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BFD for Multipoint Networks
draft-ietf-bfd-multipoint-04

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8562.
Authors Dave Katz , David Ward , Santosh Pallagatti
Last updated 2014-08-18
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draft-ietf-bfd-multipoint-04
Internet Engineering Task Force                                  D. Katz
Internet-Draft                                          Juniper Networks
Intended status: Standards Track                                 D. Ward
Expires: February 13, 2015                                 Cisco Systems
                                                      S. Pallagatti, Ed.
                                                        Juniper Networks
                                                         August 12, 2014

                      BFD for Multipoint Networks
                      draft-ietf-bfd-multipoint-04

Abstract

   This document describes extensions to the Bidirectional Forwarding
   Detection (BFD) protocol for its use in multipoint and multicast
   networks.  Comments on this draft should be directed to rtg-
   bfd@ietf.org.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on February 13, 2015.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Protocol Details  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  Multipoint BFD Control Packets  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.2.  Session Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.3.  Session Failure Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.4.  State Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       4.4.1.  New State Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       4.4.2.  State Variable Initialization and Maintenance . . . .   8
     4.5.  Controlling Multipoint BFD Options  . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.6.  State Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.7.  Session Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.8.  Discriminators and Packet Demultiplexing  . . . . . . . .  11
     4.9.  Controlling Tail Packet Transmission  . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.10. Bringing Up and Shutting Down Multipoint BFD Service  . .  12
     4.11. Soliciting the Tails  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.12. Verifying Connectivity to Specific Tails  . . . . . . . .  13
     4.13. Timer Manipulation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.14. Detection Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.15. State Maintenance for Down/AdminDown Sessions . . . . . .  15
       4.15.1.  MultipointHead Sessions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       4.15.2.  MultipointTail Sessions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       4.15.3.  MultipointClient Sessions  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     4.16. Base Specification Text Replacement . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       4.16.1.  Reception of BFD Control Packets . . . . . . . . . .  16
       4.16.2.  Demultiplexing BFD Control Packets . . . . . . . . .  19
       4.16.3.  Transmitting BFD Control Packets . . . . . . . . . .  20
   5.  Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   6.  Operational Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.1.  No Head Notification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.2.  Unreliable Head Notification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.3.  Semi-reliable Head Notification and Tail Solicitation . .  25
     6.4.  Reliable Head Notification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26

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   9.  Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   10. Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27

1.  Introduction

   The Bidirectional Forwarding Detection protocol [RFC5880] specifies a
   method for verifying unicast connectivity between a pair of systems.
   This document defines a method for using BFD to provide verification
   of multipoint or multicast connectivity between a multipoint sender
   (the "head") and a set of one or more multipoint receivers (the
   "tails").

   As multipoint transmissions are inherently unidirectional, this
   mechanism purports only to verify this unidirectional connectivity.
   Although this seems in conflict with the "Bidirectional" in BFD, it
   is a natural fit for that protocol.

   This application of BFD allows for the tails to detect a lack of
   connectivity from the head.  As an option, the tail may unreliably
   notify the head of the lack of multipoint connectivity.  As a further
   option, this notification can be made reliable.  Notification to the
   head can be enabled for all tails, or for only a subset of the tails.

   Multipoint BFD verifies only the head-to-tail connectivity over the
   multipoint path.  Although it may use unicast paths in both
   directions, Multipoint BFD does not verify those paths (and in fact
   it is preferable if unicast paths share as little fate with the
   multipoint path as is feasible.)

   Virtually all options and timing parameters are controlled by the
   head.  This is particularly important if head notifications are
   enabled, since there are obvious scaling concerns in that case.

   Throughout this document, the term "multipoint" is defined as a
   mechanism by which one or more systems receive packets sent by a
   single sender.  This specifically includes such things as IP
   multicast and point-to-multipoint MPLS.

   This document effectively modifies and adds to the base BFD
   specification.  It is the intention of the authors to fold these
   extensions into the base specification at the appropriate time.

2.  Goals

   The primary goal of this mechanism is to allow tails to rapidly
   detect the fact that multipoint connectivity from the head has

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   failed.  An optional goal is for the head to reasonably rapidly have
   knowledge of tails that have lost connectivity from the head.

   Since scaling is a primary concern (particularly state implosion
   toward the head), it is a goal that the head be in control of all
   timing aspects of the mechanism, and that BFD packets from the tails
   to the head not be synchronized.

   Another goal is for the mechanism to work on any multicast or
   multipoint medium.

   A further goal is to support multiple, overlapping multipoint paths,
   as well as multipoint paths with multiple heads, and to allow point-
   to-point BFD sessions to operate simultaneously among the systems
   participating in Multipoint BFD.

   A final goal is to integrate multipoint operation into the base
   specification in such a way as to make it relatively easy to support
   both multipoint and point-to-point operation in a single
   implementation.

   It is a non-goal for this protocol to verify point-to-point
   connectivity between the head and any tails.  This can be done
   independently (and with no penalty in protocol overhead) by using
   point-to-point BFD.

3.  Overview

   The heart of this protocol is the periodic transmission of BFD
   Control packets along a multipoint path, from the head to all tails
   on the tree.  The contents of the BFD packets provide the means for
   the tails to calculate the detection time for path failure.  If no
   BFD Control packets are received by a tail for a detection time, the
   tail declares the path to have failed.  For some applications this is
   the only mechanism necessary; the head can remain ignorant of the
   tails.  In this mode, the tails never send any BFD traffic to the
   head.

   If the head wishes to be alerted to the tails' connectivity (or lack
   thereof), there are a number of options.  First, if all that is
   needed is an unreliable failure notification, the head can direct the
   tails to transmit unicast BFD Control packets back to the head when
   the path fails.

   If the head wishes to know the identity of the tails on the
   multipoint path, it may solicit membership by sending a multipoint
   BFD Control packet with the Poll (P) bit set, which will induce the
   tails to return a unicast BFD Control packet with the Final (F) bit

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   set.  The head can then create BFD session state for each of the
   tails that have multipoint connectivity.  If the head sends such a
   packet on occasion, it can keep track of which tails answer, thus
   providing a somewhat reliable mechanism for detecting which tails
   fail to respond (implying a loss of multipoint connectivity.)

   If the head wishes a reliable indication of the tails' connectivity,
   it may do all of the above, but if it detects that a tail did not
   answer the previous multipoint poll, it may initiate a Demand mode
   Poll Sequence as a unicast to the tail.  This covers the case where
   either the multipoint poll or the single reply thereto is lost in
   transit.  If desired, the head may Poll one or more tails proactively
   to track the tails' connectivity.

   If some tails are more equal than others, in the sense that the head
   needs to detect the lack of multipoint connectivity to a subset of
   tails at a different rate, the head may transmit unicast BFD Polls to
   that subset of tails.  In this case, the timing may be independent on
   a tail-by-tail basis.

   Individual tails may be configured so that they never send BFD
   control packets to the head, even when the head wishes notification
   of path failure from the tail.  Such tails will never be known to the
   head, but will still be able to detect multipoint path failures from
   the head.

   Although this document describes a single head and a set of tails
   spanned by a single multipoint path, the protocol is capable of
   supporting (and discriminating between) more than one multipoint path
   at both heads and tails.  Furthermore, the same head and tail may
   share multiple multipoint paths, and a multipoint path may have
   multiple heads.

4.  Protocol Details

   This section describes the operation of Multipoint BFD in detail.

4.1.  Multipoint BFD Control Packets

   Multipoint BFD Control packets (packets sent by the head over a
   multipoint path) are explicitly marked as such, via the setting of
   the M bit (added to the latest revision of the BFD base
   specification.  This means that Multipoint BFD does not depend on the
   recipient of a packet to know whether the packet was received over a
   multipoint path.  This can be useful in scenarios where this
   information may not be available to the recipient.

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4.2.  Session Model

   Multipoint BFD is modeled as a set of sessions of different types.
   The elements of procedure differ slightly for each type.

   Point-to-point sessions, as described in [BFD], are of type
   PointToPoint.

   The head has a session of type MultipointHead that is bound to a
   multipoint path.  Multipoint BFD Control packets are sent by this
   session over the multipoint path, and no BFD Control packets are
   received by it.

   If the head is keeping track of some or all of the tails, it has a
   session of type MultipointClient per tail that it cares about.  All
   of the MultipointClient sessions for tails on a particular particular
   multipoint path are grouped with the MultipointHead session to which
   the clients are listening.  A BFD Poll Sequence may be sent over such
   a session to a tail if the head wishes to verify connectivity.  These
   sessions receive any BFD Control packets sent by the tails, and never
   transmit periodic BFD Control packets other than Poll Sequences
   (since periodic transmission is always done by the MultipointHead
   session.)

   Each tail has a session of type MultipointTail associated with a
   multipoint path.  These sessions receive BFD Control packets from the
   head, both as multipoint packets (the MultipointHead session) and as
   unicast packets (the MultipointClient session, if it exists.)  Any
   BFD Control packets sent to the head are sent over this session.

4.3.  Session Failure Semantics

   The semantics of session failure are subtle enough to warrant further
   explanation.

   MultipointHead sessions cannot fail (since they are controlled
   administratively.)

   If a MultipointTail session fails, it means that the tail definitely
   has lost contact with the head (or the head has been administratively
   disabled) and the tail should take appropriate action.

   If a MultipointClient session receives a BFD Control packet from the
   tail with state Down or AdminDown, the head reliably knows that the
   tail has lost multipoint connectivity.  If the Detection Time expires
   on a MultipointClient session, it is ambiguous as to whether the
   multipoint connectivity failed or whether there was a unicast path

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   problem in one direction or the other, so the head does not reliably
   know the tail state.

4.4.  State Variables

   Multipoint BFD introduces some new state variables, and modifies the
   usage of a few existing ones.

4.4.1.  New State Variables

   A number of state variables are added to the base specification in
   support of Multipoint BFD.

      bfd.SessionType

         The type of this session.  Allowable values are:

            PointToPoint: Classic point-to-point BFD.

            MultipointHead: A session on the head responsible for the
            periodic transmission of multipoint BFD Control packets
            along the multipoint path.

            MultipointClient: A session on the head that tracks the
            state of an individual tail, when desirable.

            MultipointTail: A multipoint session on a tail.

         This variable MUST be initialized to the appropriate type when
         the session is created, according to the rules in section 4.16.

      bfd.SilentTail

         If 1, a tail will never transmit any BFD Control packets to the
         head under any circumstances.  If 0, a tail may send packets to
         the head according to other parts of this specification.  This
         allows tails to be provisioned to always be silent, even when
         the head is soliciting traffic from the tails.  This can be
         useful, for example, in deployments of a large number of tails
         when the head wishes to track the state of a subset of them.
         This variable MUST be initialized based on configuration.

         This variable is only pertinent when bfd.SessionType is
         MultipointTail.

      bfd.ReportTailDown

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         Set to 1 if the head wishes tails to notify the head, via
         periodic BFD Control packets, when they see the BFD session
         fail.  If 0, the tail will never send periodic BFD Control
         packets, and the head will not be notified of session failures
         by the tails.  This variable MUST be initialized based on
         configuration.

         This variable is only pertinent when bfd.SessionType is
         MultipointHead or MultipointClient.

      bfd.UnicastRcvd

         Set to 1 if a tail receives a unicast BFD Control packet from
         the head.  This variable MUST be set to zero if the session
         transitions from Up state to some other state.

         This variable MUST be initialized to zero.

         This variable is only pertinent when Bfd.SessionType is
         MultipointTail.

4.4.2.  State Variable Initialization and Maintenance

   Some state variables defined in section 6.8.1 of the BFD base
   specification need to be initialized or manipulated differently
   depending on the session type.

      bfd.LocalDiscr

         For session type MultipointClient, this variable MUST always
         match the value of bfd.LocalDiscr in the associated
         MultipointHead session.

      bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval

         For session type MultipointClient, this variable MUST always
         match the value of bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval in the associated
         MultipointHead session.

      bfd.RequiredMinRxInterval

         This variable MUST always be 0 for session type MultipointHead
         if bfd.ReportTailDown is 0.

         It should be noted that for sessions of type MultipointTail,
         this variable only affects the rate of unicast Polls sent by
         the head; the rate of multipoint packets is necessarily
         unaffected by it.

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      bfd.DemandMode

         This variable MUST be initialized to 1 for session types
         MultipointHead and MultipointClient, and MUST be initialized to
         0 for session type MultipointTail.

      bfd.DetectMult

         For session type MultipointClient, this variable MUST always
         match the value of bfd.DetectMult in the associated
         MultipointHead session.

4.5.  Controlling Multipoint BFD Options

   The state variables defined above are used to choose which
   operational options are active.

   The most basic form of operation, in which BFD Control packets flow
   only from the head and no tracking is desired of tail state at the
   head, is accomplished by setting bfd.ReportTailDown to 0 in the
   MultipointHead session.

   If the head wishes to know the identity of the tails, it sends
   multipoint Polls as needed.  Previously known tails that don't
   respond to the Polls will be detected.

   If the head wishes to be notified by the tails when they lose
   connectivity, it sets bfd.ReportTailDown to 1 in either the
   MultipointHead session (if such notification is desired from all
   tails) or in the MultipointClient session (if notification is desired
   from a particular tail.)  Note that the setting of this variable in a
   MultipointClient session for a particular tail overrides the setting
   in the MultipointHead session.

   If the head wishes to verify the state of a tail on an ongoing basis,
   it sends a Poll Sequence from the MultipointClient session associated
   with that tail as needed.

   If the head wants to more quickly be alerted to a session failure
   from a particular tail, it sends a BFD Control packet from the
   MultipointClient session associated with that tail.  This has the
   effect of eliminating the initial delay that the tail would otherwise
   insert prior to transmission of the packet.

   If a tail wishes to operate silently (sending no BFD Control packets
   to the head) it sets bfd.SilentTail to 1 in the MultipointTail
   session.  This allows a tail to be silent independent of the settings
   on the head.

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4.6.  State Machine

   The BFD state machine works slightly differently in the multipoint
   application.  In particular, since there is a many-to-one mapping,
   three-way handshakes for session establishment and teardown are
   neither possible nor appropriate.  As such there is no Init state.

   The following diagram provides an overview of the state machine for
   session types MultipointClient and MultipointTail.  The notation on
   each arc represents the state of the remote system (as received in
   the State field in the BFD Control packet) or indicates the
   expiration of the Detection Timer.

                                              DOWN, ADMIN DOWN,
                       +------+   TIMER              +------+
                  +----|      |<---------------------|      |----+
             DOWN,|    | DOWN |                      |  UP  |    |UP
       ADMIN DOWN,+--->|      |--------------------->|      |<---+
            TIMER      +------+          UP          +------+

   Sessions of type MultipointHead never receive packets and have no
   Detection Timer, and as such all state transitions are
   administratively driven.

4.7.  Session Establishment

   Unlike Point-to-point BFD, Multipoint BFD provides a form of
   discovery mechanism for tails to discover the head, and vice versa.
   The minimum amount of a priori information required both on the head
   and tails is the binding to the multipoint path over which BFD is
   running.  The head transmits Multipoint BFD packets on that tree, and
   the tails listen for BFD packets on that tree.  All other information
   MAY be determined dynamically.

   A session of type MultipointHead is created for each multipoint path
   over which the head wishes to run BFD.  This session runs in the
   Active role.  Except when terminating BFD service, this session is
   always in state Up and always operates in Demand mode.  No received
   packets are ever demultiplexed to the MultipointHead session.  In
   this sense it is a degenerate form of a session.

   Sessions on the tail MAY be established dynamically, based on the
   receipt of a Multipoint BFD Control packet from the head, and are of
   type MultipointTail.  Tail sessions always take the Passive role.

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   If BFD Control packets are received at the head, they are
   demultiplexed to sessions of type MultipointClient, which represent
   the set of tails that the head is interested in tracking.  These
   sessions will typically also be established dynamically based on the
   receipt of BFD Control packets.  The head has broad latitude in
   choosing which tails to track, if any, without affecting the basic
   operation of the protocol.  The head directly controls whether or not
   tails are allowed to send BFD Control packets back to the head.

4.8.  Discriminators and Packet Demultiplexing

   The use of Discriminators is somewhat different in Multipoint BFD
   than in Point-to-point BFD.

   The head sends Multipoint BFD Control packets over the MultipointHead
   session with My Discr set to a value bound to the multipoint path,
   and with Your Discr set to zero.  The tails MUST demultiplex these
   packets based on a combination of the source address and My Discr,
   which together uniquely identify the head and the multipoint path.

   When the tails send BFD Control packets to the head from the
   MultipointTail session, the contents of Your Discr (the discriminator
   received from the head) will not be sufficient for the head to
   demultiplex the packet, since the same value will be received from
   all tails on the multicast tree.  In this case, the head MUST
   demultiplex packets based on the source address and the value of Your
   Discr, which together uniquely identify the tail and the multipoint
   path.

   When the head sends unicast BFD Control packets to a tail from a
   MultipointClient session, the value of Your Discr will be valid, and
   the tail MUST demultiplex the packet based solely on Your Discr.

   Note that, unlike PointToPoint sessions, the discriminator values on
   all multipoint session types MUST NOT be changed during the life of a
   session.  This is a side effect of the more complex demultiplexing
   scheme.

4.9.  Controlling Tail Packet Transmission

   As the fan-in from the tails to the head may be very large, it is
   critical that the flow of BFD Control packets from the tails is
   controlled.

   The head always operates in Demand mode.  This means that no tail
   will send an asynchronous BFD Control packet as long as the session
   is Up.

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   The value of Required Min Rx Interval received by a tail in a unicast
   BFD Control packet, if any, always takes precedence over the value
   received in Multipoint BFD Control packets.  This allows the packet
   rate from individual tails to be controlled separately as desired by
   sending a BFD Control packet from the corresponding MultipointClient
   session.  This also eliminates the random delay prior to transmission
   from the tail that would otherwise be inserted, reducing the latency
   of reporting a failure to the head.

   If the head wishes to suppress traffic from the tails when they
   detect a session failure, it MAY set bfd.RequiredMinRxInterval to
   zero, which is a reserved value that indicates that the sender wishes
   to receive no periodic traffic.  This can be set in the
   MultipointHead session (suppressing traffic from all tails) or it can
   be set in a MultipointClient session (suppressing traffic from only a
   single tail.)

   Any tail may be provisioned to never send *any* BFD Control packets
   to the head by setting bfd.SilentTail to 1.  This provides a
   mechanism by which only a subset of tails report their session status
   to the head.

4.10.  Bringing Up and Shutting Down Multipoint BFD Service

   Because there is no three-way handshake in Multipoint BFD, a newly
   started head (that does not have any previous state information
   available) SHOULD start with bfd.SessionState set to Down and with
   bfd.RequiredMinRxInterval set to zero in the MultipointHead session.
   The session SHOULD remain in this state for a time equal to
   (bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval * bfd.DetectMult).  This will ensure that
   all MultipointTail sessions are reset (so long as the restarted head
   is using the same or larger value of bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval than it
   did previously.)

   Multipoint BFD service is brought up by administratively setting
   bfd.SessionState to Up in the MultipointHead session.

   A head may wish to shut down its BFD service in a controlled fashion.
   This is desirable because the tails need not wait a detection time
   prior to declaring the multipoint session to be down (and taking
   whatever action is necessary in that case.)

   To shut down a multipoint session a head MUST administratively set
   bfd.SessionState in the MultipointHead session to either Down or
   AdminDown and SHOULD set bfd.RequiredMinRxInterval to zero (to keep
   the tails from sending any BFD Control packets back.)  The session
   SHOULD send BFD Control packets in this state for a period equal to
   (bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval * bfd.DetectMult).  The tail SHOULD destroy

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   all MultipointClient sessions associated with the MultipointHead
   session.

   The semantic difference between Down and AdminDown state is for
   further discussion.

4.11.  Soliciting the Tails

   If the head wishes to know the identities of the tails, the
   MultipointHead session MAY send a BFD Control packet as specified in
   section 4.16.3, with the Poll (P) bit set to 1.  This will cause all
   of the tails to reply with a unicast BFD Control Packet, randomized
   across one packet interval.

   The decision as to when to send a multipoint Poll is outside the
   scope of this specification.  However, it must never be sent more
   often than the regular multipoint BFD Control packet.  Since the tail
   will treat a multipoint Poll like any other multipoint BFD Control
   packet, Polls may be sent in lieu of non-Poll packets.

   Soliciting the tails also starts the Detection Timer for each
   associated MultipointClient session, which will cause those sessions
   to time out if the associated tails do not respond.

   Note that for this mechanism to work properly, the Detection Time
   (which is equal to bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval) MUST be greater than the
   round trip time of BFD Control packets from the head to the tail (via
   the multipoint path) and back (via a unicast path.)  See section 4.14
   for more details.

4.12.  Verifying Connectivity to Specific Tails

   If the head wishes to verify connectivity to a specific tail, the
   corresponding MultipointClient session MAY send a BFD Poll Sequence
   to said tail.  This might be done in reaction to the expiration of
   the Detection Timer (the tail didn't respond to a multipoint Poll),
   or it might be done on a proactive basis.

   The interval between transmitted packets in the Poll Sequence MUST be
   calculated as specified in the base specification (the greater of
   bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval and bfd.RemoteMinRxInterval.)

   The value transmitted in Required Min RX Interval will be used by the
   tail (rather than the value received in any multipoint packet) when
   it transmits BFD Control packets to the head notifying it of a
   session failure, and the transmitted packets will not be delayed.
   This value can potentially be set much lower than in the multipoint
   case, in order to speed up notification to the head, since the value

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   will be used only by the single tail.  This value (and the lack of
   delay) are "sticky", in that once the tail receives it, it will
   continue to use it indefinitely.  Therefore, if the head no longer
   wishes to single out the tail, it SHOULD reset the timer to the
   default by sending a Poll Sequence with the same value of Required
   Min Rx Interval as is carried in the multipoint packets, or it MAY
   reset the tail session by sending a Poll Sequence with state
   AdminDown (after the completion of which the session will come back
   up.)

   Note that a failure of the head to receive a response to a Poll
   Sequence does not necessarily mean that the tail has lost multipoint
   connectivity, though a reply to a Poll Sequence does reliably
   indicate connectivity or lack thereof (by virtue of the tail's state
   not being Up in the BFD Control packet.)

4.13.  Timer Manipulation

   Because of the one-to-many mapping, a session of type MultipointHead
   SHOULD NOT initiate a Poll Sequence in conjunction with timer value
   changes.  As such, such a session cannot wait for a Final before
   increasing the transmit interval; such a session SHOULD send
   bfd.DetectMult packets at the old transmit interval before using the
   higher value in order to avoid false detection timeouts at the tails.

   Since MultipointHead sessions do not calculate detection times, the
   value of bfd.RequiredMinRxInterval may be changed at any time.

4.14.  Detection Times

   Multipoint BFD is inherently asymmetric.  As such, each session type
   has a different approach to detection times.

   Since the MultipointHead session never receives packets, it does not
   calculate a detection time.

   MultipointClient sessions at the head are always in Demand mode, and
   as such only care about detection time in two cases.  First, if a
   Poll Sequence is being sent on a MultipointClient session, the
   detection time on this session is calculated according to the base
   specification, that is, the transmission interval multiplied by
   bfd.DetectMult.  Second, when a multipoint Poll is sent to solicit
   tail replies, the detection time on all associated MultipointClient
   sessions that aren't currently sending Poll Sequences is set to a
   value greater than or equal to bfd.RequiredMinRxInterval (one packet
   time.)  This value can be made arbitrarily large in order to ensure
   that the detection time is greater than the BFD round trip time
   between the head and the tail with no ill effects, other than

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   delaying the detection of unresponsive tails.  Note that a detection
   time expiration on a MultipointClient session at the head, while
   indicating a BFD session failure, cannot be construed to mean that
   the tail is not hearing multipoint packets from the head.

   MultipointTail sessions cannot influence the transmission rate of the
   MultipointHead session using the Required Min Rx Interval field
   because of its one-to-many nature.  As such, the Detection Time
   calculation for a MultipointTail session does not use
   bfd.RequiredMinRxInterval in the calculation.  The detection time is
   calculated as the product of the last received values of Desired Min
   TX Interval and Detect Mult.

   The value of bfd.DetectMult may be changed at any time on any session
   type.

4.15.  State Maintenance for Down/AdminDown Sessions

   The length of time session state is kept after the session goes down
   determines how long the session will continue to send BFD Control
   packets (since no packets can be sent after the session is
   destroyed.)

4.15.1.  MultipointHead Sessions

   When a MultipointHead session transitions to states Down or
   AdminDown, the state SHOULD be maintained for a period equal to
   (bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval * bfd.DetectMult) to ensure that the tails
   more quickly detect the session going down (by continuing to transmit
   BFD Control packets with the new state.)

4.15.2.  MultipointTail Sessions

   If bfd.SilentTail is 1, or bfd.RemoteMinRxInterval is zero,
   MultipointTail sessions MAY be destroyed immediately upon leaving Up
   state, since they will transmit no further packets.

   Otherwise, MultipointTail sessions MUST be maintained as long as BFD
   Control packets are being received by it (which by definition will
   indicate that the head is not Up.)

   MultipointTail sessions MUST be maintained after a Detection Time
   expiration for at least the longer of an additional Detection Time
   and the transmission of the first (delayed) BFD Control packet to the
   head.  The state MAY be maintained longer than this, but the session
   MUST NOT transmit periodic BFD Control packets for a period longer
   than the negotiated transmit interval multiplied by bfd.DetectMult;
   after this time either the session MUST be destroyed or

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   bfd.RemoteMinRxInterval MUST be set to zero to suppress packet
   transmission.

4.15.3.  MultipointClient Sessions

   If the MultipointHead session is going down (which only happens
   administratively), all associated MultipointClient sessions SHOULD be
   destroyed as they are superfluous.

   If a MultipointClient session goes down due to the receipt of an
   unsolicited BFD Control packet from the tail with state Down or
   AdminDown (not in response to a Poll), and tail connectivity
   verification is not being done, the session MAY be destroyed.  If
   verification is desired, the session SHOULD send a Poll Sequence and
   the session SHOULD be maintained.

   If the tail replies to a Poll Sequence with state Down or AdminDown,
   it means that the tail session is definitely down.  In this case, the
   session MAY be destroyed.

   If the Detection Time expires on a MultipointClient session (meaning
   that the tail did not reply to a Poll Sequence) the session MAY be
   destroyed.

4.16.  Base Specification Text Replacement

   The following sections are meant to replace the corresponding
   sections in the base specification.

4.16.1.  Reception of BFD Control Packets

   The following procedure replaces section 6.8.6 of [RFC5880].

   When a BFD Control packet is received, the following procedure MUST
   be followed, in the order specified.  If the packet is discarded
   according to these rules, processing of the packet MUST cease at that
   point.

      If the version number is not correct (1), the packet MUST be
      discarded.

      If the Length field is less than the minimum correct value (24 if
      the A bit is clear, or 26 if the A bit is set), the packet MUST be
      discarded.

      If the Length field is greater than the payload of the
      encapsulating protocol, the packet MUST be discarded.

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      If the Detect Mult field is zero, the packet MUST be discarded.

      If the My Discriminator field is zero, the packet MUST be
      discarded.

      Demultiplex the packet to a session according to section 4.16.2
      below.  The result is either a session of the proper type, or the
      packet is discarded (and packet processing MUST cease.)

      If the A bit is set and no authentication is in use (bfd.AuthType
      is zero), the packet MUST be discarded.

      If the A bit is clear and authentication is in use (bfd.AuthType
      is nonzero), the packet MUST be discarded.

      If the A bit is set, the packet MUST be authenticated under the
      rules of section 6.7, based on the authentication type in use
      (bfd.AuthType.)  This may cause the packet to be discarded.

      Set bfd.RemoteDiscr to the value of My Discriminator.

      Set bfd.RemoteState to the value of the State (Sta) field.

      Set bfd.RemoteDemandMode to the value of the Demand (D) bit.

      If bfd.SessionType is MultipointTail

         If bfd.UnicastRcvd is 0 or the M bit is clear, set
         bfd.RemoteMinRxInterval to the value of Required Min RX
         Interval.

         If the M bit is clear, set bfd.UnicastRcvd to 1.

      Else (not MultipointTail)

         Set bfd.RemoteMinRxInterval to the value of Required Min RX
         Interval.

      If the Required Min Echo RX Interval field is zero, the
      transmission of Echo packets, if any, MUST cease.

      If a Poll Sequence is being transmitted by the local system and
      the Final (F) bit in the received packet is set, the Poll Sequence
      MUST be terminated.

      If bfd.SessionType is PointToPoint or MultipointClient, update the
      transmit interval as described in [BFD] section 6.8.2.

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      If bfd.SessionType is PointToPoint, update the Detection Time as
      described in [BFD] section 6.8.4.  Otherwise, update the Detection
      Time as described in section 4.14 above.

      If bfd.SessionState is AdminDown

         Discard the packet

      If received state is AdminDown

         If bfd.SessionState is not Down

            Set bfd.LocalDiag to 3 (Neighbor signaled session down)

            Set bfd.SessionState to Down

      Else

         If bfd.SessionState is Down

            If bfd.SessionType is PointToPoint

               If received State is Down

                  Set bfd.SessionState to Init

               Else if received State is Init

                  Set bfd.SessionState to Up

            Else (bfd.SessionType is not PointToPoint)

               If received State is Up

                  Set bfd.SessionState to Up

         Else if bfd.SessionState is Init

            If received State is Init or Up

               Set bfd.SessionState to Up

         Else (bfd.SessionState is Up)

            If received State is Down

               Set bfd.LocalDiag to 3 (Neighbor signaled session down)

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               Set bfd.SessionState to Down

      Check to see if Demand mode should become active or not (see
      [RFC5880] section 6.6).

      If bfd.RemoteDemandMode is 1, bfd.SessionState is Up, and
      bfd.RemoteSessionState is Up, Demand mode is active on the remote
      system and the local system MUST cease the periodic transmission
      of BFD Control packets (see section 4.16.3.)

      If bfd.RemoteDemandMode is 0, or bfd.SessionState is not Up, or
      bfd.RemoteSessionState is not Up, Demand mode is not active on the
      remote system and the local system MUST send periodic BFD Control
      packets (see section 4.16.3.)

      If the Poll (P) bit is set, and bfd.SilentTail is zero, send a BFD
      Control packet to the remote system with the Poll (P) bit clear,
      and the Final (F) bit set (see section 4.16.3.)

      If the packet was not discarded, it has been received for purposes
      of the Detection Time expiration rules in [BFD] section 6.8.4.

4.16.2.  Demultiplexing BFD Control Packets

   This section is part of the replacement for [RFC5880] section 6.8.6,
   separated for clarity.

      If the Multipoint (M) bit is set

         If the Your Discriminator field is nonzero, the packet MUST be
         discarded.

         Select a session based on the source address and the My
         Discriminator field.  If a session is found, and
         bfd.SessionType is not MultipointTail, the packet MUST be
         discarded.  If a session is not found, a new session of type
         MultipointTail MAY be created, or the packet MAY be discarded.
         This choice is outside the scope of this specification.

      Else (Multipoint bit is clear)

         If the Your Discriminator field is nonzero

            Select a session based on the value of Your Discriminator.
            If no session is found, the packet MUST be discarded.

            If bfd.SessionType is MulticastHead

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               Select a session based on the source address and the
               value of Your Discriminator.  If no session is found, a
               new session of type MultipointClient MAY be created, or
               the packet MAY be discarded.  This choice is outside the
               scope of this specification.

               If bfd.SessionType is not MulticastClient, the packet
               MUST be discarded.

         Else (Your Discriminator is zero)

            If the State field is not Down or AdminDown, the packet MUST
            be discarded.

            Otherwise, the session MUST be selected based on some
            combination of other fields, possibly including source
            addressing information, the My Discriminator field, and the
            interface over which the packet was received.  The exact
            method of selection is application-specific and is thus
            outside the scope of this specification.

            If a matching session is found, and bfd.SessionType is not
            PointToPoint, the packet MUST be discarded.

            If a matching session is not found, a new session of type
            PointToPoint may be created, or the packet may be discarded.
            This choice is outside the scope of this specification.

         If the State field is Init and bfd.SessionType is not
         PointToPoint, the packet MUST be discarded.

4.16.3.  Transmitting BFD Control Packets

   The following procedure replaces section 6.8.7 of [RFC5880].

   BFD Control packets MUST be transmitted periodically at the rate
   determined according to [BFD] section 6.8.2, except as specified in
   this section.

   A system MUST NOT transmit any BFD Control packets if bfd.RemoteDiscr
   is zero and the system is taking the Passive role.

   A system MUST NOT transmit any BFD Control packets if bfd.SilentTail
   is 1.

   A system MUST NOT periodically transmit BFD Control packets if Demand
   mode is active on the remote system (bfd.RemoteDemandMode is 1,

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   bfd.SessionState is Up, and bfd.RemoteSessionState is Up) and a Poll
   Sequence is not being transmitted.

   A system MUST NOT periodically transmit BFD Control packets if
   bfd.RemoteMinRxInterval is zero.

   A system MUST NOT periodically transmit BFD Control packets if
   bfd.SessionType is MulticastClient and a Poll Sequence is not being
   transmitted.

   If bfd.SessionType is MultipointHead, the transmit interval MUST be
   set to bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval (this should happen automatically, as
   bfd.RemoteMinRxInterval will be zero.)

   If bfd.SessionType is not MultipointHead, the transmit interval MUST
   be recalculated whenever bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval changes, or
   whenever bfd.RemoteMinRxInterval changes, and is equal to the greater
   of those two values.  See [BFD] sections 6.8.2 and 6.8.3 for details
   on transmit timers.

   If bfd.SessionType is MulticastTail and periodic transmission of BFD
   Control packets is just starting (due to Demand mode not being active
   on the remote system), the first packet to be transmitted MUST be
   delayed by a random amount of time between zero and (0.9 *
   bfd.RemoteMinRxInterval).

   If a BFD Control packet is received with the Poll (P) bit set to 1,
   the receiving system MUST transmit a BFD Control packet with the Poll
   (P) bit clear and the Final (F) bit, without respect to the
   transmission timer or any other transmission limitations, without
   respect to the session state, and without respect to whether Demand
   mode is active on either system.  A system MAY limit the rate at
   which such packets are transmitted.  If rate limiting is in effect,
   the advertised value of Desired Min TX Interval MUST be greater than
   or equal to the interval between transmitted packets imposed by the
   rate limiting function.  If the Multipoint (M) bit is set in the
   received packet, the packet transmission MUST be delayed by a random
   amount of time between zero and (0.9 * bfd.RemoteMinRxInterval).
   Otherwise, the packet MUST be transmitted as soon as practicable.

   A system MUST NOT set the Demand (D) bit if bfd.SessionType is
   MultipointTail.

   A system MUST NOT set the Demand (D) bit if bfd.SessionType is
   MultipointClient or PointToPoint unless bfd.DemandMode is 1,
   bfd.SessionState is Up, and bfd.RemoteSessionState is Up.

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   If bfd.SessionType is PointToPoint or MultipointHead, a BFD Control
   packet SHOULD be transmitted during the interval between periodic
   Control packet transmissions when the contents of that packet would
   differ from that in the previously transmitted packet (other than the
   Poll and Final bits) in order to more rapidly communicate a change in
   state.

   The contents of transmitted BFD Control packets MUST be set as
   follows:

      Version

         Set to the current version number (1).

      Diagnostic (Diag)

         Set to bfd.LocalDiag.

      State (Sta)

         Set to the value indicated by bfd.SessionState.

      Poll (P)

         Set to 1 if the local system is sending a Poll Sequence or is a
         session of type MultipointHead soliciting the identities of the
         tails, or 0 if not.

      Final (F)

         Set to 1 if the local system is responding to a Control packet
         received with the Poll (P) bit set, or 0 if not.

      Control Plane Independent (C)

         Set to 1 if the local system's BFD implementation is
         independent of the control plane (it can continue to function
         through a disruption of the control plane.)

      Authentication Present (A)

         Set to 1 if authentication is in use on this session
         (bfd.AuthType is nonzero), or 0 if not.

      Demand (D)

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         Set to bfd.DemandMode if bfd.SessionState is Up and
         bfd.RemoteSessionState is Up.  Set to 1 if bfd.SessionType is
         MultipointHead or MultipointClient.  Otherwise it is set to 0.

      Multipoint (M)

         Set to 1 if bfd.SessionType is MultipointHead.  Otherwise it is
         set to 0.

      Detect Mult

         Set to bfd.DetectMult.

      Length

         Set to the appropriate length, based on the fixed header length
         (24) plus any Authentication Section.

      My Discriminator

         Set to bfd.LocalDiscr.

      Your Discriminator

         Set to bfd.RemoteDiscr.

      Desired Min TX Interval

         Set to bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval.

      Required Min RX Interval

         Set to bfd.RequiredMinRxInterval.

      Required Min Echo RX Interval

         Set to the minimum required Echo packet receive interval for
         this session.  If this field is set to zero, the local system
         is unwilling or unable to loop back BFD Echo packets to the
         remote system, and the remote system will not send Echo
         packets.

      Authentication Section

         Included and set according to the rules in section 6.7 if
         authentication is in use (bfd.AuthType is nonzero.)  Otherwise
         this section is not present.

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5.  Assumptions

   If head notification is to be used, it is assumed that a multipoint
   BFD packet encapsulation contains enough information so that a tail
   can address a unicast BFD packet to the head.

   If head notification is to be used, it is assumed that is that there
   is bidirectional unicast communication available (at the same
   protocol layer within which BFD is being run) between the tail and
   head.

   For the head to know reliably that a tail has lost multipoint
   connectivity, the unicast paths in both directions between that tail
   and the head must remain operational when the multipoint path fails.
   It is thus desirable that unicast paths not share fate with the
   multipoint path to the extent possible if the head wants reliable
   knowledge of tail state.

   Since the normal BFD three-way handshake is not used in this
   application, a tail transitioning from state Up to Down and back to
   Up again may not be reliably detected at the head.

   If authentication is in use, all tails must be configured to have a
   common authentication key in order to receive the multipoint BFD
   Control packets.

6.  Operational Scenarios

   It is worth analyzing how this protocol reacts to various scenarios.
   There are three path components present, namely, the multipoint path,
   the forward unicast path (from head to a particular tail), and the
   reverse unicast path (from a tail to the head.)  There are also four
   options as to how the head is notified about failures from the tail.

6.1.  No Head Notification

   Since the only path used in this scenario is the multipoint path,
   none of the others matter.  A failure in the multipoint path will
   result in the tail noticing the failure within a detection time, and
   the head will remain ignorant of the tail state.

6.2.  Unreliable Head Notification

   In this scenario, the tail sends back unsolicicted BFD packets in
   response to the detection of a multipoint path failure.  It uses the
   reverse unicast path, but not the forward unicast path.

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   If the multipoint path fails but the reverse unicast path stays up,
   the tail will detect the failure within a detection time, and the
   head will know about it within one reverse packet time (since the
   notification is delayed.)

   If both the multipoint path and the reverse unicast paths fail, the
   tail will detect the failure but the head will remain unaware of it.

6.3.  Semi-reliable Head Notification and Tail Solicitation

   In this scenario, the head sends occasional multipoint Polls in
   addition to (or in lieu of) non-Poll multipoint BFD Control packets,
   expecting the tails to reply with Final.  This also uses the reverse
   unicast path, but not the forward unicast path.

   If the multipoint path fails but the reverse unicast path stays up,
   the tail will detect the failure within a detection time, and the
   head will know about it within one reverse packet time (the
   notification is delayed to avoid synchronization of the tails.)

   If both the multipoint path and the reverse unicast paths fail, the
   tail will detect the failure but the head will remain unaware of this
   fact.

   If the reverse unicast path fails but the multipoint path stays up,
   the head will see the BFD session fail, but the state of the
   multipoint path will be unknown to the head.  The tail will continue
   to receive multipoint data traffic.

   If either the multipoint Poll or the unicast reply is lost in
   transit, the head will see the BFD session fail, but the state of the
   multipoint path will be unknown to the head.  The tail will continue
   to receive multipoint data traffic.

6.4.  Reliable Head Notification

   In this scenario, the head sends occasional multipoint Polls in
   addition to (or in lieu of) non-Poll multipoint BFD control packets,
   expecting the tails to reply with Final.  If a tail that had
   previously replied to a multipoint Poll fails to reply (or if the
   head simply wishes to verify tail connectivity,) the head issues a
   unicast Poll Sequence to the tail.  This scenario makes use of all
   three paths.

   If the multipoint path fails but the two unicast paths stay up, the
   tail will detect the failure within a detection time, and the head
   will know about it within one reverse packet time (since the
   notification is delayed.)  Note that the reverse packet time may be

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   smaller in this case if the head has previously issued a unicast Poll
   (since the tail will not delay transmission of the notification in
   this case.)

   If both the multipoint path and the reverse unicast paths fail
   (regardless of the state of the forward unicast path), the tail will
   detect the failure but the head will remain unaware of this fact.
   The head will detect a BFD session failure to the tail but cannot
   make a determination about the state of the tail's multipoint
   connectivity.

   If the forward unicast path fails but the reverse unicast path stays
   up, the head will detect a BFD session failure to the tail if it
   happens to send a unicast Poll sequence, but cannot make a
   determination about the state of the tail's multipoint connectivity.
   If the multipoint path to the tail fails prior to any unicast Poll
   being sent, the tail will detect the failure within a detection time,
   and the head will know about it within one reverse packet time (since
   the notification is delayed.)

   If the multipoint path stays up but the reverse unicast path fails,
   the head will see the BFD session fail if it happens to send a Poll
   Sequence, but the state of the multipoint path will be unknown to the
   head.  The tail will continue to receive multipoint data traffic.

   If the multipoint path and the reverse unicast path both stay up but
   the forward unicast path fails, neither side will notice so long as a
   unicast Poll Sequence is never sent by the head.  If the head sends a
   unicast Poll Sequence, the head will see the BFD session fail, but
   the state of the multipoint path will be unknown to the head.  The
   tail will continue to receive multipoint data traffic.

7.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no actions for IANA.

8.  Security Considerations

   This specification does not raise any additional security issues
   beyond those of the specifications referred to in the list of
   normative references.

9.  Contributors

   Rahul Aggarwal of Juniper Networks and George Swallow of Cisco
   Systems provided the initial idea for this specification and
   contributed to its development.

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10.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC5880]  Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
              (BFD)", RFC 5880, June 2010.

Authors' Addresses

   Dave Katz
   Juniper Networks
   1194 N. Mathilda Ave.
   Sunnyvale, California  94089-1206
   USA

   Email: dkatz@juniper.net

   Dave Ward
   Cisco Systems
   170 West Tasman Dr.
   San Jose, California  95134
   USA

   Email: wardd@cisco.com

   Santosh Pallagatti (editor)
   Juniper Networks
   Embassy Business Park
   Bangalore, KA  560093
   India

   Email: santoshpk@juniper.net

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