular during the 6TiSCH
   (bi)Weekly Interim call, relayed through the 6TiSCH mailing list at
   the IETF.

   The authors wish to thank: Kris Pister, Thomas Watteyne, Xavier
   Vilajosana, Qin Wang, Tom Phinney, Robert Assimiti, Michael
   Richardson, Zhuo Chen, Malisa Vucinic, Alfredo Grieco, Martin Turon,
   Dominique Barthel, Elvis Vogli, Guillaume Gaillard, Herman Storey,
   Maria Rita Palattella, Nicola Accettura, Patrick Wetterwald, Pouria
   Zand, Raghuram Sudhaakar, and Shitanshu Shah for their participation
   and various contributions.

11.5.  Cellular Radio

   This section was derived from draft-korhonen-detnet-telreq-00.

11.6.  Industrial M2M

   The authors would like to thank Feng Chen and Marcel Kiessling for
   their comments and suggestions.

11.7.  Other

   This section was derived from draft-zha-detnet-use-case-00.

   This document has benefited from reviews, suggestions, comments and
   proposed text provided by the following members, listed in
   alphabetical order: Jing Huang, Junru Lin, Lehong Niu and Oilver
   Huang.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 70]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

12.  Informative References

   [ACE]      IETF, "Authentication and Authorization for Constrained
              Environments", <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/charter-
              ietf-ace/>.

   [bacnetip]
              ASHRAE, "Annex J to ANSI/ASHRAE 135-1995 - BACnet/IP",
              January 1999.

   [CCAMP]    IETF, "Common Control and Measurement Plane",
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/charter-ietf-ccamp/>.

   [CoMP]     NGMN Alliance, "RAN EVOLUTION PROJECT COMP EVALUATION AND
              ENHANCEMENT", NGMN Alliance NGMN_RANEV_D3_CoMP_Evaluation_
              and_Enhancement_v2.0, March 2015,
              <https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/
              NGMN_RANEV_D3_CoMP_Evaluation_and_Enhancement_v2.0.pdf>.

   [CONTENT_PROTECTION]
              Olsen, D., "1722a Content Protection", 2012,
              <http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1722/contributions/2012/
              avtp_dolsen_1722a_content_protection.pdf>.

   [CPRI]     CPRI Cooperation, "Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI);
              Interface Specification", CPRI Specification V6.1, July
              2014, <http://www.cpri.info/downloads/
              CPRI_v_6_1_2014-07-01.pdf>.

   [DCI]      Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC, "DCI Specification,
              Version 1.2", 2012, <http://www.dcimovies.com/>.

   [DICE]     IETF, "DTLS In Constrained Environments",
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/charter-ietf-dice/>.

   [EA12]     Evans, P. and M. Annunziata, "Industrial Internet: Pushing
              the Boundaries of Minds and Machines", November 2012.

   [ESPN_DC2]
              Daley, D., "ESPN's DC2 Scales AVB Large", 2014,
              <http://sportsvideo.org/main/blog/2014/06/
              espns-dc2-scales-avb-large>.

   [flnet]    Japan Electrical Manufacturers' Association, "JEMA 1479 -
              English Edition", September 2012.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 71]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   [Fronthaul]
              Chen, D. and T. Mustala, "Ethernet Fronthaul
              Considerations", IEEE 1904.3, February 2015,
              <http://www.ieee1904.org/3/meeting_archive/2015/02/
              tf3_1502_che n_1a.pdf>.

   [HART]     www.hartcomm.org, "Highway Addressable remote Transducer,
              a group of specifications for industrial process and
              control devices administered by the HART Foundation".

   [I-D.finn-detnet-architecture]
              Finn, N., Thubert, P., and M. Teener, "Deterministic
              Networking Architecture", draft-finn-detnet-
              architecture-02 (work in progress), November 2015.

   [I-D.finn-detnet-problem-statement]
              Finn, N. and P. Thubert, "Deterministic Networking Problem
              Statement", draft-finn-detnet-problem-statement-04 (work
              in progress), October 2015.

   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-6top-interface]
              Wang, Q. and X. Vilajosana, "6TiSCH Operation Sublayer
              (6top) Interface", draft-ietf-6tisch-6top-interface-04
              (work in progress), July 2015.

   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture]
              Thubert, P., "An Architecture for IPv6 over the TSCH mode
              of IEEE 802.15.4", draft-ietf-6tisch-architecture-09 (work
              in progress), November 2015.

   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-coap]
              Sudhaakar, R. and P. Zand, "6TiSCH Resource Management and
              Interaction using CoAP", draft-ietf-6tisch-coap-03 (work
              in progress), March 2015.

   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-terminology]
              Palattella, M., Thubert, P., Watteyne, T., and Q. Wang,
              "Terminology in IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE
              802.15.4e", draft-ietf-6tisch-terminology-06 (work in
              progress), November 2015.

   [I-D.ietf-ipv6-multilink-subnets]
              Thaler, D. and C. Huitema, "Multi-link Subnet Support in
              IPv6", draft-ietf-ipv6-multilink-subnets-00 (work in
              progress), July 2002.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 72]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   [I-D.ietf-roll-rpl-industrial-applicability]
              Phinney, T., Thubert, P., and R. Assimiti, "RPL
              applicability in industrial networks", draft-ietf-roll-
              rpl-industrial-applicability-02 (work in progress),
              October 2013.

   [I-D.ietf-tictoc-1588overmpls]
              Davari, S., Oren, A., Bhatia, M., Roberts, P., and L.
              Montini, "Transporting Timing messages over MPLS
              Networks", draft-ietf-tictoc-1588overmpls-07 (work in
              progress), October 2015.

   [I-D.kh-spring-ip-ran-use-case]
              Khasnabish, B., hu, f., and L. Contreras, "Segment Routing
              in IP RAN use case", draft-kh-spring-ip-ran-use-case-02
              (work in progress), November 2014.

   [I-D.mirsky-mpls-residence-time]
              Mirsky, G., Ruffini, S., Gray, E., Drake, J., Bryant, S.,
              and S. Vainshtein, "Residence Time Measurement in MPLS
              network", draft-mirsky-mpls-residence-time-07 (work in
              progress), July 2015.

   [I-D.svshah-tsvwg-deterministic-forwarding]
              Shah, S. and P. Thubert, "Deterministic Forwarding PHB",
              draft-svshah-tsvwg-deterministic-forwarding-04 (work in
              progress), August 2015.

   [I-D.thubert-6lowpan-backbone-router]
              Thubert, P., "6LoWPAN Backbone Router", draft-thubert-
              6lowpan-backbone-router-03 (work in progress), February
              2013.

   [I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer]
              Wang, Q. and X. Vilajosana, "6TiSCH Operation Sublayer
              (6top)", draft-wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer-04 (work in
              progress), November 2015.

   [IEC61850-90-12]
              TC57 WG10, IEC., "IEC 61850-90-12 TR: Communication
              networks and systems for power utility automation - Part
              90-12: Wide area network engineering guidelines", 2015.

   [IEC62439-3:2012]
              TC65, IEC., "IEC 62439-3: Industrial communication
              networks - High availability automation networks - Part 3:
              Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) and High-availability
              Seamless Redundancy (HSR)", 2012.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 73]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   [IEEE1588]
              IEEE, "IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization
              Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems",
              IEEE Std 1588-2008, 2008,
              <http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/
              standard/1588-2008.html>.

   [IEEE1722]
              IEEE, "1722-2011 - IEEE Standard for Layer 2 Transport
              Protocol for Time Sensitive Applications in a Bridged
              Local Area Network", IEEE Std 1722-2011, 2011,
              <http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/
              standard/1722-2011.html>.

   [IEEE19043]
              IEEE Standards Association, "IEEE 1904.3 TF", IEEE 1904.3,
              2015, <http://www.ieee1904.org/3/tf3_home.shtml>.

   [IEEE802.1TSNTG]
              IEEE Standards Association, "IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive
              Networks Task Group", March 2013,
              <http://www.ieee802.org/1/pages/avbridges.html>.

   [IEEE802154]
              IEEE standard for Information Technology, "IEEE std.
              802.15.4, Part. 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC)
              and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate
              Wireless Personal Area Networks".

   [IEEE802154e]
              IEEE standard for Information Technology, "IEEE standard
              for Information Technology, IEEE std. 802.15.4, Part.
              15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
              Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal
              Area Networks, June 2011 as amended by IEEE std.
              802.15.4e, Part. 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area
              Networks (LR-WPANs) Amendment 1: MAC sublayer", April
              2012.

   [IEEE8021AS]
              IEEE, "Timing and Synchronizations (IEEE 802.1AS-2011)",
              IEEE 802.1AS-2001, 2011,
              <http://standards.ieee.org/getIEEE802/
              download/802.1AS-2011.pdf>.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 74]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   [IEEE8021CM]
              Farkas, J., "Time-Sensitive Networking for Fronthaul",
              Unapproved PAR, PAR for a New IEEE Standard;
              IEEE P802.1CM, April 2015,
              <http://www.ieee802.org/1/files/public/docs2015/
              new-P802-1CM-dr aft-PAR-0515-v02.pdf>.

   [IEEE8021TSN]
              IEEE 802.1, "The charter of the TG is to provide the
              specifications that will allow time-synchronized low
              latency streaming services through 802 networks.", 2016,
              <http://www.ieee802.org/1/pages/tsn.html>.

   [IETFDetNet]
              IETF, "Charter for IETF DetNet Working Group", 2015,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/detnet/charter/>.

   [ISA100]   ISA/ANSI, "ISA100, Wireless Systems for Automation",
              <https://www.isa.org/isa100/>.

   [ISA100.11a]
              ISA/ANSI, "Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation:
              Process Control and Related Applications - ISA100.11a-2011
              - IEC 62734", 2011, <http://www.isa.org/Community/
              SP100WirelessSystemsforAutomation>.

   [ISO7240-16]
              ISO, "ISO 7240-16:2007 Fire detection and alarm systems --
              Part 16: Sound system control and indicating equipment",
              2007, <http://www.iso.org/iso/
              catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=42978>.

   [knx]      KNX Association, "ISO/IEC 14543-3 - KNX", November 2006.

   [lontalk]  ECHELON, "LonTalk(R) Protocol Specification Version 3.0",
              1994.

   [LTE-Latency]
              Johnston, S., "LTE Latency: How does it compare to other
              technologies", March 2014,
              <http://opensignal.com/blog/2014/03/10/
              lte-latency-how-does-it-compare-to-other-technologies>.

   [MEF]      MEF, "Mobile Backhaul Phase 2 Amendment 1 -- Small Cells",
              MEF 22.1.1, July 2014,
              <http://www.mef.net/Assets/Technical_Specifications/PDF/
              MEF_22.1.1.pdf>.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 75]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   [METIS]    METIS, "Scenarios, requirements and KPIs for 5G mobile and
              wireless system", ICT-317669-METIS/D1.1 ICT-
              317669-METIS/D1.1, April 2013, <https://www.metis2020.com/
              wp-content/uploads/deliverables/METIS_D1.1_v1.pdf>.

   [modbus]   Modbus Organization, "MODBUS APPLICATION PROTOCOL
              SPECIFICATION V1.1b", December 2006.

   [net5G]    Ericsson, "5G Radio Access, Challenges for 2020 and
              Beyond", Ericsson white paper wp-5g, June 2013,
              <http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/wp-5g.pdf>.

   [NGMN]     NGMN Alliance, "5G White Paper", NGMN 5G White Paper v1.0,
              February 2015, <https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/
              NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf>.

   [PCE]      IETF, "Path Computation Element",
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/charter-ietf-pce/>.

   [profibus]
              IEC, "IEC 61158 Type 3 - Profibus DP", January 2001.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2460]  Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
              (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, DOI 10.17487/RFC2460,
              December 1998, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2460>.

   [RFC2474]  Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black,
              "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS
              Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2474, December 1998,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2474>.

   [RFC3031]  Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A., and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol
              Label Switching Architecture", RFC 3031,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3031, January 2001,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3031>.

   [RFC3209]  Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V.,
              and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP
              Tunnels", RFC 3209, DOI 10.17487/RFC3209, December 2001,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3209>.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 76]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   [RFC3393]  Demichelis, C. and P. Chimento, "IP Packet Delay Variation
              Metric for IP Performance Metrics (IPPM)", RFC 3393,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3393, November 2002,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3393>.

   [RFC3444]  Pras, A. and J. Schoenwaelder, "On the Difference between
              Information Models and Data Models", RFC 3444,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3444, January 2003,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3444>.

   [RFC3972]  Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)",
              RFC 3972, DOI 10.17487/RFC3972, March 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3972>.

   [RFC3985]  Bryant, S., Ed. and P. Pate, Ed., "Pseudo Wire Emulation
              Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Architecture", RFC 3985,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3985, March 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3985>.

   [RFC4291]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
              2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.

   [RFC4553]  Vainshtein, A., Ed. and YJ. Stein, Ed., "Structure-
              Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) over Packet
              (SAToP)", RFC 4553, DOI 10.17487/RFC4553, June 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4553>.

   [RFC4903]  Thaler, D., "Multi-Link Subnet Issues", RFC 4903,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4903, June 2007,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4903>.

   [RFC4919]  Kushalnagar, N., Montenegro, G., and C. Schumacher, "IPv6
              over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs):
              Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals",
              RFC 4919, DOI 10.17487/RFC4919, August 2007,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4919>.

   [RFC5086]  Vainshtein, A., Ed., Sasson, I., Metz, E., Frost, T., and
              P. Pate, "Structure-Aware Time Division Multiplexed (TDM)
              Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network
              (CESoPSN)", RFC 5086, DOI 10.17487/RFC5086, December 2007,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5086>.

   [RFC5087]  Stein, Y(J)., Shashoua, R., Insler, R., and M. Anavi,
              "Time Division Multiplexing over IP (TDMoIP)", RFC 5087,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5087, December 2007,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5087>.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 77]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   [RFC6282]  Hui, J., Ed. and P. Thubert, "Compression Format for IPv6
              Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based Networks", RFC 6282,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6282, September 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6282>.

   [RFC6550]  Winter, T., Ed., Thubert, P., Ed., Brandt, A., Hui, J.,
              Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur,
              JP., and R. Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for
              Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6550,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6550, March 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6550>.

   [RFC6551]  Vasseur, JP., Ed., Kim, M., Ed., Pister, K., Dejean, N.,
              and D. Barthel, "Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation
              in Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6551,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6551, March 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6551>.

   [RFC6775]  Shelby, Z., Ed., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C.
              Bormann, "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over
              Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)",
              RFC 6775, DOI 10.17487/RFC6775, November 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6775>.

   [RFC7554]  Watteyne, T., Ed., Palattella, M., and L. Grieco, "Using
              IEEE 802.15.4e Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) in the
              Internet of Things (IoT): Problem Statement", RFC 7554,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7554, May 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7554>.

   [SRP_LATENCY]
              Gunther, C., "Specifying SRP Latency", 2014,
              <http://www.ieee802.org/1/files/public/docs2014/
              cc-cgunther-acceptable-latency-0314-v01.pdf>.

   [STUDIO_IP]
              Mace, G., "IP Networked Studio Infrastructure for
              Synchronized & Real-Time Multimedia Transmissions", 2007,
              <http://www.ieee802.org/1/files/public/docs2047/
              avb-mace-ip-networked-studio-infrastructure-0107.pdf>.

   [SyncE]    ITU-T, "G.8261 : Timing and synchronization aspects in
              packet networks", Recommendation G.8261, August 2013,
              <http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.8261>.

   [TEAS]     IETF, "Traffic Engineering Architecture and Signaling",
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/charter-ietf-teas/>.

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 78]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   [TS23401]  3GPP, "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements
              for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
              (E-UTRAN) access", 3GPP TS 23.401 10.10.0, March 2013.

   [TS25104]  3GPP, "Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception
              (FDD)", 3GPP TS 25.104 3.14.0, March 2007.

   [TS36104]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
              (E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) radio transmission and
              reception", 3GPP TS 36.104 10.11.0, July 2013.

   [TS36133]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
              (E-UTRA); Requirements for support of radio resource
              management", 3GPP TS 36.133 12.7.0, April 2015.

   [TS36211]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
              (E-UTRA); Physical channels and modulation", 3GPP
              TS 36.211 10.7.0, March 2013.

   [TS36300]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)
              and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
              (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2", 3GPP TS 36.300
              10.11.0, September 2013.

   [TSNTG]    IEEE Standards Association, "IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive
              Networks Task Group", 2013,
              <http://www.IEEE802.org/1/pages/avbridges.html>.

   [UHD-video]
              Holub, P., "Ultra-High Definition Videos and Their
              Applications over the Network", The 7th International
              Symposium on VICTORIES Project PetrHolub_presentation,
              October 2014, <http://www.aist-
              victories.org/jp/7th_sympo_ws/PetrHolub_presentation.pdf>.

   [WirelessHART]
              www.hartcomm.org, "Industrial Communication Networks -
              Wireless Communication Network and Communication Profiles
              - WirelessHART - IEC 62591", 2010.

Authors' Addresses

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 79]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   Ethan Grossman (editor)
   Dolby Laboratories, Inc.
   1275 Market Street
   San Francisco, CA  94103
   USA

   Phone: +1 415 645 4726
   Email: ethan.grossman@dolby.com
   URI:   http://www.dolby.com

   Craig Gunther
   Harman International
   10653 South River Front Parkway
   South Jordan, UT  84095
   USA

   Phone: +1 801 568-7675
   Email: craig.gunther@harman.com
   URI:   http://www.harman.com

   Pascal Thubert
   Cisco Systems, Inc
   Building D
   45 Allee des Ormes - BP1200
   MOUGINS - Sophia Antipolis  06254
   FRANCE

   Phone: +33 497 23 26 34
   Email: pthubert@cisco.com

   Patrick Wetterwald
   Cisco Systems
   45 Allees des Ormes
   Mougins  06250
   FRANCE

   Phone: +33 4 97 23 26 36
   Email: pwetterw@cisco.com

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 80]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   Jean Raymond
   Hydro-Quebec
   1500 University
   Montreal  H3A3S7
   Canada

   Phone: +1 514 840 3000
   Email: raymond.jean@hydro.qc.ca

   Jouni Korhonen
   Broadcom Corporation
   3151 Zanker Road
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: jouni.nospam@gmail.com

   Yu Kaneko
   Toshiba
   1 Komukai-Toshiba-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kasasaki-shi
   Kanagawa, Japan

   Email: yu1.kaneko@toshiba.co.jp

   Subir Das
   Applied Communication Sciences
   150 Mount Airy Road, Basking Ridge
   New Jersey, 07920, USA

   Email: sdas@appcomsci.com

   Yiyong Zha
   Huawei Technologies

   Email: zhayiyong@huawei.com

   Balazs Varga
   Ericsson
   Konyves Kalman krt. 11/B
   Budapest  1097
   Hungary

   Email: balazs.a.varga@ericsson.com

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 81]
Internet-Draft              DetNet Use Cases               February 2016

   Janos Farkas
   Ericsson
   Konyves Kalman krt. 11/B
   Budapest  1097
   Hungary

   Email: janos.farkas@ericsson.com

   Franz-Josef Goetz
   Siemens
   Gleiwitzerstr. 555
   Nurnberg  90475
   Germany

   Email: franz-josef.goetz@siemens.com

   Juergen Schmitt
   Siemens
   Gleiwitzerstr. 555
   Nurnberg  90475
   Germany

   Email: juergen.jues.schmitt@siemens.com

Grossman, et al.         Expires August 25, 2016               [Page 82]