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EdDSA, Ed25519, Ed448, Curve25519 and Curve448 for X.509
draft-ietf-curdle-pkix-00

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8410.
Author Simon Josefsson
Last updated 2016-04-08
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draft-ietf-curdle-pkix-00
Network Working Group                                       S. Josefsson
Internet-Draft                                                    SJD AB
Intended status: Standards Track                           April 8, 2016
Expires: October 10, 2016

        EdDSA, Ed25519, Ed448, Curve25519 and Curve448 for X.509
                       draft-ietf-curdle-pkix-00

Abstract

   This document specify algorithm identifiers and ASN.1 encoding
   formats for EdDSA digital signatures, subject public keys, and a
   "named curve" object identifier, used in the Internet X.509 Public
   Key Infrastructure.  Parameters for Ed25519, Ed25519ph, Ed448,
   Ed448ph, Curve25519 and Curve448 are defined.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 10, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Requirements Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Curve25519 and Curve448 Named Curve Identifier  . . . . . . .   3
   4.  Subject Public Key Information Fields . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   5.  EdDSA Public Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   6.  Key Usage Bits  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   7.  EdDSA Signatures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   8.  Private Key Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   9.  Human Readable Algorithm Names  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   10. ASN.1 Module  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   11. Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     11.1.  Example Ed25519ph Public Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     11.2.  Example Ed25519ph Certificate  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     11.3.  Example Ed25519ph Private Key  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   12. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   14. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   15. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     15.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     15.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12

1.  Introduction

   In [RFC7748], the elliptic curves Curve25519 and Curve448 are
   described.  They are designed with performance and security in mind.
   The curves may be used for Diffie-Hellman and Digital Signature
   operations.  In [I-D.irtf-cfrg-eddsa] the elliptic curve signature
   system EdDSA is described and the recommended choice of curves
   Ed25519/Ed448 are chosen.  For each curve, two modes are defined, the
   PureEdDSA mode without pre-hashing (Ed25519 and Ed448), and the
   HashEdDSA mode with pre-hashing (Ed25519ph and Ed448ph).

   This RFC defines ASN.1 object identifiers for EdDSA for use in the
   Internet X.509 PKI [RFC5280], and parameters for Ed25519, Ed25519ph,
   Ed448 and Ed448ph.  This document serves a similar role as [RFC3279]
   does for RSA (and more), [RFC4055] for RSA-OAEP/PSS, and [RFC5758]
   for SHA2-based (EC)DSA.  This document also specify ASN.1 "named
   curve" object identifiers for Curve25519 and Curve448, similar to
   what is done in [RFC5639].  This allows the curves to be used and
   referenced in PKIX standards and software, in particular enabling re-
   use of existing constructs already defined for ECDSA/ECDH but for the
   new curves.  Similar to [RFC5639], this document does not describe
   the cryptographic algorithms to be used with the specified parameters
   nor their application in other standards.

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2.  Requirements Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3.  Curve25519 and Curve448 Named Curve Identifier

   Certificates conforming to [RFC5280] may convey a public key for any
   public key algorithm.  The certificate indicates the algorithm
   through an algorithm identifier.  This algorithm identifier is an OID
   and optionally associated parameters.  Section 2.3.5 of [RFC3279]
   describe ECDSA/ECDH public keys, specifying the id-ecPublicKey OID.
   This OID has the associated EcpkParameters parameters structure,
   which contains the namedCurve CHOICE.  Here we introduce two new OIDs
   for use in the namedCurve field.

       id-Curve25519   OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1.3.101.110 }
       id-Curve448     OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1.3.101.111 }
       id-Curve25519ph OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1.3.101.112 }
       id-Curve448ph   OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1.3.101.113 }

   The OID id-Curve25519 refers to Curve25519.  The OID id-Curve448
   refers to Curve448.  Both curves are described in [RFC7748].  The
   OIDs id-Curve25519ph and id-Curve448ph refers to Curve25519 and
   Curve448 when used with pre-hashing as Ed25519ph and Ed448ph
   described in [I-D.irtf-cfrg-eddsa].

   The public key value encoded into the ECPoint value is the raw binary
   values described in [RFC7748].

4.  Subject Public Key Information Fields

   In the X.509 certificate, the subjectPublicKeyInfo field has the
   SubjectPublicKeyInfo type, which has the following ASN.1 syntax:

        SubjectPublicKeyInfo  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
          algorithm         AlgorithmIdentifier,
          subjectPublicKey  BIT STRING
        }

   The fields in SubjectPublicKeyInfo have the following meanings:

   o  algorithm is the algorithm identifier and parameters for the
      public key (see below).

   o  subjectPublicKey is the EdDSA public key.

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   The AlgorithmIdentifier type, which is included for convenience, is
   defined as follows:

         AlgorithmIdentifier  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
           algorithm   OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
           parameters  ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL
         }

   The fields in AlgorithmIdentifier have the following meanings:

   o  algorithm identifies the cryptographic algorithm with an object
      identifier.  This is the EdDSA OID defined below.

   o  parameters, which are optional, are the associated parameters for
      the algorithm identifier in the algorithm field.

5.  EdDSA Public Keys

   Certificates conforming to [RFC5280] may convey a public key for any
   public key algorithm.  The certificate indicates the algorithm
   through an algorithm identifier.  This algorithm identifier is an OID
   and optionally associated parameters.

   This section identify the OID and parameters for the EdDSA algorithm.
   Conforming CAs MUST use the identified OIDs when issuing certificates
   containing EdDSA public keys.  Conforming applications supporting
   EdDSA MUST, at a minimum, recognize the OID identified in this
   section.

   The id-EdDSAPublicKey OID is used for identifying EdDSA public keys.

          id-EdDSAPublicKey OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1 3 101 100 }

   The id-EdDSAPublicKey OID is intended to be used in the algorithm
   field of a value of type AlgorithmIdentifier.

   EdDSA public keys use the parameter field to specify the particular
   instantiation of EdDSA parameters.  The parameters field have the
   ASN.1 type EdDSAParameters as follows.

       EdDSAParameters ::= ENUMERATED { ed25519   (1),
                                        ed25519ph (2) }
                                        ed448     (3) }
                                        ed448ph   (4) }

   The EdDSAParameters enumeration may be extended in the future.

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   The "ed25519" and "ed448" values correspond to the PureEdDSA
   variants, and the "ed25519ph" and "ed448ph" values correspond to the
   HashEdDSA variants, as discussed in [I-D.irtf-cfrg-eddsa].

   The raw binary EdDSA public key is encoded directly in the
   subjectPublicKey BIT STRING object.  Note that unlike some other
   schemes, there is no additional OCTET STRING encoding step.

6.  Key Usage Bits

   The intended application for the key MAY be indicated in the keyUsage
   certificate extension.

   If the keyUsage extension is present in an end-entity certificate
   that conveys an EdDSA public key with the id-EdDSAPublicKey object
   identifier, then the keyUsage extension MUST contain one or both of
   the following values:

          nonRepudiation; and
          digitalSignature.

   If the keyUsage extension is present in a certification authority
   certificate that conveys an EdDSA public key with the id-
   EdDSAPublicKey object identifier, then the keyUsage extension MUST
   contain one or more of the following values:

          nonRepudiation;
          digitalSignature;
          keyCertSign; and
          cRLSign.

7.  EdDSA Signatures

   Certificates and CRLs conforming to [RFC5280] may be signed with any
   public key signature algorithm.  The certificate or CRL indicates the
   algorithm through an algorithm identifier which appears in the
   signatureAlgorithm field within the Certificate or CertificateList.
   This algorithm identifier is an OID and has optionally associated
   parameters.  For illustration the Certificate structure is reproduced
   here:

      Certificate  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
           tbsCertificate       TBSCertificate,
           signatureAlgorithm   AlgorithmIdentifier,
           signatureValue       BIT STRING  }

   Recall the definition of the AlgorithmIdentifier type:

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         AlgorithmIdentifier  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
           algorithm   OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
           parameters  ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL
         }

   This document identify an AlgorithmIdentifier OID for EdDSA
   signatures.  No parameters are defined.  The EdDSA parameters follow
   from the public-key parameters.

   The data to be signed is prepared for EdDSA.  Then, a private key
   operation is performed to generate the signature value.  This value
   is the opaque value ENC(R) || ENC(S) described in section 3.3 of
   [I-D.irtf-cfrg-eddsa].  This signature value is then ASN.1 encoded as
   a BIT STRING and included in the Certificate or CertificateList in
   the signatureValue field.

   The id-EdDSASignature OID is used for identifying EdDSA signatures.

          id-EdDSASignature OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1 3 101 101 }

   The id-EdDSASignature OID is intended to be used in the algorithm
   field of a value of type AlgorithmIdentifier.  The parameters field
   MUST be absent.  To further clarify how to encode the parameters
   field, due to historical misunderstandings in this area, it MUST NOT
   have an ASN.1 type NULL.

8.  Private Key Format

   In Elliptic Curve Private Key Structure [RFC5915] it is described how
   to encode elliptic curve private keys.  Unfortunately, that format is
   specific to how traditional elliptic curve cryptography works so in
   order to re-use the format some details has to be modified for EdDSA,
   Curve25519 and Curve448.  In particular, [RFC5915] assumes that EC
   private keys are unsigned integers, but for EdDSA, Curve25519 and
   Curve448 private keys are opaque binary byte sequences.

   For illustration, the ASN.1 structure ECPrivateKey as defined by
   [RFC5915] is repeated here.

      ECPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE {
        version        INTEGER { ecPrivkeyVer1(1) } (ecPrivkeyVer1),
        privateKey     OCTET STRING,
        parameters [0] ECParameters {{ NamedCurve }} OPTIONAL,
        publicKey  [1] BIT STRING OPTIONAL
      }

   To encode a EdDSA, Curve25519 or Curve448 private key, the
   "privateKey" field will hold the raw binary private key rather than

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   any I2OSP-converted data as described by [RFC5915].  The ECParameters
   field "parameters" will hold one of the NamedCurve OIDs described
   earlier in this document.  If present, the "publicKey" field will
   hold the raw public key.  Note that these requirements normatively
   updates [RFC5915] on how these fields are interpreted, for the OIDs
   defined in this document.

9.  Human Readable Algorithm Names

   For the purpose of consistent cross-implementation naming this
   section establish human readable names for the algorithms specified
   in this document.  Implementations SHOULD use these names when
   referring to the algorithms.  If there is a strong reason to deviate
   from these names -- for example, if the implementation has a
   different naming convention and wants to maintain internal
   consistency -- it is encouraged to deviate as little as possible from
   the names given here.

   Use the string "EdDSA" when referring to a public key or signature
   when the parameter set is not known or relevant.

   When the EdDSAParameters value is known, use a more specific string.
   For the ed25519(1) value use the string "Ed25519".  For the
   ed25519ph(2) value use the string "Ed25519ph".  For ed448(3) use
   "Ed448".  For ed448ph(4) use "Ed448ph".

10.  ASN.1 Module

   For reference purposes, the ASN.1 syntax is presented as an ASN.1
   module here.

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   -- ASN.1 Module

   safecurves-pkix-0 {1 3 101 120}

   DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN

   id-EdDSAPublicKey OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1 3 101 100 }
   id-EdDSASignature OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1 3 101 101 }

   id-Curve25519   OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1.3.101.110 }
   id-Curve448     OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1.3.101.111 }
   id-Curve25519ph OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1.3.101.112 }
   id-Curve448ph   OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1.3.101.113 }

   EdDSAParameters ::= ENUMERATED { ed25519   (1),
                                    ed25519ph (2) }
                                    ed448     (3) }
                                    ed448ph   (4) }

   END

11.  Examples

   This section contains illustrations of EdDSA public keys and
   certificates, illustrating parameter choices.

11.1.  Example Ed25519ph Public Key

   An example of a Ed25519ph public key:

        Public Key Information:
            Public Key Algorithm: EdDSA
            Algorithm Security Level: High
            Parameters: Ed25519ph

        Public Key Usage:

        Public Key ID: 9b1f5eeded043385e4f7bc623c5975b90bc8bb3b

        -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
        MC0wCAYDK2VkCgECAyEAGb9ECWmEzf6FQbrBZ9w7lshQhqowtrbLDFw4rXAxZuE=
        -----END PUBLIC KEY-----

11.2.  Example Ed25519ph Certificate

   An example of a PKIX certificate using Ed25519ph would be:

      X.509 Certificate Information:

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          Version: 3
          Serial Number (hex): 5601474a2a8dc326
          Issuer: CN=Test Ed25519ph certificate
          Validity:
              Not Before: Tue Sep 22 12:19:24 UTC 2015
              Not After: Fri Dec 31 23:59:59 UTC 9999
          Subject: CN=Test Ed25519ph certificate
          Subject Public Key Algorithm: Ed25519ph
          Algorithm Security Level: High
          Extensions:
              Basic Constraints (critical):
                  Certificate Authority (CA): FALSE
              Key Usage (critical):
                  Digital signature.
              Subject Key Identifier (not critical):
                  9b1f5eeded043385e4f7bc623c5975b90bc8bb3b
          Signature Algorithm: Ed25519ph
          Signature:
              be:9d:f8:b4:19:07:99:c9:04:12:21:e7:85:33:55:76
              b0:5f:29:70:77:bd:69:7a:a6:db:33:fe:c4:f5:3d:79
              d2:ba:77:6d:68:9b:a3:e9:53:bc:a6:56:54:3f:fa:f4
              1c:37:89:4e:c7:43:c0:3b:77:68:5d:98:f6:19:9d:05
      Other Information:
          SHA1 fingerprint:
              a3b75d83a56e127d0728ed8563233cadf943757e
          SHA256 fingerprint:
              cab1d7df29bdf82270d2192997c81f1b333dc37e670d7e88068fbe9dd747da3a
          Public Key ID:
              9b1f5eeded043385e4f7bc623c5975b90bc8bb3b
          Public key's random art:
              +---[Ed25519ph]---+
              |              .  |
              |             o ..|
              |              o.=|
              |          . .  +=|
              |        S  o .+oo|
              |         o  o.++o|
              |        o ...*.o.|
              |         o Eo.oo |
              |          ooo ..o|
              +-----------------+

      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      MIIBUTCCAQKgAwIBAgIIVgFHSiqNwyYwBgYEK2VkATAqMSgwJgYDVQQDEx9UZXN0
      IEVkMjU1MTktU0hBNTEyIGNlcnRpZmljYXRlMCAXDTE1MDkyMjEyMTkyNFoYDzk5
      OTkxMjMxMjM1OTU5WjAqMSgwJgYDVQQDEx9UZXN0IEVkMjU1MTktU0hBNTEyIGNl
      cnRpZmljYXRlMC0wCAYDK2VkCgECAyEAGb9ECWmEzf6FQbrBZ9w7lshQhqowtrbL
      DFw4rXAxZuGjQDA+MAwGA1UdEwEB/wQCMAAwDwYDVR0PAQH/BAUDAweAADAdBgNV

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      HQ4EFgQUmx9e7e0EM4Xk97xiPFl1uQvIuzswBgYEK2VkAQNBAL6d+LQZB5nJBBIh
      54UzVXawXylwd71peqbbM/7E9T150rp3bWibo+lTvKZWVD/69Bw3iU7HQ8A7d2hd
      mPYZnQU=
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----

11.3.  Example Ed25519ph Private Key

   An example of a Ed25519ph private key:

      Public Key Info:
          Public Key Algorithm: EdDSA
          Key Security Level: High

      parameters:    Ed25519ph
      private key:
          d4:ee:72:db:f9:13:58:4a:d5:b6:d8:f1:f7:69:f8:ad
          3a:fe:7c:28:cb:f1:d4:fb:e0:97:a8:8f:44:75:58:42

      x:
          19:bf:44:09:69:84:cd:fe:85:41:ba:c1:67:dc:3b:96
          c8:50:86:aa:30:b6:b6:cb:0c:5c:38:ad:70:31:66:e1

      Public Key ID: 9B:1F:5E:ED:ED:04:33:85:E4:F7:BC:62:3C:59:75:B9:0B:C8:BB:3B
      Public key's random art:
      +---[Ed25519ph]---+
      |              .  |
      |             o ..|
      |              o.=|
      |          . .  +=|
      |        S  o .+oo|
      |         o  o.++o|
      |        o ...*.o.|
      |         o Eo.oo |
      |          ooo ..o|
      +-----------------+

      -----BEGIN EDDSA PRIVATE KEY-----
      MCUKAQEEINTuctv5E1hK1bbY8fdp+K06/nwoy/HU++CXqI9EdVhC
      -----END EdDSA PRIVATE KEY-----

12.  Acknowledgements

   Text and/or inspiration were drawn from [RFC5280], [RFC3279],
   [RFC4055], [RFC5480], and [RFC5639].

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   Several people suggested the utility of specifying NamedCurve OIDs
   for encoding Curve25519/Curve448 public keys into PKIX certificates.
   The editor of this document cannot take credit for this idea.

   The following people discussed the document and provided feedback:
   Klaus Hartke, Ilari Liusvaara, Erwann Abalea, Rick Andrews, Rob
   Stradling, James Manger, Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos, Russ Housley, Jim
   Schaad.

   A big thank you to Symantec for kindly donating the OIDs used in this
   draft.

13.  IANA Considerations

   None.

14.  Security Considerations

   The security considerations of [RFC5280], [RFC7748], and
   [I-D.irtf-cfrg-eddsa] apply accordingly.

   A common misconception may be that a Ed25519 public key can be used
   to create Ed25519ph signatures, or vice versa.  This leads to cross-
   key attacks, and is not permitted.

15.  References

15.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.

   [RFC5480]  Turner, S., Brown, D., Yiu, K., Housley, R., and T. Polk,
              "Elliptic Curve Cryptography Subject Public Key
              Information", RFC 5480, March 2009.

   [RFC5915]  Turner, S. and D. Brown, "Elliptic Curve Private Key
              Structure", RFC 5915, DOI 10.17487/RFC5915, June 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5915>.

   [RFC7748]  Langley, A., Hamburg, M., and S. Turner, "Elliptic Curves
              for Security", RFC 7748, DOI 10.17487/RFC7748, January
              2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7748>.

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   [I-D.irtf-cfrg-eddsa]
              Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-curve Digital
              Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", draft-irtf-cfrg-eddsa-00
              (work in progress), October 2015.

15.2.  Informative References

   [RFC3279]  Bassham, L., Polk, W., and R. Housley, "Algorithms and
              Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, April 2002.

   [RFC4055]  Schaad, J., Kaliski, B., and R. Housley, "Additional
              Algorithms and Identifiers for RSA Cryptography for use in
              the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
              and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 4055,
              June 2005.

   [RFC5639]  Lochter, M. and J. Merkle, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography
              (ECC) Brainpool Standard Curves and Curve Generation", RFC
              5639, March 2010.

   [RFC5758]  Dang, Q., Santesson, S., Moriarty, K., Brown, D., and T.
              Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure:
              Additional Algorithms and Identifiers for DSA and ECDSA",
              RFC 5758, January 2010.

Author's Address

   Simon Josefsson
   SJD AB

   Email: simon@josefsson.org

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