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CoRE Resource Directory
draft-ietf-core-resource-directory-02

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9176.
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Authors Zach Shelby , Carsten Bormann
Last updated 2015-05-13 (Latest revision 2014-11-09)
Replaces draft-shelby-core-resource-directory
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draft-ietf-core-resource-directory-02
CoRE                                                           Z. Shelby
Internet-Draft                                                       ARM
Intended status: Standards Track                              C. Bormann
Expires: May 13, 2015                            Universitaet Bremen TZI
                                                        November 9, 2014

                        CoRE Resource Directory
                 draft-ietf-core-resource-directory-02

Abstract

   In many M2M applications, direct discovery of resources is not
   practical due to sleeping nodes, disperse networks, or networks where
   multicast traffic is inefficient.  These problems can be solved by
   employing an entity called a Resource Directory (RD), which hosts
   descriptions of resources held on other servers, allowing lookups to
   be performed for those resources.  This document specifies the web
   interfaces that a Resource Directory supports in order for web
   servers to discover the RD and to register, maintain, lookup and
   remove resources descriptions.  Furthermore, new link attributes
   useful in conjunction with an RD are defined.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 13, 2015.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of

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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Architecture and Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.1.  Use Case: Cellular M2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.2.  Use Case: Home and Building Automation . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.3.  Use Case: Link Catalogues  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   4.  Simple Directory Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.1.  Finding a Directory Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.2.  Third-party registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   5.  Resource Directory Function Set  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.1.  Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.2.  Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.3.  Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     5.4.  Removal  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   6.  Group Function Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     6.1.  Register a Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     6.2.  Group Removal  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   7.  RD Lookup Function Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   8.  New Link-Format Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     8.1.  Resource Instance attribute 'ins'  . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     8.2.  Export attribute 'exp' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   9.  DNS-SD Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     9.1.  DNS-based Service discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     9.2.  mapping ins to <Instance>  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
     9.3.  Mapping rt to <ServiceType>  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     9.4.  Domain mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     9.5.  TXT Record key=value strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     9.6.  Importing resource links into DNS-SD . . . . . . . . . . . 29
   10. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
     10.1. Endpoint Identification and Authentication . . . . . . . . 30
     10.2. Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
     10.3. Denial of Service Attacks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
   11. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
     11.1. Resource Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
     11.2. Link Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
     11.3. RD Parameter Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
   12. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
   13. Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   14. Changelog  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   15. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
     15.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
     15.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

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1.  Introduction

   The work on Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) aims at realizing
   the REST architecture in a suitable form for the most constrained
   nodes (e.g. 8-bit microcontrollers with limited RAM and ROM) and
   networks (e.g. 6LoWPAN).  CoRE is aimed at machine-to-machine (M2M)
   applications such as smart energy and building automation.

   The discovery of resources offered by a constrained server is very
   important in machine-to-machine applications where there are no
   humans in the loop and static interfaces result in fragility.  The
   discovery of resources provided by an HTTP Web Server is typically
   called Web Linking [RFC5988].  The use of Web Linking for the
   description and discovery of resources hosted by constrained web
   servers is specified by the CoRE Link Format [RFC6690].  This
   specification however only describes how to discover resources from
   the web server that hosts them by requesting "/.well-known/core".  In
   many M2M scenarios, direct discovery of resources is not practical
   due to sleeping nodes, disperse networks, or networks where multicast
   traffic is inefficient.  These problems can be solved by employing an
   entity called a Resource Directory (RD), which hosts descriptions of
   resources held on other servers, allowing lookups to be performed for
   those resources.

   This document specifies the web interfaces that a Resource Directory
   supports in order for web servers to discover the RD and to register,
   maintain, lookup and remove resource descriptions.  Furthermore, new
   link attributes useful in conjunction with a Resource Directory are
   defined.  Although the examples in this document show the use of
   these interfaces with CoAP [RFC7252], they can be applied in an
   equivalent manner to HTTP [RFC7230].

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   [RFC2119].  The term "byte" is used in its now customary sense as a
   synonym for "octet".

   This specification requires readers to be familiar with all the terms
   and concepts that are discussed in [RFC5988] and [RFC6690].  Readers
   should also be familiar with the terms and concepts discussed in
   [RFC7252].  To describe the REST interfaces defined in this
   specification, the URI Template format is used [RFC6570].

   This specification makes use of the following additional terminology:

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   Resource Directory
      A web entity that stores information about web resources and
      implements the REST interfaces defined in this specification for
      registration and lookup of those resources.

   Domain
      In the context of a Resource Directory, a domain is a logical
      grouping of endpoints.  This specification assumes that the list
      of Domains supported by an RD is pre-configured by that RD.  When
      a domain is exported to DNS, the domain value equates to the DNS
      domain name.

   Group
      In the context of a Resource Directory, a group is a logical
      grouping of endpoints for the purpose of group communications.
      All groups within a domain are unique.

   Endpoint
      Endpoint (EP) is a term used to describe a web server or client in
      [RFC7252].  In the context of this specification an endpoint is
      used to describe a web server that registers resources to the
      Resource Directory.  An endpoint is identified by its endpoint
      name, which is included during registration, and is unique within
      the associated domain of the registration.

3.  Architecture and Use Cases

   The resource directory architecture is illustrated in Figure 1.  A
   Resource Directory (RD) is used as a repository for Web Links
   [RFC5988] about resources hosted on other web servers, which are
   called endpoints (EP).  An endpoint is a web server associated with a
   scheme, IP address and port (called Context), thus a physical node
   may host one or more endpoints.  The RD implements a set of REST
   interfaces for endpoints to register and maintain sets of Web Links
   (called resource directory entries), and for clients to lookup
   resources from the RD or maintain groups.  Endpoints themselves can
   also act as clients.  An RD can be logically segmented by the use of
   Domains.  The domain an endpoint is associated with can be defined by
   the RD or configured by an outside entity.  This information
   hierarchy is shown in Figure 2.

   Endpoints are assumed to proactively register and maintain resource
   directory entries on the RD, which are soft state and need to be
   periodically refreshed.  An endpoint is provided with interfaces to
   register, update and remove a resource directory entry.  Furthermore,
   a mechanism to discover an RD using the CoRE Link Format is defined.
   It is also possible for an RD to proactively discover Web Links from

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   endpoints and add them as resource directory entries.  A lookup
   interface for discovering any of the Web Links held in the RD is
   provided using the CoRE Link Format.

                Registration     Lookup, Group
     +----+          |                 |
     | EP |----      |                 |
     +----+    ----  |                 |
                   --|-    +------+    |
     +----+          | ----|      |    |     +--------+
     | EP | ---------|-----|  RD  |----|-----| Client |
     +----+          | ----|      |    |     +--------+
                   --|-    +------+    |
     +----+    ----  |                 |
     | EP |----      |                 |
     +----+

              Figure 1: The resource directory architecture.

                  +------------+
                  |   Domain   | <-- Name
                  +------------+
                       |     |
                       |   +------------+
                       |   |   Group    | <-- Name, IP
                       |   +------------+
                       |     |
                  +------------+
                  |  Endpoint  |  <-- Name, Scheme, IP, Port
                  +------------+
                        |
                        |
                  +------------+
                  |  Resource  |  <-- Target, Parameters
                  +------------+

          Figure 2: The resource directory information hierarchy.

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3.1.  Use Case: Cellular M2M

   Over the last few years, mobile operators around the world have
   focused on development of M2M solutions in order to expand the
   business to the new type of users: machines.  The machines are
   connected directly to a mobile network using an appropriate embedded
   air interface (GSM/GPRS, WCDMA, LTE) or via a gateway providing short
   and wide range wireless interfaces.  From the system design point of
   view, the ambition is to design horizontal solutions that can enable
   utilization of machines in different applications depending on their
   current availability and capabilities as well as application
   requirements, thus avoiding silo like solutions.  One of the crucial
   enablers of such design is the ability to discover resources
   (machines -- endpoints) capable of providing required information at
   a given time or acting on instructions from the end users.

   In a typical scenario, during a boot-up procedure (and periodically
   afterwards), the machines (endpoints) register with a Resource
   Directory (for example EPs installed on vehicles enabling tracking of
   their position for fleet management purposes and monitoring
   environment parameters) hosted by the mobile operator or somewhere
   else in the network, periodically a description of its own
   capabilities.  Due to the usual network configuration of mobile
   networks, the EPs attached to the mobile network do not have routable
   addresses.  Therefore, a remote server is usually used to provide
   proxy access to the EPs.  The address of each (proxy) endpoint on
   this server is included in the resource description stored in the RD.
   The users, for example mobile applications for environment
   monitoring, contact the RD, look-up the endpoints capable of
   providing information about the environment using appropriate set of
   link parameters, obtain information on how to contact them (URLs of
   the proxy server) and then initiate interaction to obtain information
   that is finally processed, displayed on the screen and usually stored
   in a database.  Similarly, fleet management systems provide the
   appropriate link parameters to the RD to look-up for EPs deployed on
   the vehicles the application is responsible for.

3.2.  Use Case: Home and Building Automation

   Home and commercial building automation systems can benefit from the
   use of M2M web services.  The discovery requirements of these
   applications are demanding.  Home automation usually relies on run-
   time discovery to commission the system, whereas in building
   automation a combination of professional commissioning and run-time
   discovery is used.  Both home and building automation involve peer-
   to-peer interactions between endpoints, and involve battery-powered
   sleeping devices.

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   The exporting of resource information to other discovery systems is
   also important in these automation applications.  In home automation
   there is a need to interact with other consumer electronics, which
   may already support DNS-SD, and in building automation larger
   resource directories or DNS-SD covering multiple buildings.

3.3.  Use Case: Link Catalogues

   Resources may be shared through data brokers that have no knowledge
   beforehand of who is going to consume the data.  Resource Directory
   can be used to hold links about resources and services hosted
   anywhere to make them discoverable by a general class of
   applications.

   For example, environmental and weather sensors that generate data for
   public consumption may provide the data to an intermediary server, or
   broker.  Sensor data are published to the intermediary upon changes
   or at regular intervals.  Descriptions of the sensors that resolve to
   links to sensor data may be published to a Resource Directory.
   Applications wishing to consume the data can use the Resource
   Directory lookup function set to discover and resolve links to the
   desired resources and endpoints.  The Resource Directory service need
   not be coupled with the data intermediary service.  Mapping of
   Resource Directories to data intermediaries may be many-to-many.

   Metadata in link-format or link-format+json representations are
   supplied by Resource Directories, which may be internally stored as
   triples, or relation/attribute pairs providing metadata about
   resource links.  External catalogs that are represented in other
   formats may be converted to link-format or link-format+json for
   storage and access by Resource Directories.  Since it is common
   practice for these to be URN encoded, simple and lossless structural
   transforms will generally be sufficient to store external metadata in
   Resource Directories.

   The additional features of Resource Directory allow domains to be
   defined to enable access to a particular set of resources from
   particular applications. this provides isolation and protection of
   sensitive data when needed.  Resource groups may defined to allow
   batched reads from multiple resources.

4.  Simple Directory Discovery

   Not all endpoints hosting resources are expected to know how to
   implement the Resource Directory Function Set (see Section 5) and
   thus explicitly register with a Resource Directory (or other such
   directory server).  Instead, simple endpoints can implement the

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   generic Simple Directory Discovery approach described in this
   section.  An RD implementing this specification MUST implement Simple
   Directory Discovery.  However, there may be security reasons why this
   form of directory discovery would be disabled.

   This approach requires that the endpoint makes available the hosted
   resources that it wants to be discovered, as links on its
   "/.well-known/core" interface as specified in [RFC6690].

   The endpoint then finds one or more IP addresses of the directory
   server it wants to know about its resources as described in
   Section 4.1.

   An endpoint that wants to make itself discoverable occasionally sends
   a POST request to the "/.well-known/core" URI of any candidate
   directory server that it finds.  The body of the POST request is
   either

   o  empty, in which case the directory server is encouraged by this
      POST request to perform GET requests at the requesting server's
      default discovery URI.

   or

   o  a non-empty link-format document, which indicates the specific
      services that the requesting server wants to make known to the
      directory server.

   The directory server integrates the information it received this way
   into its resource directory.  It MAY make the information available
   to further directories, if it can ensure that a loop does not form.
   The protocol used between directories to ensure loop-free operation
   is outside the scope of this document.

   The following example shows an endpoint using simple resource
   discovery, by simply sending a POST with its links in the body to a
   directory.

        EP                                               RD
        |                                                 |
        | -- POST /.well-known/core "</sen/temp>..." ---> |
        |                                                 |
        |                                                 |
        | <---- 2.01 Created   -------------------------  |
        |                                                 |

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4.1.  Finding a Directory Server

   Endpoints that want to contact a directory server can obtain
   candidate IP addresses for such servers in a number of ways.

   In a 6LoWPAN, good candidates can be taken from:

   o  specific static configuration (e.g., anycast addresses), if any,

   o  the ABRO option of 6LoWPAN-ND [RFC6775],

   o  other ND options that happen to point to servers (such as RDNSS),

   o  DHCPv6 options that might be defined later.

   In networks with more inexpensive use of multicast, the candidate IP
   address may be a well-known multicast address, i.e. directory servers
   are found by simply sending POST requests to that well-known
   multicast address (details TBD).

   As some of these sources are just (more or less educated) guesses,
   endpoints MUST make use of any error messages to very strictly rate-
   limit requests to candidate IP addresses that don't work out.  For
   example, an ICMP Destination Unreachable message (and, in particular,
   the port unreachable code for this message) may indicate the lack of
   a CoAP server on the candidate host, or a CoAP error response code
   such as 4.05 "Method Not Allowed" may indicate unwillingness of a
   CoAP server to act as a directory server.

4.2.  Third-party registration

   For some applications, even Simple Directory Discovery may be too
   taxing for certain very constrained devices, in particular if the
   security requirements become too onerous.

   In a controlled environment (e.g. building control), the Resource
   Directory can be filled by a third device, called an installation
   tool.  The installation tool can fill the Resource Directory from a
   database or other means.  For that purpose the scheme, IP address and
   port of the registered device is indicated in the Context parameter
   of the registration as well.

5.  Resource Directory Function Set

   This section defines the REST interfaces between an RD and endpoints,
   which is called the Resource Directory Function Set. Although the
   examples throughout this section assume the use of CoAP [RFC7252],

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   these REST interfaces can also be realized using HTTP [RFC7230].  An
   RD implementing this specification MUST support the discovery,
   registration, update, lookup, and removal interfaces defined in this
   section.

   Resource directory entries are designed to be easily exported to
   other discovery mechanisms such as DNS-SD.  For that reason,
   parameters that would meaningfully be mapped to DNS SHOULD be limited
   to a maximum length of 63 bytes.

5.1.  Discovery

   Before an endpoint can make use of an RD, it must first know the RD's
   IP address, port and the path of its RD Function Set. There can be
   several mechanisms for discovering the RD including assuming a
   default location (e.g. on an Edge Router in a LoWPAN), by assigning
   an anycast address to the RD, using DHCP, or by discovering the RD
   using the CoRE Link Format (see also Section 4.1).  This section
   defines discovery of the RD using the well-known interface of the
   CoRE Link Format [RFC6690] as the required mechanism.  It is however
   expected that RDs will also be discoverable via other methods
   depending on the deployment.

   Discovery is performed by sending either a multicast or unicast GET
   request to "/.well-known/core" and including a Resource Type (rt)
   parameter [RFC6690] with the value "core.rd" in the query string.
   Likewise, a Resource Type parameter value of "core.rd-lookup" is used
   to discover the RD Lookup Function Set. Upon success, the response
   will contain a payload with a link format entry for each RD
   discovered, with the URL indicating the root resource of the RD.
   When performing multicast discovery, the multicast IP address used
   will depend on the scope required and the multicast capabilities of
   the network.

   An RD implementation of this specification MUST support query
   filtering for the rt parameter as defined in [RFC6690].

   The discovery request interface is specified as follows:

   Interaction:  EP -> RD

   Method:  GET

   URI Template:  /.well-known/core{?rt}

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   URI Template Variables:

      rt :=   Resource Type (optional).  MAY contain the value
         "core.rd", "core.rd-lookup", "core.rd-group" or "core.rd*"

   Content-Type:  application/link-format (if any)

   The following response codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.05 "Content" with an application/link-format payload
      containing one or more matching entries for the RD resource.

   Failure:  4.04 "Not Found" is returned in case no matching entry is
      found for a unicast request.

   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request" is returned in case of a malformed
      request for a unicast request.

   Failure:  No error response to a multicast request.

   The following example shows an endpoint discovering an RD using this
   interface, thus learning that the base RD resource is, in this
   example, at /rd.  Note that it is up to the RD to choose its base RD
   resource, although diagnostics and debugging is facilitated by using
   the base paths specified here where possible.

        EP                                               RD
        |                                                 |
        | ----- GET /.well-known/core?rt=core.rd* ------> |
        |                                                 |
        |                                                 |
        | <---- 2.05 Content "</rd>; rt="core.rd" ------  |
        |                                                 |

   Req: GET coap://[ff02::1]/.well-known/core?rt=core.rd*

   Res: 2.05 Content
   </rd>;rt="core.rd",
   </rd-lookup>;rt="core.rd-lookup",
   </rd-group>;rt="core.rd-group"

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5.2.  Registration

   After discovering the location of an RD Function Set, an endpoint MAY
   register its resources using the registration interface.  This
   interface accepts a POST from an endpoint containing the list of
   resources to be added to the directory as the message payload in the
   CoRE Link Format [RFC6690] or JSON Link Format
   [I-D.ietf-core-links-json] along with query string parameters
   indicating the name of the endpoint, its domain and the lifetime of
   the registration.  All parameters except the endpoint name are
   optional.  It is expected that other specifications will define
   further parameters (see Section 11.3).  The RD then creates a new
   resource or updates an existing resource in the RD and returns its
   location.  An endpoint MUST use that location when refreshing
   registrations using this interface.  Endpoint resources in the RD are
   kept active for the period indicated by the lifetime parameter.  The
   endpoint is responsible for refreshing the entry within this period
   using either the registration or update interface.  The registration
   interface MUST be implemented to be idempotent, so that registering
   twice with the same endpoint parameter does not create multiple RD
   entries.

   The registration request interface is specified as follows:

   Interaction:  EP -> RD

   Method:  POST

   URI Template:  /{+rd}{?ep,d,et,lt,con}

   URI Template Variables:

      rd :=   RD Function Set path (mandatory).  This is the path of the
         RD Function Set, as obtained from discovery.  An RD SHOULD use
         the value "rd" for this variable whenever possible.

      ep :=   Endpoint (mandatory).  The endpoint identifier or name of
         the registering node, unique within that domain.  The maximum
         length of this parameter is 63 bytes.

      d :=   Domain (optional).  The domain to which this endpoint
         belongs.  This parameter SHOULD be less than 63 bytes.
         Optional.  When this parameter is elided, the RD MAY associate
         the endpoint with a configured default domain.  The domain
         value is needed to export the endpoint to DNS-SD (see
         Section 9).

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      et :=   Endpoint Type (optional).  The semantic type of the
         endpoint.  This parameter SHOULD be less than 63 bytes.
         Optional.

      lt :=   Lifetime (optional).  Lifetime of the registration in
         seconds.  Range of 60-4294967295.  If no lifetime is included,
         a default value of 86400 (24 hours) SHOULD be assumed.

      con :=   Context (optional).  This parameter sets the scheme,
         address and port at which this server is available in the form
         scheme://host:port.  Optional.  In the absence of this
         parameter the scheme of the protocol, source IP address and
         source port of the register request are assumed.  This
         parameter is mandatory when the directory is filled by a third
         party such as an installation tool.

   Content-Type:  application/link-format

   Content-Type:  application/link-format+json

   The following response codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.01 "Created".  The Location header MUST be included with
      the new resource entry for the endpoint.  This Location MUST be a
      stable identifier generated by the RD as it is used for all
      subsequent operations on this registration.  The resource returned
      in the Location is only for the purpose of the Update (POST) and
      Removal (DELETE), and MUST NOT implement GET or PUT methods.

   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request".  Malformed request.

   Failure:  5.03 "Service Unavailable".  Service could not perform the
      operation.

   The following example shows an endpoint with the name "node1"
   registering two resources to an RD using this interface.  The
   resulting location /rd/4521 is just an example of an RD generated
   location.

       EP                                                RD
        |                                                 |
        | --- POST /rd?ep=node1 "</sensors..." ------->   |
        |                                                 |
        |                                                 |
        | <-- 2.01 Created Location: /rd/4521 ----------  |
        |                                                 |

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   Req: POST coap://rd.example.com/rd?ep=node1
   Payload:
   </sensors/temp>;ct=41;rt="temperature-c";if="sensor",
   </sensors/light>;ct=41;rt="light-lux";if="sensor"

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location: /rd/4521

5.3.  Update

   The update interface is used by an endpoint to refresh or update its
   registration with an RD.  To use the interface, the endpoint sends a
   POST request to the resource returned in the Location option in the
   response to the first registration.  An update MAY update the
   lifetime or context parameters if they have changed since the last
   registration or update.  Parameters that have not changed SHOULD NOT
   be included in an update.  Upon receiving an update request, the RD
   resets the timeout for that endpoint and updates the scheme, IP
   address and port of the endpoint (using the source address of the
   update, or the context parameter if present).

   An update MAY optionally add or replace links for the endpoint by
   including those links in the payload of the update as a CoRE Link
   Format document.  Including links in an update message greatly
   increases the load on an RD and SHOULD be done infrequently.  A link
   is replaced only if both the target URI and relation type match (see
   Section 10.1).

   The update request interface is specified as follows:

   Interaction:  EP -> RD

   Method:  POST

   URI Template:  /{+location}{?lt,con}

   URI Template Variables:

      location :=   This is the Location path returned by the RD as a
         result of a successful earlier registration.

      lt :=   Lifetime (optional).  Lifetime of the registration in
         seconds.  Range of 60-4294967295.  If no lifetime is included,
         a default value of 86400 (24 hours) SHOULD be assumed.

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      con :=   Context (optional).  This parameter sets the scheme,
         address and port at which this server is available in the form
         scheme://host:port.  Optional.  In the absence of this
         parameter the scheme of the protocol, source IP address and
         source port used to register are assumed.  This parameter is
         compulsory when the directory is filled by a third party such
         as an installation tool.

   Content-Type:  application/link-format (optional)

   Content-Type:  application/link-format+json (optional)

   The following response codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.04 "Changed" in the update was successfully processed.

   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request".  Malformed request.

   Failure:  4.04 "Not Found".  Registration does not exist (e.g. may
      have expired).

   Failure:  5.03 "Service Unavailable".  Service could not perform the
      operation.

   The following example shows an endpoint updating a new set of
   resources to an RD using this interface.

        EP                                                RD
        |                                                 |
        | --- POST /rd/4521  -------------------------->   |
        |                                                 |
        |                                                 |
        | <-- 2.04 Changed  ----------------------------  |
        |                                                 |

   Req: POST /rd/4521

   Res: 2.04 Changed

5.4.  Removal

   Although RD entries have soft state and will eventually timeout after
   their lifetime, an endpoint SHOULD explicitly remove its entry from
   the RD if it knows it will no longer be available (for example on
   shut-down).  This is accomplished using a removal interface on the RD

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   by performing a DELETE on the endpoint resource.

   The removal request interface is specified as follows:

   Interaction:  EP -> RD

   Method:  DELETE

   URI Template:  /{+location}

   URI Template Variables:

      location :=   This is the Location path returned by the RD as a
         result of a successful earlier registration.

   The following responses codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.02 "Deleted" upon successful deletion

   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request".  Malformed request.

   Failure:  4.04 "Not Found".  Registration does not exist (e.g. may
      have expired).

   Failure:  5.03 "Service Unavailable".  Service could not perform the
      operation.

   The following examples shows successful removal of the endpoint from
   the RD.

       EP                                                RD
        |                                                 |
        | --- DELETE /rd/4521  ------------------------>  |
        |                                                 |
        |                                                 |
        | <-- 2.02 Deleted  ----------------------------  |
        |                                                 |

   Req: DELETE /rd/4521

   Res: 2.02 Deleted

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6.  Group Function Set

   This section defines a function set for the creation of groups of
   endpoints for the purpose of managing and looking up endpoints for
   group operations.  The group function set is similar to the resource
   directory function set, in that a group may be created or removed.
   However unlike an endpoint entry, a group entry consists of a list of
   endpoints and does not have a lifetime associated with it.  In order
   to make use of multicast requests with CoAP, a group MAY have a
   multicast address associated with it.

6.1.  Register a Group

   In order to create a group, a management entity used to configure
   groups, makes a request to the RD indicating the name of the group to
   create (or update), optionally the domain the group belongs to, and
   optionally the multicast address of the group.  The registration
   message includes the list of endpoints that belong to that group.  If
   an endpoint has already registered with the RD, the RD attempts to
   use the context of the endpoint from its RD endpoint entry.  If the
   client registering the group knows the endpoint has already
   registered, then it MAY send a blank target URI for that endpoint
   link when registering the group.  Configuration of the endpoints
   themselves is out of scope of this specification.  Such an interface
   for managing the group membership of an endpoint has been defined in
   [I-D.ietf-core-groupcomm].

   The registration request interface is specified as follows:

   Interaction:  Manager -> RD

   Method:  POST

   URI Template:  /{+rd-group}{?gp,d,con}

   URI Template Variables:

      rd-group :=   RD Group Function Set path (mandatory).  This is the
         path of the RD Group Function Set. An RD SHOULD use the value
         "rd-group" for this variable whenever possible.

      gp :=   Group Name (mandatory).  The name of the group to be
         created or replaced, unique within that domain.  The maximum
         length of this parameter is 63 bytes.

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      d :=   Domain (optional).  The domain to which this group belongs.
         The maximum length of this parameter is 63 bytes.  Optional.
         When this parameter is elided, the RD MAY associate the
         endpoint with a configured default domain.  The domain value is
         needed to export the endpoint to DNS-SD (see Section 9)

      con :=   Context (optional).  This parameter is used to set the IP
         multicast address at which this server is available in the form
         scheme://multicast-address:port.  Optional.  In the absence of
         this parameter no multicast address is configured.  This
         parameter is compulsory when the directory is filled by an
         installation tool.

   Content-Type:  application/link-format

   Content-Type:  application/link-format+json

   The following response codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.01 "Created".  The Location header MUST be included with
      the new group entry.  This Location MUST be a stable identifier
      generated by the RD as it is used for delete operations on this
      registration.

   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request".  Malformed request.

   Failure:  5.03 "Service Unavailable".  Service could not perform the
      operation.

   The following example shows a group with the name "lights"
   registering two endpoints to an RD using this interface.  The
   resulting location /rd-group/12 is just an example of an RD generated
   group location.

       EP                                                RD
        |                                                 |
        | - POST /rd-group?gp=lights "<>;ep=node1..." --> |
        |                                                 |
        |                                                 |
        | <---- 2.01 Created Location: /rd-group/12 ----  |
        |                                                 |

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   Req: POST coap://rd.example.com/rd-group?gp=lights
   Payload:
   <>;ep="node1",
   <>;ep="node2"

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location: /rd-group/12

6.2.  Group Removal

   A group can be removed simply by sending a removal message to the
   location returned when registering the group.  Removing a group MUST
   NOT remove the endpoints of the group from the RD.

   The removal request interface is specified as follows:

   Interaction:  Manager -> RD

   Method:  DELETE

   URI Template:  /{+location}

   URI Template Variables:

      location :=   This is the Location path returned by the RD as a
         result of a successful group registration.

   The following responses codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.02 "Deleted" upon successful deletion

   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request".  Malformed request.

   Failure:  4.04 "Not Found".  Group does not exist.

   Failure:  5.03 "Service Unavailable".  Service could not perform the
      operation.

   The following examples shows successful removal of the group from the
   RD.

       EP                                                RD
        |                                                 |
        | --- DELETE /rd-group/412  ------------------->  |
        |                                                 |
        |                                                 |

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        | <-- 2.02 Deleted  ----------------------------  |
        |                                                 |

   Req: DELETE /rd-group/12

   Res: 2.02 Deleted

7.  RD Lookup Function Set

   In order for an RD to be used for discovering resources registered
   with it, a lookup interface can be provided using this function set.
   This lookup interface is defined as a default, and it is assumed that
   RDs may also support lookups to return resource descriptions in
   alternative formats (e.g.  Atom or HTML Link) or using more advanced
   interfaces (e.g. supporting context or semantic based lookup).

   This function set allows lookups for domains, groups, endpoints and
   resources using attributes defined in the RD Function Set and for use
   with the CoRE Link Format.  The result of a lookup request is the
   list of links (if any) corresponding to the type of lookup.  Using
   the Accept Option, the requester can control whether this list is
   returned in CoRE Link Format ("application/link-format", default) or
   its JSON form ("application/link-format+json").  The target of these
   links SHOULD be the actual location of the domain, endpoint or
   resource, but MAY be an intermediate proxy e.g. in the case of an
   HTTP lookup interface for CoAP endpoints.  Multiple query parameters
   MAY be included in a lookup, all included parameters MUST match for a
   resource to be returned.  The character '*' MAY be included at the
   end of a parameter value as a wildcard operator.

   The lookup interface is specified as follows:

   Interaction:  Client -> RD

   Method:  GET

   URI Template:  /{+rd-lookup-base}/
      {lookup-type}{?d,ep,gp,et,rt,page,count,resource-param}

   Parameters:

      rd-lookup-base :=   RD Lookup Function Set path (mandatory).  This
         is the path of the RD Lookup Function Set. An RD SHOULD use the
         value "rd-lookup" for this variable whenever possible.

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      lookup-type :=   ("d", "ep", "res", "gp") (mandatory) This
         variable is used to select the kind of lookup to perform
         (domain, endpoint, resource, or group).

      ep :=   Endpoint (optional).  Used for endpoint, group and
         resource lookups.

      d :=   Domain (optional).  Used for domain, group, endpoint and
         resource lookups.

      page :=   Page (optional).  Parameter can not be used without the
         count parameter.  Results are returned from result set in pages
         that contains 'count' results starting from index (page *
         count).

      count :=   Count (optional).  Number of results is limited to this
         parameter value.  If the parameter is not present, then an RD
         implementation specific default value SHOULD be used.

      rt :=   Resource type (optional).  Used for group, endpoint and
         resource lookups.

      et :=   Endpoint type (optional).  Used for group, endpoint and
         resource lookups.

      resource-param :=   Link attribute parameters (optional).  Any
         link attribute as defined in Section 4.1 of [RFC6690], used for
         resource lookups.

   The following responses codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.05 "Content" with an "application/link-format" or
      "application/link-format+json" payload containing a matching
      entries for the lookup.

   Failure:  4.04 "Not Found" in case no matching entry is found for a
      unicast request.

   Failure:  No error response to a multicast request.

   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request".  Malformed request.

   Failure:  5.03 "Service Unavailable".  Service could not perform the
      operation.

   The following example shows a client performing a resource lookup:

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      Client                                                          RD
        |                                                             |
        | ----- GET /rd-lookup/res?rt=temperature ----------------->  |
        |                                                             |
        |                                                             |
        | <-- 2.05 Content <coap://{host:port}/temp>;rt="temperature" |
        |                                                             |

   Req: GET /rd-lookup/res?rt=temperature

   Res: 2.05 Content
   <coap://{host:port}/temp>;rt="temperature"

   The following example shows a client performing an endpoint lookup:

      Client                                                          RD
        |                                                             |
        | ----- GET /rd-lookup/ep?et=power-node -------------------->  |
        |                                                             |
        |                                                             |
        | <-- 2.05 Content <coap://{ip:port}>;ep="node5" ------------ |
        |                                                             |

   Req: GET /rd-lookup/ep?et=power-node

   Res: 2.05 Content
   <coap://{ip:port}>;ep="node5",
   <coap://{ip:port}>;ep="node7"

   The following example shows a client performing a domain lookup:

      Client                                                          RD
        |                                                             |
        | ----- GET /rd-lookup/d ---------------------------------->  |
        |                                                             |
        |                                                             |
        | <-- 2.05 Content </rd>;d=domain1,</rd>;d=domain2 ---------- |
        |                                                             |

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   Req: GET /rd-lookup/d

   Res: 2.05 Content
   </rd>;d="domain1",
   </rd>;d="domain2"

   The following example shows a client performing a group lookup for
   all groups:

      Client                                                          RD
        |                                                             |
        | ----- GET /rd-lookup/gp --------------------------------->  |
        |                                                             |
        |                                                             |
        | <-- 2.05 Content </rd-group/12>;gp="lights1"; ------------- |
        |                               d="example.com" ------------- |
        |                                                             |

   Req: GET /rd-lookup/gp

   Res: 2.05 Content
   </rd-group/12>;gp="lights1";d="example.com"

   The following example shows a client performing a lookup for all
   endpoints in a particular group:

      Client                                                          RD
        |                                                             |
        | ----- GET /rd-lookup/ep?gp=lights1----------------------->  |
        |                                                             |
        |                                                             |
        | <-- 2.05 Content <coap://{host:port}>;ep="node1" ---------- |
        |                                                             |

   Req: GET /rd-lookup/ep?gp=lights1

   Res: 2.05 Content
   <coap://{host:port}>;ep="node1",

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   <coap://{host:port}>;ep="node2",

   The following example shows a client performing a lookup for all
   groups an endpoint belongs to:

      Client                                                          RD
        |                                                             |
        | ----- GET /rd-lookup/gp?ep=node1 ------------------------>  |
        |                                                             |
        |                                                             |
        | <-- 2.05 Content <coap://{ip:port}>;gp="lights1";ep="node1" |
        |                                                             |

   Req: GET /rd-lookup/gp?ep=node1

   Res: 2.05 Content
   <coap://{ip:port}>;gp="lights1";ep="node1",

8.  New Link-Format Attributes

   When using the CoRE Link Format to describe resources being
   discovered by or posted to a resource directory service, additional
   information about those resources is useful.  This specification
   defines the following new attributes for use in the CoRE Link Format
   [RFC6690]:

      link-extension    = ( "ins" "=" quoted-string ) ; Max 63 bytes
      link-extension    = ( "exp" )

8.1.  Resource Instance attribute 'ins'

   The Resource Instance "ins" attribute is an identifier for this
   resource, which makes it possible to distinguish it from other
   similar resources.  This attribute is similar in use to the
   <Instance> portion of a DNS-SD record (see Section 9.1, and SHOULD be
   unique across resources with the same Resource Type attribute in the
   domain it is used.  A Resource Instance might be a descriptive string
   like "Ceiling Light, Room 3", a short ID like "AF39" or a unique UUID
   or iNumber.  This attribute is used by a Resource Directory to
   distinguish between multiple instances of the same resource type

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   within the directory.

   This attribute MUST be no more than 63 bytes in length.  The resource
   identifier attribute MUST NOT appear more than once in a link
   description.

8.2.  Export attribute 'exp'

   The Export "exp" attribute is used as a flag to indicate that a link
   description MAY be exported by a resource directory to external
   directories.

   The CoRE Link Format is used for many purposes between CoAP
   endpoints.  Some are useful mainly locally, for example checking the
   observability of a resource before accessing it, determining the size
   of a resource, or traversing dynamic resource structures.  However,
   other links are very useful to be exported to other directories, for
   example the entry point resource to a functional service.

9.  DNS-SD Mapping

   CoRE Resource Discovery is intended to support fine-grained discovery
   of hosted resources, their attributes, and possibly other resource
   relations [RFC6690].  In contrast, service discovery generally refers
   to a coarse-grained resolution of an endpoint's IP address, port
   number, and protocol.

   Resource and service discovery are complementary in the case of large
   networks, where the latter can facilitate scaling.  This document
   defines a mapping between CoRE Link Format attributes and DNS-Based
   Service Discovery [RFC6763] fields that permits discovery of CoAP
   services by either means.

9.1.  DNS-based Service discovery

   DNS-Based Service Discovery (DNS-SD) defines a conventional method of
   configuring DNS PTR, SRV, and TXT resource records to facilitate
   discovery of services (such as CoAP servers in a subdomain) using the
   existing DNS infrastructure.  This section gives a brief overview of
   DNS-SD; see [RFC6763] for a detailed specification.

   DNS-SD service names are limited to 255 octets and are of the form:

   Service Name = <Instance>.<ServiceType>.<Domain>.

   The service name is the label of SRV/TXT resource records.  The SRV
   RR specifies the host and the port of the endpoint.  The TXT RR

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   provides additional information.

   The <Domain> part of the service name is identical to the global (DNS
   subdomain) part of the authority in URIs that identify servers or
   groups of servers.

   The <ServiceType> part is composed of at least two labels.  The first
   label of the pair is the application protocol name [RFC6335] preceded
   by an underscore character.  The second label indicates the transport
   and is always "_udp" for UDP-based CoAP services.  In cases where
   narrowing the scope of the search may be useful, these labels may be
   optionally preceded by a subtype name followed by the "_sub" label.
   An example of this more specific <ServiceType> is
   "lamp._sub._dali._udp".

   The default <Instance> part of the service name may be set at the
   factory or during the commissioning process.  It SHOULD uniquely
   identify an instance of <ServiceType> within a <Domain>.  Taken
   together, these three elements comprise a unique name for an SRV/ TXT
   record pair within the DNS subdomain.

   The granularity of a service name MAY be that of a host or group, or
   it could represent a particular resource within a CoAP server.  The
   SRV record contains the host name (AAAA record name) and port of the
   service while protocol is part of the service name.  In the case
   where a service name identifies a particular resource, the path part
   of the URI must be carried in a corresponding TXT record.

   A DNS TXT record is in practice limited to a few hundred octets in
   length, which is indicated in the resource record header in the DNS
   response message.  The data consists of one or more strings
   comprising a key=value pair.  By convention, the first pair is
   txtver=<number> (to support different versions of a service
   description).

9.2.  mapping ins to <Instance>

   The Resource Instance "ins" attribute maps to the <Instance> part of
   a DNS-SD service name.  It is stored directly in the DNS as a single
   DNS label of canonical precomposed UTF-8 [RFC3629] "Net-Unicode"
   (Unicode Normalization Form C) [RFC5198] text.  However, to the
   extent that the "ins" attribute may be chosen to match the DNS host
   name of a service, it SHOULD use the syntax defined in Section 3.5 of
   [RFC1034] and Section 2.1 of [RFC1123].

   The <Instance> part of the name of a service being offered on the
   network SHOULD be configurable by the user setting up the service, so
   that he or she may give it an informative name.  However, the device

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   or service SHOULD NOT require the user to configure a name before it
   can be used.  A sensible choice of default name can allow the device
   or service to be accessed in many cases without any manual
   configuration at all.  The default name should be short and
   descriptive, and MAY include a collision-resistant substring such as
   the lower bits of the device's MAC address, serial number,
   fingerprint, or other identifier in an attempt to make the name
   relatively unique.

   DNS labels are currently limited to 63 octets in length and the
   entire service name may not exceed 255 octets.

9.3.  Mapping rt to <ServiceType>

   The resource type "rt" attribute is mapped into the <ServiceType>
   part of a DNS-SD service name and SHOULD conform to the reg-rel-type
   production of the Link Format defined in Section 2 of [RFC6690].  The
   "rt" attribute MUST be composed of at least a single Net-Unicode text
   string, without underscore '_' or period '.' and limited to 15 octets
   in length, which represents the application protocol name.  This
   string is mapped to the DNS-SD <ServiceType> by prepending an
   underscore and appending a period followed by the "_udp" label.  For
   example, rt="dali" is mapped into "_dali._udp".

   The application protocol name may be optionally followed by a period
   and a service subtype name consisting of a Net-Unicode text string,
   without underscore or period and limited to 63 octets.  This string
   is mapped to the DNS-SD <ServiceType> by appending a period followed
   by the "_sub" label and then appending a period followed by the
   service type label pair derived as in the previous paragraph.  For
   example, rt="dali.light" is mapped into "light._sub._dali._udp".

   The resulting string is used to form labels for DNS-SD records which
   are stored directly in the DNS.

9.4.  Domain mapping

   DNS domains are defined from the "d" attribute.The domain attribute
   is suffixed to the host name and should be consistent with the domain
   name attributed to the hosting network segment.

9.5.  TXT Record key=value strings

   A number of [RFC6763] key/value pairs are derived from link-format
   information, to be exported in the DNS-SD as key=value strings in a
   TXT record ([RFC6763], Section 6.3).

   The resource <URI> is exported as key/value pair "path=<URI>".

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   The Interface Description "if" attribute is exported as key/value
   pair "if=<Interface Description>".

   The DNS TXT record can be further populated by importing any other
   resource description attributes as they share the same key=value
   format specified in Section 6 of [RFC6763].

9.6.  Importing resource links into DNS-SD

   Assuming the ability to query a Resource Directory or multicast a GET
   (?exp) over the local link, CoAP resource discovery may be used to
   populate the DNS-SD database in an automated fashion.  CoAP resource
   descriptions (links) can be exported to DNS-SD for exposure to
   service discovery by using the Resource Instance attribute as the
   basis for a unique service name, composed with the Resource Type as
   the <ServiceType>, and registered in the correct <Domain>.  The agent
   responsible for exporting records to the DNS zone file SHOULD be
   authenticated to the DNS server.  The following example shows an
   agent discovering a resource to be exported:

       Agent                                                          RD
         |                                                             |
         | --- GET /rd-lookup/res?exp ------------------------------>  |
         |                                                             |
         |                                                             |
         | <-- 2.05 Content "<coap://node1/light/1>;exp; ------------  |
         |                   rt="dali.light";ins="FrontSpot"           |
         |                   d="example.com"                           |
         |                                                             |

      Req: GET /rd-lookup/res?exp

      Res: 2.05 Content
      <coap://[FDFD::1234]:61616/light/1>;
        exp;ct=41;rt="dali.light";ins="FrontSpot";
                  d="example.com"

   The agent subsequently registers the following DNS-SD RRs:

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   node1.example.com.                IN AAAA
                             FDFD::1234
   _dali._udp.example.com            IN PTR
                             FrontSpot._dali._udp.example.com
   light._sub._dali._udp.example.com IN PTR
                             FrontSpot._dali._udp.example.com
   FrontSpot._dali._udp.example.com  IN SRV  0 0 5678
                             node1.example.com.
   FrontSpot._dali._udp.example.com  IN TXT
                             txtver=1;path=/light/1

   In the above figure the Service Name is chosen as
   FrontSpot._dali._udp.example.com without the light._sub service
   prefix.  An alternative Service Name would be:
   FrontSpot.light._sub._dali._udp.example.com.

10.  Security Considerations

   The security considerations as described in Section 7 of [RFC5988]
   and Section 6 of [RFC6690] apply.  The "/.well-known/core" resource
   may be protected e.g. using DTLS when hosted on a CoAP server as
   described in [RFC7252].  DTLS or TLS based security SHOULD be used on
   all resource directory interfaces defined in this document (TODO:
   Improve the exact DTLS or TLS security requirements and references).

10.1.  Endpoint Identification and Authentication

   An Endpoint is determined to be unique by an RD by the Endpoint
   identifier parameter included during Registration, and any associated
   TLS or DTLS security bindings.  An Endpoint MUST NOT be identified by
   its protocol, port or IP address as these may change over the
   lifetime of an Endpoint.

   Every operation performed by an Endpoint or Client on a resource
   directory SHOULD be mutually authenticated using Pre-Shared Key, Raw
   Public Key or Certificate based security.  Endpoints using a
   Certificate MUST include the Endpoint identifier as the Subject of
   the Certificate, and this identifier MUST be checked by a resource
   directory to match the Endpoint identifier included in the
   Registration message.

10.2.  Access Control

   Access control SHOULD be performed separately for the RD Function Set
   and the RD Lookup Function Set, as different endpoints may be
   authorized to register with an RD from those authorized to lookup
   endpoints from the RD.  Such access control SHOULD be performed in as

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   fine-grained a level as possible.  For example access control for
   lookups could be performed either at the domain, endpoint or resource
   level.

10.3.  Denial of Service Attacks

   Services that run over UDP unprotected are vulnerable to unknowingly
   become part of a DDoS attack as UDP does not require return
   routability check.  Therefore, an attacker can easily spoof the
   source IP of the target entity and send requests to such a service
   which would then respond to the target entity.  This can be used for
   large-scale DDoS attacks on the target.  Especially, if the service
   returns a response that is order of magnitudes larger than the
   request, the situation becomes even worse as now the attack can be
   amplified.  DNS servers have been widely used for DDoS amplification
   attacks.  Recently, it has been observed that NTP Servers, that also
   run on unprotected UDP have been used for DDoS attacks (http://
   tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityNotice/
   CVE-2013-5211) [TODO: Ref, and cut down the verbiage, as this is
   already discussed in RFC 7252] since there is no return routability
   check and can have a large amplification factor.  The responses from
   the NTP server were found to be 19 times larger than the request.  A
   Resource Directory (RD) which responds to wild-card lookups is
   potentially vulnerable if run with CoAP over UDP.  Since there is no
   return routability check and the responses can be significantly
   larger than requests, RDs can unknowingly become part of a DDoS
   amplification attack.  Therefore, it is RECOMMENDED that
   implementations ensure return routability.  This can be done, for
   example by responding to wild card lookups only over DTLS or TLS or
   TCP.

11.  IANA Considerations

11.1.  Resource Types

   "core.rd", "core.rd-group" and "core.rd-lookup" resource types need
   to be registered with the resource type registry defined by
   [RFC6690].

11.2.  Link Extension

   The "exp" attribute needs to be registered when a future Web Linking
   link-extension registry is created (e.g. in RFC5988bis).

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11.3.  RD Parameter Registry

   This specification defines a new sub-registry for registration and
   lookup parameters called "RD Parameters" under "CoRE Parameters".
   Although this specification defines a basic set of parameters, it is
   expected that other standards that make use of this interface will
   define new ones.

   Each entry in the registry must include the human readable name of
   the parameter, the query parameter, validity requirements if any and
   a description.  The query parameter MUST be a valid URI query key
   [RFC3986].

   Initial entries in this sub-registry are as follows:

   +----------+-------+---------------+--------------------------------+
   | Name     | Query | Validity      | Description                    |
   +----------+-------+---------------+--------------------------------+
   | Endpoint | ep    |               | Name of the endpoint           |
   | Name     |       |               |                                |
   | Lifetime | lt    | 60-4294967295 | Lifetime of the registration   |
   |          |       |               | in seconds                     |
   | Domain   | d     |               | Domain to which this endpoint  |
   |          |       |               | belongs                        |
   | Endpoint | et    |               | Semantic name of the endpoint  |
   | Type     |       |               |                                |
   | Context  | con   | URI           | The scheme, address and port   |
   |          |       |               | at which this server is        |
   |          |       |               | available                      |
   | Endpoint | ep    |               | Name of the endpoint, max 63   |
   | Name     |       |               | bytes                          |
   | Group    | gp    |               | Name of a group in the RD      |
   | Name     |       |               |                                |
   | Page     | page  | Integer       | Used for pagination            |
   | Count    | count | Integer       | Used for pagination            |
   +----------+-------+---------------+--------------------------------+

                          Table 1: RD Parameters

   The IANA policy for future additions to the sub-registry is "Expert
   Review" as described in [RFC5226].

12.  Examples

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13.  Acknowledgments

   Srdjan Krco, Szymon Sasin, Kerry Lynn, Esko Dijk, Peter van der Stok,
   Anders Brandt, Matthieu Vial, Michael Koster, Mohit Sethi, Sampo
   Ukkola and Linyi Tian have provided helpful comments, discussions and
   ideas to improve and shape this document.  Zach would also like to
   thank his collagues from the EU FP7 SENSEI project, where many of the
   resource directory concepts were originally developed.

14.  Changelog

   Changes from -01 to -02:

      o Added a catalogue use case.

      o Changed the registration update to a POST with optional link
      format payload.  Removed the endpoint type update from the update.

      o Additional examples section added for more complex use cases.

      o New DNS-SD mapping section.

      o Added text on endpoint identification and authentication.

      o Error code 4.04 added to Registration Update and Delete
      requests.

      o Made 63 bytes a SHOULD rather than a MUST for endpoint name and
      resource type parameters.

   Changes from -00 to -01:

      o Removed the ETag validation feature.

      o Place holder for the DNS-SD mapping section.

      o Explicitly disabled GET or POST on returned Location.

      o New registry for RD parameters.

      o Added support for the JSON Link Format.

      o Added reference to the Groupcomm WG draft.

   Changes from -05 to WG Document -00:

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      o Updated the version and date.

   Changes from -04 to -05:

      o Restricted Update to parameter updates.

      o Added pagination support for the Lookup interface.

      o Minor editing, bug fixes and reference updates.

      o Added group support.

      o Changed rt to et for the registration and update interface.

   Changes from -03 to -04:

      o Added the ins= parameter back for the DNS-SD mapping.

      o Integrated the Simple Directory Discovery from Carsten.

      o Editorial improvements.

      o Fixed the use of ETags.

   Changes from -02 to -03:

      o Changed the endpoint name back to a single registration
      parameter ep= and removed the h= and ins= parameters.

      o Updated REST interface descriptions to use RFC6570 URI Template
      format.

      o Introduced an improved RD Lookup design as its own function set.

      o Improved the security considerations section.

      o Made the POST registration interface idempotent by requiring the
      ep= parameter to be present.

   Changes from -01 to -02:

      o Added a terminology section.

      o Changed the inclusion of an ETag in registration or update to a
      MAY.

      o Added the concept of an RD Domain and a registration parameter
      for it.

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      o Recommended the Location returned from a registration to be
      stable, allowing for endpoint and Domain information to be changed
      during updates.

      o Changed the lookup interface to accept endpoint and Domain as
      query string parameters to control the scope of a lookup.

15.  References

15.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-core-links-json]
              Bormann, C., "Representing CoRE Link Collections in JSON",
              draft-ietf-core-links-json-02 (work in progress),
              July 2014.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, January 2005.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [RFC5988]  Nottingham, M., "Web Linking", RFC 5988, October 2010.

   [RFC6335]  Cotton, M., Eggert, L., Touch, J., Westerlund, M., and S.
              Cheshire, "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
              Procedures for the Management of the Service Name and
              Transport Protocol Port Number Registry", BCP 165,
              RFC 6335, August 2011.

   [RFC6570]  Gregorio, J., Fielding, R., Hadley, M., Nottingham, M.,
              and D. Orchard, "URI Template", RFC 6570, March 2012.

   [RFC6690]  Shelby, Z., "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Link
              Format", RFC 6690, August 2012.

   [RFC6763]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service
              Discovery", RFC 6763, February 2013.

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15.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-core-groupcomm]
              Rahman, A. and E. Dijk, "Group Communication for CoAP",
              draft-ietf-core-groupcomm-25 (work in progress),
              September 2014.

   [RFC1034]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
              STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.

   [RFC1123]  Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application
              and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, October 1989.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.

   [RFC5198]  Klensin, J. and M. Padlipsky, "Unicode Format for Network
              Interchange", RFC 5198, March 2008.

   [RFC6775]  Shelby, Z., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C. Bormann,
              "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over Low-Power
              Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)", RFC 6775,
              November 2012.

   [RFC7230]  Fielding, R. and J. Reschke, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol
              (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing", RFC 7230,
              June 2014.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252, June 2014.

Authors' Addresses

   Zach Shelby
   ARM
   150 Rose Orchard
   San Jose  95134
   FINLAND

   Phone: +1-408-203-9434
   Email: zach.shelby@arm.com

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   Carsten Bormann
   Universitaet Bremen TZI
   Postfach 330440
   Bremen  D-28359
   Germany

   Phone: +49-421-218-63921
   Email: cabo@tzi.org

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